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SHP
SHP
TOTAL HYDRO POTENTIAL - 84,000 MW AT 60% LOAD FACTOR EQUIVALENT TO AN ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATION OF 450 TWH. TOTAL DEVELOPED HYDRO POTENTIAL ABOUT 22,439 MW SHARE OF HYDROPOWER REDUCED TO ONLY 25% IN TOTAL INSTALLED FOR POWER GENERATION FROM 50.62% IN 1963 ESTIMATED POTENTIAL OF SMALL HYDRO - 15,000 MW - SMALL HYDRO POWER INTRODUCED IN 1897
(3MW
MICRO-HYDRO
< 100 kW
MINI-HYDRO
100 kW 3MW
SMALL-SCALE HYDRO
3 MW 25 MW
CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON THE HEAD ULTRA MEDIUM HIGH BENEFITS: DOES NOT POTENTIALLY CAUSE THE SUBMERGING OF FOREST/AGRICULTURAL LAND, RESERVOIR ENLARGEMENT, RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION OR SEISMOLOGICAL THREATS. GENERATION OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE, AIR POLLUTANTS OR ANY WASTE PRODUCTS. ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS WHERE EXTENSION OF GRID SYSTEM UN-ECONOMICAL NON POLLUTING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN WATER SUPPLY SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION LOW HEAD HEAD HEAD BELOW 3 METRES FROM 3075 METRES ABOVE 75 METRES
SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY RICE & OIL MILLS, WOOD INDUSTRIES SAW MILLS
LIKELY PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED RIPARIAN OWNERS, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, LICENCING AUTHORITIES, ELECTRICAL UTILITIES, WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCITIES AND GENERAL PUBLIC 3
MNES INCENTIVES DETAILED SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION DETAILED PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION
FACILITIES AVAILABLE - WHEELING OF POWER PRODUCED, BANKING, ATTRACTIVE BUY-BACK RATE, FACILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SALE, ETC
OVER 760 SITES OF ABOUT 2000 MW CAPACITY - OFFERED / ALLOTTED IN THESE STATES INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA), FINANCIAL INSTITUTION UNDER MNES, PROVIDES SOFT LOANS FOR SETTING UP OF SHP PROJECTS UPTO 25 MW CAPACITY MANUFACTURING BASE IN INDIA WELL-ESTABLISHED MANUFACTURING BASE 8 MANUFACTURERS IN THE COUNTRY IN THE FIELD OF SMALL HYDRO MANUFACTURING/ SUPPLYING VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINES, GENERATORS, CONTROL EQUIPMENT, ETC.
TYPICAL LAYOUTS
RUN OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES OR DAM BASED SCHEMES. SMALL HYDRO POWER POWER PROJECTS USUALLY RUN- OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES.
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RECONNAISSANCE STAGE
ASSESS LOAD REQUIREMENTS STREAM CLOSE TO CONSUMERS WITH LEAST TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; ENSURE COMMUNITY IS MOTIVATED, COMMITTED AND WILLING TO PAY; ENSURE LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF SCHEME LOCATE PROJECT CLOSE TO ROAD; SELECT PERENNIAL STREAM FLOW WITH STEEP SLOPE; ASCERTAIN FLOW RATE BY LOCAL ENQUIRES. FLOW RATE TO SATISFY 75% AVAILABILITY CRITERIA IF NOT CLOSE TO GRID BROAD ASSESSMENT OF POWER REQUIREMENT - IDENTIFY LOCATION FOR INTAKE, HEAD AVAILABLE, POWER HOUSE AND TRANSMISSION ROUTE MEASURE HEAD AND FLOW RATE - DETERMINE POWER OUTPUT AND CHOOSE EQUIPMENT HIGHER HEAD LOWER COST PER INSTALLED KILOWATT -INITIAL INVESTMENT HIGH, BUT RUNNING COSTS, MOSTLY MAINTENANCE, LOW SYSTEM EFFICIENCY -ASSUME 45 PER CENT. COMPARE LIKELY ANNUAL INCOME WITH CAPITAL COST -GUIDE TO FINANCIAL VIABILITY ANNUAL INCOME LESS THAN 10 PER CENT NOT VIABLE. IF 1025 PER CENT POSSIBLE. ANNUAL INCOME MORE THAN 25 PER CENT, VIABLE. PRESENT IN MEETINGS - FINDINGS TO COMMUNITY. LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO ATTEND. DECIDE ON PRE-FEASIBILITY AND FUNDING FOR STUDIES
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PRE-FEASIBILITY STAGE
ESTABLISH DISCHARGE OBSERVATION SITE AT OR NEAR INTAKE LOCATION AND OBSERVE FOR ATLEAST 2 YEARS DURING LEAN SEASON TO FIX 50% AND 75 % AVAILABILITY OF FLOWS FOR POWER GENERATION.
ALSO ESTIMATE FLOOD DISCHARGE AT INTAKE AND POWER HOUSE LOCATIONS
DETAILED DESIGN
AFTER APPROVAL/SECURING OF FUNDS FOR IMPLEMENTATION, MOBILIZE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY. CARRY OUT ANY RESIDUAL INVESTIGATIONS. FLOAT TENDERS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS, ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. EVALUATE TENDERS AND AWARD CONTRACTS MOBILIZE CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AT SITE AND INVOLVE LOCAL PEOPLE IN ALL ACTIVITIES ESTABLISH PROJECT MONITORING MECHANISM CARRY OUT DETAILED DESIGN OF ALL COMPONENTS OF PROJECT TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF PROJECT TRAINING OF OPERATIONAL PERSONNEL FORMALLY INAUGURATE THE PROJECT PREPARE COMPLETION REPORT
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TURBINE AND GENERATOR: HYDRO POWER IN JET AT END OF PENSTOCK TRANSMITTED TO TURBINE RUNNER - CHANGES TO MECHANICAL POWER. RUNNER HAS BLADES OR BUCKETS. TURBINE GENERAL NAME REFERS TO RUNNER, NOZZLE AND SURROUNDING CASE. TURBINE EXPECTED TO PRODUCE POWER UNDER PART-FLOW CONDITIONS, ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELECTION. ALL TURBINES HAVE POWER-SPEED CHARACTERISTIC -TEND TO RUN MOST EFFICIENTLY AT A PARTICULAR SPEED, HEAD AND FLOW COMBINATION. TURBINE ATTACHED TO GENERATOR. CONVERTS ROTATING POWER INTO ELECTRICAL POWER. IMPULSE TURBINES HIGH HEAD PELTON AND TURGO. MEDIUM HEAD, MULTI-JET PELTON, TURGO & CROSS FLOW. LOW HEAD CROSS FLOW REACTION TURBINES MEDIUM HEAD - FRANCIS. LOW HEAD PROPELLAR AND KAPLAN GENERATOR: ELECTRICITY GENERATED WHEN TURBINE DRIVES GENERATOR -MOST COMMON TYPE OF GENERATOR PRODUCES ALTERNATIVE CURRENT AND KNOWN AS ALTERNATOR. REGULAR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS SIMPLEST OPTION, BUT IN LOWER RANGES OF POWER (<10KW) MAY BE DIFFICULT TO SOURCE THEM. IN THIS CASE, THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS CAN BE USED IN REVERSE AS GENERATORS WITH HELP OF A CAPACITOR BANK. GOVERNOR: ENSURES THAT GENERATOR IS NOT AFFECTED WHEN LOAD ON IT CHANGES. HYDRAULIC, OR ELECTRONIC. DEPENDS ON THE GENERATOR. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: ELECTRICITY GENERATED SUPPLIED TO THE HOUSE HOLDS THROUGH LOCAL GRIDS - CONSISTS OF WEATHER PROOF ALUMINUM CABLES AS CONDUCTORS AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE WOODEN POLES AS ELECTRIC POSTS. 16
GHARATS
LOCATIONS WHERE WATER MILLS CALLED GHARATS - HALF A MILLION SERVE LOCAL NEED, MOSTLY GRAIN MILLING. BY APPLYING AFFORDABLE TECHNOLGY TO MOST OF THESE, AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF 2500 MW (ASSUMING 5 KW FROM EACH UNIT) CAN BE GENERATED AND 20 MILLION INDIANS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED. TERI TECHNOLOGY OF REFIT OF GHARATS WITH REDESIGNED RUNNER, BEARINGS AND FLUME SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES GRINDING TIME. LOWER TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND FREEDOM FROM MAINTENANCE. UNDER A UNDP/GEF PROGRAMME MANY NEW TERI MILLS TO BE INSTALLED BOTH FOR POWER GENERATION AND MILLING.
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TECHNOLOGY
FOSSIL FUEL/CENTRALISE D ELECTRICITY FOSSIL FUEL /DECENTRALIZED ELECTRCITY LARGE HYDRO SMALL HYDRO WAVE/TIDAL RESIDUES ENERGY CROPS WIND GENERATORS SOLAR THERMAL SOLAR PV WASTES GEOTHERMAL
2.6-11.2 3.6-10.1 6.1-11 2.5- 6 4.5-13 2.5-7.3 8-10 8-22 4-6 5-7