11.

DIFFERENTIATION
Synopsis :
Let f be a function defined in a neighbourhood of a real number a. Then f is said to be differentiable or f ( x ) f (a ) exists. The limit is called the derivative or differential coefficient of f at a. It is derivable at a if Lt x a xa denoted by fI(a). f ( a + h) f ( a ) . 2. If f is differentiable at a, then fI(a) = Lt h 0 h 3. Let f be a function defined on a neighbourhood of a real number a. Then f is said to be right differentiable at f ( x ) f (a ) exists. The limit is called the right derivative of f at a. It is denoted by fI(a + ). a if Lt + xa x a f ( x ) f (a ) . 4. Similarly the left derivative of a function f at a is defined as fI(a) = Lt xa x a 5. Let f be a function defined on [a, b]. Then f is said to be differentiable on [a, b] if i) f is differentiable at c where c (a, b) ii) f is right differentiable at a iii) f is left differentiable at b. 6. If a function f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a. d 7. If c is a constant then {c } = 0. dx d 8. {x} = 1. dx d n 9. { x } = nx n 1 . dx 1 d 10. { x} = . dx 2 x 1.

f(x) cR x x n; n N x n; n R ex a x, a R + logx |x| log|x| xx sinx cosx tanx cotx secx 0 1 nxn1 nxn1 ex axloga 1/x

fI(x)

|x|/x, x0 1/x xx(1 + logx) cosx sinx sec2x cosec2x secxtanx 1

Derivatives cosecx Sin x Cos1 x Tan1 x Cot1 x Sec1 x Cosec1 x Sinhx Coshx Tanhx Cothx Sechx Cosechx Sinh x Cosh1 x Tanh1 x Coth1 x Sech1 x Cosech1 x
1 1

cosecxcotx
1 1 x2
1 1 x 2

1 1+ x 2 1 1+ x 2

1 | x | x2 1 1 | x | x2 1

coshx sinhx sech2x cosech2x sechxtanhx cosechxcothx

1 1+ x 2

1 x2 1 1 1 x 2
1 1 x 2

(|x|<1) (|x|>1)

1 | x | 1 x 2
1 | x | x2 + 1

11. 12.

d f I (x) f ( x ) g( x ) = f ( x ) g( x ) g( x ) + gI ( x ) log f ( x ) dx f (x) d f ( x ) f ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) [1 + log f ( x )]f I ( x ) dx

dy y 2 f I (x) y 2 f I ( x) = = dx f ( x )[1 y log f ( x )] f ( x )[1 log y ]

13. If y = f(x)y, then

Derivatives
14. If y =
f ( x ) + y , then
dy f I (x) . = dx 2y 1

15. If y = f(x) +

dy y 2 f I ( x ) 1 , then = 2 y dx y +1 dy f f = . / dx x y

16. If f(x, y) = c is an implicit function, then

17. If f(x + y) = f(x)f(y), x,y R and f(x) 0, f(a) = k, fI(0) exists, then fI(a) = kfI(0). dy 18. If y = f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ).... , then = f I (x) . dx dy y 19. If xmyn = (x + y)m + n, then = . dx x