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Biopas Modified
Biopas Modified
Gas produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of organic matter under anaerobic conditions.
Methane, CH4 Carbon dioxide, CO2 Nitrogen, N2 Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S Hydrogen, H2 Oxygen, O2 pH-value : 6.5 to 7.5 Due Point : < - 80 C
: : : : :
:
Anaerobic Digestion
Complex Organic Carbon Hydrolysis Monomers & Oligomers
Acidogenesis
Organic Acids Acetogenesis
Acetate H2 / CO2
Methanogenesis
CH4 + CO2
LIQUEFACTION PHASE
GASIFICATION PHASE
SIMPLE ORGANICS
ACETATE H2 / CO2
METHANOGENS
ACIDOGENS
Biogas Cycle
Biomethane production
Animal husbandry Crop harvesting Industrial processing Human consumption
Organic wastes
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas
Energy crops
12.
13. 14. 15.
First research on Sewage Purification Station at Dadar in Bombay, undertaken by S.V. Desai and N.V. Joshi of the Soil Chemistry Division, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi. The early plants were very expensive, not cost effective, and not producing enough gas.
Some of the early models were also prone to burst, so the technology was not viable for dissemination.
In 1956, Jashu Bhai J Patel developed a design of floating drum biogas plant popularly known as Gobar Gas plant. In 1961, Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC) promoted Jashbhai Patel's design, which was later
1984 - Action for Food Production (AFPRO), New Delhi developed Deenbandhu model (an improved version of Janata model). 30 percent cheaper than Janata Model and 45 percent cheaper than KVIC model.
Biogas Digesters
Biogas Digesters
KVIC floating metal drum type Pre-fabricated RCC fixed-dome KVIC type plant with ferrocement digester and fibre Janta biogas plant glass reinforced plastic gas holder Flexi Model Pragati model
Mixing tank: The feed material like dung is gathered in the mixing tank. Using sufficient water, the material is thoroughly mixed till a homogeneous slurry is formed.
Digester: Inside the digester, the slurry is fermented. Biogas is produced through bacterial action. Gas holder or gas storage dome: The biogas thus formed gets collected in the gas holder. It holds the gas till the time it is transported for consumption. Outlet pipe: The slurry is discharged into the outlet tank. This is done through the outlet pipe or the opening in the digester. Gas Pipeline: The gas pipeline carries the gas to the utilization point like a stove or lamp
Mixing tank
Outlet Tank Gas outlet pipe Outlet tank cover Plinth level Slurry Discharge Hole
Displacement Chamber
Inlet Pipe
Foundation
First step
First step
Second step
Second step Stage I Stage II
Contd..
Open Gate Valve P.L P.L Open Gate Valve
First step
KVIC Vs Deenbandhu
Sr. No
KVIC type
This is floating gas holder type It is made above the ground level Space above ground is used for fitting of movable drum Initial investment is low.
Deenbandhu model
This is fixed dome type masonry structure It is under ground masonry structure The space above ground can be used other beneficial purpose Initial investment is high.
1. 2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
Contd..
Sr. No 7 8 9 10
KVIC type
Gas is always produced at constant pressure. Required less excavation
Deenbandhu model
Gas pressure is variable. Required more excavation comparatively.
Any skilled mason can construct It requires specially trained the plant. mason to construct the plant Well suitable for plain as well as Suitable for plain area for hilly areas where temperature variation goes to very low level. Suitable for Rocky area also. It is not suitable for Rocky and hard soil area.
11
2. IARI Design
3. PRAI design (Two Chambers) 4. Kamdhanu (baked clay) model
Sangli Model
Contd
Sr. No
5.
Kalinga (RCC)
6. 7. 8. 9.
ASTRA (Chinese type) GAIC/ATRC (RCC segment) Model AFPRO (Horizontal RCC pipe ) model Deen Bandhu Model Bharat Model
Contd
Anaerobic fixed-film (sludge blankets) systems hold the bacteria in the digester for relatively long periods and provide for long SRTs and short HRTs.
The bacteria grow as fixed films of dendritic or stringlike masses on the supportive media or as clumps of solids within the openings or voids of the supportive media (such as gravel, plastic, and rock).
The openings make up approximately 50% or more of the media.
Soluble organic compounds are absorbed (diffuse into) by the bacteria, whereas insoluble organic compounds are adsorbed (attach) to the surface of the bacteria.
The flow of wastewater through fixed-film systems may be from the bottom to the top (upflow) or from the top to the bottom (downflow).
Contd..
Biofilms are compact allowing for high concentrations of active microorganisms i.e. high organic space loadings. One gram of granular sludge organic matter (dry weight) can catalyze the conversion of 0.5 to 1 g of COD per day to methane. i.e. on a daily basis granular sludge can process its own body weight of wastewater substrate.
Granular Sludge
disperse methanogens
Mature granules, with attachment of other anaerobic microorganisms onto the pellet.
Inside a granule
Sulfate reduction for the removal and recovery of heavy metals and sulfur Denitrification for the removal of nitrates Bioremediation for the breakdown of toxic priority pollutants to harmless products
USAB
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
Developed by Dr. Gatze Lettinga & colleagues in1970's at the Wageningen University (The Netherlands). Working : Feed passes upwards through an anaerobic sludge bed where the microorganisms in the sludge come into contact with substrates. Sludge bed is composed of microorganisms that naturally form granules (pellets) of 0.5 to 2 mm diameter Sludge bed have a high sedimentation velocity i.e. resist washout from the system even at high hydraulic loads. Resulting anaerobic degradation process is responsible for production of biogas.
Contd..
Upward motion of released gas bubbles causes hydraulic turbulence provides reactor mixing without any mechanical parts. At the top of the reactor, the water phase is separated from sludge solids and gas in a three-phase separator (also known the gasliquid-solids separator).
UASB reactor
UASB reactor
EGSB
EGSB reactor
Sludge storage
Buffer tank
Conditioning tank
EGSB reactor
CSTR
Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
Also known as vat- or backmix reactor. One or more fluid reagents are introduced into a tank reactor equipped with an impeller while the reactor effluent is removed. Impeller stirs the reagents to ensure proper mixing.
Simply dividing the volume of the tank by the average volumetric flow rate through the tank gives the residence time, or the average amount of time a discrete quantity of reagent spends inside the tank.
Contd..
Behavior of a CSTR is often approximated or modeled by that of a Continuous Ideally Stirred-Tank Reactor (CISTR). Run at steady state with continuous flow of reactants and products; Feed assumes a uniform composition throughout the reactor. Exit stream has the same composition as in the tank.
CSTR
CSRT
Sr. No
1.
Suitable for Insoluble wastes (such Suitable for treatment of soluble as particulate and colloidal organics) wastewater. Also called low-strength Also called high-strength wastes. wastes Require lengthy digestion periods for Wastewaters do not require hydrolysis and solubilization hydrolysis and solubilization. HRT of at least 1020 days Much faster rates of treatment are obtained. Have retention time of less than 8 hours. Fixed-film systems are being used for treatment. Minimal HRT to reduce digester volume and capital costs. Maximal SRT is desired to achieve process stability and minimal sludge production.
2.
3.
4.
Suspended growth systems are being used for treatment. SRT is the same as the HRT
5.
4 cubic metre
100
10-12
Rs. 12,500/-
*The cost is higher by 30 per cent and 50 per cent in hilly areas and North Eastern Region States, respectively. MNRE
Cooking
Electricity
1 kWh