PHN KT CU B TNG CT THP

CHNG I

NHNG VN C BN V KT CU B TNG CT THP

I. M U 1. Thc cht ca btng ct thp 1.1. Mt s khi nim - Btng ct thp l mt loi vt liu xy dng phc hp do btng v ct thp cng nhau lm vic chu lc. - Ring btng l vt liu xy dng phc hp bao gm ct liu (ct, , si...) v cht kt dnh (ximng) kt li vi nhau thnh mt loi nhn to. V mt chu lc, btng chu nn tt hn chu ko t 8 15 ln. - Ct thp chu nn v chu ko u tt v tt hn btng nhiu ln. - Nu cu kin ch dng btng th khi cu kin chu un, s chu lc s khng hp l; vng chu ko b ph hoi khi ti trng cn rt nh, trong khi vng chu nn vn cn kh nng chu lc nhiu hn na. - Vic t ct thp trong cu kin btng to thnh cu kin BTCT c kh nng chu lc ln hn nhiu cu kin btng. Mt khc, s chu lc cng hp l bi vng chu ko c ct thp chu phn ng sut ko. 1.2. V tr ct thp trong btng ct thp. Vic t ct thp trong btng nhm tng kh nng chu lc ca kt cu: Ct thp c nhim v cng chu lc vi btng v chi phn lc m btng khng chu ht. - Btng chu ko km nn ct thp thng c t vng chu ko ca kt cu BTCT. - Ct thp chu ko v chu nn u tt v tt hn btng nhiu ln, cho nn tng cng kh nng chu lc chung ca kt cu, ngi ta cng t ct thp cho kt cu chu nn v trong vng chu nn ca kt cu chu un. - iu kin tnh ton v t ct thp trong btng: ng vi ni lc ln nht (c th xy ra) th btng v ct thp u pht huy ht kh nng chu lc. 1.3. Nguyn nhn btng v ct thp cng lm vic. - Khi btng ninh kt xong s bm cht vo ct thp. Khi c lc tc dng, btng v ct thp cng bin dng v khng b trt tng i vi nhau, do truyn c lc sang nhau (cng lm vic). Lc dnh gia btng v ct thp cn lm hn ch s nt ca btng trong kt cu BTCT... Do ngi ta lun tm mi cch tng cng lc dnh ny. - Gia btng v ct thp khng xy ra phn ng ho hc, btng cn bao quanh ct thp, bo v cho ct thp khi cc yu t xm thc t bn ngoi. Mun vy, khi thi cng BTCT cn lm ng cc yu cu k thut, ct liu phi sch, trn u, c m cht, bo dng k, ct thp sch, dng ph gia phi c cn nhc. - H s gin n v nhit ca btng v ca ct thp xp x nhau, btng dn nhit km. Do , khi nhit thay i phm vi nh (di 1000C) trong kt cu khng xut

hin ni ng sut ng k, khng lm ph hoi lc dnh gia btng v ct thp. 2. Nhn xt v btng ct thp 2.1. u im - Chu lc tt hn kt cu gch . - C bn cao, t tn cng bo dng v sa cha. - Chu la tt hn kt cu thp v kt cu g. - C kh nng s dng cc loi vt liu a phng (ct, , si ...) vi khi lng ln nn gi thnh thp hn kt cu thp. - C th to nhiu hnh dng phc tp theo yu cu ca thit k. 2.2. Nhc im - Trng lng bn thn ca btng ln nn kh lm c nhng kt cu c nhp ln. - BTCT thng c khe nt lm gim kh nng chng thm, gim kh nng bo v ct thp. - Khi thi cng BTCT ton khi phc tp, tn thi gian v ph thuc vo thi tit. II. TNH CHT C HC CA BTNG CT THP 1. Tnh cht c hc ca btng 1.1. Cng ca btng a) Cng chu nn (Rn): c xc nh theo th nghim.
a

N
h=4a h=4d

Bn my nn Mu BT chu nn Bn my nn

a a a a

Mu th nghim: c dng hnh khi vung hoc hnh lng tr (nh hnh 1.1)

Hnh 1.1: Mu btng chu nn v th nghim nn mu Mu btng c th nghim my chuyn dng, trnh t th nghim c tin hnh theo quy trnh v quy phm. Gi gi tr lc nn lm ph hoi mu l Np; gi din tch tit din ngang ca mu nn

l F. Cng chu nn ca btng l:

Rn = Np F

(1-1)

b) Cng chu ko (Rk): c xc nh theo th nghim. Thng thng ngi ta xc nh cng chu ko ca btng theo hai cch: * Xc nh theo mu chu ko: mu th nghim c tit din hnh vung, dng nh hnh v (hnh 1.2) Gi gi tr lc ko lm ph hoi mu l Nk; gi din tch tit din ngang ca mu ko l F. Cng chu ko ca btng l: Rk= F
a
Nk

(1-2)

Nk
4a

Nk
a

Hnh 1.2: Th nghim xc nh cng chu ko ca btng theo mu chu ko * Mu chu un: C tit din hnh ch nht, dng nh hnh v (hnh 1.3)

P
h l=4h b

Hnh 1.3: Th nghim xc nh cng chu ko ca btng theo mu chu un Gi gi tr m men lm ph hoi mu l M; gi kch thc tit din ngang ca mu un l bxh vi b l b rng, h l b cao. Cng chu ko ca btng l:
3,5M Rk= b.h 2

(1-3)

c) Mc b tng: Mc btng l ch s biu th ch tiu cht lng c bn ca btng. Theo tnh cht v nhim v ca kt cu, ngi ta phn ra 3 loi mc btng: Mc theo cng chu nn, mc theo cng chu ko, mc theo kh nng chng thm . - Mc theo cng chu nn (k hiu M) l tr s cng nn tnh theo daN/cm2 ca mu b tng chun khi vung c cnh l 15cm c ch to, dng h v th nghim theo tiu chun nh nc. B tng nng c mc chu nn: M100, M150, M200, M250, M300, M350, M400, M500, M600. Trong kt cu BTCT phi dng b tng mc

khng thp hn M150. - Mc theo cng chu ko (k hiu K) l con s ly bng tr s cng chu ko tnh ra daN/cm2 ca mu th tiu chun. B tng nng c mc chu ko: K10, K15, K20, K25, K30, K40. - Mc theo kh nng chng thm (k hiu T) ly bng p sut ln nht (atm) m mu chu c nc khng thm qua. B tng c mc chng thm : T2, T4, T6, T8, T10, T12. 1.2. Bin dng ca btng a) Bin dng do ti trng tc dng ngn hn.

Tip tuyn ti O Ct tuyn OM th tng ti

Rn b dh d

th nu gim ti trng ti M
0 b

ch

Hnh 1.4: Biu quan h

Lm th nghim nn mu btng hnh lng tr, o v lp quan h gia ng sut v bin dng, ngi ta v c th l ng cong (hnh 1.4). im D trn th ng vi thi im mu b ph hoi, lc ng sut nn t n Rn v bin dng t n cc hn ch . Khi gia ti n mt mc no (ng sut v bin dng tng ng b; b) ri gim ti, bin dng ca b tng khng c phc hi hon ton, chng t b tng l vt liu va c tnh n hi va c tnh do. Gi b: Bin dng ton phn ca btng. dh: Phn bin dng n hi d: Phn bin dng do : H s n hi ca btng Ta c: b =dh + d ; = dh /d
b b Mun bin dng ton phn ca btng l: Eb= b = dh + d = tg

ng vi mi im M khc nhau trn th s c ct tuyn khc nhau, do gc a khc nhau, chng t Eb l hm s ca a bin i theo ti trng.
b Mun bin dng n hi khi nn ca btng Eb= dh = tg0;

0 l gc tip tuyn ti O ca th tng ti trng so vi trc , gc 0 khng thay i cho nn Eb= tg0= const. b) Bin dng do ti trng tc dng di hn (t bin)
B A B

ng sut khng tng m bin dng tng

b

b O

Bin dng tng theo thi gian

A t

Khi ti trng t lu di, bin dng ca btng tng dn theo thi gian, lc u tng nhanh, sau tng chm li, trong khi ng sut khng thay i, hin tng ny gi l t bin. Hnh 1.5: Biu v s t bin ca btng - T bin c tc hi: lm tng vng v m rng khe nt vi cu kin chu un; lm tng s un dc trong cu kin chu nn; lm tn hao ng sut trong cu kin ng sut trc. - Mun hn ch t bin cn phi: btng gi tui mi cho chu lc, hn ch lng xi mng v hn ch t l N/X khi c btng... 2. Ct thp dng lm BTCT 2.1. Thnh phn ho hc ca thp: Thp dng trong xy dng ch yu l loi thp than thp hm lng cacbon (C) trong thp nh hn 0,22%. Thp than thp c thnh phn ch yu l st, ngoi ra cn c mt s thnh phn ho hc khc nh Mn, Si, Ni, Cr, P, N, ... Cc k hiu thp hay dng ca Lin X (c): CT0, CT1, CT2, CT3, CT4, CT5 ... Loi CT0 khng dng trong xy dng. Loi CT1, CT2 ch yu dng lm inh tn v cng thp (gii hn chy sc=21KN/cm2) v bin dng ln (=22%). Loi CT3 dng ph bin trong xy dng, c gii hn chy c=24KN/cm2 , bin dng tng i =22% v dai xung kch chng va chm =0,08KN/cm2, d gia cng, d hn. 2.2. Tnh cht c hc ca thp: Ct thp c tnh ng nht cao, n hi, chu nn v chu ko u tt v tt hn btng nhiu ln. Cng ca ct thp rt cao v k hiu nh sau:

Ra: Cng chu ko ca ct thp R a: Cng chu nn ca ct thp Rax: Cng chu ko ca ct thp khi tnh ton BTCT chu lc ct. 2.2. Phn loi ct thp: c nhiu cch phn loi. * Phn loi ct thp theo nhm: Theo TCVN 1651- 85 da vo tnh cht c hc, phn loi ct thp thnh 4 nhm C-I; C-II; C-III; C-IV. Thp nhm C-I c tnh do hn cc nhm kia v c ch to sn thnh cc thanh trn trn ng knh 6mm n 40mm. Thp nhm C-II; C-III; C-IV c ch to sn thnh cc thanh thp c g (gai, g, xon), ng knh trung bnh ca thanh thp nhm ny t 10mm n 40mm. Thp nhp t cc nc ng u c cc nhm A-I, A-II, A-III, A-IV. * Theo hnh dng tit din thanh: c thp hnh v thp trn. - Thp hnh: Cc thanh thp c hnh L, I, U ch to sn t nh my. - Ct thp trn: Cc thanh thp tit din trn (c g hoc trn trn) * Theo cng: C ct thp mm v ct thp cng. - Ct thp mm l ct thp m khi gia cng c th un c, n thng l thp trn c ng knh d40mm. - Ct thp cng l ct thp m khi gia cng khng th un c, n thng l thp hnh v thp trn c ng knh d>40mm. * Theo cng : C ct thp thng v ct thp cng cao. - Ct thp thng: c cng Ra 60KN/cm2. - Ct thp cng cao: c Ra >60KN/cm2. * Theo chiu di thp: C thp thanh v thp si. - Thp thanh thng l thp hnh v thp trn c d10mm, n uc ch to sn thnh cc thanh thng di 6-12m. - Thp si l thp trn d<10mm, thp ny thng c ch to thnh si di v cun thnh cun trn nhiu vng. 2.3. Neo, un, ni ct thp * Mc neo: cho khi chu lc, ct thp khng b trt trong b tng, u cc thanh thp trn trn phi un mc neo. Mc neo c hnh bn nguyt (nh hnh 1.6). Gi ng knh ca thanh thp b un l d th chiu di on thp un mc neo ly l 6,25d nu un bng th cng v ly bng 3,25d nu un bng my.