RECIT AT ION 2 (Calculus I)

Functions
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” “Obvious” is the most dangerous word in mathematics.”—Eric Temple Bell.
Exercise 1. Imagine you have a magical hat that, when you put an item into it, can produce either a
rabbit, a pigeon, or a bouquet of flowers. If you put a carrot in the hat, it might sometimes produce a
rabbit, other times a pigeon, and occasionally a bouquet of flowers. Does this procedure define a function
where we assign to each input (item) an output (animal)?.
Exercise 2. Imagine you have a ”Mood-O-Meter” that takes your current mood as input and produces
a corresponding emoji as output. For instance:
● If you’re feeling happy, it gives you a ,.
● If you’re feeling sad, it gives you a /.
Is”Mood-O-Meter” a function that maps your mood to the appropriate emoji”?.
Exercise 3. Sketch the graph of function f in each case :
1 − ∣x − 1∣ if x ≥ 0,
(1) f (x) = {
∣x + 1∣ if x < 0,
(2) The floor function [x] is defined as [x] = n if n ≤ x < n + 1, ∀n ∈ Z.
1 if x ∈ Q,
(3) f (x) = {
0 if x ∈ R/Q.
(4) f (x) = {x} = x − [x]
Exercise 4. Let f ∶ R → R be a given function. In each case, find the range of f .

ex − e−x ex + e−x
f (x) = x2 + a2 + 2ax, a ∈ R; f (x) = sinh(x) =
; f (x) = cosh(x) = ; f (x) = cos(x) − 3.
2 2
Note. The function sinh(x) is called the hyperbolic sine, while cosh(x) is called the
hyperbolic cosine.
Exercise 5. Find the domain of definition for the function f in each case :
√ √
√ x ex + 1 log(x + 1)
f (x) = 1 − 3 − 2 − x; f (x) = xx ; f (x) = tan(x + 2023); f (x) = log ( ) ; f (x) = .
x x+1
√
(x − 3)(x + 2)
; f (x) = ln( x − 3 + 7 − x); e(f (x)) = x, where f (x) ≥ 0.
√ √ 2
f (x) =
x−1
Exercise 6. Let f ∶ R → R be a function given by f (x) = ∣x∣3 + 5x2 − 2∣x∣ − 24. Find the set of solution
where f (x) < 0.
Exercise 7. Suppose that f (x + 1) − f (x) = 8x + 3, where f (x) = ax2 + bx + 5. Find a and b.
Exercise 8. Let x and y be two angles in the triangle ABC.
B
xy

π π
x− 2 2
A D C
Prove the following identities from triangle ABC :
(1) sin (x − π2 ) = cos(x).
(2) cos (x − π2 ) = sin(x).
(3) cos(x + y) = cos(x) cos(y) − sin(x) sin(y).
(4) sin(x + y) = sin(x) cos(y) + sin(y) cos(x).
Deduce that
cos(x−y) = cos(x) cos(y)+sin(x) sin(y); sin(x−y) = sin(x) cos(y)−sin(y) cos(x); sin(2x) = 2 cos(x) sin(x)
tan(x) + tan(y)
tan(x + y) = ; cos2 (x) + sin2 (x) = 1;
1 − tan(x) tan(y)
Hint : Use the exercise 7 from Recitation 1.
1
 x if x ∈ Q,
Exercise 9. If x ∈ [0, 1], define f (x) = { Prove that
1 − x if x ∈ Q.
(1) f (f (x)) = x, for all x ∈ [0, 1],
(2) f (x) + f (1 − x) = 1 , for all x ∈ [0, 1],
(3) f (x + y) − f (x) − f (y) is a rational number, for all x, y ∈ [0, 1].
Exercise 10. The equations ∣x∣2 − 3∣x∣ + 2 = 0 and x4 − ax2 + 4 = 0 have the same roots. Determine the
value of a.
Exercise 11. Let F be a function whose domain of definition contains −x whenever it contains x.
Define g(x) = F (x)+F
2
(−x)
and h(x) = F (x)−F
2
(−x)
.
(1) Show that g is an even function and h is an odd function.
(2) Show that F (x) = g(x) + h(x). Thus, any function can be written as the sum of an
odd function and an even function.
(3) Show that the only function which is both even and odd is f (x) = 0.
Exercise 12. Let f ∶ R → R be a function that satisfies
(1) f (0) = 1,
(2) f (xy + 1) = f (x)f (y) − 2f (x) − y + 5, ∀x, y ∈ R.
Find the expression for the function f (x).
Exercise 13. Let sin2 (θ), cos2 (θ), and − sec2 (θ) be the roots of the polynomial P (x) = a0 +a1 x+x2 +x3 .
Find P (tan(θ)). Hint : If x1 , x2 , and x3 are the roots of a polynomial R(x) = b0 + b1 x + x2 + x3 , then
R(x) = (x − x1 )(x − x2 )(x − x3 ).
Exercise 14. (1) Consider the function f ∶ [−1, 1] → R defined by f (x) = x2x+1 . Is the function f
injective?.
(2) Consider the function g ∶ [0, +∞[→ [1, +∞[ defined by g(x) = cosh(x) = e +e
x −x

2
. Is the function
g a bijection? If it is, find its inverse function.
Exercise 15. Let f (x) = ln ( 1+x
1−x
), where −1 < x < 1. Given real numbers a and b in the domain of f ,
find all x such that f (x) = f (a) + f (b).
1+f (x)
Exercise 16. Let f ∶ R → R defined by f (x + 1) = 1−f (x)
, x ∈ R. Show that f is periodic and find its
period, T .
Exercise 17. Let r be a positive real number such that r ≠ 1, and let logr ∶ (0, +∞) → R be defined by
logr (x) = log(x)
log(r)
.
(1) For any real numbers a, b, c ∈ R∗+ /{1}, prove that loga (b) logb (c) logc (a) = 1.
(2) Consider the function f (x) = log 1 1(x−3) − 2.
5
(a) Find the domain of definition of f .
(b) Determine if f is a bijection for x > 4. If the answer is positive, find the expression for
the inverse function.
⎧
⎪
⎪ −3x2 − 2 if x ∈ x < 0,
⎪
Exercise 18. Consider the function f defined by f (x) = ⎨ 0 if x = 0, Show that f is a
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎩ 5x + 4 if x > 0.
bijection and determine its inverse function.
√
Exercise 19. (1) Let f (x) = x − [x]. Show that f is bounded on R.
(2) Let f (x) = x sin(x). Show that f is unbounded on R.
Supplementary Exercises for Practice
Exercise 20. Solve the equation 5 cosh(2x) + 3 sinh(2x) = 5.
Exercise 21. Let f be a non-zero function such that f (x+y)+f (x−y) = 2f (x)f (y). Show that f (0) = 1
and f is an even function.
Exercise 22. Find the range and the domain of definition of the following function :
tan(x) ∣x∣ x+1
f (x) = x ; f (x) = ln(ln(1 − x2 )); f (x) = ; f (x) = √ .
2 log3 (x) [x] x4 − 6x3 + 9x2
Exercise 23. Determine the values of (a, b) ∈ R2 for which the function f (x) = ax + b has an inverse.
∣a+b∣ ∣a∣
Exercise 24. Let a and b are real numbers. Prove that 1+∣a+b∣
≤ + ∣b∣ .
1+∣a∣ 1+∣b∣
Hint : Prove that f (t) = t
1+t
is an increasing function.
Exercise 25. (Challenge.) Let a, b, c ∈ R∗+ such that a + b + c = 1. Prove that (1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c) ≥ 8abc.