TONG LIEN OAN LAO ONG VIET NAM

TRNG AI HO C TON C THANG

------------------o0o----------------



BAI GIANG
THUY LC VA CAP THOAT NC

NGANH XAY DNG DA N DU NG VA CONG NGHIEP & QUAN LY O TH
Giao vien: ThS.NGUYEN ANG KHOA

CHNG 1: M AU

I./ nh ngha mon hoc, oi tng va phng phap nghien cu

II./ Cac tnh chat c ban cua lu chat

III./ Lc tac dung trong lu chat

CHNG 1: M AU
I./ nh ngha mon hoc, oi tng va phng phap nghien cu:
1./ nh ngha mon hoc:
-C lu chat la mot mon khoa hoc nghien cu cac quy luat
chuyen ong va ng yen cua lu chat va cac qua trnh tng tac lc
cua no len cac vat the khac.

2./ oi tng nghien cu:
Lu chat gom: cht lng, cht kh va plasma
*Tnh chat :
- Lc lien ket phan t yeu -> co hnh dang cua vat cha no.
- Tnh chay c -> khong chu lc cat va lc keo
- Tnh lien tuc
3./ Phng phap nghien cu:
- Cac nh luat C hoc cua Newton va cac nh luat ve bao
toan va chuyen hoa trong c hoc
cac phng trnh mo ta trang thai giai u, p
- Phng phap giai:
+ phng phap giai tch
+ phng phap thc nghiem

I./ nh ngha mon hoc, oi tng va phng phap nghien cu(tt)

II./ Cac tnh chat c ban cua lu chat:


1./ Khoi lng rieng :
-Khoi lng rieng la khoi lng cua mot n v the tch lu chat.


Th nguyen: [] = ML
-3
n v: kg/m
3
- Trong lng rieng : la lc tac dung cua trong trng len khoi lng
cua mot n v the tch chat o.
= g
Th nguyen: [] = ML
-3
n v: kgf/m
3
hay N/m
3
- Ty trong: ty so gia trong lng rieng cua mot chat vi trong lng
rieng cua nc
n
ieu kien chuan
o = /
n

V du: Ty trong cua thuy ngan 20
0
C la 13,6
V
m
V
A
A
=
A
lim
0

2./ Kh ly tng:
Phng trnh trang thai cua kh ly tng:
p = RT
+p la ap suat tuyet oi (N/m
2
= pascal= J/m
3
)
+ la khoi lng rieng (kg/m
3
)
+T la nhiet o tuyet oi (o Kelvin
0
K)
+ R la hang so, phu thuoc chat kh
+ M la phan t khoi cua chat kh
V du: Mot bnh co the tch 0,2m
3
, cha 0,5kg Nitrogen. Nhiet o
trong bnh la 20
0
C. Xac nh ap suat kh trong bnh?
Giai: Gia thiet kh Nitrogen la kh ly tng. Hang so kh ly tng
cua Nitrogen la R= 0,2968kJ/kg.K.
Ap suat tuyet oi trong bnh la:



kPa K x
K kg
kJ
x
m
kg
RT p 218 ) 20 273 (
.
2968 , 0
2 , 0
5 , 0
3
= + = =
II./ Cac tnh chat c ban cua lu chat(tt):
3./ Tnh nen c:
Suat an hoi ac trng cho tnh nen c cua lu chat.
- oi vi chat long:


Nc 20
0
C co E
n
= 2,2x10
9
N/m
2
Lu chat c xem la khong nen c khi khoi lng rieng
thay oi khong ang ke ( = const). Chat long thng c xem
la khong nen c trong hau het cac bai toan ky thuat.
V du: Mot xilanh cha 0,1 lt nc 20
0
C. Neu ep piston e the
tch giam 1% th ap suat trong xilanh tang len bao nhieu?
Giai: 20
0
C, suat an hoi cua nc E
n
= 2,2x10
9
N/m
2
The tch giam 1%: dV/V = -1/100
Vay ap suat tang: dP = -E
n
dV/V = 2,2x10
9
x10
-2
= 2,2x10
7
N/m
2
= 2,2x10
7
Pa

II./ Cac tnh chat c ban cua lu chat(tt):
- oi vi chat kh:
+ Neu kh ly tng va qua trnh nen ang nhiet (T = const)
T phng trnh p = RT => p/ = const
hay pV = const
+ Neu qua trnh nen ang entropi (qua trnh nen khong ma sat va
khong co s trao oi nhiet): p/p
k
= const
k = c
p
/c
v
c
p
nhiet dung ang ap

R =

c
p
c
v
c
v
nhiet dung ang tch

Van toc truyen am trong lu chat:

oi vi kh ly tng trong qua trnh nen ang entropi:


V du: khong kh 15,5
0
C vi k =1,4; R = 287 m
2
/s
2
K
=> van toc truyen am trong khong kh la c= 340,5m/s.
Nc 20
0
C co E = 2,2GN/m
2
va =998,2kg/m
3

=> c =1484 m/s

E
d
dp
c = =
kRT
kp
c = =

V du: Mot bnh bang thep co the tch V = 0,2m

3
cha ay nc
ieu kien chuan. Tm gia tang ap suat nc trong bnh sau khi nen
them vao V = 2lt nc cung ieu kien trong 2 trng hp:
1/. Bnh c xem nh tuyet oi cng;
2/. Bnh dan n. The tch bnh gia tango = 0,01%/at cho moi at ap
suat gia tang.
Giai:
1/. Bnh tuyet oi cng:
Khoi nc ban au c xet la: V
b
+ V = 0,202m
3
The tch nc sau khi nen la the tch bnh V
b
= 0,2 m
3
Vay o gia tang ap suat la:


'
'
) ( ) (
V V
V V V
E
V
V
E p
b
b b
+
+
=
A
= A
at Pa x x x 222 10 18 , 2
202 , 0
002 , 0
10 2 , 2
7 9
= = =
2/.Neu bnh dan.
Sau khi nen, the tch khoi nc la the tch bnh a dan
V
bs
= V
b
[1+ oAp]
Bien thien the tch nc sau khi nen la:
AV = V
bs
- (V
b
+ V) = V
b
[1+ oAp] (V
b
+ V)
= oApV
b
V

Vay:
Suy ra





=68,9 at.

'
'
V V
V pV
E p
b
b
+
A
= A
o
'
'
V V E V
E V
p
b b
+ +
= A
o
at
at Pa
Pa
E
4
9
10 . 24 , 2
/ 98100
10 . 2 , 2
= =
) 202 , 0 ) 10 . 24 , 2 ( ) 2 , 0 ( 0001 , 0
) 10 . 24 , 2 ( ) 002 , 0 (
3 4 3
4 3
m at x m x
at x m
+
=
4./ Tnh nht:
Lu chat khong co kha nang chu
lc cat, khi co lc nay tac dung, no se
chay va xuat hien lc ma sat ben trong.
Chia lu chat thanh cac lp song song,
ng suat ma sat gia cac lp do s chuyen ong tng oi gia chung
phu thuoc vao gradient van toc du/dy.
ac trng cho ma sat gia cac phan t lu chat trong chuyen ong
=> nh luat ma sat nht Newton

t: ng suat tiep, n v N/m
2
=Pa
: o nht ong lc hoc, th nguyen [] = FTL
-2
, n v N.s/m
2

du/dy: suat bien dang hay bien thien van toc theo phng thang goc
vi chuyen ong

dy
du
t =
du
dy
u+du
u
x
y
u
II./ Cac tnh chat c ban cua lu chat(tt):
*Lu chat Newton la cac lu chat co
ng suat tiep t le thuan vi suat bien dang.
* Lu chat phi Newton la cac lu chat co
ng suat tiep khong t le vi suat bien dang
o nht ong lc hoc : la mot ac tnh
cua lu chat lien quan en ng suat tiep va
chuyen ong cua lu chat o.Vi lu chat
Newton, la hang so phu thuoc loai lu chat
* o nht cua chat long giam khi nhiet o
tang do cac phan t chat long nam sat nhau,
hut lan nhau vi mot lc hut manh va lc can gia cac lp chat long
chuyen ong tng oi phu thuoc vao lc hut phan t nay. Khi nhiet
o tang, lc hut giam => giam lc can.

* o nht cua chat kh tang khi nhiet o tang do khoang cach gia
cac phan t kh ln, lc hut phan t khong ang ke. Khi cac lp phan t kh
chuyen ong tng oi, lc can sinh ra do s trao oi ong lng cua cac
phan t kh cac lp sat nhau.
Cac phan t kh co the b mang i do chuyen ong hon loan t vung
co van toc mach ong nho sang vung co van toc mach ong ln va ngc
lai. Khi nhiet o tang th chuyen ong hon loan cang tang do o o nht
tang.
Cong thc Sutherland (dung cho chat kh):
(C,S la hang so)
Cong thc Andrade (dung cho chat long):
= De
B/T
(D, B la cac hang so)
T : nhiet o tuyet oi
S T
CT
+
=
2 / 3

V du: Chat long Newton (he so nht 1,9152 Pa.s) chay gia hai
tam phang song song, vi van toc phan bo theo quy luat:



V la van toc trung bnh. Vi V = 0,6m/s va h = 0,51m. Tnh ng
suat tiep tac dung len tam di va tai iem gia.
Giai: ng suat tiep c tnh t cong thc:
Ta co:




Tai iem gia: y=0, du/dy = 0
=> t =0
h
V
dy
du
h y
3
t = =
=
tamdi
(
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
2
3
h
y V
u
dy
du
t =
2
3
h
Vy
dy
du
=
2
/ 759 , 6
) 51 , 0 (
) / 6 , 0 ( 3
). 9152 , 1 ( m N
m
s m
Pa = =
tamdi
t
5./ Ap suat hi:
Ap suat hi cua chat long la ap suat cuc bo cua phan hi tren
be mat tiep xuc vi chat long bao hoa mot nhiet o nhat nh.
Tai mot so vung nao o trong dong chay neu ap suat tuyet
oi nho hn gia tr ap suat hi, chat long se tao bot. Cac bot kh
nay khi v se gay ton hai en be mat cua thanh ran goi la hien
tng xam thc kh.
6./ Sc cang be mat va hien tng mao dan:
Sc cang be mat o la lc hut phan t tren mot n v chieu
dai cua be mat chat long.
Th nguyen [o ] = F/L, n v: N/m (SI)
Chenh lech ap suat ben trong va ben ngoai cua vong tron
dien tch tR
2
la:
Ap =p
i
p
e
=2o/R

Lc tac dung len na hat chat long
II./ Cac tnh chat c ban cua lu chat(tt):
Hien tng mao dan xuat hien trong cac ong nho, tai mat giao tiep
ran long kh, gay ra bi sc cang be mat:







V du: Xac nh ng knh nho nhat cua ong thuy tinh sach ( u ~ 0
0
) sao
cho o dang cua nc 20
0
C trong ong do hien tng mao dan khong
qua 1mm.
Giai: T . Suy ra: R =2ocosu/ R.
Nc 20
0
C co o = 0,0728 N/m va =9789 N/m
3.
V u ~ 0
0
nen e co h = 1mm th
ng knh ong nho nhat la : D = 2R = 0,0298m
R
h

u o cos 2
=
R
h

u o cos 2
=
m
m m N
m N
R 0149 , 0
) 10 )( / 9789 (
) / 0728 , 0 ( 2
3 3
= =

III. Lc tac dung trong lu chat:
Lc tac dung ch co lc phan bo va c chia thanh 2 loai:
+Noi lc
+Ngoai lc
Ngoai lc gom lc khoi va lc mat
1./ Lc khoi:
La ngoai lc tac dung len moi phan t cua the tch lu chat va ty
le vi khoi lng lu chat
- Vector cng o lc khoi

V du:
Trong lc:
Lc quan tnh:
Lc ly tam:
F
V
f
F
V
A
A
=
A

lim
0
g F =
a F =
r F
2
e =
A
Af
AV, AV
2./Lc mat: La ngoai lc tac dung len the tch lu chat thong qua be
mat bao boc va ty le vi dien tch be mat.
- Vector ng suat


V du:
Ap suat
ng suat ma sat
Trang thai ng suat





ng suat tren mat bat ky:


o
S
f
S
A
A
=
A
lim
0
o
Af
A
AS
| |
(
(
(

=
zz zy zx
yz yy yx
xz xy xx
o o o
o o o
o o o
o
(o
ij
= o
ji
)
o
x

o
y
o
z

z z y y x n n
n n n o o o o + + =
III. Lc tac dung trong lu chat(tt):
CHNG 2: TNH HOC LU CHAT

I./ Khai niem

II./ o ap suat

III./ Lu chat tnh trong trng trong lc

IV./ Tnh tng oi
CHNG 2: TNH HOC LU CHAT

Trong chng nay, lu chat trang thai ng yen hay chuyen ong,
nhng khong co chuyen ong tng oi gia cac phan t.
- Khong co ng suat tiep.
- Lc mat tac dung ch la ap lc
1./ Ap suat tai mot iem:
Ap suat la lc phap tuyen tren mot n v dien tch



Gia tr ap suat tai 1 iem trong lu chat ng yen khong phu thuoc
hng at cua dien tch chu lc
P
x
= P
y
=P
z
Gia tr ap suat phu thuoc toa o iem: p = f(x,y,z)
I./ Khai niem:
dA
dF
A
F
p
n n
A
=
A
A
=
A 0
lim
Ap suat co gia tr dng tng ng vi ng suat phap nen (hng
vao dien tch chu lc)
Th nguyen: [p] = FL
-2
n v:
He SI: N/m
2
= Pa
He khac: 1at= 1kgf/cm
2
=10m nc=735mmHg=98100Pa(N/m
2
)

2./ Phng trnh c ban tnh hoc lu chat:








Ap dung nh luat Newton II cho 1 phan t lu chat:


Hai loai lc thong thng:
Lc khoi:

- lc khoi tac dung len mot n v khoi lng lu chat.

S B F d F d F d + =
z y x a dV a dm a F d o o o = = =
z y x F F d B o o o =
F
z y
x
o o
o
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
2 x
p
p
z y
x
o o
o
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
2 x
p
- p
y x
z
o o
o
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
2 z
p
p
y x
z
o o
o
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
2 z
p
- p
O
x
z
y
z o
y o
x o
I./ Khai niem (tt):
Lc mat ap lc:




Vay phng trnh c ban tnh hoc lu chat la:




hay




Neu lc khoi tac dung ch la trong lc, phng trnh c ban tnh

hoc lu chat tr thanh:

- vector gia toc trong trng

- vector gia toc cua phan t lu chat

0
1
= = V a p g

z y x
z y
x
z y
x
o o o
o o
o
o o
o
x
p
-
2 x
p
p
2 x
p
- p dF
Sx
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
=

=
c
c

=
c
c

=
c
c

0
1
0
1
0
1
z
p
F
y
p
F
x
p
F
z
y
x

0 ) (
1
= p grad F

g
a
3./ Lu chat tnh trong trng trong lc:
Phan bo ap suat trong lu chat tnh tuyet oi
+ Lu chat tnh so vi he truc gan lien vi trai at.
+ Lc khoi tac dung ch la trong lc
+ He truc toa o vi truc z hng thang ng len tri


(*)

a./Lu chat c xem la khong nen: = const
Phan bo ap suat thuy tnh:
dp =-gdz p+gz = const hay




goi la cot ap tnh: o cao mc chat long trong ong o ap
tnh t mat chuan

g p = V
= g
dz
dp
const
p
z = +

x
B
y
z
z
B
z
A
A
h
AB
=z
B
-z
A
p
B

p
A

AB B A
B
B
A
A
h p p
p
z
p
z

=
+ = +

p
z +
A
B
h
AB

z
A
z
B
Mat chuan
I./ Khai niem (tt):
*Nhan xet:
+ Mat ang ap: la be mat ma ap suat tai moi iem tren o bang hang
so Mat ang ap la mat phang nam ngang.
Mat phan chia gia 2 lu chat la mat ang ap. Mat ang ap
cung la mat ang nhiet
+ o chenh ap suat gia 2 iem A, B trong 1 moi trng lu chat phu
thuoc khoang cach thang ng gia 2 iem o.







*nh luat Pascal:
Trong chat long ng yen, o tang ap suat c truyen i nguyen
ven en moi iem trong chat long

b./Lu chat nen c:
S dung phng trnh kh ly tng p = RT cho trong phng
trnh (*)
dp = -gdz



Trong tang bnh lu: z11km
T = T
0
-Lz



Trong tang oi lu: z>11km
T = T
1
= -56.5
0
C

S thay oi nhiet o theo o cao

dz
RT
g
p
dp
=
RL g
z
T
L
p
p
/
0 0
- 1
|
.
|

\
|
=
) (
1
1
1
z z
RT
g
e
p
p

=
II./ o ap suat:
1./ Ap suat tuyet oi (Pt):
La gia tr o ap suat so vi
chuan la chan khong tuyet oi.
2./ Ap suat d (Pd):
La gia tr o ap suat so vi
chuan la ap suat kh tri tai v
tr o.
p
t
>p
a
: ap suat d dng
p
t
<p
a
: ap suat d am
hay goi la ap suat chan khong p
ck
p
ck
=p
a
p
t
= -p
d
3./ Ap ke:
Ap ke tuyet oi Ap ke d




h
p
Hg
a
=

h
pA
=

V du 1:
Xac nh gia tr ap suat oc tren ap ke
neu biet:h
1
=76cm, h
2
= 86cm,
h
3
=64cm, h
4
=71cm


Giai:
p
B
p
C
=
Hg
h
BC
p
D
p
E
=
Hg
h
DE
p
D
p
C
=
n
h
DC
Suy ra gia tr ap suat d oc c la:
p
A
=p
E
=
n
h
A-B
+
Hg
h
B-C
-
n
h
C-D
+
Hg
h
D-E

=0 -
n
(h
1+
h
2
)+
Hg
h
1
-


n
h
3
+
Hg
h
4

=
n
(-h
1
-h
2
+13,6h
1
-h
3
+13,6h
4
)
=17,732
n
=17,732x9810Pa=173,95KPa

h
2
h
1
h
3
h
4
pa
E
D
C
B
A
Kh
Nc
Hg(13,6)
Nc
V du 2: Nc chay trong ong t A-B. e o o chenh cot ap tnh
ngi ta dung ong o ap o chenh nh hnh ve. Xac nh o chenh
cot ap tnh va o chenh ap suat gia 2 iem A va B. Biet chat long
(1) la nc
nc
= 1000kg/m
3
(2) la thuy ngan o
Hg
= 13,6, h =0,7m,
b-a = 0,3m Giai: Phng trnh thuy tnh ap dung cho cac cap iem
A-M, M-N, N-B:







Hay

o chenh cot ap tnh gia 2 iem A va B la
Hg
N
N
Hg
M
M
n
N
N
n
B
B
n
M
M
n
A
A
p
z
p
z
p
z
p
z
p
z
p
z



+ = +
+ = +
+ = +
h p p Hg N M =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = A
n
B
B
n
A
A AB
p
z
p
z H

A
B
a
b
M
h
N
(1)
(2)









o chenh ap suat gia 2 iem A va B la:

n
Hg
n
N M
N M
n
N
N
n
M
M
h
h
p p
Z Z
p
z
p
z

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

) (
m x h H
n
Hg
AB 82 , 8 ) 1 6 , 13 ( 7 , 0 1 = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A

( )
KPa m N x m m
x Z z H p n B A AB AB
467 , 89 / 9810 ) 3 , 0 82 , 8 (
] [
3
= + =
A = A
III./ Lu chat tnh trong trng trong lc:
1./ Ap lc thuy tnh tren mot dien tch phang.
Cho 1 tam phang, dien tch A nam chm trong chat long va nghieng
mot goc u so vi be mat chat long.
p
0
x
Be mat chat long
Khoi lng
rieng =
dF
h
h
C
F
y
dA
C
D
y
y
C
y
D
u
O
p
0
*o ln:
Xet mot vi phan dien tch dA, ap lc tac dung thang goc
vao dien tch va co gia tr:

=> dF = pdA
p = p
0
+ h
Ap lc tac dung len toan bo dien tch:







Vay: F = p
C
A = (p
0
+ h
C
)A

p
C
la gia tr ap suat tai trong tam C cua tam phang
A p A h
y A p
A yd A
dA y p dA h p pdA F
C C
C
A
A A A
= + =
+ =
+ =
+ = + = =
}
} } }

u
u
u
A p
A sin
sin p
) sin ( ) (
0
0
0
0 0
*iem at lc D:
- Vi phan moment cua ap lc oi vi truc quay Ox:
dM
0x
=ydF
- Moment cua ap lc tren toan bo dien tch A oi vi truc
quay Ox:






+ Xet trng hp p
0
=0
=>F = h
C
A = sinuy
C
A


dA y ydA p
dA y y p
dA h p y
ypdA ydF dM M
A A
A
A
A A A
x x
} }
}
}
} } }
+ =
+ =
+ =
= = =
2
0
2
0
0
0 0
sin
) sin (
) (
u
u

(*) ) ( sin sin

2 2
0
A y J dA y M
C xC
A
x
+ = =
}
u u
Moment tnh theo ap lc F:
M
0x
=y
D
F (**)
T (*) va (**) . Suy ra iem at lc D




o lech tam

Xet moment cua ap lc tren toan bo dien tch A oi vi truc
quay Oy. Chng minh tng t :


Neu be mat phang co dang oi xng:
A y
J
y y
F
A y J
y
C
xC
C D
C xC
D
+ =
+
=
) ( sin
2
u
A y
J
e
C
xC
=
A y
J
x x
C
xyC
C D
+ =
=>J
xyC
= 0 => x
D
= x
C
Nen ch can xac nh y
D
la u.
+ Xet trng hp
a ve bai toan tng ng e giai. Trong o:






*Tnh ap lc thuy tnh bang phng phap bieu o:
- Bieu o ap lc: la bieu o bieu dien phan bo ap suat p/ tren
dien tch phang.


0
0
= p
C
h
C
C
x
Be mat chat long
y
u
O

P
0

h
C
x
Be mat chat long
y
u
O

h
0
=>

0
0
p
h =
- Xet vi phan dien tch dA, tai trong tam:
p = p
0
+ h => dF = p.dA
o ln cua ap lc tren toan bo
dien tch A:






F i qua trong tam C
V
cua the tch V
- Trong trng hp A la hnh ch nhat co canh song song mat
thoang:
F = Ob
F i qua trong tam C
O
cua dien tch bieu o phan bo ap lc O:
Be mat chat long
x

d
F
h
y
u
O
p
0
p/
dA
V F
V d
dA
p
pdA dF F
A
A
A A

=
=
=
= =
}
}
} }
y
p
0
Be mat chat long
x

F
O
u
O
A
C
O
V du 1:
Cho 1 ca van hnh ch nhat co be rong b = 5m. Chu ap
lc nc thng lu nh hnh ve vi H = 2m. Hoi ap lc thuy
tnh F tac dung len van?
Giai
Ap lc thuy tnh tac dung len van:
F = p
C
A = h
C
A
h
C
= H/2 = 2/2 = 1 (m)
=> F = 9810
N/m3
x 1
m
x 5
m
x2
m

= 98100 (N )
V du 2:
Cho 1 tam phang hnh tam giac chm trong chat long co ty
trong o = 1.2, co cac kch thc nh sau:
h = 3m, b = 2m
H = 1m, u = 60
0

p
0
= 0.06at = 600 kgf/m
2
Giai

O
C
H
Thay p
0
bang lp chat long co be day tng ng:







F = p
C
A = h
0
1/2bh = 1.2*1000
kgf/m3
*2.366
m*
1/2*3
m
*2
m

= 8.5x10
3
kgf






m
h
y
m
h
H h h
m
C
C
m
m m
C
73 . 2
60 sin
366 . 2
sin
366 . 2
60 sin
3
3
1 5 . 0 sin
3
0
0
0
= = =
=
+ + = + + =
u
u
h
C
x
p
0

y
u
O
o
h
0
C
H
m
m kgf x
m kgf p
h 5 . 0
/ 1000 2 . 1
/ 600
2
2
0
0
= = =

m
x y
h
bh
y
bh
A y
J
e
C
C
C
C
182 . 0
73 . 2 18
3
18
2
36
2 2 3
= = = = =
2./ Ap lc thuy tnh tren mot dien tch cong:
- Ap suat tren mat thoang bang ap suat kh tri
- Ba hnh chieu cua A: A
x
, A
y
, A
z

- Xet vi phan dien tch dA, tai trong tam:

- Ap lc tren toan bo dien tch A:



- Ta co:


= h p
n pdA F d

. =
=

F d F

=
=
=

z z
y y
x x
dF F
dF F
dF F

= =
= =
= =
z z z
y y y
x x x
pdA n pdA dF
pdA n pdA dF
pdA n pdA dF
.
.
.
h
z
y
p
a

()
x
A
dA
A
z

A
x

F d

n

dW
III./ Lu chat tnh trong trng trong lc (tt):
Thanh phan ap lc tren truc toa o x


=> thanh phan ap lc tren truc x
chnh bang ap lc thuy tnh tren
dien tch phang A
x
:


Tng t cho thanh phan ap lc tren truc toa o y:
Thanh phan ap lc tren truc toa o z:

(W the tch vat ap lc)
x Cx x
A p F =
} }

= = =
x
S
x
S
x x x
pdA n pdA dF F .
z
p
a

x
h
A
dA
A
x

F d

n

dA
x

p
p
dF
x

y Cy y
A p F =
= = = =
} } }

.
z z
A A
z
A
z z z
dW hdA n pdA dF F
W F
z
=
The tch vat ap lc la the tch hnh lang tru thang ng tao
bi dien tch cong A , co ng sinh trt tren chu vi cua A, gii
han bi A va keo dai cho en khi gap mat t do (p =p
a
), hay mat
thoang keo dai cua chat long tac dung len dien tch cong o.

Xac nh ap lc thuy tnh tren dien tch cong A la xac nh 3
thanh phan cua no tren 3 truc toa o. Trong o, 2 thanh phan nam
ngang F
x
, F
y
c xac nh tren cac dien tch phang A
x
, A
y
la cac
hnh chieu ng tng ng cua A theo cac truc x,y. Con F
z
c
tnh bang the tch vat ap lc.
Vay:
Tr so ap lc d c tnh bang :



Trong trng hp dien tch cong phc tap (co hnh chieu chong
chap) => chia no thanh cac phan n gian va tnh tng phan roi
cong lai

2 2 2
z y x
F F F F + + =
V du 3: Van phang hnh tron at tren
mat phang nghieng 1 goc 60
0
nh hnh
Ve. Van co the quay quanh truc nam
Ngang qua tam C. Bo qua ma sat.
Xac nh:
a./ Ap lc tac dung len van
b./ Momen can tac dung e m van.
Giai:


F = p
C
A



y
D
y
C
= 0,0866m
EM
C
= 0
M = F
x
(y
D
y
C
)
= (1230x10
3
N)(0,0866m) = 1,07x10
5
N.m
N x
m
x m x m N x
D
h
C
3
2
3
2
10 1230
4
) 4 (
) 10 ( ) / 10 81 , 9 (
4
=
(

= =
t t

m
m x m
m x m
A y
I
y y
C
xC
C D
6 , 11
) 4 ( ) 60 sin / 10 (
) 2 ( ) 4 / (
60 sin
10
2 0
4
0
= + = + =
t
t
V du 4: Xac nh ap lc do dau tac dung len mot van cung dang hnh tru co
ban knh 0,5m, dai 2m nam di o sau h =1m.
Giai:
F
x
=p
Cx
A
x
A
x
=RL,



F
x
=9,81KN
F
Z
=10,93KN

h=1m
Dau (0,8)
F
Z

F
o
F
X

p
a

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
R
h p
d Cx

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
4
2
d d
R
Rh W F
z
t

0
48
11 , 1 tg
=
= =
o
o
x
z
F
F
3./ Lc ay Archimede:
Xet vat co the tch V chm trong chat long
Xet vi phan the tch dV hnh lang tru thang
ng. No co 2 be mat tren va di tiep xuc
vi chat long va thanh phan ap lc tren
phng truc z tac dung tren 2 be mat nay
la: dF
z1
va dF
z2
.
Ap lc tong cong tac dung len dV theo truc z:



Thanh phan ap lc tren truc z tac dung len toan bo be mat bao
boc the tch V:

Tng t, tnh c 2 thanh phan ap lc tren 2 truc con lai:
V F
z
=
z
p
0

x
dA
z

dW
z1

dF
z1

dF
z2

dW
z2

V
dF
z
= dF
z2
- df
z1



dV
()
= =
}

V
z z
dV dF F
( ) dV dW dW dF dF dF
z z z
= = =
1 2 1 2
0 = =
y x
F F
III./ Lu chat tnh trong trng trong lc (tt):
1./ Chat long tnh trong thung chuyen ong thang vi gia toc khong
oi.

Vector cng o lc khoi:


dp = - a
x
dx - (g+a
z
)dz
Phng trnh cua ap suat thuy tnh:
p + a
x
x+ (g+a
z
)z = const
Mat ang ap:
*Chuyen ong thang ngang: p + ax + gz = const;
Tren mat phang x=const:
*Chuyen ong thang ng: p + (g+a)z = const; z =C
IV./ Tnh tng oi:
a g F

+ =
c
c
=
c
c
= V
) (
0 p
1
- ) a g (
z
x
a g
z
p
a
x
p

C x
a g
a
z
z
x
+
+
=
C x
g
a
z + =
o
o
g

a g F

=
a

x
z
0
1
= V p F

o
a

x
z
a

a=a
z

z
x
C
p
z = +

2./ Chat long tnh trong thung c huyen ong quay tron eu.

Vector cng o lc khoi:



dp = r e
2
dr - gdz
=> Phng trnh cua ap suat thuy tnh:



Mat ang ap: -> Ho cac mat cong paraboloid tron xoay

Tren mat tru r=const:
0
1
= V p F

r g F

2
e + =
C r
g
z + =
2
2
2
e
C
p
z = +

const gz r p = +
e
2
2
2
g

r g F

2
e + =
x
z
r

2
e
e

=
c
c
=
c
c
= V +
g
z
p
r
r
p

e
2
2
0 p
1
- ) r g (

IV./ Tnh tng oi (tt):
V du 5: Mot bnh kn rong 2m, cha ay nc chuyen ong nhanh
dan eu theo phng ngang, chieu nh hnh ve (gia toc a = 2m/s).
Neu tai E co 1 lo nho. Xac nh ap suat tai A va B va ap lc tac
dung len mat ng AB.
Giai:
p
E
= p
a
= 0
P + a
x
x + gz =const
p
A
+ a
x
x
A
+ gz
A
= p
E
+ a
x
x
E
+ gz
E

p
A
= p
E
+ a
x
(x
E
- x
A
) = 0 +1000x2x0,5 =1000 Pa
p
A
+ a
x
x
A
+ gz
A
= p
B
+ a
x
x
B
+ gz
B
p
B
= p
A
+ gh
AB
= 1000 +1000x9,81x1 =10810 Pa
Tren mat AB ap suat phan bo theo quy luat:
Nen:
C
p
z = +

KN x x ab
p p
F
B A
6 , 23 2 1
2
10810 1000
2
=
+
=
+
=
1m
A
B
x
z
0,5m 0,6m
E
V du 6: Ba ong nho cung ng knh cao H = 1m noi vi nhau nh
hnh ve, cha nc en o cao h = 0,5m. Biet a =0,4m. Xac nh
chieu cao nc trong 3 ong neu 3 ong quay eu quanh truc z vi
van toc e = 2rad/s







The tch chat long khong oi:
h
1
+h
2
+h
3
=3h


h
1
= 0,424m; h
2
=0,391m; h
3
= 0,685m

+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
C
g
a
h
C h
C
g
a
h
g
r
z
2
) 3 (
0
2
C
2
2 2
3
2
2 2
1
2 2
e
e
e
g 2
a 10
- 3h h
2 2
2
e
=
h1
z
e
h3
h
h2
a 3a
r
CHNG III: ONG HOC

I./ Hai phng phap mo ta chuyen ong cua lu chat

II./ Cac khai niem

III./ Phan loai chuyen ong

V./ Phng trnh lien tuc

VI./ Phan tch chuyen ong cua lu chat





I./ Hai phng phap mo ta chuyen ong cua lu chat:
1./ Phng phap Lagrange:

- Chuyen ong cua the tch lu chat c mo ta bi v tr cua cac
phan t theo thi gian cua the tch:





- u iem: mo ta chuyen ong mot cach chi tiet.
- Khuyet iem: so lng phng trnh phai giai qua ln (3n); khong
the mo ta cung mot luc quy ao cua nhieu phan t.
- Kha nang ap dung: phong th nghiem.


( )
( )
( )

=
=
=

=
=
=

=
=
=
dt
du
a
dt
du
a
dt
du
a
dt
dz
u
dt
dy
u
dt
dx
u
t , z , y , x z z
t , z , y , x y y
t , z , y , x x x
z
z
y
y
x
x
z
y
x
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0

2./ Phng phap Euler:

- Chuyen ong cua the tch lu chat c quan niem la trng van
toc va c mo ta bi mot ham van toc lien tuc theo khong gian va
thi gian:







u iem: ch co 3 phng trnh.
Khuyet iem: khong cho thay ro cau truc cua chuyen ong.
Kha nang ap dung: tnh toan.
( )
( )
( )

=
=
=
ao Quy
toc Gia

t z y x u u
t z y x u u
t z y x u u
z z
y y
x x
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
99 101 103 105 107 109 111 113 115 117 119 121
-3
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
Thng 1
Vn tc trn b mt
0.1m/s
0.5m/s
Scale
0.05m/s
0.01m/s
Trung quoc
I./ Hai phng phap mo ta chuyen ong cua lu chat (tt):

II./ Cac khai niem:
1./ ng dong:
ng dong La ng cong vach ra trong lchat chuyen ong sao
cho vector van toc cua cac phan t lu chat chuyen ong tren o
tiep tuyen vi no.
Co the thay oi theo thi gian.
Phng trnh

2./ Ong dong, dong chay.
Ong dong la be mat dang ong tao bi vo so cac ng dong cung i
qua mot chu vi khep kn.
Dong chay la khoi lng lu chat chuyen ong ben trong ong dong
V du: mat trong cua ng ong; be mat long song cung vi mat
thoang la cac ong dong .
z y x
u
dz
u
dy
u
dx
= =
s
u
u
3./ Mat cat t, chu vi t, ban knh thuy lc.
- Mat cat t (A) la mat cat ngang dong chay sao cho trc giao vi
cac ng dong va nam ben trong ong dong.
- Chu vi t (P) la phan chu vi cua mat cat ni dong chay tiep xuc
vi thanh ran (t=0).
- Ban knh thuy lc (R)

4./ Lu lng, van toc trung bnh mat cat.
- Lu lng (Q) la the tch lu chat chuyen ong ngang qua mat cat
t trong mot n v thi gian.
- Van toc trung bnh mat cat (V):

P A R =
A Q V =
A
P
A
dA
u

II./ Cac khai niem (tt):


III./ Phan loai chuyen ong:
1./Theo anh hng cua o nht:
Chuyen ong cua lu chat ly tng ( = 0)
Chuyen ong cua lu chat thc ( = 0)
2./Theo anh hng cua khoi lng rieng:
Chuyen ong cua lu chat khong nen c ( = const)
Chuyen ong cua lu chat nen c ( = var)
3./Theo anh hng cua thi gian:
Chuyen ong cua lu chat la on nh ( )
Chuyen ong cua lu chat la khong on nh ( )
4./Theo khong gian cua chuyen ong:
Chuyen ong cua lu chat la 1 chieu (u = 0; v = w = 0)
Chuyen ong cua lu chat la 2 chieu (u = 0; v = 0; w= 0)
Chuyen ong cua lu chat la 3 chieu (u = 0; v = 0; w = 0)

0 = c c t
0 = c c t
5./Theo trang thai chay:
Chuyen ong tang: la trang thai chay ma o cac phan t
lu chat chuyen ong trt tren nhau thanh t tang, tng lp,
khong xao tron lan nhau.
Chuyen ong roi: la trang thai chay ma o cac phan t lu
chat chuyen ong hon loan, cac lp lu chat xao tron vao
nhau.
Th nghiem Reynolds

Mc mau
Tia mc

III./ Phan loai chuyen ong (tt):

IV. Gia toc toan phan cua phan t lu chat
- Xet phan t lu chat chuyen ong
tren quy ao cua no (dung bien
Lagrange), gia toc cua pt :

Trong bien Euler, van toc la ham theo khong gian va thi gian ->
van toc u c tnh theo u
0
bang chuoi Taylor:

Thay vao bieu thc gii han:

va thc hien phep tnh gii han:
0
u

s
Quy ao
u

( )
0 0 0 0
, , , z y x t

A + =
A + =
A + =
A + =
z z z
y y y
x x x
t t t
0
0
0
0
t
u u
dt
u d
a
t
A

= =
A
0
0
lim

z
z
u
y
y
u
x
x
u
t
t
u
u u A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =


0
|
|
.
|

\
|
A
A
c
c
+
A
A
c
c
+
A
A
c
c
+
c
c
=
A
t
z
z
u
t
y
y
u
t
x
x
u
t
u
a
t

0
lim
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
t
u
a
z y x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

V. Phng trnh lien tuc

1./ Phng trnh lien tuc.
- nh luat bao toan khoi lng: toc o gia tang cua khoi lng
cua mot he vat chat bang khoi lng chuyen ong vao he trong 1
n v thi gian.
- Ap dung cho lu chat trong the tch kiem soat:
Klng lu chat trong the tch:

Klng lchat cong ra khoi the tch:

- Theo L bao toan:

- oi vi lu chat khong nen c, =const:
}
V
dV
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
0
z
u
y
u
x
u
z
y
x
}
S
n
dS u
0 = +
c
c
} }
S
n
V
dS u dV
t
( ) 0 = V +
c
c
u
t

( ) 0 = u div

V
S
u
u
n

u
n
.dS
n

2./Phng trnh lien tuc cho dong chay on nh cua lc khong nen
c.
- Xet the tch kiem soat la oan dong chay gia hai mcat 1-1 va 2-2
Trong trng hp lu chat khong nen c, chuyen ong on nh
ptrnh lien tuc di dang tch phan c rut gon con:


Chia dien tch bao boc S = A
1
+ A
2
+ S
n
Tach tch phan thanh tong cua 3 tch phan:

Hai tch phan au cho lu lng ngang qua cac mcat 1-1 va 2-2, con
tch phan th 3 bang khong:
0 =
}
S
n
dS u
2
2
1
1
S
n

A
2

A
1

u
n
=0
n

0
2 1
= + +
} } }
n
S
n
A
n
A
n
dS u dA u dA u
0
2 1
= + Q Q =
2 1
Q Q
const Q =
V. Phng trnh lien tuc (tt):
VI. Phan tch chuyen ong cua lu chat
Xet pt lu chat. iem M
0
c chon
lam cc cua pt.
Gia s van toc tai M
0
a biet, cau
hoi la van toc tai iem M?
S dung chuoi Taylor, bo qua so hang
vo cung nho bac cao, tphan van toc u
x
:

Cong va tr so hang vao ve phai cua
bieu thc tren,
sau o sap xep lai se thu c bieu thc:
z
z
u
y
y
u
x
x
u
u u
x x x
x x
A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =
0
x
z
y
M
0
M

Ax
Az
Ay
0
u

|
|
.
|

\
|
A
c
c
+ A
c
c
z
x
u
y
x
u
z
y
2
1
z
x
u
z
u
y
x
u
y
u
x
x
u
u u
z x
y
x x
x x
A |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ A
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ A
c
c
+ =
2
1
2
1
0
z
x
u
z
u
y
x
u
y
u
z x
y
x
A |
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+ A
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
2
1
2
1
at:
Thanh phan van toc u
x
se c tnh bang cong thc:
Tng t:



Y ngha cac so ha ng:
+ c
x
: Gia s mat trai va mat phai cua pt ch chuyen ong theo truc
x vi van toc u
0x
va u
x
tng ng cua iem M
0
va M. Do co s
chenh lech van toc, sau 1 n v thi gian, pt dai ra mot oan
la: u
x
-u
0x
Do o toc o gian dai tng oi cua pt la:

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
j
i
i
j
k
j
i
i
j
k
i
i
i
x
u
x
u

x
u
x
u

x
u
2
1
2
1
e u c ; ;
( ) ( ) z y z y x u u
y z y z x
x
x
A + A + A + A + A + = e e u u c
0
( ) ( ) x z x z y u u
z x z x y
y
y
A + A + A + A + A + = e e u u c
0
( ) ( ) y x y x z u u
x y x y z
z
z
A + A + A + A + A + = e e u u c
0
x
z
M
0
M

Ax
Az
u
x
-u
0x
( ) x u u
x
x
A
0
Khi Ax 0, ta co:
c
i
- toc o gian dai tng oi cua pt theo
truc x
i
.
+ u
z
va e
z
:
Gia s mat tren va mat di cua pt ch chuyen
ong theo truc x vi van toc u
0x
va u
x
tng ng
cua iem M
0
va M. Do co s chenh lech van toc,
sau 1 n v tgian, pt se b o nghieng vi goc:


Tng t, do co s chenh lech thanh phan van
toc tren phng y gia mat trai va mat phai ma
pt cung se b o nghieng vi goc:
x
x x x
x
u
x
u u
c =
c
c

0
y
u
y
u u
x x x
c
c

~
0
1
e
x
y
M
0
M

Ax
Ay
u
y
-u
0y
e
2
u
y
u
0y
x
y
M
0
M

Ax
Ay
u
x
-u
0x
e
1
u
x
u
0x
x
u
y
u u
y y y
c
c

~
0
2
e
Neu ca 2 chuyen ong ong thi xuat hien, pt se b thay oi
nh hnh:
Trong 1 n v thi gian pt b bien dang mot goc:

u
k
- toc o bdang goc cua pt quanh truc x
k
.
Trong 1 n v thi gian pt quay i mot goc:

e
k
- toc o quay cua pt quanh truc x
k
.
nh ly Hemholm: Cong cua pt lu chat bao gom cong cua
vat ran (theo cc va quay quanh cc) va cong bien dang
(bdang dai va bdang goc).
Vector quay van toc:
( )
z
x
y
y
u
x
u
u e e =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= +
2
1
2
1
1 2
x
y
M
0
M

Ax
Ay
e
1
M

e
2
(e
2
- e
1
)/2
( )
z
x
y
y
u
x
u
e e e =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
2
1
2
1
1 2
( ) u rot u k j i
z y x

2
1
2
1
= V = + + = e e e e
V du 1: Cho vector van toc gom 3 thanh phan:
u
x
= x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2

u
y
= xy + yz + z
2

u
x
= -3xz + z
2
/2 + 4
Tm vector van toc quay?
Giai

( )
( )
( )

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
+ = |
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
=
y y
y
u
x
u
z z
x
u
z
u
z y
z
u
y
u
x
y
z
z x
y
y
z
x
2
2
1
2
1
3 2
2
1
2
1
2 0
2
1
2
1
e
e
e
e

k y j z i z y

) 2 / ( ) 2 / 5 ( ) 2 / ( + + = e
V du: Chuyen ong co vector van toc:
u
x
= ay + by
2

u
y
= uz =0
Vi a, b la hang so
a./ Chuyen ong co quay khong?
b./ Xac nh a, b e khong co bien dang goc.
Giai:


chuyen ong quay a, b 0



khong co cap a, b nao e bien dang goc bang 0

( ) 0 2
2
1
2
1
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= by a
y
u
x
u
x
y
z
e
( ) 0 2
2
1
2
1
= + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= by a
y
u
x
u
x
y
zy
c
CHNG 4: ONG LC HOC LU CHAT


I. Phng trnh vi phan chuyn ong cua lu chat
II. Phng trnh nang lng
III. Tch phan phng trnh euler
IV. Phng trnh bernoulli cho dong chay lu chat thc
V. Phng trnh bien thien ong lng



CHNG 4: ONG LC HOC LU CHAT
Nhac lai hng trnh lien tuc:
Nguyen ly bao toan khoi lng: khoi lng cua 1 he thong luon khong
oi.

;

* Chuyen ong on nh:
Tong khoi lng lu chat ra vao the tch kiem soat = 0
* Lu chat khong nen c :

Tong the tch lu chat ra vao the tch kiem soat = 0





Q
1
= Q
2
+Q
3
Q
1
= Q
2
=Q
3

V
1
A
1
= V
2
A
2
+ V
3
A
3
V
1
A
1
= V
2
A
2
= V
3
A
3


0 =
system
dt
dM
0 = +
c
c
=
} }
CV CS
system
S d u dV
t dt
dM

0 0 = = =
c
c
}

CS
m
S d u Q
t

0 = = =
}

CS
m
S d u Q const

V
1

V
2

V
3

CV
V
2

V
1
V
3

1


1
2


2
3


3
I. Phng trnh vi phan chuyn ong cua lu chat:
1. Phng trnh Euler cho chuyen ong cua lu chat ly tng.
Lu chat ly tng: =0 t=0
khai niem ap suat:
Ngoai lc tac dung len phan t tren phng x:
Lc khoi:
Lc mat:

Phng trnh nh luat II Newton tren phng x cho phan t =>


Tng t:
hay
x
z
F

y
dx
dy
dz
p, 2
dx
x
p
p
c
c
+
2
dx
x
p
p
c
c

ii
p o =
z
p
F
dt
du
z
z
c
c
=

1
( ) p grad F
dt
u d

1
=

x
F dxdydz. .
dxdydz
x
p
c
c

x
p
F
dt
du
x
x
c
c
=

1
y
p
F
dt
du
y
y
c
c
=

1
I. Phng trnh vi phan c.ong cua lu chat (tt):
2. Phng trnh Navier-Stokes cho chuyen ong cua lu chat thc.
Lu chat thc: =0 t=0
Ngoai lc tac dung len phan t tren
phng x:
Lc khoi:

Lc mat:

Viet phng trnh nh luat II Newton tren phng x cho phan
t =>



Gia thiet Stokes:
vi ( )
zz yy xx
p o o o + + =
3
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
z y x
F
dt
du
zx
yx
xx
x
x
o
o
o

1
dxdydz
z y x
zx
yx
xx
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c t
t
o
x
z
F
dx
dy
dz
dz
z
zx
zx
c
c
+
t
t
xx
o
t
zx

t
yx

dy
y
yx
yx
c
c
+
t
t
dx
x
xx
xx
c
c
+
o
o
x
F dxdydz. .
ij
l
l
i
j
j
i
ij ij
x
u
x
u
x
u
p o o o
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
3
2
a ti phng trnh Navier-Stokes tren truc x:


Di dang vector:



oi vi lu chat khong nen c:



Lu y gia toc c tnh:
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
z
u
y
u
x
u
x z
u
y
u
x
u
x
p
F
dt
du
z
y
x x x x
x
x

3
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
2
( ) ( ) u u p grad F
dt
u d

V V + V + = v v
3
1 1
2
( ) u p grad F
dt
u d

2
1
V + = v

u u
t
u
z
u
u
y
u
u
x
u
u
t
u
dt
u d
z y x


V +
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
II. Phng trnh nang lng
1. Phng trnh van tai nang lng:
nh luat bao toan nang lng (L th nhat cua nhiet ong lc hoc): Toc o
bien thien cua ong nang va noi nang bang tong cong c hoc cua ngoai lc va
cac dong nang lng khac tren 1 n v thi gian


e: noi nang (kh ly tng: ; chat long khong nen: )
: dong nhiet rieng i vao qua be mat bao boc
nh luat truyen nhiet Fourier:
Bien oi:


Thu c:
( )
} } } }
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
S
e
n
S
n
V V
dS q dS u dV u F dV e
u
dt
d

. .
2
2
o
( ) e
q

( )
} } }
V = =
V
i
ij
j
S
j i
ij
S
n
dV u dS n u dS u o o o

.
( ) .T T .grad q V = =

( ) ( ) T u u F e
u
dt
d
j
j i
ij
j
j
j
V V + V + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

1 1
.
2
2
( )
( )
} } }
V V = V =
V
j
j
V
j
j
S
e
n
dV T dV q dS q
T c e
V
= cT = e
II. Phng trnh nang lng (tt)
2. Phng trnh van tai ong nang:
Ptrnh Navier di dang tensor:


Nhan ptrnh tren cho u
i
:


3. Phng trnh van tai noi nang:
Tr ptrnh van tai nang lng cho ptrnh van tai ong nang:


S dung gia thiet Stokes va cho lu chat khong nen c:
( ) ( )
i j
ij j
j
u T
dt
de
V + V V = o

1 1
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+ =
z y x
F
dt
du
zx
yx
xx
x
x
o
o
o

1
ij
j i
i
F
dt
du
o

V + =
1
( )
(

V + =
i
ij
j i
i
u F
dt
du
o

1
( ) ( )
i j
ij
i
ij
j
i
i
u u u F
u
dt
d
V V + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
o

1 1
2
2
2
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ V =
i
j
j
i
x
u
x
u
T
dt
de

III. Tch phan phng trnh euler

Phng trnh Euler dang Lambo-Gromeko:


Gia thiet:
= const

Phng trnh Euler dang Lambo-Gromeko thanh:
( ) p grad F u
u
grad
t
u

e
1
2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
c
c

( ) U grad F =

0 2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
c
c
u
u p
U grad
t
u

III. Tch phan phng trnh euler (tt)

1. Trng hp chuyen ong co the.
Chuyen ong co the: va
Phng trnh Euler tren thanh:




Trong trng trong lc: U = - gz
(Tphan Lagrange)
oi vi chuyen ong on nh:


( ) t C
g
u p
z
t g
= + + +
c
c
2
1
2

C
g
u p
z = + +
2
2

( ) grad u =

0 = e

( ) | | 0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
c
c u p
U grad grad
t
( ) t C
u p
U
t
= + +
c
c

2
2

III. Tch phan phng trnh euler (tt)

2. Trng hp lu chat chuyen ong on
nh, tphan doc ng dong.
Lay vi phan chieu dai ng
dong:
Nhan vo hng no vi pt. Euler:




Rut ra:


Trong trng trong lc: U = - gz
(Ptrnh Bernoulli)
s d

s
R
O
t

s d

n d

0 . 2
2
2
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
c
c
s d u
u p
U grad
t
u

0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
t

u p
U d
t

C
u p
U = + +
2
2
t

C
g
u p
z = + +
2
2
III. Tch phan phng trnh euler (tt)
3 Trng hp lu chat chuyen ong on nh, tphan theo phng vuong
goc vi ng dong.
Phng trnh Euler trong he toa o t nhien:


Lay vi phan chieu dai ng phap tuyen vi ng dong:
Nhan vo hng no vi pt. Euler:



Khi R :

Trong trng trong lc: U = - gz
(Tphan Euler)
n d

n
C
p
z = +

( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
c
c
+
c
c

t
p
U grad n
R
u
s
u
t
u

2 2
2
( )
n d
p
U grad n d n
R
u
s
u
t
u

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

c
c
+
c
c

t
2 2
2
n
p
U d dn
R
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

2
n
C
p
U = +

III. Tch phan phng trnh euler (tt)

Yngha nang lng cua cac so hang tch phan.
Xet pt Bernoulli. Qua trnh thiet lap qua cac bc:








Cac so hang:



Phng trnh Bernoulli la pt bao toan nang lng
0 . 2
2
2
=
(

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + +
c
c
s d u
u p
U grad
t
u

0
2
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
t

u p
U d
t

C
u p
U = + +
2
2
t

C
g
u p
z = + +
2
2
( ) ng Quang
lchat klng
1v tren Lc

|
|
.
|

\
|

lchat klng 1v t ra sinh Cong

lchat tlng 1v cua lng ang N
cong trong oi thay khong no va
lchat klng 1v cua lng ang N

g u 2
2
p z +
tnh) ap (cot lchat tlng 1v cua nang The
toc) van ap (cot lchat tlng 1v cua nang ong
g
u p
z
2
2
+ +

lchat tlng 1v cua phan toan lng ang N

phan) toan ap (cot
IV. Phng trnh bernoulli cho dong chay lu chat thc
Xet oan dong chay on nh nam gia 2
mcat t 1-1 va 2-2.
Xet 1 ng dong trong oan dong chay.
Neu cho rang lu chat la ly tng, ptrnh
Bernoulli cho ng dong:



Phng trnh tren the hien tnh bao toan.
Neu lu chat la thc th:



Bay gi xet 1 dong chay nguyen to. Nang lng cua no bien oi theo ptrnh:



Nh vay cho toan bo dong chay, nang lng cua no se bien oi theo ptrnh:


1
1
2
2
dQ
dQ
dQ
Q
g
u p
z
g
u p
z
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
+ + = + +

f
h
g
u p
z
g
u p
z ' + + + = + +
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1

dQ h dQ
g
u p
z dQ
g
u p
z
f

' +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
lchat) tlng v 1 cua nlng that ton :
f
h' (
} } } } }
' + +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
Q
f
A A A A
dQ h dQ
g
u
dQ
p
z dQ
g
u
dQ
p
z

2 2 1 1
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
IV. Phng trnh bernoulli cho dong chay lu chat thc(tt)
Thc hien cac tch phan:








Thay vao cho ket qua:



Ghi chu :
1. ieu kien ap dung pt Bernoulli cho dong chay:
; =const;
Tai hai mcat ap dung pt, dong chay phai la bien oi cham.
Trong oan dong chay gia 2 mcat, khong co nhap lu hoac tach lu.
2. Neu trong oan dong chay gia 2 mcat viet pt co turbine, may bm:
Q
p
z dQ
p
z
A

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
}
cham boi la chay dong A t mcat tai : kien ieu
Q
g
V
dQ
g
u
A

2 2
2 2
=
}
nang, hchnh hso : o
( ) 10 , 1 05 , 1
1
3
~
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
A
dA
V
u
A
o
Q h dQ h
f
Q
f

= '
}
lchat tlng v 1 cua lng nang that ton :
f
h
ap) cot that (ton
f
h
g
V p
z
g
V p
z + + + = + +
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
o

0 = c c t g F

=
B T f f
H H h h +
1. Phng trnh bien thien ong lng.
Nguyen ly bien thien ong lng: toc o bien thien cua ong
lng cua mot he vat chat bang vector tong ngoai lc tac dung
len he.
Ap dung cho lu chat trong the tch kiem soat:


Bien oi:


oi vi dong chay on nh, ptrnh bien thien
ong lng la:
R dV u
dt
d
V

=
}

V
S
u
u
n

u
n
.dS
n

R dS u u dV u
t
S
n
V

= +
c
c
} }

R dS u u
S
n

=
}

V. Phng trnh bien thien ong lng

2. Ptrnh bien thien lng cho dchay on nh cua lchat khong nen c.
Xet the tch kiem soat la oan dong chay gia hai mcat 1-1 va 2-2
Chia dien tch bao boc S = A
1
+ A
2
+ S
n
Ptrnh bien thien ong lng thanh:

Tch phan th 3 bang khong con hai tch
phan au c viet lai thanh:

Cac tch phan nay c thc hien:

Thay vao cho ket qua:

R dS u u dS u u dS u u
n
S
n
A
n
A
n

= + +
} } }

2 1
2
2
1
1
S
n

A
2

A
1

u
n
=0
n

R dQ u dQ u
A A

= +
} }
2 1

Q V dQ u
A
|

=
}
( )
1 1 2 2
V V Q R

| | =
lng, hchnh hso : | ( ) 05 , 1 02 , 1
1
2
~
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
A
dA
V
u
A
|

=
1 1 1 2 2 2
V Q V Q R

| |
V. Phng trnh bien thien ong lng (tt)
1.1 Hai trang thai chay.
Chay tang: Re
D
s 2300
Chay roi: Re
D
> 2300

1.2 Mo hnh Boussinesq
Phan tch Reynolds:

( - van toc trung bnh thi gian; u van toc mach ong)
Mo hnh Boussinesq:
Van toc tnh toan la van toc trung bnh thi gian.
Lu chat trong chuyen ong roi co o nht la o nht hieu dung:
(
t
o nht roi)
Mo hnh Prandtl (1925)
u u u ' + =
u
t
u
(Chay roi)
u
t
u
(Chay tang)
u
u
t eff
+ =
dy
du
l
t
2
= ( ) tron xao dai chieu - y l k =
CHNG V: DONG CHAY ON NH TRONG ONG CO AP

1. CAC KHAI NIEM (2/2)
1. CAC KHAI NIEM (2/2)
1.3 Lp mong chay tang.








o > A -> che o chay thanh trn thuy lc
o s A -> che o chay thanh nham thuy lc

A
o
(Loi roi)
(Lp mong chay tang)
2. PHNG TRNH C BAN CUA DONG CHAY EU (1/2)
2.1 Phng trnh c ban.
Ngoai lc tac dung tren phng
chuyen ong:
G
s
= lAsinu - trong lc
P
1
- P
2
= (p
1
- p
2
)A ap lc
F
ms
= t
0
lP lc msat tren vo ong
Ptrnh bthien lng tren phng s:



Ptrnh Bernoulli cho oan dong chay t mc 1-1 -> mc 2-2:


T (1) va (2) =>
( )
1 1 2 2 2 1
V V Q F P P G
ms s
| | = +
(1) l
R
p
z
p
z

t

0 2
2
1
1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
P
1

P
2

G
G
s

s
1
1
2
2
l
V
1

V
2

u
u
t
0

lsinu
z
1

z
2

0 0
(2)
f
h
p
z
p
z =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

2
2
1
1 f
h
g
V

p
z
g
V

p
z + + + = + +
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
RJ t =
0
( ) lc thuy doc o = l h J
f
2. PHNG TRNH C BAN CUA DONG CHAY EU (2/2)
2.2 Li giai.
Xet mat tru ban knh r, ptrnh c ban cua dong eu:

a) Chay tang.


b) Chay roi.
Xet mat tru ban knh r sat thanh ong, r ~ R
0
:


Tch phan cho ket qua:
J
r
dr
du
2
= dr du t = ( )
2 2
0
4
r R
J
u =

( )

= ~
<<
const
t
0
t t

( )
2
2
0
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
du
y k t
y
u
dy
du 1
*
k
=
( ) E y
u
u ln
*
k
=
( ) t
0 *
= u
r
R
0

y
( ) 2 r R =
J
r
2
t =
toc van bo phan
L p mo ng cha y ta ng
ng cong Parabol
ng cong Logarit
y
3. TON THAT COT AP DOC NG (1/4)
3.1 Cong thc Darcy.
T phng trnh c ban cua dong eu rut ra:


ng suat ma sat c xac nh bang thc nghiem:


Thay t
0
t (2) vao (1), rut ra:



- he so ton that cot ap do c ng hoac he so ma sat ng ong c xac
nh bang thc nghiem vi:
l
R
h
l

t
0
=
( ) t , , , ,
0
V D f A =
( )
D
f
V
Re ,
2
0
A =

t
g
V
R
l
h
l
2 4
2
=
g
V
D
l
h
l
2
2
= hoac cho ong tron
(1)
(2)
( )
D
f Re , A =
3. TON THAT COT AP DOC NG (2/4)
Th nghiem Nikurade (1933):




Cac cong thc thc nghiem
- Chay tang (Re
D
< 2300):


- Chay roi (Re
D
> 4000):

D
Re
64
=

A
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
A
=

D
Re
51 . 2
71 , 3
log 2
1
25 . 0
Re
100
46 . 1 1 . 0
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ A =
D

(Colebrook-1939)
(Altsun-?)
3. TON THAT COT AP DOC NG (3/4)
- o th Moody (1944):
0,000 01
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
3
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
4
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
5
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
6
1 2 3 4 5 7
x10
7
1
x10
8
0,000 005
0,000 007
0,000 05
0,000 1
0,000 2
0,000 4
0,000 6
0,001
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
0,015
0,02
0.03
0,04
0,05
0,008
0,009
0,01
0,015
0,02
0,025
0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,09
0,1
Khu chay r oi t hanh nham hoan t oan (Khu sc can bnh t hng)
Khu
Chay t ang
Khu chay r oi
t hanh nham
Khu chay r oi
t hanh t r n
Khu chuyen t i ep
Re =

VD/

A
=
A
/

D

OTHMOODY
3. TON THAT COT AP DOC NG (4/4)
3.2 Cong thc Chezy.
Cong thc Chezy:

So sanh vi cong thc Darcy:


So Chezy thng c tnh theo cong thc Manning:


Cac cong thc suy dien t Chezy:

g
C
8
=
J K RJ AC Q = =
RJ C V = (C - So Chezy)
6 / 1
1
R
n
C =
(n - he so nham Manning)
R AC K =
l
R C
V
l
K
Q
h
l
2
2
2
2
= =
(K module lu lng)
4. TON THAT COT AP CUC BO (1/1)
4.1 Khai niem.





Trong oan l
m
:




4.2 Cong thc Darcy - Weisbach


g
V
h
cb
2
2
=
( - he so ton that cot ap cuc bo)
l
m
~ (2050)D
P
P
h
cb

E
E

|
|


t
dy
du

| =
dy
du
eff
t |
f
h
5. TNH TOAN THUY LC NG ONG (1/4)
5.1 Gii thieu.
Cac phng trnh, cong thc c ban:
Ptrnh Bernoulli cho dong chay
Ptrnh lien tuc
Cac cong thc tnh ton that cot ap (ton that cot ap doc ng va cuc bo)
Cac gia thiet:
l
m
<< l l
m
= 0 va h
l
tnh vi toan bo chieu dai ng ong
Khoang cach gia cac iem co ton that cot ap cuc bo phai u ln (> l
m
)
Khai niem ng ong dai ve mat thuy lc:
la ng ong co h
cb
<< h
l
(< 5%h
l
)
Ptrnh Bernoulli cho dong chay trong oan ng ong

f
h H H =
2 1 f
h
g
V

p
z
g
V

p
z + + + = + +
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = tnh ap cot -

i
i i
p
z H
5. TNH TOAN THUY LC NG ONG (2/4)
5.2 Cac bai toan.
a. ng ong ngan ve mat thuy lc.
Ch xet ng ong n gian
Xem bai toan tong quat. Ptrnh Bernoulli
t mcat 1-1 ti mcat 2-2:


a ti:

vi


T ptrnh tren neu cho Q se tnh c H, hoac ngc lai neu cho H se tnh
c Q
g
V
k H
d
2
2
2
=
f
h
g
V

p
z
g
V

p
z + + + = + +
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
1
2
1
1
1
1
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
d
l
d
d
d
l
k
d
1
, l
1
, A
1

d
2
, l
2
, A
2

H

2
(V
d2
)
1 1
2 2
0 0
V
2

Q
5. TNH TOAN THUY LC NG ONG (3/4)
b. ng ong dai ve mat thuy lc.
b1. ng ong n gian
Xem bai toan tong quat. Ptrnh
Bernoulli t mcat 1-1 ti mcat 2-2:



a ti:



T ptrnh tren neu cho trc 2 trong so 3 thong so Q, H va H
B
, se tnh c
thong so con lai.
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
K
l
K
l
Q H H
B
B f
2
2 2
2
2
1 1
1
H h
g 2
V

p
z
g 2
V

p
z + + + = + +
d
1
, l
1
, n
1

d
2
, l
2
, n
2

1
1
V
2

Q
H
B
2
2
5. TNH TOAN THUY LC NG ONG (4/4)
b2. ng ong gan noi tiep



Trong tnh toan c thay the bang 1 ong tng ng vi:


b3. ng ong gan song song



Trong tnh toan c thay the bang 1 ong tng ng vi:

=
i
i
i
T
T
K
l
K
l
2 2
A
B
A
B
1 2 3 T
Q
Q
A
B
1
2
3
Q
A
B
T
Q

=
i
i
i
T
T
l
K
l
K
Chng 6. CHUYEN ONG CO THE 2 CHIEU
1. Cac khai niem
2. Cac chuyen ong the phang n gian
3. Chong chap cac chuyen ong the
1. CAC KHAI NIEM (1/2)
1.1 Chuyen ong co the.
n: Cong cua lu chat c goi la co the khi ton tai mot ham sao cho:

- ham the van toc; ng cong (x,y) = const ng ang the
Tnh chat:

Phng trnh:


1.2 Ham dong.
n: Ham (x,y) sao cho c goi la ham dong.
ng cong (x,y) = const ng dong
Tnh chat:

Phng trnh:

( ) = grad u

( ) 0
2
1
= = u rot

e
0 = A
x u y u
y x
c c = c c = ;
2 1 12
= q
0 = A
1. CAC KHAI NIEM (2/2)
1.3 Ham the phc.
Ham dong va han the co tnh trc giao do:


=> mo ta bang ham the phc:

Cac ai lng:



1.4 Tnh chong chat.

0 =
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
y y x x

( ) i z f + =
( ) ( ) ( ) phc toc van + = y x iu y x u z V
y x
, ,
( )
( )
( ) ( ) hp lien toc va n = = y x iu y x u
dz
z df
z V
y x
, ,
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) y x u y x u y x u
y x y x y x
y x y x y x
z f z f z f
, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =


2. CAC CHUYEN ONG THE PHANG N GIAN (1/2)
2.1 Chuyen ong thang eu.




U
0
van toc dong chay

2.2 iem nguon va gieng






q - lu lng n v
( ) z U z f
0
=
x U
0
=
y U
0
=
( ) ( )
( )
u
t

t
2
ln
2
ln
2
q
r
q
z
q
z f
=
=
=
2. CAC CHUYEN ONG THE PHANG N GIAN (2/2)
2.3 Xoay t do.




I - lu so van toc

2.4 Lng cc.




m - moment cua lng cc
( ) ( )
( ) r
z
i
z f
ln
2
;
2
ln
2
t
u
t

t
I
=
I
=
I
=

( )
2 2 2 2
;
y x
y
m
y x
x
m
z
m
z f
+
=
+
=
=

3. CHONG CHAP CAC CHUYEN ONG THE (1/2)
3.1 Chuyen ong bao ban vat.




(dong thang eu + nguon)

3.2 Chuyen ong bao vat Rankine.



(dong thang eu + nguon + gieng)
( ) ( )
( ) u
t

t
2
; ln
2
ln
2
0 0
0
q
y U r
q
x U
z
q
z U z f
+ = + =
+ =

( )
a z
a z q
z U z f

+
+ = ln
2
0
t
3. CHONG CHAP CAC CHUYEN ONG THE (2/2)
3.3 Chuyen ong bao tru tron.
(dong thang eu + lng cc)





3.4 Chuyen ong bao tru tron co lu so van toc


(dong bao tru tron + xoay t do)
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
2
2
0
2
2
0
2
0
1 sin ; 1 cos
r
R
r U
r
R
r U
z
R
z U z f
u u
Alembert d' ly nghch = 0
x
P
( ) z
i z
R
z U z f ln
2
2
0
t
I
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
nang lc I =
0
U P
y

I I I
P
y
I<4tRU
0
I=4tRU
0
I>4tRU
0