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HYDRO POWER IN INDIA

TOTAL HYDRO POTENTIAL - 84,000 MW AT 60% LOAD FACTOR EQUIVALENT TO AN ANNUAL ENERGY GENERATION OF 450 TWH. TOTAL DEVELOPED HYDRO POTENTIAL ABOUT 22,439 MW SHARE OF HYDROPOWER REDUCED TO ONLY 25% IN TOTAL INSTALLED FOR POWER GENERATION FROM 50.62% IN 1963 ESTIMATED POTENTIAL OF SMALL HYDRO - 15,000 MW - SMALL HYDRO POWER INTRODUCED IN 1897

AGENCIES INVOLVED IN POWER DEVELPOMENT

CENTRAL ELECTRICITY AUTHORITY & CENTRAL WATER COMMISSION


STATE POWER DEPARTMENTS & ELECTRICITY BOARDS MNES - MINISTRY OF NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY SOURCES

SEVERAL NGO ORGANIZATIONS (e.g. TERI)


INTERNATIONAL FUNDING AGENCIES WORLD BANK, UNDP, GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY, THE ASIA ALTERNATIVE ENERGY PROGRAM (ASTAE), ASIAN DEVELOPEMENT BANK,INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA) 1

SMALL HYDRO POWER SYSTEMS


CLASSIFIED AS MINI, MICRO, AND SMALL DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF PLANT. MATURE TECHNOLOGY HIGHEST PRIME MOVING EFFICIENCY SPECTACULAR OPERATIONAL FLEXIBILITY FIRST PLACE AMONG ALL RENEWABLE SOURCES INSTALLED CAPACITY - WORLD 47,000 MW INDIA 500 MW -CLASSIFICATION WORLD NORMS - 5 KW TO 50 MW UNTIL RECENTLY, SMALL-SCALE HYDRO POWER (SHP) IN INDIA CLASSIFIED AS BELOW GENERATING CAPACITY NOW INCREASED TO 25 MW)
CLASSIFICATION POWER RATING

(3MW

MICRO-HYDRO

< 100 kW

MINI-HYDRO

100 kW 3MW

SMALL-SCALE HYDRO

3 MW 25 MW

CLASSIFICATION DEPENDING ON THE HEAD ULTRA MEDIUM HIGH BENEFITS: DOES NOT POTENTIALLY CAUSE THE SUBMERGING OF FOREST/AGRICULTURAL LAND, RESERVOIR ENLARGEMENT, RESIDENTIAL RELOCATION OR SEISMOLOGICAL THREATS. GENERATION OF HYDROPOWER PRODUCES NO GREENHOUSE, AIR POLLUTANTS OR ANY WASTE PRODUCTS. ENERGY IN REMOTE AND HILLY AREAS WHERE EXTENSION OF GRID SYSTEM UN-ECONOMICAL NON POLLUTING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN WATER SUPPLY SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION LOW HEAD HEAD HEAD BELOW 3 METRES FROM 3075 METRES ABOVE 75 METRES

SMALL SCALE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRY RICE & OIL MILLS, WOOD INDUSTRIES SAW MILLS
LIKELY PROBLEMS TO BE ADDRESSED RIPARIAN OWNERS, FISHERIES, ENVIRONMENT AGENCIES, PLANNING DEPARTMENT, LICENCING AUTHORITIES, ELECTRICAL UTILITIES, WILDLIFE PROTECTION SOCITIES AND GENERAL PUBLIC 3

DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL HYDRO POWER PROJECTS AND THRUST AREAS


STATE SECTOR AS WELL AS THROUGH PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN VARIOUS STATES. THRUST AREAS NATION-WISE RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SETTING UP OF COMMERCIAL SHP PROJECTS, RENOVATION AND MODERNIZATION OF OLD SHP PROJECTS DEVELOPMENT AND UP-GRADATION OF WATER MILLS (GARATS) AND INDUSTRY BASED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

MNES INCENTIVES DETAILED SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION DETAILED PROJECT REPORT PREPARATION

INTEREST SUBSIDY FOR COMMERCIAL PROJECTS,


CAPITAL SUBSIDY FOR SHP PROJECTS IN NORTH-EASTERN REGION, RENOVATION & MODERNIZATION OF OLD SHP STATIONS AND FOR DEVELOPMENT / UP-GRADATION OF WATER MILLS.

COMMERCIAL SHP PROJECTS


13 STATES INDIAN STATES NAMELY, HIMACHAL PRADESH, UTTAR PRADESH, PUNJAB, HARYANA, MADHYA PRADESH, KARNATAKA, KERALA, ANDHRA PRADESH, TAMIL NADU, ORISSA, WEST BENGAL, MAHARASHTRA AND RAJASTHAN HAVE ANNOUNCED POLICIES - PRIVATE SECTOR PARTICIPATION.

FACILITIES AVAILABLE - WHEELING OF POWER PRODUCED, BANKING, ATTRACTIVE BUY-BACK RATE, FACILITY FOR THIRD PARTY SALE, ETC
OVER 760 SITES OF ABOUT 2000 MW CAPACITY - OFFERED / ALLOTTED IN THESE STATES INDIAN RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AGENCY (IREDA), FINANCIAL INSTITUTION UNDER MNES, PROVIDES SOFT LOANS FOR SETTING UP OF SHP PROJECTS UPTO 25 MW CAPACITY MANUFACTURING BASE IN INDIA WELL-ESTABLISHED MANUFACTURING BASE 8 MANUFACTURERS IN THE COUNTRY IN THE FIELD OF SMALL HYDRO MANUFACTURING/ SUPPLYING VARIOUS TYPES OF TURBINES, GENERATORS, CONTROL EQUIPMENT, ETC.

CONCEPT OF HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER


HYDRO SYSTEM MAKES USE OF FALLING WATER IN A STREAM OR RIVER OR STORAGE DAM BETWEEN TWO POINTS TO GENERATE MECHANICAL POWER THROUGH A TURBINE WHICH IS CONVERTED INTO ELECTRICAL POWER THROUGH A GENERATOR ATTACHED TO TUBINE IN A POWER HOUSE. POWER IS EXPRESSED AS KW OR MW DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF STATION AMOUNT OF WATER FLOW DIVERTED FROM STREAM OR RIVER OR DAM CALLED DISCHARGE (Q) EXPRESSED IN LITRES /SEC OR CUMECS OR CUSECS AND DIFFERENCE IN ELEVATION BETWEEN TWO UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM POINTS CALLED GROSS HEAD (H) EXPRESSED IN FEET OR METRES ELECTRICITY GENERATED IN ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) MODE AND GENERATING VOLATGE EXPRESSED AS VOLTS (V) OR KILO VOLTS (KV) DEPENDING ON CAPACITY OF STATION AFTER FLOW AND GROSS HEAD BETWEEN TWO POINTS MEASURED - HYDRAULIC POWER CALCULATED AS BELOW POWER = QXHX9.81 WATTS; Q IN LITERS PER SECOND AND H GROSS HEAD IN METERS NET HEAD AFTER ALLOWING FOR FRICTIONAL LOSSES IN WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM AND PENSTOCKS CALCULATED USING FORMULAE IN CASE OF MICRO HYDEL PROJECTS, FRICTION LOSS TAKEN AS 25% OF GROSS HEAD. NET HEAD (h) = GROSS HEAD FRICTION LOSSES. USED TO CALCULATE NET HYDRAULIC POWER MECHANICAL POWER CALCULATED USING TURBINE EFFICIENCY. FOR SMALL SHP - 65% USEFUL ELECTRICAL POWER CALCUALTED USING GENERATOR EFFICIENCY -GENERALLY 80% FOR SMALL SIZE GENERATORS (INDUCTION GENERATORS SUITABLE FOR DIRECT DRIVE) 6

TYPICAL CALCULATION FOR THE BILGAON SCHEME


DISCHARGE Q = 390 LPS (0.35 CUMECS) GROSS HEAD (H) = 9 M HYDRAULIC POWER = 390X9X9.81 = 34433 WATTS =34.43 KW FRICTION LOSS = 0.25X9 = 2.25M NET HEAD (h) = 9-2.25 = 6.73 M NET HYDRAULIC POWER = 390X 6.75XX9.81 = 25824 WATTS = 25.82 KW EFFICIENCY OF TURBINE =65% NET MECHANICAL POWER = NET HYDRAULIC POWER X TURBINE EFFICIENCY = 258241x 0.65 = 16786 W = 16.78 KW GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 80% ELECTRICAL POWER = NET MECHANICAL POWER X GENERATOR EFFICIENCY = 16786 X 0.80 = 13428 W =13.43KW

TYPICAL LAYOUTS
RUN OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES OR DAM BASED SCHEMES. SMALL HYDRO POWER POWER PROJECTS USUALLY RUN- OFF- THE RIVER SCHEMES.

RUN OFF THE RIVER LAY OUT

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INVESTIGATION, PLANNING AND DESIGN OF MICRO HYDEL SCHEMES


INVESTIGATION: INVOLVES FOUR STAGES: RECONNAISSANCE, PRE-FEASIBILITY, FEASIBILITY (DPR), AND DETAILED DESIGN

RECONNAISSANCE STAGE
ASSESS LOAD REQUIREMENTS STREAM CLOSE TO CONSUMERS WITH LEAST TECHNICAL CHALLENGES; ENSURE COMMUNITY IS MOTIVATED, COMMITTED AND WILLING TO PAY; ENSURE LOCAL MANAGEMENT OF SCHEME LOCATE PROJECT CLOSE TO ROAD; SELECT PERENNIAL STREAM FLOW WITH STEEP SLOPE; ASCERTAIN FLOW RATE BY LOCAL ENQUIRES. FLOW RATE TO SATISFY 75% AVAILABILITY CRITERIA IF NOT CLOSE TO GRID BROAD ASSESSMENT OF POWER REQUIREMENT - IDENTIFY LOCATION FOR INTAKE, HEAD AVAILABLE, POWER HOUSE AND TRANSMISSION ROUTE MEASURE HEAD AND FLOW RATE - DETERMINE POWER OUTPUT AND CHOOSE EQUIPMENT HIGHER HEAD LOWER COST PER INSTALLED KILOWATT -INITIAL INVESTMENT HIGH, BUT RUNNING COSTS, MOSTLY MAINTENANCE, LOW SYSTEM EFFICIENCY -ASSUME 45 PER CENT. COMPARE LIKELY ANNUAL INCOME WITH CAPITAL COST -GUIDE TO FINANCIAL VIABILITY ANNUAL INCOME LESS THAN 10 PER CENT NOT VIABLE. IF 1025 PER CENT POSSIBLE. ANNUAL INCOME MORE THAN 25 PER CENT, VIABLE. PRESENT IN MEETINGS - FINDINGS TO COMMUNITY. LOCAL GOVERNMENT STAFF AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATIONS TO ATTEND. DECIDE ON PRE-FEASIBILITY AND FUNDING FOR STUDIES

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PRE-FEASIBILITY STAGE
ESTABLISH DISCHARGE OBSERVATION SITE AT OR NEAR INTAKE LOCATION AND OBSERVE FOR ATLEAST 2 YEARS DURING LEAN SEASON TO FIX 50% AND 75 % AVAILABILITY OF FLOWS FOR POWER GENERATION.
ALSO ESTIMATE FLOOD DISCHARGE AT INTAKE AND POWER HOUSE LOCATIONS

CARRY SURVEYS OF LOCATION OF STRUCTURES AND TRANSMISSION ROUTE TO CONSUMER CENTERS


SURVEY AVAILABILITY OF LOCAL CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. BASED ON DESIGN FLOWS AND HEAD - FIX INSTALLED CAPACITY AND ANNUAL POWER GENERATION CONDUCT RAPID EIA AND PREPARE EMP FIX PRELIMINARY DESIGN FEATURES OF CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL WORKS, LAY OUT DRAWINGS, COST ESTIMATES, BENEFIT- COST ANALYSIS AND PRE-FEASIBILITY REPORT AND JUSTIFICATION FOR FUNDING DECIDE EXTENT OF LOCAL PARTICIPATION POSE SCHEME TO GOVT/AID AGENCIES FOR APPROVAL AND FUNDING FOR FEASIBILITY STUDIES 12

FEASIBILITY (DETAILED PROJECT REPORT) STAGE


CONDUCT DETAILED SURVEYS AND INVESTIGATIONS FOR ALL COMPONENTS OF PROJECT. FIX GROSS HEAD ESTABLISH DESIGN FLOWS FOR POWER AND FLOOD DISCHARGE. COLLECT DATA ON OTHER WEATHER PARAMETERS DESIGN FLOW NORMS 90% PROBABILITY DISCHARGE FOR ALL HYDRO PROJECTS. HAS BEEN RELAXED FOR SHPs TO 75% AVAILABILITY. FOR MICRO HYDRO SCHEMES 50% AVAILABILITY DETERMINE GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS AT ALL CIVIL ENGINEERING SITES AND AVAILABILITY FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS. CARRY OUT EIA AND EMP. CARRY OUT HYDROPOWER PLANNING STUDIES BASED ON 10 DAILY OR MONTHLY FLOWS AND FIX FIRM POWER GENERATION AND NUMBER OF UNITS TO BE INSTALLED. FIX SIZE AND TYPE OF TURBINES TO FIT IN GENERALLY WITH INDIGENOUS MANUFACTURE PLAN AND DESIGN LAY OUT AND ALL CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FEATURES AND ENSURE COST REDUCTION WITH TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION (USE OF LOCAL MATERIALS AND LABOR FOR SHPs). PREPARE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND TENDER DOCUMENTS FOR CONSTRUCTION. PROVIDE FOR STANDBY DIESEL UNIT PREPARE DETAILED COST ESTIMATES FOR ALL FEATURES. IDENTIFY LOCAL VOLUNTARY INPUTS, IF ANY. ASSESS BENEFITS. CONDUCT COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS AND ESTABLISH ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY. PREPARE PROJECT REPORT WITH COST ESTIMATES FOR ALL CIVIL AND ELECTRICAL WORKS, CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS. OBTAIN ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCE. POSE SCHEME FOR GOVT./INTERNATIONAL/ NGO ASSISTANCE 13

DETAILED DESIGN
AFTER APPROVAL/SECURING OF FUNDS FOR IMPLEMENTATION, MOBILIZE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY. CARRY OUT ANY RESIDUAL INVESTIGATIONS. FLOAT TENDERS FOR CONSTRUCTION AND PROCUREMENT OF MATERIALS, ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT. EVALUATE TENDERS AND AWARD CONTRACTS MOBILIZE CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AT SITE AND INVOLVE LOCAL PEOPLE IN ALL ACTIVITIES ESTABLISH PROJECT MONITORING MECHANISM CARRY OUT DETAILED DESIGN OF ALL COMPONENTS OF PROJECT TESTING AND COMMISSIONING OF PROJECT TRAINING OF OPERATIONAL PERSONNEL FORMALLY INAUGURATE THE PROJECT PREPARE COMPLETION REPORT

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COMPONENTS OF A MICRO HYDRO POWER PROJECT


IN GENERAL, LARGER THE SCALE OF A SYSTEM, MORE THE NUMBER OF COMPONENTS. INTAKE: WATER FROM THE RIVER/SPRING/DAM/IRRIGATION CHANNEL IS DIVERTED FROM ITS MAIN COURSE. GENERALLY WEIR USED TO DIVERT WATER THROUGH INTAKE INTO OPEN CHANNEL. WATER CONDUCTOR SYSTEM : LEADS WATER FROM INTAKE TO HEAD OF PENSTOCK. DE-SILTING BASIN WITH SPILLWAY : SMALL TANK DESIGNED TO DESILT WATER. PROVIDE SPILLWAY - A FLOW REGULATOR FOR THE CHANNEL. COMBINED WITH CONTROL GATES TO PROVIDE MEANS OF EMPTYING CHANNEL. SPILL FLOW FED BACK TO RIVER FOREBAY TANK: AT HEAD OF PENSTOCK. SERVES AS BUFFER TO CONTROL SUDDEN FLOW AND PRESSURE VARIATIONS. TO BE DESIGNED TO HOLD VOLUME OF WATER NEEDED TO OPERATE TURBINE-GENERATOR. TRASH RAKE/WIRE MESH NEEDED TO PREVENT SILT, LEAVES AND OTHER DEBRIS. OFTEN ENLARGED TO FORM A SMALL RESERVOIR. USEFUL IF THE WATER AVAILABLE NOT ENOUGH DURING DRY SEASON. A SPILLWAY COMPLETES THE FOREBAY TANK. PENSTOCK: PIPELINE SUPPLYING WATER FROM FOREBAY TO TURBINE. MILD STEEL, UPVC AND HDPE - MOST COMMONLY USED MATERIALS POWER HOUSE: HOUSES TURBINE GENERATOR WITH MECHANICAL CONTROL VALVESAND ELECTRICAL CONTROL PANELS. SWITCH YARD AND CONNECTION TO DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. TAIL RACE CHANNEL: LEADS WATER FROM TURBINES(S) BACK INTO STREAM/RIVER/IRRIGATION CHANNEL

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TURBINE AND GENERATOR: HYDRO POWER IN JET AT END OF PENSTOCK TRANSMITTED TO TURBINE RUNNER - CHANGES TO MECHANICAL POWER. RUNNER HAS BLADES OR BUCKETS. TURBINE GENERAL NAME REFERS TO RUNNER, NOZZLE AND SURROUNDING CASE. TURBINE EXPECTED TO PRODUCE POWER UNDER PART-FLOW CONDITIONS, ALSO PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN SELECTION. ALL TURBINES HAVE POWER-SPEED CHARACTERISTIC -TEND TO RUN MOST EFFICIENTLY AT A PARTICULAR SPEED, HEAD AND FLOW COMBINATION. TURBINE ATTACHED TO GENERATOR. CONVERTS ROTATING POWER INTO ELECTRICAL POWER. IMPULSE TURBINES HIGH HEAD PELTON AND TURGO. MEDIUM HEAD, MULTI-JET PELTON, TURGO & CROSS FLOW. LOW HEAD CROSS FLOW REACTION TURBINES MEDIUM HEAD - FRANCIS. LOW HEAD PROPELLAR AND KAPLAN GENERATOR: ELECTRICITY GENERATED WHEN TURBINE DRIVES GENERATOR -MOST COMMON TYPE OF GENERATOR PRODUCES ALTERNATIVE CURRENT AND KNOWN AS ALTERNATOR. REGULAR SYNCHRONOUS GENERATORS SIMPLEST OPTION, BUT IN LOWER RANGES OF POWER (<10KW) MAY BE DIFFICULT TO SOURCE THEM. IN THIS CASE, THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS CAN BE USED IN REVERSE AS GENERATORS WITH HELP OF A CAPACITOR BANK. GOVERNOR: ENSURES THAT GENERATOR IS NOT AFFECTED WHEN LOAD ON IT CHANGES. HYDRAULIC, OR ELECTRONIC. DEPENDS ON THE GENERATOR. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: ELECTRICITY GENERATED SUPPLIED TO THE HOUSE HOLDS THROUGH LOCAL GRIDS - CONSISTS OF WEATHER PROOF ALUMINUM CABLES AS CONDUCTORS AND LOCALLY AVAILABLE WOODEN POLES AS ELECTRIC POSTS. 16

GHARATS
LOCATIONS WHERE WATER MILLS CALLED GHARATS - HALF A MILLION SERVE LOCAL NEED, MOSTLY GRAIN MILLING. BY APPLYING AFFORDABLE TECHNOLGY TO MOST OF THESE, AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT OF 2500 MW (ASSUMING 5 KW FROM EACH UNIT) CAN BE GENERATED AND 20 MILLION INDIANS GAINFULLY EMPLOYED. TERI TECHNOLOGY OF REFIT OF GHARATS WITH REDESIGNED RUNNER, BEARINGS AND FLUME SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCES GRINDING TIME. LOWER TOTAL COST OF OWNERSHIP AND FREEDOM FROM MAINTENANCE. UNDER A UNDP/GEF PROGRAMME MANY NEW TERI MILLS TO BE INSTALLED BOTH FOR POWER GENERATION AND MILLING.

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Components of a Pico-hydro System


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TECHNOLOGY

UNIT COSTS 1995 Euro cents/Kwh


4-6 8-12 3-13 4-14 6.7-17.2 4-10 10-20 5-9.8 20-24 31-29 4-5 5-8

UNIT COSTS 2020 Euro cents/Kwh

FOSSIL FUEL/CENTRALISE D ELECTRICITY FOSSIL FUEL /DECENTRALIZED ELECTRCITY LARGE HYDRO SMALL HYDRO WAVE/TIDAL RESIDUES ENERGY CROPS WIND GENERATORS SOLAR THERMAL SOLAR PV WASTES GEOTHERMAL

2.6-11.2 3.6-10.1 6.1-11 2.5- 6 4.5-13 2.5-7.3 8-10 8-22 4-6 5-7

COSTS ARE IN EURO CENTS AS THE ABOVE ANALYSIS IS FOR EUROPE 21

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