SMK TUN FUAD STEPHENS KIULU, TUARAN

SCIENCE MODULE
2010
NAME : ___________________________________ FORM : ___________________________________ GROUP : ___________________________________

STRATEGIES IN ANSWERING QUESTIONS (STRATEGI MENJAWAB SOALAN) Science Process Skills (Kemahiran Proses Sains) - (Experimental based / Berdasarkan eksperimen)

PAPER 2 Section A Questions 1-4 - Section C Question 10 (A) IDENTIFYING VARIABLES (KENALPASTI PEMBOLEHUBAH) kenyataan) Fig 1 shows an experiment to study the effect of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water. (SPM 2003) (Rajah 1 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan bendasing ke atas takat didih air suling.) Steps (Langkah-langkah): a. Underline the variables in the sentence. (Gariskan pembolehubah yang terdapat dalam kenyataan) b. The underline variables are referred to manipulated variable and responding variable. (Pembolehubah yang digariskan ialah pembolehubah dimanipulasi dan pembolehubah bergerakbalas).

1. Identifying variables from a statement (Kenalpasti pembolehubah dari

2. Identifying variables from a table (Kenalpasti pembolehubah dari jadual):

Substances Distilled water Distilled water + common salt Boiling point /C 100 103

Steps (Langkah-langkah): Left side of the table is usually the manipulated variable and right side of the table is usually the responding variable. (Sebelah kiri jadual biasanya pembolehubah dimanipulasi dan di sebelah kanan jadual biasanya pembolehubah bergerakbalas).

3. Identifying variables from a graph (Kenalpasti pembolehubah dari graf):

Vertical
(menegak)

Horizontal
(melintang)

Steps (Langkah-langkah):

a. Refer to the axis of the graph (Rujuk kepada garis graf). b. Label of horizontal axis = manipulated variable (Melintang = pembolehubah
dimanipulasi)

c. Label of vertical axis = responding

bergerakbalas)

variable (Menegak = pembolehubah

Constant variables (pembolehubah tetap):

a. Found in the statement of the question (Boleh ditemui dalam kenyataan

soalan).

b. NOT

from the list of apparatus/materials (Bukan daripada senarai radas/bahan). Common mistakes (Kesalahan Suggested answers (Cadangan biasa) jawapan) 1. Hydrochloric acid Parameter: (Asid hidroklorik) i. Type of acid (Jenis asid) ii. Volume of acid (Isipadu asid) iii. Concentration of acid (Kepekatan asid) 2. Magnesium i. Mass/weight of metal (Jisim (Magnesium) logam) ii. Size of metal (Saiz logam) iii. Surface area of metal (Permukaan logam) 4. Identifying variables from a diagram (Kenalpasti pembolehubah dari diagram): a. Take a look at the diagram. Identify the materials used (Lihat rajah, kenalpasti bahan diguna).

(B) MAKING HYPOTHESIS (MEMBUAT HIPOTESIS)_ Able to state the relationship between manipulated variable and responding variable (Berupaya menyatakan hubungan di antara pembolehubah dimanipulasi dan pembolehubah bergerakbalas) Steps (Langkah-langkah): 1. Identify variables (Kenalpasti pembolehubah) i. manipulated ii. responding Example: (SPM 2005) Fig 2 shows an experiment to study the effect of different concentration of an antibiotic on bacterial growth. (Rajah 2 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kepekatan antibiotic ke atas pertumbuhan bacteria). - manipulated variable : ________________________________ responding variable : ________________________________

2.

Use bersesuaian)..

suitable connecting words (Guna kata hubung yang

3. Construct a complete sentence (Bina ayat yang lengkap).

4. Can be tested through an experiment (Boleh diuji melalui eksperimen). Common mistake (vague statement) : Antibiotic with different concentrations can kill bacteria differently. (Kesalahan biasa : kenyataan yang terlalu umum antibiotik yang berlainan kepekatan membunuh bakteria dengan cara yang berbeza). HIPOTESIS _______________________________________________________________________ :

(C) MAKING INFERENCES (MEMBUAT INFERENS) Able to use past experiences or previously collected data to draw conclusions and explain event. Berupaya menggunakan pengalaman lalu atau data yang dikumpul untuk membuat kesimpulan dan menjelaskan sesuatu situasi). i.e Giving reasons why such observation is obtained from the experiment. ( Memberi sebab mengapa pemerhatian dari eksperimen itu terjadi).

(D) DEFINING OPERATIONALLY (DEFINISI SECARA OPERASI) Defining concepts by describing what must be done and what should be observed. (Mendefinisikan konsepdengan menggambarkan apa yang mesti dibuat dan apa yang perlu diperhatikan). SPM 2003 Section A Q1 Experiment: To study the effects of impurities on the boiling point of distilled water. (Mengkaji kesan bendasing terhadap takat didih air suling). Results : Substances Boiling point /C Distilled water 100 Distilled water + common salt 1(d) What is the operational definition of distilled water? Suggested answer : Distilled water is water which boils at 100C (Air suling adalah air yang mendidih pada 100C) Common mistake (Definition by theory) : Distilled water is water obtained through distillation process and has boiling point of 100C. (Air suling adalah air yang diperoleh melalui proses penyulingan dan mempunyai takat didih 100C.) SPM 2004 Section A Q2 Experiment: To study the effect of penicillin on bacterial growth.

(Mengkaji kesan penisilin ke atas pertumbuhan bakteria) Results: Penicillin disc Diameter area/cm 2(d) of clear P1 1. 5 P2 2. 4 P3 2.0

Penicillin is an antibiotic. State the meaning of antibiotic, based on this experiment (operational definition). (Penisilin merupakan satu antibiotik. Nyatakan maksud antibiotik berdasarkan eksperimen (operasi secara definisi).

Suggested answer : Antibiotic is a substance which formed clear area on the nutrient agar surface. (Antibiotik adalah bahan yang membentuk kawasan jernih di atas permukaan agar nutrient) Common mistake : Antibiotic such as penicillin can retard bacterial growth.(Antibiotik seperti penisilin merencat pertumbuhan bakteria).

2006 Section A Q1 Experiment: To study the electrical conductivity of lead(II) bromide. (Mengkaji kekonduksian elektrik plumbum(II) bromida). 1(d) Lead (II) bromide is an ionic compound. State the operational definition for an ionic compound. (Plumbum (II) adalah sebatian ionik. Nyatakan operasi definisi bagi sebatian ionik). Suggested answer : - Ionic compound is a molten substance which can cause deflection on the ammeters needle. (Sebatian ionik adalah bahan lebur yang boleh menyebabkan pemesongan jarum ammeter). - Ionic compound is a molten substance which can conduct electricity. (Sebatian ionik adalah bahan lebur yang boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik). - Ionic compound is a substance which can conduct electricity in molten state.

(Sebatian ionik ialah bahan yang boleh mengkonduksikan elektrik dalam keadaan lebur). Common mistake : Ionic compound is a compound consists of positive and negative ions. (Sebatian ionic adalah sebatian yang terdiri dari cas positif dan negatif). (E) ESSAY QUESTIONS (Section C : Question 10) (a) mark] Cadangkan satu hipotesis untuk mengkaji pernyataan di atas. markah] [1 Suggest one hypothesis to investigate the above statement. [1

(b)

(i)

Aim of the experiment Tujuan eksperimen

[1 mark] [1 markah]

(ii) Identification of variables Mengenalpasti pembolehubah

[2 marks] [2 markah]

(iii) List of material and apparatus Senarai bahan dan radas

[1 mark] [1 markah]

(iv) Procedure Prosedur

[4 marks] [4 markah]

(v) Tabulation of data Penjadualan data

[1 mark] [1 markah

KEYWORDS Form 4

1 2

Body coordination includes the _____________ system and the ______________ system. (Koordinasi badan). Neurones are cells specialized to generate and transmit nerve _____________. There are 3 types of neurones, _________________ neurone, ___________________and _________________ neurone. (Tiga jenis neuron).

The path taken by an impulse in a reflex arc (Laluan impuls dalam tindakbalas refleks) :
Synapse

Synapse

______________________ coordination. Voluntary actions

are

important

in

maintaining

body

balance

and

5 6
7

are under the control of the

_____________ and are done

according to ones _______________ . Involuntary actions are under the control of the _____________ and are done NOT according to ones _______________ Drugs are chemical substances that may cause _______________ and negative effects on our _______________ and _______________ activities Gene is a unit of _________________ composed of __________ that determine the ____________ of an individual. 9 A __________________is a thread-like substance found in the nucleus of a cell. ______ identical daughter cells with the _______ number of chromosomes of the mother cells.

10 Mitosis is the type of cell division which occurs in ____________ cells. It produces

11 Meiosis is the type of cell division which produces ___________ that contains
_______ the number of chromosomes of the mother cells.

12 Inheritance the passing down of particular ________________ from generation to

generation.

13 A dominant gene is expressed in the ____________ even if it is present together

with recessive gene,

14 A recessive gene will only shows its effect in the ____________ if the dominant
gene is___________.

15 16

_____________ is a sudden random change in the structure of a gene or a chromosome which will cause changes in the characteristics of an organism Variations are differences among individuals in a population of the same ________________.

17 18

Matter _________ .

( jirim ) can exists in 3 states : ___________ , ___________ and ____________ states of different

Kinetic theory of matter explains the phases in terms of molecular movement:

Solids have molecules with the ___________ kinetic energy and are the __________ to one another. Liquid molecules have _____________ kinetic energy and are the __________ apart to one another. 19 A change in state occurs during the processes of _______________ , ____________, _______________ , ____________________ and ____________________ energy and are __________ apart to one another. Gas molecules have the _____________ kinetic

20 An atom is made up of _____________ , _______________ and _______________ . 21 Proton number is the total number of ____________ and ____________ in an atom. 22 Nucleon number is the total number of ____________ and ____________ in a
nucleus.

23 Isotopes of the same element are atoms having the same __________ number
BUT different ___________ number.

24 Substances may be classified as ____________ ( all solids except mercury ) and

_______________ . 25 Substances can be made up of __________ , ______________ or ______________ . 26 An _______ is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. 27 A ______________ is formed when two or atoms are combined chemically. Simple molecules are held by weak ___________________ forces. e.g :___________ Macromolecules are held by strong __________ bonds.e.g : ____________________

28 Ions are formed when electrons are _____________ ( negative ions ) or ________
(positive ions ) from a neutral atom.

29 Ionic compounds are very stable with ions arranged in orderly __________ lattice
held by strong ____________________ forces.

30 Periodic Table is a table which arranges elements in an increasing ______________

_____________ to show the ___________________ of elements with related electronic configurations.

a.
shell.

_____________ are vertical columns containing elements with similar

___________ properties and _____________ of electrons in the outer electronic

b.

_____________ are horizontal rows containing elements that change

from metallic properties to ___________________ properties.

31 A pure substance contains only one type of __________ or _____________

A pure substance has a fixed _____________ and ____________ points. Presence of impurities will _______________ the melting point and ________________ the boiling point.

32 Impurities

present /

can

be

removed )

by like

physical

means ,

(Methods

of

Purification

Kaedah

Penulenan

_____________

_______________,

_____________________ and ______________________.

33 A physical change is a change which DOES NOT result in _______ substances

formed and can be _______________ by changing the conditions.

34 A chemical change is a change which involves a _____________ reaction resulting

in ________ substances.

35 An endothermic reaction is a reaction whereby heat is _________________ causing

a __________in temperature of the surrounding.

36 An exothermic reaction is a reaction whereby heat is __________________ causing

a ___________ in _____________________of the surrounding.

37 Reactivity series of metals is a list of metals arranged with the

reactive metals at the top and the ________ reactive metals at the bottom. a. b.

________

The series is constructed by reacting the metals with ___________ , The series can be used to predict the method of _________________ of

____________ and ________________. metals from their ores.

38 Electrolysis is the process of decomposing of an ___________________ by passing

an _______________ current.

39 Electrolytes are _________ compounds that can conduct electricity when _________
or in _________________ .

40 Industrial application of electrolysis includes :

a. ______________________ of metals b. ______________________ of metals c. ______________________________

41 Radioactivity is random and spontaneous breakdown of _____________ nuclei into

nuclei of other stable elements accompanied by the ______________ of sub-atomic particles called __________ particles and __________ particles. Electromagnetic rays such as ____________ rays may also be emitted.

42 Nuclear _________ takes place when two light nuclei combine to form a bigger
nucleus.

43 Nuclear _________ takes place when a heavy nucleus breaks up into smaller
nuclei.

44 Light dispersion is the splitting up of __________light into its component _______.

Example of a natural phenomenon ___________________

45 Light scattering is a process where light is ______________ and spread by

particles of __________ or ___________. The phenomenon of ______ sunset is caused by the scattering of light

46 (i) __________colours are colours that cannot be produced by mixing other

colours. Examples : _______________ , _________________ and _______________ (ii) ______________ colours colours obtained by mixing primary colours. Examples : _______________ , ________________ and _______________

47 An alloy is a substance that is formed when some pure ___________ or

______________ is added into another pure metal when they are in a ___________ state.Examples : ___________ , _____________

48 Superconductor is a type of ________ that allow electric current to flow with near
zero ___________________.

Form 5

1 2 3

Microorganisms are Microorganisms are

tiny organisms that can only be seen under a

_______________ . classified into bacteria , _____________ , ______________, _____________ and algae . Factors that affect the growth and reproduction of microorganisms are nutrients , _________ , __________ , ______________ and ____ value of the surroundings.

4 5

Immunity is the ability of the body to destroy _______________ before they can Pathogens are microorganisms that cause _________________ .

cause diseases.

10

Antibiotics are complex chemical substances produced by _____________ or _____________ or slow down their __________ without __________

_______ that kill pathogenic harming the body cells.

Macronutrients are nutrients which are needed in relatively

quantities Macronutrients required by plants are...

8 9

Micronutrients are nutrients which are needed in very __________ quantities Calorific value is the amount of chemical ______stored in food.It is measured

Macronutrients required by plants are... in ______

10 Balanced diet is a diet which contains the correct ________________ of essential

nutrients taken daily to meet the bodys ________________________ .

11 The balance on nature is the interaction between _______________ OR the

interaction between organisms and the _________________ to produce a balanced and stable ____________ on Earth.

12 The natural cycles that help to maintain the balance of nature are the
__________ cycle, the _______ cycle and the _________ cycle.

13 A carbon compound is formed from the chemical combination of ___________

with one or more of other _________________ .

14 A hydrocarbon is a compound that consists of __________ and _______________

only.

15 Organic 16 Inorganic

compounds compounds

are are

carbon carbon

compounds compounds

that that

originate originate

from from

_______________ things. _______________ things.

17 Saturated fat contains fatty acids with only ______________ bonds.It can be
obtained from _______________ .

18 Unsaturated fat contains fatty acids with ___________ or _____________ bonds.

It can be obtained from _______________ .

19 Soap is a salt produced by _____________________ which is a process that

involves a reaction between an _______________ and vegetable _________ .

20 Polymer is a large molecule made up of many identical sub-units called

____________ .

21 Distance is the _____________ between two points or places. SI unit :

.

11

22 Speed is the __________ of change of distance . SI unit : . 23 Velocity is the rate of change of distance traveled in a specific ___________
SI unit :..

24 Acceleration is the rate of change of _____________ SI unit : 25 Inertia is the tendency of a body of mass to maintain its state of _________ or
of uniform _____________ in a straight line .

26 The momentum of an object is the product of its _______ and _________.SI

unit :

27 Pressure is _________ per unit area. SI unit : 28 Archimedes principle states that when an object is immersed in a fluid
( liquid or gas ), the ____________ on the object is equal in size to the ____________ of the fluid displaced by the object.

29 Bernoullis principle states that where the velocity of a fluid is high , the
pressure is _______ and where the velocity of a fluid is low , the pressure is _______ .

30 Processed food is the food that has been treated with _____________ or
undergone certain ________________ .

31 Genetically modified food (GMF) is food produced from _____________ modified

food. 32 Synthetic polymers are _____________ polymers. They are produced through ________.

33 Amplitude , A , of a wave is the maximum __________________ of a wave

particle from its equilibrium position. SI unit : ..

34 The wavelenght , , of a transverse wave is the distance between two

successive _________________ or two successive __________________ on the transverse wave. SI unit : .

35 The frequency , f , of a transverse wave is the ______________ of crests or

troughs that pass a point per second. This is equivalent to the number of complete ________________ generated per second. SI unit:. The wave equation is ..

12

(A) IDENTIFYING VARIABLES ,MAKING HYPOTHESIS AND INFERENCE 1 Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the relationship between length of pendulum and the period of oscillation. (Diagram 1 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji hubungan antara panjang pendulum dan masa ayunan bandul).

Diagram 1 State the variables in this experiment. (i) (ii) (iii) Fixed/ constant/controlled:

Manipulated: Responding:

Diagram 2 shows an experiment to study the effects of nutrient deficiency on the growth of green pea seedlings using four test tubes A,B,C and D containing different culture solutions. (Rajah 2 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan kekurangan nutrient ke atas pertumbuhan anak benih kacang pea hijau dengan menggunakan tabung uji A, B, C dan D yang mengandung kultur berbeza).

13

Diagram 2 (a) State the hypothesis for the experiment. (b) State the variables in this experiment. (i)

(ii) (iii) 3

Fixed/ constant/controlled :.. Manipulated:.. Responding:

Diagram 3 shows an experiment to study the effects of impurities on the boiling point of ethanol. (Diagram 3 menunjukkan eksperimen untuk mengkaji kesan bendasing ke atas takat didih etanol)

Diagram 3 The results of the experiment are recorded in Table 1. Substance Pure ethanol Boiling Point//C 78

14

Pure water

ethanol

Table 1

(a) Based on the above experiment, complete Table 1. (b) Write down one inference based on the results of this experiment. . (c) State the variables in this experiment. (i) (ii) Manipulated: Responding:

(B) 1.

COMPLETING AND LABELING DIAGRAMS Diagram 1 shows an impulse pathway. Name P, Q and R in the boxes provided.

Diagram 1

15

2.

Diagram 2 shows a cross section of an oil palm fruit. Label parts Y and Z in Diagram 2.

Diagram 2 3. Label P, Q, R, S and T in Diagram 3.

Diagram 3 4. Diagram 4 shows radioactive rays in an electric field. Name radioactive rays P, Q and R in Diagram 4.

Diagram 4 5. Diagram 5 shows an experiment to study the formation of an image by a concave lens. Complete Diagram 5 to show the formation of image by the concave lens.

16

(Notes : Ray diagrams must have arrows, at least 2 rays irtual image should be drawn in dotted line. Use ruler and sharp pencil for drawing diagram.)

Diagram 5 6. Diagram 6 shows part of a Nitrogen Cycle.

Diagram 6 (a) (b) Complete the cycle above by identifying substance R in Diagram 6. Name the types of bacteria involved in processes P and Q. (i) (ii) Process P: Process Q:

7.

Diagram 7 shows a schematic diagram of a cross-breeding between a black fur mouse and a white fur mouse.

17

Diagram 7 (a) (b) Complete Diagram 7 by writing the possible genotype of the gametes and first generation. What is the colour of the fur of the mice in the first generation? . 8. Diagram 8 shows an object X placed in front of a pinhole camera.

(a) (b)

Diagram 8 Draw a ray diagram to show where the image of the object is formed in Diagram 8. Name two characteristics of the image formed on the screen. 1. .. 2. ..

(C) TABULATION OF DATA AND GRAPH DRAWING 1. The heights in centimetres of 40 pupils in Form 4 Merbau are shown as below

18

155 157 145 158 158

150 157 162 148 164

154 160 154 157 162

153 146 155 164 152

156 150 160 166 149

147 156 161 158 156

152 151 160 168 146

155 167 159 169 154

(a) Complete the table below by determining the number of pupils in each height group. Height(cm) Number of pupils 145-149 150-154 Table 2 155-159 160-164 165-169

(b)

Based on the results in Table 2, draw a histogram to show the height distribution of the pupils in the class. (Notes: Width of bar should be the same)

2.

A pupil has conducted a laboratory experiment to determine the boiling point of a solution. The temperature is recorded every two minutes until it boils. Table 2 shows the results of the experiment. 0 28 2 48 Table 2 4 68 6 88 8 102 10 102

Time/minute Temperature/ C

19

(a) Based on Table 2, draw a graph of temperature against time.

(b) What is the relationship between the temperature of the solution and time in
the first 6 minute. Answer : The ______________ the time taken, the ____________ the temperature is. (Notes: Draw a smooth line graph/ free hand)

3. A investigation on the ability of a group of students to roll their tongue was

carried out. Table 3 shows the results of the investigation. Table 3 The ability to roll the tongue Number of students 25 10

Able to roll the tongue (a) Based Unable to roll the tongue on Table 3. draw a bar chart that represents the results.

20

Number of students

30
4. Table 4 shows the momentum of a trolley at different velocities.

Momentum (kg ms)

Table 4 (a) Based on the data in Table 4 , draw a graph of momentum against velocity. (Notes :Draw a straight line graph using a ruler and pencil. 0Double line graph is wrong.) Ability to roll the tongue

20 Velocity(ms ) Momentum (kg ms) 10

0.2 0.1

0.3 0.15

0.4 0.20

0.5 0.25

0.6

0.7 0.35

0.8 0.40

0.4 0.3

0.2

0.1 (b) Based on the graph above, determine the momentum of the trolley when it is 0 Velocity(ms-1 ) 21

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

moving at the velocity of 0.6 ms-1. __________________________________________________________________ (Notes :Mark on the graph to show the answer) 5. Size of bacterial colony (mm) 3 0 4 1 5 4 6 8 7 12 9 4 11 0 Table 5 Table 5 shows the results of an experiment that studied the effects of pH values on bacterial growth. Size of Based on Table 5, draw a graph to show the relationship between the size of (a) bacterial bacterial colonies and pH values. colony (mm)
12 10

pH value

8 6 4

10

12 pH Value

(b)

Determine the optimum pH for bacterial growth from the graph above. _______________________________________________________________________

22

(D) GUIDED ESSAY QUESTIONS Samples of question No. 10 ( Experimenting) SAMPLE 1 1. Study the following statement ;

Convex lenses with different thickness have different focal length. (a) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement.
[1 mark]

(b) Using two convex lenses of different thickness and other apparatus,

describe an experiment to test your hypothesis in (a) based on the following criteria. (i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Identification of variables (iii) List of apparatus (iv) Procedure (v) Tabulation of data [1 mark] [2 [1 [4 [1 marks] mark] marks] mark]

ANSWERS: 1. (a) Hypothesis : The (MV)___________________________ of convex lens affect its (RV)__________________. The (MV)_____________________ the convex lens, the shorter the (RV)__________________. (b) (i) Aim : To investigate/study the relationship between (MV)_____________________ and (RV)________________________. (ii) Variables: Manipulated variables : _____________________________________ Responding variables : ______________________________________ Constant variables : ________________________________________

(iii) Apparatus : Two convex lens with different thickness, _________________________ ___________________________________________________________ (iv) Procedure : (Notes : 2 marks for setting up the apparatus, 1 mark for repeating the manipulated variable, 1 mark for stating the observations should be recorded, Diagram drawn should be labeled )

23

(1) A _________________ is placed between a ______________and a distant object outside the window. (2) The __________________ is adjusted until a _____________________ is formed on it. (3) The __________________ between the lens and the _______________ is measured. (4) Steps (2) and (3) are repeated by using another _________________ with different ________________. (5) Results are __________ in the table below. (v) Tabulation: (MV) Thick Thin (RV)

SAMPLE 2 2. Study the following statement :

Bacteria grow well in a medium of suitable pH . (RV) (MV)

You are provided with the following materials and substances: Boiling tubes, nutrient broth, dilute hydrochloric acid (0.1M), dilute sodium hydroxide (0.1M) and all the apparatus needed

(c) Suggest a hypothesis to investigate the above statement.

[1 mark]

(d) Describe an experiment to test your hypothesis based on the following criteria. (i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Identification of variables (iii) List of apparatus and materials mark] (iv) Procedure (v) Tabulation of data [1 mark] [2 marks] [1 [4 marks] [1 mark]

24

ANSWERS: 2. (a) Hypothesis : The (MV)___________________________ of a medium affects (RV)__________________.

(b)

(i) Aim : To investigate/study the effect of (MV)_____________________ and (RV)________________________. (ii) Variables: Manipulated variables : _____________________________________ Responding variables : ______________________________________ Constant/fixed/controlled variables : ________________________________________

(iii) Apparatus and materials : Three boiling tubes, ________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ (iv) Procedure : 1 2 3 4 Three sterilized boiling tubes label Tube A fill- 5cm nutrient broth- 1cm bacteria culture- 1cm acid Repeat Step 2 Tube B and Tube C Leave days observe cloudiness - record

(v) Tabulation: (MV) (RV)

25

Samples of question 11 and 12 (Understanding and application of Thinking Strategies i.e making decisions, conceptualizing and problem solving.) SAMPLE 1 Refer to SPM 2004 Section C Q3 (a) State four differences between voluntary actions and involuntary action. (Nyatakan empat perbezaan antara tindakan terkawal dan tindakan luar kawal). Voluntary actions There is The response involves ... Controlled by the ... and The response can be ..or .. (b) Differences Action (Tindakbalas) Response (Respons) Control of Action (Kawalan tindakbalas) Speed of response (Kelajuan tindakbalas) Involuntary actions There is no The response involves ... Controlled by only the .. or .. The response is . .. and .

Figure 1 below shows several activities conducted by a student. Writin g Action Discussin g Figure 1 Reading

Conducting an experiment

Study the above activities. Explain how would you develop a concept based on the information in Figure 1. Your explanation of the concept should include the following. (Teliti aktiviti di atas. Terangkan bagaimana anda membentuk satu konsep berdasarkan maklumat dalam Rajah 1. Penerangan anda perlu teridiri daripada yang berikut:).

(i)

Identify two common characteristics (Kenalpasti dua ciri sepunya) All the actions are controlled by _______________________

26

(ii)

All the actions are under _____________________________

Develop initial concept (Bina konsep awal). Actions controlled by ________________ and under ones ___________is voluntary action. (Notes :voluntary action must be at the end of the sentence)
Give another example and one non-example in relation to the concept. Give a reason for each example. Example : ______________________________________________________________________ Reason : _______________________________________________________________________ Non-example : ___________________________________________________________________ Reason : _______________________________________________________________________

Explain the actual concept (Terangkan konsep sebenar). Voluntary actions are controlled by ______________ and under ones _____________

SAMPLE 2 Refer to SPM 2006 Q12 (a) Draw a block diagram of a radio receiver system and state the function of any two of its parts. ( 4m)

Aerial - Tuner - . Demodulator - Amplifier . Loudspeaker - .

(b) Diagram 12 shows three communication instruments which use radio waves.

Identify 2 common characteristics of a radio wave.

(i) Sending information very _____________ (ii) Can transfer information through _____________ (iii) Can carry _______________ Develop an initial concept of a radio wave.

27

A wave which can ______________________________________________and ______________________________________ is a radio wave.

Give one example of a communication instrument which uses radio waves and one which does not use radio waves. One instrument which uses radio wave: _______________________________ One which does not use radio wave : _________________________________ Give one reason for the above choice. Handphone can ___________________________________________while ________________cannot.

SAMPLE 3 Refer to SPM 2005 Q12 (a) A farmer finds the produce from his fruit farm increases.The fruit is sent to a factory to be processed. State two methods that can be used to process the fruit. Explain the methods. (Seorang petani mendapati hasil tanaman di lading buah-buahannya bertambah. Buah-buahan itu dihantar ke kilang untuk diproses. Nyatakan dua kaedah yang boleh digunakan unutk memproses buah-buahan tersebut. Terangkan kaedah tersebut). Two fruit processing methods: (i) Canning The fruits are ___________________ , ________________ and heated in concentrated ________________ . Concentrated _____________ retard the growth of _______________ . Fruits will _____________________________

(ii) Preservation and drying The fruits are cleaned, cut and soaked in concentrated ____________ , ____________________ and ___________________ . Most microorganisms cannot live in low ________________
(b) The fruit farm is situated on hillsides. After several years soil erosion takes place on his farm. Explain how the farmer overcomes the soil problem on his farm. Your answer should include the following. Identify the problem Fruit farm on hillsides will suffer from _____________________________.

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Clarification of the problem The soil erosion occur in his farm because his farm is located at the_______________. Solving methods - Planting _________________trees to prevent the land from collapsing . - Planting _________________ crops to prevent soil erosion. - Building ____________________ at the side of the terrace to prevent the land from collapsing Choose the best method and explain your choice _______________________________________ because _______________________

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