SOL 2011 Issue 1

1 nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz; L 2011
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Kjyhk; fhyhz; L - 2011
ISSN 1391-958X
nfsut Mrpupia
Ffepjp Fzr; re; jpud;
ml;il kw;Wk; gf;fq;fs; tbtikg;G
NtyhAjk; n[ar; rpj; uh
ml;ilg; glk;
http://www.sxc.hu/browse.phtml?f=download&id=986856
rQ;rpif ntspaPL
ngz; fs; njhlu; G Clfq; fSf; fhd $l; likg; G>
174> my; tp]; xOq; if> fhry; tPjp>
nfhOk; G 8> ,yq; if.
njhiyNgrp : 94-11-5632045/5635900
njhiyefy; : 94-11-2690192
kpd; jghy; : wmcsrilanka@gmail.lk
my; yJ solpublication@gmail.com
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2
011 Mk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ ,johf ,r;rQ;rpif ntsp tUfpd;wJ.
fle;j fhyq;fspy; Aj;jk; fhuzkhf tlf;Ff; fpof;Fg; gFjpapy;
tho;fpd;w ngz;fs; tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gl;l rpf;fy;fs;> mtyq;fs;>
gpur;rpidfs;> ,og;GfNshL> Fwpg;ghf kPsj; jpUk;gypd; NghJ mtu;fs;
Kd;Nd rthyhf cs;s kduPjpahd cisr;ry;> vjpu;fhy tho;f;if
kPjhd ek;gpf;ifapd;ik> Ntiy tha;g;gpd;ik> ,uhZt kakhf;fk;
kw;Wk; nghUshjhug; gw;whf;Fiw epiwe;j #oypy;> vjpu;ghu;g;gpw;Fk;
Vkhw;wq;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; tho;e;J
nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;. ,jNdhL nghJthfNt ehshe;jk; njhlu;fpd;w
tpiythrp Vw;wj;jhYk; mjpfupj;Jr; nry;fpd;w tho;f;ifr; nryTfshYk;
ngz;fs; jpzwpf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w mNjNtisapy;> mz;ikapy; fpof;Fg;
gFjp cl;gl ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjpfisg;; ghjpg;gilar; nra;j nts;sg;
ngUf;fpdhy; FLk;gq;fspy; ngz;fs; vjpu;nfhs;fpd;w tWikepiy gw;wpg;
gyjug;gpdUk; rpe;jpf;f Ntz;ba fl;lhaj;jpy; cs;Nshk;.
Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; kPs;fl;Lkhzk;>
kPspzf;fk; gw;wpg; NgRfpd;w ,j;jUzj;jpNy> ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpAk; mtu;fsJ mf;fiw gw;wpAk; ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;tJ mtrpakhdJ. ngz;fspd; tfpgq;F> jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk;
epiy njhlu;ghfTk;> jPu;f;fkhd KbTfis Nkw;nfhs;sf; $ba
ngz;fsJ murpay; gq;Fgw;WifahdJ ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; kpfTk;
,d;wpaikahjnjhd;whFk;. ntWkNd ngaustpy; kl;LNk ngz;fsJ
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mikahJ ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; ghugl;rk;
,d;wp MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy; ngz;fSf;fhd murpay; cupik
tiuaWf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj gyjug;gpduJk; Fwpg;ghfg; ngz;fsJ
vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. vkJ ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G
fzprkhdmstpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; NghJk;> murpaypy; jPu;khdk;
vLf;Fk; jUzq;fspy; kw;Wk; nfhs;if tFg;gpy; ngz;fsJ mgpg;gpuhak;
kw;Wk; mf;fiwahdJ ngupJk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy.
,jidf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;Nl ,k;Kiw nrhy; rQ;rpifahdJ ,d;iwa
#oypy; ngz;fsJ murpay; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wpAk;> murpaypy; ngz;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjpfupf;f Ntz;baik gw;wpAk; Muha Kw;gLfpd;wJ.
,r;rQ;rpif njhlu;ghd Mf;fG+u;tkhd fUj;Jfis thrfu;fshfpa
cq;fsplk; ,Ue;J vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
ehk; nrhy;y
tpUk;GtJ...
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jpf;fk; nrYj;Jtjw;Fk;> ntw;wp
nfhs;tjw;Fk;> kpfTk; fbdkhd
gy rpf;fy;fSf;Fk; chpik NfhhpNa ehk;
2011Mk; Mz;by; mbnaLj;J itj;Njhk;.
ehL OOtJk; jq;Fjilapd;wp epfo;fpd;w
Fw;wr;nray;fs;> Coy;> Nkhrbfs;>
td;Kiwfs; vd;gtw;iwj; jhq;fpf;
nfhs;s KbahJ G+khNjtp $l vk;ik
vjpu;j;Js;shs;. gy jrhg;jq;fshf ,lk;ngw;w
Aj;jj;jpypUe;J tpLgl;Ls;s tlfpof;F>
tlkj;jpa khfhzq;fisr; NrHe;j kf;fs;
nts;sj;jpdhy; ghjpf;fg;gl;L kPz;Lk;
,lk;ngaHe;Js;sdH. Mapuf;fzf;fhd Vf;fH
epyq;fspy; gaphplg;gl;bUe;j new; nra;if>
tPl;Lj; Njhl;lq;fs; vd;gd moptile;Js;sd.
jw;NghJ $l nrhy;y Kbahj mstpw;F mhprp>
Njq;fha;> kuf;fwp tiffs; Nghd;wtw;wpd;
tpiyfs; mjpfupj;Js;s NghJk;> mit NkYk;
mjpfhpg;gjw;fhd rhj;jpaq;fNs ,d;Dk;
vk;Kd;Nd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tidj;Jg;
NguopTfspdhYk; kpfTk; ghjpf;fg;gLtJk;>
Jd;gg;gLtJk; ahnudpy; jha;> FLk;gg; ngz;
vDk; ghj;jpuq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf
jpdKk; Nghuhbf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w
ngz;fNsahFk;.
,itaidj;Jk; ghjpf;fg;gl;l> jhf;fj;jpw;F
cs;shfpa xu; r%f #oiktpdpNyNa
,lk;ngWfpd;wd. fw;w ghlq;fSk;
ey;ypzf;fj;jpw;Fkhd Mizf;FOtpd;
Kd;dhy; jkJ fztd;;> kfd; kw;Wk;
kfs;khHfisf; Nfl;L Fuy; vOg;gpa
ngz;fspd; mtyq;fis rpq;fs> Mq;fpy
Clfq;fspy; ntsptuhkNyNa fhw;Wld;
fye;J tpl;ld. 1990Mk; Mz;L kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
itj;Jf; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;l 600 nghyp];
cj;jpNahfj;jHfsJ FLk;gj;jhH tpLfpd;w
Jd;gg; ngU%r;rpid tlf;F kf;fs;
mwpfpd;wduh vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;FupajhFk;.
nfhû Aj;jj;jpdJk; [dehafj;jpw;Fk;
Kuzhd epu;thf KiwapdJk; ngWNgwhf
xUthplkpUe;J xUtH gphpf;fg;gl;l> xUtiu
xUtH mr;rj;JlDk; re;Njfj;JlDk;
ghHf;fpd;w xU r%fkhf ehk; khwpAs;Nshk;.
,yq;ifapd; gy;ypd> gy;fyhrhu> gy;rka>
gd;nkhopj; jd;ikfs; ,t;thW rthypw;F
cs;shFk; NghJ ehl;bd; epu;thfj;jpw;Fg;
nghWg;Gf;$w Ntz;batHfs; ,it njhlHghf
nksdk; rhjpf;fpd;wdH. ,yq;ifnad;gJ
ngUk;ghd;ikapdj;jthpd; ehL vdf;$Wk;
egu;fSf;;F mtHfsJ fUj;ijg; gpur;rhuk;
nra;tjw;F toprikj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,t;tidj;Jj; Jujp\;ltrkhd
epiyikfSf;Fk; kj;jpapy; rhjfkhd
mgptpUj;jp njhlHghfNth> epiyNgwhd
rkhjhdk; njhlHghfNth> kf;fs;
fUj;jpw;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; Ml;rpg; nghwpKiw
njhlHghfNth ehk; vt;thWjhd; ftdk;
nrYj;JtJ? ,yq;ifapy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w rpy
rk;gtq;fs; njhlHghf ntspehLfs; ftdk;
nrYj;jp rpyNtisfspy; epthuzj;ijg;
ngwyhk;. fle;j ,uz;L khjq;fspy; kdpj
cupikfisg; NgZtjw;F Kd;Ndhbfshfr;
nraw;gl;l rpy ngz;fSf;F Vw;gl;l tpjpia
fUj;jpw; nfhs;Sk; NghJ ,yq;ifapy; vk;ikg;
Nghd;W mlf;FKiwahd> td;Kiwahd>
[dehafj;jpw;F vjpuhd mur nghwpKiwAld;
NkhJfpd;w gy ngz;fs; cyfk; KOtJk;
cs;shu;fs; vd;gJ epidtpw;F tUfpd;wJ.
2010 khu;fop 16 Mk; jpfjp rHtNjr kdpj
cupikfs; jpdj;jpw;F xU thuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;dH
nkf;]pf;Nfh kpFthFth efuj;jpNy efu
rigf;F Kd;dhy; ,lk;ngw;w jdJ kfshfpa
kupnrhy;ypd; kHkkhd nfhiy njhlHghf
epahakhd tprhuiziaf; Nfhup MHg;ghl;lk;
nra;j jpUkjp khpnryh xHb]; ,de;njhpahj
MAjjhhpfshy; gl;lg;gfypNy nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;lhH. 2008Mk; Mz;L fhzhky;
Nghd khpnrhy;ypd; rlyk; kpFthFthtpNy
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Xu; Fg;igj; njhl;bapy; Jz;Lfshf ntl;bg;
Nghlg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,J 2009 Mdp khjk;
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;lJ. jdJ kfspd; kuzk;
njhlHghf nkf;]pf;Nfh murhq;fk; my;yJ
nghyprhH chpa Kiwapy; rl;lg;gb eltbf;if
vLf;fhjJ njhlHghf ftdk; <Hg;gjw;F
Kaw;rpnaLj;j jha;f;F kuzNk chpj;jhdJ.
<uhdpy; Kuz;ghl;L nraw;ghl;lhsHfspd;
chpikfSf;;fhf M[uhfpa rl;lj;juzp e];hPd;
nrhl;LnlDf;F 2010 khu;fop khjj;jpy; 11
tUl fhy rpiwj;jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.
mtH kdpj chpikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
nraw;gl;ljdhNyNa ,j;jz;lid fpilj;jJ.
rpiwj;jz;lidNahL Nkyjpfkhf mtH 20
tUlq;fSf;;F rl;lj;juzpahf nraw;gLtJ
jilnra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,tH ,ioj;j jtW
jhd; vd;d? mur nghwpKiwf;F vjpuhfTk;>
`p[hg; mzpahky; tPbNah nra;ag;gl;l
fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpy; gq;Nfw;wJNk
fhuzq;fshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. jha;yhe;ijr;
NrHe;j rpuDr; g;nuk;ra;nghHd; vd;gtH
fzdpf; Fw;wr; nray;fs; rl;lj;jpd; fPo; 2011
ij khjk; ghq;nfhq; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;dhy;
M[u;g;gLj;jg;gl;lhH. ,g;ngz;kzpapdhy;
elj;jg;gl;L te;j ,izaj;jsj;jpNy gpw
egHfshy; jha;yhe;J kd;dUf;F vjpuhf
vOjg;gl;bUe;j Fwpg;Gfis NrHj;jikadhy;
,tu; Fw;wthspahf;fg;gl;lhu;. .
,t;tidj;Jj; Jd;gfukhd rk;gtq;fSf;Fk;
kj;jpapYk; kfpo;r;rpfukhd jfty;fSk;
,y;yhkypy;iy. 2002Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk;
,JtiuapYk; jk;ikf; ifJ nra;j ,uhZt
tPuh;fspdhy; jhk; ghypay; gyhj;fhuj;jpw;Fk;>
ghypay; Jd;GWj;jypw;Fk; cs;shf;fg;gl;ljhf
Fw;wQ;rhl;b> nkf;]pf;Nfh murhq;fj;jplk;
ePjpia epiyehl;LkhW Nfhhpa ntyd;bdh
nfd;hp kw;Wk; ,Nd]; xHNjfh Mfpa
,uz;L Mjpthrpg; ngz;fs; mnkhpf;f
kdpj chpikfs; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; Kd;dhy;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Kiwg;ghl;bw;F rhjfkhd
gjpNy fpilj;jJ. ePjpkd;whdJ ,t;tpU
ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;Gj; njhlHghfTk;>
,uhZtj;jpduhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Jd;GWj;jy;fs; rk;ge;jkhfTk; chpa
tprhuizfis Nkw;nfhs;tJ njhlHghfTk;
nkf;]pf;Nfh murhq;fk; nraw;gl;Ls;s tpjk;
xUNghJk; NghJkhdjy;y vdTk; Fwpg;gpl;L
,g;ngz;fspd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F
murhq;fj;jpw;F cs;s nghWg;Gj; njhlHghf
typAWj;jpaJ.
Fwpg;gpl;l cjhuzq;fis ehd; Vd; ,q;F
Rl;bf; fhl;Lfpd;Nwd; Vnddpy;> cyfj;
jfty;fis nrhy; thrfHfNshL gfpHe;J
nfhs;tjw;fhf kl;Lkd;wp> ,e;j midj;J
cjhuzq;fspd; %yKk; ,yq;ifapy; ehk;
,d;W fopf;Fk; tho;f;ifapd; kPJ xu; xspf;fPw;W
tpOfpd;wij czu;e;J nfhs;sNt MFk;.
nkf;]pf;Nfhtpyhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;> <uhdpyhf
,Uf;fl;Lk;> jha;yhe;jpyhf ,Uf;fl;Lk;
mg;ngz;fs; Kfq; nfhLf;Fk; gpur;rpidfSf;Nf
ehKk; Kfq; nfhLf;fpd;Nwhk;.
Ngr;Rr; Rje;jpuk;> Kuz;ghl;bw;F cs;s
tha;g;G> jkf;F vjpuhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;w
kdpj cupik kPwy;fSf;fhd ePjp
Nghd;wtw;wpw;fhf ,yq;ifapy; thrpf;fpd;w
ehq;fSk; Kfk; nfhLj;J tUfpd;Nwhk;.
khw;Wf;fUj;jpw;F cs;s cupikia
mDgtpg;gjw;F ehk; Kaw;rpf;Fk; NghJ
e];uPd;> kupnryh> rpuDr; Nghd;Nwhu;
Kfq;nfhLj;j mlf;FKiwahd kw;Wk;
td;Kiw uPjpahd gjpw;nraw;ghLfSf;;Nf
ehKk; Kfq; nfhLf;fpd;Nwhk;. gaq;futhj
jilr;rl;lk; kw;Wk; mtrufhyr; rl;l
xOq;Ftpjpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp vkJ
[dehaf cupikfs; Gijf;fg;gLk; tpjj;ij
mtjhdpg;gjw;Nfh my;yJ mJ njhlHghf
fUj;J ntspapLtjw;Nfh vkf;F tha;g;gpy;iy.
mikjpahd KiwapYk;> [dehafj;ij
kjpf;Fk; tifapYk; vkJ Rje;jpuj;ij kPz;Lk;
ntw;wpnfhs;s Ntz;ba Nghuhl;lNk
vk;Kd;dhy; ,d;W cs;sJ.
kNf];tud;> yre;j> g;ufPj;> uh]pf; vd;W nfhiy
nra;ag;gl;ljhff; $WNthH> $wg;glhNjhH>
fhzhky; Mf;fg;gl;l ClftpayhsHfs; kw;Wk;
r%fr; nraw;ghl;lhsHfis epidT$He;J
nkOFtHj;jp Vw;wp ehk; Nfhl;L epw;gJ
ePjpiaNaahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; fz;zpw;nfl;Lk;
J}uj;jpYk; ePjp fpilf;fhjNghJ ehk; vd;d
nra;tJ?
fdit iftpNlhk;! ,yq;if kf;fsplk;
vkJ fUj;Jfis vLj;Jiug;Nghk;! khw;Wf;
fUj;Jf;Fs;s cupikiag; ghJfhg;Nghk;!
,jd;nghUl;L ehL KOtjpYk;
Xuq;fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s> nksdpfshfTs;s>
tpuf;jpaile;Js;s vkJ gazj;jpd; NjhoHfis
tpopg;G+l;LNthk;! 2011 ,y; vk;Kd;dhYs;s
rthy; ,JNtahFk;.
Rdpyh mNgNrfu
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c,aj
ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;fspg;G - Xu;
,,c;
murpay; vd;why; vd;d? vd;w
vz;zf;fUthf;fypy; (conceptualization)
cs;s gpur;rpidfs;
m
urpay; vd;wJk; nghJthfNt
kf;fSk; Nfhl;ghl;lhsh;fSk;
Njh;jy; rhh;ghd murpaiy kl;LNk
fUj;jpw; nfhs;fpd;wdh;. mt;tifapy;
Njh;jypy; epw;wy;> thf;Ff; Nfl;ly;>
ntw;wpthif #Ljy;> ghuhSkd;w
Ml;rpapy; gq;Fgw;Wjy;> jkJ gpuNjr
mgptpUj;jpf;nfd;W epjp xJf;Fjy;>
mbf;fy; ehl;Ljy;> nghJf;$l;lq;fspy;
fye;Jnfhs;Sjy; Nghd;wtw;iwNa
murpay; nraw;ghLfshff; fUjg;gLfpd;wd.
,e;j ,lj;jpy;jhd; je;ijahjpf;fk;
jdJ Kfj;ijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F ntspapy; eilngWk;
khw;Wf; FOf;fs; my;yJ rpWFOf;fs;
Mfpatw;wpd; nraw;ghLfSk; tpthjq;fSk;
murpay; eltbf;ifahf vLj;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gLtjpy;iy. cjhuzkhfg;
ngz;fs; FOf;fspd; nraw;ghLfis
Nehf;fyhk;. vdNt> ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F
ntspapyhd ngz;fspd; eltbf;iffSk;>
rpe;jidfSk; nghJj;jsj;jpy; itj;J
Nehf;fg;gLjy; mtrpakhdjhFk;.
ghuk;ghpaKk; je;ijahjpf;fKk;
ghuk;ghpakhfNt je;ijahjpf;fkhdJ
ngz;fspd; elkhl;lj;ijAk;
gq;Fgw;wiyAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;>
xLf;fTk; gy;NtWgl;l cghaq;fisAk;>
mwpKfk;:
Vida jsq;fisg; NghyNt murpay; jsKk; je;ijahjpf;fr;
rpe;jidfs; kw;Wk; fUj;jpay;fspd; nry;thf;fpw;F
cl;gLj;jg;gl;Nl te;Js;sJ. ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;Nfw;G
vd;gJ fhyk; fhykhf Nfs;tpf;Fl;gLj;jg;gl;L te;Js;sNjhL>
mJ Mz;fSf;F kl;Lkhdjhff; Fwpj;njhJf;fg;gl;l Xu;
JiwahfTk;> Mzhjpf;f ek;gpf;ifiaf; fl;bnaOg;gpAk;
te;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. cyfpd; mNdf ghfq;fspy;
murpay; tho;f;ifia Mz;fNs jk;trk; itj;Js;sdh;.
tpjptpyf;fhf rpy ngz;fshy; kl;LNk Mzhjpf;fk; epiwe;j
nghJ murpay; jsj;ij cilf;f Kbe;Js;sJ. vt;thwhapDk;
murpay; cyfpy; RtL gjpj;J mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa
ngz;fSk; kpfg;ngUk;ghd;ikahf murpay; jiyth;fspd;
my;yJ murpay;thjpfspd; Gjy;tpfshfNth my;yJ fztid
,oe;j ngz;fshfNtjhd; fhzg;gLfpd;wdh;. ,e;jr; r%ftpay;
cz;ikiaAk; ehk; Gwe;js;sptpl KbahJ.
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topKiwfisAk; gpuNahfpj;J te;Js;sJ.
murpaw; rpe;jidahdJ (Political thought)
murpay; tho;itg; nghJ tho;ntdTk;>
FLk;g tho;itj; jdpg;gl;l tho;ntdTk;
tFj;Jg; ngz;fs; r%fj;jpd; kPJ
xUtifahd kjpg;gpwf;fj;ij Nkw;nfhz;L
te;Js;sJ. ,jidg; ngz;zpiyr;
rpe;jidahsh;fs; Rl;bf;fhl;b te;Js;sdh;
(Patemen,1983;1989), (Ellen Kennedy and Susan
mendus,1989). ,e;j ,lj;jpy; ngz;fSf;;F
thf;Fhpik toq;Ftjpy; je;ijahjpf;f
r%fk; xU ghhpa ,Oj;jbg;ig
Nkw;nfhz;Ls;sik gw;wp ngz;zpiythj
kWthrpg;Gfs; vkf;Fr; Rl;bf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd. me;jtifapy; ,yq;ifapYk;
,j;jifa gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhd fUj;Jfs;
ntspg;gl;lik gw;wpAk; ehk; epidT
$uyhk;.
mhp];Nlhl;by;> gpNsl;Nlh> nyhf;>
&Nrh> fhd;w; Nghd;wth;fs; ,j;jifa
ghugl;rkhd kugpw;F tpj;jpl;Ls;sdh;
vd;gijAk; mth;fisj; njhlh;e;J te;j
murpay; rpe;jidahsh;fs; mj;jifa
kugpid tsh;j;njLj;J te;Js;sdh;
vd;gijAk; ,d;iwa ngz;zpiyr;
rpe;jidahsh;fs; gFg;gha;T nra;J
kpfj;njspthf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wdh;.
Mrpa kugpYk; murpaw; rpe;jidahsu;fs;;
,j;jifa kdg;ghq;fpidf;
nfhz;bUe;jdh; vd;gjidr; nry;tp
jpUr;re;jpud; vLj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh; (Selvi
Thiruchandran; women in political thought
construction, selective notions and the feminist
challenges, p.156-157)
jdpg;gl;l tho;T/nghJ tho;T vDk;
gphpg;gpy;> murpayhdJ nghJtho;tpw;F
chpajhfTk; Gj;jprhypfspd; NtiyahfTk;
fUjg;gl;lJ. kWjiyahff; FLk;g
tho;thdJ Fiwe;j kjpg;gPlhfTk;
fUjg;gl;lJ. jtpuTk;> nghJ tho;tpy;
Mz;fs; gpufhrpg;gjw;F FLk;g
tho;tpy; ngz;fs; cWJizahf
,Ug;gJ mtrpakhff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.
,g;gpd;dzpapy; FLk;g tho;ntd;gJ
tPL> fztd;> Foe;ijfisg; guhkhpg;gJ
Nghd;wtw;iwf; Fwpf;fpd;wJ. FLk;g tho;T
njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfs; nghJj;jsj;jpw;F
nfhz;Ltu Kbahjit. ,j;jifa
Vw;ghlhdJ xU tifapy; jpl;lkpl;Nl
ngz;fis murpay; jsj;jpypUe;J
Xuq;fl;Ltjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
je;jpNuhghakhfNt nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ghuk;ghpakhfNt murd;> mur khspif>
rhk;uh[;[pak; Kjyhd vz;zf;fUf;fs;
Mz;fis ikag;gLj;jpNa
fl;likf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. murpfs;
vdg;gLNthh; Mil mzpfydfs;; #b>
moFg; gJikfshf me;jg;Guj;jpy; tyk;
te;jdh;. ,e;j epiyapy;jhd; murpay;
vDk; vz;zf;fUTk; Mz;fSf;Fhpa
jskhfNt fUjg;gl;L je;ijahjpf;f
eyd;rhh;e;J cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ngz;fSf;F murpay;
vd;gJ ,ayhj fhhpak; vDk; xU khia
rhh;e;j Njhw;wg;ghL Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Nerk; rutzKj;J
Nyb nla;rp la];
gz;lhuehaf;fh
Ge:_e
0.._e
,e;epiyapy; murpay; jsk; ngz;fSf;F
my;yhjjhfTk;> FLk;gj;jsk; Mz;fSf;F
my;yhjjhfTk; Mf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mz;fs; jk;ik tPl;L NtiyfspypUe;J
tpLtpj;Jf; nfhz;L murpaypy; $Ljy;
ftdk; nrYj;jTk;> mj;Jiwapy;
jk;ik epiyepWj;Jtjw;Fkhd
tha;g;G r%fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLj;jpf;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
ngz;fspd; murpaw; nraw;ghL
Nkw;$wg;gl;l gpd;dzpapy; cah;
murpaypy; ngz;fs; ,y;yhjpUg;gJld;
ngz;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; njhlu;ghd
ftdpg;Gk; FiwthfNt cs;sik
njspthFk;. vdpDk; gue;j
mZFKiwf;fikag; ngz;fs;
tpj;jpahrkhd Kiwfspy; murpaypy;
<Lgl;L tUfpd;wdh;. mjhtJ ngz;fs;
jdpegh;fshf my;yJ FOf;fshfj; jkf;F
,ay;ghd tifapy; murpaw; jsk; rhh;e;J
nraw;gLgth;fshf ,Ue;J tUfpd;wdh;.
Mzhjpf;fk; jOtpa my;yJ je;ijahjpf;ff;
fUj;jpaiy cs;thq;fpf; nfhz;l Mz;
murpaw; Nfhl;ghl;lhsh;fs; NkNy
Rl;ba r%f ajhh;j;jj;ijf; fUj;jpw;
nfhs;tjpy;iy.
INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; njd;fpof;fhrpa
ehLfspy; Mq;fhq;Nf ngz; Ml;rpahsh;fs;
jiyikg; nghWg;ig Vw;W elj;jpdu;:
elj;Jfpd;wdh;. cyfj;jpw;Nf KjyhtJ
ngz; gpujkiuj; je;jJ vkJ ehlhFk;.
mt;thNw ,e;jpahtpy; ,e;jpuhfhe;jp>
ghfp];jhd; ngdhrPh; G+l;Nlh>
gq;fshNjrj;jpd; Ngfk; fhypjh\pah>
N\f; `rPdh> kpad;khhpd; Mq;\hq;#fp>
gphpl;brpd; khh;f;fpul; jl;rh; KjypNahiuf;
Fwpg;gplyhk;.
vt;thwhapDk;> murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gNjh> gq;Fgw;wy;
vd;gNjh Kw;wpYk; ngz;epiy
rhh;e;j tplakhf ,lk;ngWtjpy;iy.
VyNt Fwpg;gpl;lthW fztd;
my;yJ FLk;gj;jtu;fs; MfpNahhpd;
murpay; gpuNtrk; fhuzkhfNt
mNef ngz;fSf;F murpaypy; <Lgl
Kbe;Js;sJ. mt;thwd;wpg; ngz;fs;
jkJ Ra jpwikahYk; jd;dhw;wy;
%yKk; ,ay;ghd murpaw; gpuNtrk;
nra;tnjd;gJ njd;dhrpahtpy;
Kaw;nfhk;ghfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. murpaw; jsj;jpw;Fk;
mg;ghy; Vida eph;thfj; JiwfspYk;
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; epakdk;
tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
vLj;Jf; fhl;lhfg; gy;fiyf;fof
cgNte;jh;> cr;rePjpkd;w ePjthd;>
rl;ltiuQh;> jghy; mj;jpal;rfh; kw;Wk;
Mizahsh;fs; Nghd;Nwhiuf; $wyhk;.
vdpDk; ghuhSkd;w murpaypw;Fg;
ngz;fs; te;j gpd;du; ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs;
r%fj;jpd; cs;shh;e;j mgptpUj;jpapy;
vj;jifa Kd;Ndw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld
vd;gJ Nfs;tpf;FwpahfNt cs;sJ.
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gq;Fgw;Wif
cz;ikapy; ,yq;ifapy;
thf;Fhpikf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;JlNdNa
ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;wy;
njhlh;ghd etPd gpuf;iQ Muk;gkhtjhf
Ma;twpthsh;fs; njhptpf;fpd;wdh;
GNshuplh
tp[aNfhd;
Ge:_e
0.._e
(Kumari Jayawardena, 2001 P.xi). ,Ugjhk;
E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyfl;lj;jpy;
ngz;fs; thf;Fhpik ,af;fk; (The womens
suffrage movement) kpf Mh;tkhfTk;
mNjNtis je;ijahjpf;f rthy;fSf;F
Kfk;nfhLj;Jk; ,aq;fpaJ. ,e;j
,af;fj;jpw;F Nyb nla;rp gz;lhuehaf;fh>
mf;d]; B rpy;th> GNyhhplh tp[aNfhd;
kw;Wk; lhf;lh; Nkhp ul;zk; MfpNahh;
jiyik jhq;fpdh;.
,yq;ifapy; KjyhtJ ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh; mlypd; nkhyKNu (Adeleine
Molamure) (J.H. kPnjdpa mjpfhhpapd;
Gjy;tp) vd;gth; jd;Dila ngaiug;
nghwpj;jhh;. mth; ngz;fs; jq;fSila
mgpyhirfisf; Nfhuf;$lhJ khwhf
Mz;fSf;F epfuhd ePjpAk; rkj;Jt
chpikANk vkf;F Ntz;Ltd vd;w
Gul;rpfukhd $w;wpid ntspapl;lhh;.
,tiu mLj;J> RahjPd njhopw;fl;rpiar;
rhh;e;j (Independent Labour Party) Nerk;
rutzKj;J vd;gth; rl;lrigf;F
,Ujlitfs; Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;lhh;
(1931>1936).
kw;Wk; nlhhPd; tpf;fpukrpq;f MfpNahh;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;ftu;fs;. ,th;fs; ,lJrhhpr;
rpe;jidiaf; nfhz;bUe;jNjhL>
Nrhrypr murpaw; fUj;jpay;fisAk;
cs;thq;fpath;fshff; fUjg;gl;ldh;.
vt;thwhapDk; 1931 Mk; Mz;lstpy;
ngz;fspd; ghuhSkd;wg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
05 tPjj;jpw;Fk; FiwthfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.
,d;Wk; G+Nfhskakhjw; #oypy;
,yq;ifapd; murpaw; jsj;jpy;
epyTfpd;w Mzhjpf;fk; Kbtpw;Ff;
nfhz;Ltug;gltpy;iy vd;Nw
$wNtz;Lk;. ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gq;Nfw;ngd;gJ Mz;fSf;fhd
Nfypg;Ngr;rhff; fUjg;gLk; #oypNyNa
,d;Wk; cs;sJ. FWf;Fntl;L Kfkhf
vLj;Jg; ghh;f;ifapy; ghuhSkd;wKk;
murpaYk; vDk; tplak; ,yq;ifapy;
,d;Wtiu Kd;Ndw;wg;Gs;spiaj;
njhltpy;iy vd;Nw fUjg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
,Wjpahf ,lk;ngw;w ghuhSkd;wj;
Njh;jy; ,e;j ajhh;j;jj;ij vkf;Fg;
gpujpgypf;fpd;wJ. Vw;fdNt Fiwthf
,Ue;j ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ
,Wjpahf ,lk;ngw;w ghuhSkd;wj;
Njh;jypd; gpd;dh; ,d;Dk; fzprkhff;
Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
vkJ murpaw; ghijiaj; jpUk;gpg;
ghh;f;ifapy;> murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
<LghL vd;gJ je;ijahjpf;f kuGfshy;
topelj;jg;gl;lnjhd;whfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. Vida njd;fpof;fhrpa
ehLfspd; murpaw; gpujpgypg;ig xj;jthNw
,yq;ifapYk; je;ij my;yJ fztd;
my;yJ rNfhjudpd; gLnfhiy my;yJ
kiwit mLj;J murpay; gpuNtrk; nra;j
ngz;fisNa vk;khy; mjpfstpy; fhz
Kbfpd;wJ. mjw;F vLj;Jf; fhl;lhfg;
gpd;tUk; gl;baiyf; fhl;lyhk;.
gz;lhuehaf;fh - rpwpkhNth
gz;lhuehaf;fh
td;dpahuhr;rp - gtpj;uh td;dpahuhr;rp
,uj;ehaf;fh - mkuh gparPyp ,uj;ehaf;fh
mlypd; nkhyKNw tptpad; Fztu;j;jdh
Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;ida Mz;lhd
1947 mstpy; fw;w cah;FLk;gj;ijr; rhh;e;j
gy;NtW gbj;j ngz;fSk; (gpujhdkhf
,lJrhhpf; fl;rpiar; rhh;e;jth;fs;)
KONeu murpay;thjpfshfg; gzpahw;wp
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhd r%f khw;wj;jpw;F
tpj;jpl;ldh;. mth;fSs; tptpad;
Fzth;j;jdh> GNshud;]; Nrdehaf;fh>
FNryh mgath;j;jdh> FRkh Fzth;j;jdh
Ge:_e
0.._e
[aNrd - RNkjh uP.[aNrd
gz;lhuehaf;fh - re;jpupf;fh
gz;lhuehaf;fh FkhuJq;f
m\;ug; - Ngupay; m\;ug;
Nùj; - NuZfh Nùj;
fd;dq;fuh - tpkyh fd;dq;fuh
kNf];tud; - tp[afyh kNf];tud;
n[auh[; ngdhd;NlhGs;Ns - Rju;rpdp
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <Lglj; jilahf
cs;s fhuzpfs;
je;ijahjpf;f r%ff;
fUj;jpayhdJ jdJ eyd; fUjp>
ngz;fis nghJtho;tpypUe;Jk;
xLf;fNt Kw;gLfpd;wJ. kpfg;nghpa
gFj;jwpTthjpahf kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w
&Nrh Xuplj;jpy; gpd;tUkhW $wpdhh;.
ngz;fSf;F ijay;> rikay;>
kid rh];j;jpuk; Kjyhd fy;tpNa
Gfl;lg;glNtz;Lk;. mth;fs; murpay;
eltbf;ifapy; <Lglj; Njitapy;iy
vd;whu;. Gfo;G+j;j jj;JtQhdpahd
mhp];Nlhl;by; ngz;fis tPl;bYs;s
jl;LKl;Lg; nghUs;fSf;Fr; rkhdkhf
itj;Nj Ngrpdhh;. kfhj;kh fhe;jp $l
ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;Nfw;Gj; njhlh;ghd
jdJ mgpg;gpuhaj;ij Mzhjpf;f ,e;Jj;Jt
msTNfhy;fSld; xLf;fpf; nfhz;lhh;.
,t;thW kuGhPjpahf Mzhjpf;fr;
r%fkhdJ ngz;fspd; murpay;
eltbf;if njhlh;gpy; gpw;Nghf;Fj;
jdkhd fUj;jpaiyNa Ngzp te;Js;sik
Gyg;gLfpd;wJ.
ngz;fs; jha;ikailAk;
clw;$w;wpidf; nfhz;bUj;jy;>
tPl;LNtiyf;Fhpatshff; fUjg;gLjy;>
gytPdkhd ghypay;ig (Weaker
sex) nfhz;ltshff; fUjg;gLjy;>
czh;r;rptrg;gLgtshf Nehf;fg;gLjy;>
,ufrpaq;fisg; NgzKbahjtshfr;
rpj;jhpf;fg;gLjy;> eph;thfj; jpwNdh
NghJkhd gapw;rpNah Fiwe;jtshff;
fUjg;gLjy;> MSikj; jpwd;
Fiwe;jtshf Nehf;fg;gLjy;> njw;fhrpag;
gz;ghl;bw;Fg; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gq;Nfw;G xt;thj xu; tplakhff;
fhl;lg;gLjy; Kjyhd gy;NtW
fhuzq;fs; Mzhjpf;fr; r%fj;jhy;
Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Mdhy; ,tw;iwf;
fl;ltpo;j;Jg; ghh;f;Fk; NghJ ngz;fspd;
murpaw; gq;Nfw;G tPo;r;rpahf ,Ug;gjw;F
ehk; gpd;tUk; nka;ahd fhuzq;fisr;
Rl;bf; fhl;lyhk;.
1. murpay; jsj;jpy; ngz;fspd;
gpuNtrj;ij Mzhjpf;fk; tpUk;ghky;
,Uf;fpd;wik.
2. ngz;fspd; murpay; EioT Mzhjpf;f
murpay;thjpfshy; Xh; mr;RWj;jyhf
Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wik.
3. ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;Nfw;ig
Cf;Ftpf;Fk;gbahd r%fkakhjNyh
mjw;fhd jsq;fNsh ,y;yhky;
,Uf;fpd;wik.
4. mnkhpf;fh njhlf;fk; ghfp];jhd;
<whf fpuhkpag; gQ;rhaj;jpypUe;J
ghuhSkd;wk; tiu ngz;fspd;
gq;Nfw;gpw;fhd fjTfs;
%lg;gl;bUf;fpd;wik.
5. gpw;Nghf;fhd r%fg; gz;ghl;Lf;
fUj;jpay;fspd; nry;thf;F.
KbTiu
vdNt> Nehf;Fk; NghJ ngz;fspd;
murpay; gq;Fgw;WifahdJ ngaustpy;
kl;LNk ,lk;ngw;Ws;sNj jtpu mJ
ghy;epiyrhh;e;j gpuf;iQiag; (Gender
sensitiveness) gpujpgypf;ftpy;iy vd;gij
ehk; fz;lwpayhk;. kpf mz;ikapy;
tPl;Lf;fhtypypUe;J tpLjiy nra;ag;gl;l
kpad;khh; ehl;Lj; jiytp Mq;\hq;
#fp ngz;fSk; murpaYk; njhlh;ghf
vkf;nfhU Gjpa nra;jpiaj; jUfpd;whh;.
mjhtJ cz;ikahd kNdhjplKk;
mh;g;gzpg;Gk; ,Uf;Fk; ngz;fs; murpay;
jsj;jpYk; jk;ik epiyepWj;jyhk;
vd;gNj mJthFk;. ntWkNd fztd;
my;yJ je;ijkhh;fSf;fhd murpaw;
gpurhuq;fspy; <LgLgtu;fshf my;yJ
Ge:_e
0.._e
ghujp miw$ty; tpLj;jhYk; mjw;fhd
ghij ,d;Dk; njhiytpNyNa cs;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
crhj;Jiz
1. Mario Gomez & Shyamala Gomez(2001),Gender and politics in
Srilanka, CIDAs, Sri Lanka.
2. fkypdp.f> ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wpa
tpthjq;fs;> ngz;> njhFjp 06 ,y 02 (2001)> #hpah
ngz;fs; mgptpUj;jp epiyak;> kl;lf;fsg;G gf; 09 - 23
3. de silva,Chandra, Women in srilanka politics: Historical
overview, paper presented at a conference on Women in politics.
Kandy,February,1996.
4. Kiribamune, Sirima, Women in srilankn politics, paperr
presented at a conference on Women in politics. Kandy,
February, 1996EME
murpaw; $l;lq;fspy; fth;r;rpg; nghUshfg;
ngz;fs; njhopw;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyk;
kiyNawptpl;lJ. ,d;W ngz;fs;
jk;ikAk; jkJ jd;dhw;wiyAk;
czh;e;jth;fshf> Mzhjpf;f ika
murpay; ePNuhl;lj;jpw;Fr; rkhe;jukhfj;
jkJ MSikia Kd;ndLf;fpd;w
murpay; gpuf;iQ kyh;e;Js;sJ.
,e;epiyapy; Gjpa Xh; murpaw; fyhrhuk;
Vw;gLj;jg;gLkhapd;> Mzhjpf;f
rpe;jidfs; jfu;f;fg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy;
ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;Nfw;ig ehk;
vjph;ghh;f;Fk; Gs;spf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yyhk;.
Mz;fNshL ngz;fSk; rhpepfuha; epd;W
itaj;ij MSNthk; vd;W Afg;GU\d;
re;jpuNrfud; rrpjud;
ngz;fs; njhlu;G Clfq;fSf;fhd $l;likg;gpduhy; fle;j cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj; Nju;jypd; NghJ>
ngz;fis Ntl;G kDj; jhf;fy; nra;AkhW NfhUk; Rtnuhl;b. (gq;Fdp - 2011)
ngz;fs; njhlu;G
Clfq;fSf;fhd
$l;likg;G
rpWtu; mgptpUj;jp
kw;Wk; kfspu;
tptfhu mikr;R
vkJ eyd;fSf;fhf vkJ mk;khkhu; kw;Wk; mf;fhkhu; 100 tPj mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;.
Mdhy; gpuNjr rigfspYk;> efu rigfspYk; ngz;fshfpa mtu;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; Fiwthf 2 tPjNk cs;sJ.
ngz;fNs ePq;fs; tpUk;Gk; murpay; fl;rpapd; Clhf ,k;Kiw
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wj; Nju;jYf;fhd Ntl;ghsu; gl;baYf;fhd cq;fs;
tpz;zg;gj;ij ,d;Nw ifaspAq;fs;.
fl;rpj; jiytu;fNs> cq;fs; fl;rpapd; ngz;
cWg;gpdu;fis Cf;Ftpj;J mtu;fis
Ntl;ghsu;gl;baypy; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Ge:_e
0.._e
2
010 itfhrp 09 Mk; jpfjp Gjpa
mikr;ruitapidj; njhpT
nra;jik njhlHghd mwptpj;jiyg;
gw;wp vy;NyhUk; NgRfpwhHfs;. ahH
gjtp caHj;jg;gl;lhHfs;? my;yJ
gjtpapwf;fg;gl;lhHfs;?> ahu; Gjpjhf
cs;slf;fg;gl;lhHfs; mNjNghy ahH
ntspNaw;wg;gl;lhHfs;? ,e;j epakdq;fs;
nghUj;jkhdjh? my;yJ nghUj;jkw;wjh?
vd;gJ gw;wpf; nfhOk;gpYk;> NtW gy
gFjpfspYk; nghJthd fijg; nghUshf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. Kd;G kfspH tptfhu mikr;R
vd miof;fg;gl;l jw;Nghija rpWtH
mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ngz;fs; tYT+l;ly;
mikr;rpd; mikr;rh; kw;Wk; gpujpaikr;rH
epakdq;fSf;F ,uz;L Mz;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;lik Mr;rhpag;gl Ntz;ba
xd;whFk;. ,J Fwpj;Jg; ngz;fs; vd;d
epidf;fpd;whu;fs; vd;gjid tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;fhf cldbf; fUj;jha;T xd;iw
elhj;j Cats Eye jPh;khdpj;jJ.
ngz;fs; tptfhu mikr;ruhf
MnzhUtu; njhpT nra;ag;gl;lijapl;L
ePq;fs; vd;d epidf;fpd;wPh;fs;? vdf;
nfhOk;igr; NrHe;j ngz; xUtuplk;
Nfl;lnghOJ> mjid mtu; Ghpe;J
nfhs;s KbahJ jLkhWtij
xg;Gf;nfhz;lhH. vd;d eilngWfpd;wJ?
xU ngz; Mzhf ,Uf;f KbAkh?
vd mtu; Nfl;lhu;. fsdpiar; rhHe;j
,d;ndhUtH fUj;Jf; $Wk;NghJ
Gj;jrhrd mikr;rpw;F fj;Njhypf;fu;
xUtiu epakpg;gijg; Nghd;wNj
,r;nraw;ghL vdj; njhptpj;jhh;.
fk;g`hitr; NrHe;j NtW xU ngz;
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tiu MW tUlq;fs; ghuhSkd;w
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Vida ehLfSk; ngz;fs;
mikg;GfSk; Njh;jypy; ngz;fSf;;;fhd
xJf;fPl;L Kiwapid mKy;g;;gLj;Jtjd;
%yk; murpaypy; ngz;fSila
gq;fspg;ig mjpfhpf;f KbAk; vd
ek;Gfpd;wdh;. vdNt vkJ ehl;bYk;
jw;NghJs;s Njh;jy; KiwfspYk; Njh;jy;
rl;lq;fspYk; khw;wq;fisf; nfhz;L
tUtjd; %yk; ngz;fSf;;F murpaypy;
Nghl;bapLtjw;fhd rktha;g;ig toq;f
KbAk;.
fp\he;jpdp ghyd;
Ge:_e
0.._e
c
yfpd; Kjw;ngz; gpujkiuAk;>
IdhjpgjpiaAk; cUthf;fpa
ngUik ,yq;iff;F chpj;;jhdjhFk;.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; vOj;jwpT tPjk;>
tho;f;if vjph;ghh;g;Gf;fhyk; kw;Wk;
MNuhf;fpak; njhlh;ghf mgptpUj;jp
mile;j ehLfSf;;F ,izahf
cs;sdh;. mJkl;Lky;yhJ ,yq;ifg;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; KJnfYk;ghfTk;
ngz;fNs ,Ug;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
mjhtJ ,yq;ifapd; me;epar;
nryhtzpia <l;bj;jUk; Kf;fpa
Jiwfshd Njapiy> Milf; ifj;njhopy;>
ntspehl;L Ntiyapdhyhd tUkhdk;
vd;gtw;wpy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;
Fwpg;gplf;$ba tPjkhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fspd; vOj;jwpT
tPjkhdJ 90 ,w;;Fk; Nkyhf cs;sJ.
vdpDk; ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; vd;gJ kpfTk; Fiwe;j
epiyapNyNa cs;sJ. mjhtJ murpaypy;
mth;fsJ gq;fspg;ghdJ murpay;f;
$l;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wy;> thf;fspj;jy; vd;w
tiuaiwf;Fs; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;if murpaypy;
<LgLk; ngUk;ghyhd ngz;fs; jkJ
FLk;gj;jpy; Vw;fdNt ,Ue;j my;yJ
,Uf;fpd;w Mz; murpay;thjpfspd;
FLk;gg; gpd;dzpapy; ,Ue;J cUthFk;
Xh; murpay; fyhrhuj;jpd; topahfNt
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg; ngWfpd;wdu;.
mjhtJ murpay;thjp xUthpd; kfs;
my;yJ kidtp my;yJ rNfhjhp
vd;w FLk;gg; gpd;Gyk; ngz;fs;
murpaypy; CLUTtjw;fhd mbj;jskhf
,Uf;fpd;wJ. Vd; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
<Lgly; Ntz;Lk;?> ngz;fs; tpUk;gpdhy;
Nghl;baplyhk;jhNd? mt;thW ngz;fs;
te;jhYk; mth;fshy; vd;d nra;a KbAk;?
vd;gJ Nghd;w Nfs;tpfs; ,d;W gyuhYk;
Nfl;fg;gLfpd;wd. ngz;fs; murpaypy;
<LgLk; NghJ ngz; vd;w mDgtj;jpy;;
ngz;fs; njhlh;ghd gpur;rpidfis
czh;T G+h;tkhf tpsq;fp mjid ePf;Fk;
Kfkhfj; jpl;l tiuGfs; rl;l cUthf;fk;
kw;Wk; nfhs;if cUthf;fk; vd;gtw;iw
Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. ,jdhy; ngz;fis
tYg;gLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpj;
jpl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;jy; Nghd;wtw;iwr;
nra;a VJthf ,Uf;Fk;.
murpaypy;
Kd;ndLf;f Ntz;ba
Ge:_e
0.._e
ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;fspg;Gj;
njhlh;ghd tuyhW
,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhifapy;;
miug; gq;fpw;F Nkyhfg; ngz;fs;
,Uf;fpd;whh;fs;. 1931Mk; Mz;L
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; thf;fspf;Fk;
chpikiag; ngw;w NghjpYk; $l
,yq;ifapd; Ml;rpaikg;gpd; rfy
kl;lq;fspYk; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
kpff; FiwthfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Fwpg;ghf 78 tUlfhy tuyhw;wpy;
ngz;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 6
tPjj;jpypUe;J mjpfupf;fhikahdJ kpfTk;
Ntjidf;Fhpajhf cs;sJ. rfyUf;Fk;
thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;l KjyhtJ
Njh;jyhf 1931 Mdp khjk; 13 Mk; jpfjp
,lk;ngw;w Nju;jy; mike;jJ. 21 tajpw;F
Nkw;gl;l ngz;fSf;;F thf;fspf;Fk; cupik
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ve;;jnthU ngz;Zk;
Njh;jypy; Nghl;bapltpy;iy. mlypd;
nkhyKNu vd;gtNu 1931 Mk; Mz;L
fhu;j;jpif khjk; 14 Mk; jpfjp rl;l
rigf;Fr; nrd;w Kjy; ngz;zhthh;;.
,yq;ifapy; 2004 Mk; Mz;L
murpaypy; <LgLk; ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ 4.8 tPjkhFk;.
njw;fhrpag; gpuhe;jpaj;jpNy ,JNt kpfTk;
Fiwe;j tPjkhFk;;. ,e;jpa Nyf;rghtpy;
33 tPjg; ngz;fSk;> ghfp];jhdpag;
Nguitapy; 20 tPjkhd ngz;fSk;>
Neghypd; gpujpepjpfs; rigapy; 5.8 tPjkhd
ngz;fSk; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tfpf;fpd;;whh;fs;.
Mg;fhdp];jhdpdJ Gjpa murpayikg;G
ngz;fSf;;nfd 25 tPjkhd xJf;fPl;ilf;
nfhz;bUf;fpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij typAWj;Jk;
gpufldq;fs;
rh;tNjr rptpy; kw;Wk; murpay;
chpikfs; njhlh;ghd gpufldkhdJ
vy;;yh kf;fSk; murpaypy;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fk;> gpujpepjpfis
Rje;jpukhfj; njhpT nra;tjw;Fk; chpik
cs;sJ vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.
ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd midj;Jg;
Ngjq;fisAk; xopj;jy;rhh;
cld;gbf;ifapd; cWg;Ghpik
07 ngz;fspd; murpay;
chpikahdJ gpd;tUtdtw;iw
cs;slf;Ffpd;wJ vdf; $Wfpd;wJ.
mitahtd thf;fspf;Fk; chpik>
murpidg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;
nfhs;if cUthf;fYk;> mur
rhh;gw;w epWtdq;fspidg;
gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jjy; vd;gdthFk;.
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlh;ghd rpy juTfs;
ml;ltiz 1
ngz;fspd; ghuhSkd;wg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Mz;L nkhj;jk; ngz;fspd;
vz;zpf;if tPjk;
1994 225 11 4.8
2000 225 9 4.0
2001 225 10 4.4
2004 225 11 4.8
2005 225 13 5.6
Mjhuk;;: Tressie Leitan, Women in political participation and
decision Making In Center for Womens Research, Post Beijing
Reection: Women in Sri Lanka
ml;ltiz 2
ngz;fspd; khfhzkl;lj;jpyhd Njh;jy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
vz;zpf;if tPjk;
1993 382 12 3.1
1999 378 13 3.2
2004 380 16 4.2
decision Making In Center for Womens Research, Post Beijing
Reection: Women in Sri Lanka
Ge:_e
0.._e
ml;ltiz 3
ngz;fspd; cs;@uhl;rp kl;lj;jpyhd Njh;jy;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
vz;zpf;if tPjk;
1991 3122 54 1.72
1997 3797 73 1.92
2002 3902 77 1.99
Mjhuk;; - Tressie Leitan, Women in political participation and decision
Making In Center for Womens Research, Post Beijing Reection: Women
in Sri Lanka
,yq;ifapy; gy;NtWgl;l murpay;
epiyfspYk; ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ kpfTk; Fiwe;j
epiyapNyNa cs;sJ. vdpDk; Njrpa
kw;Wk; khfhz rl;lkd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;Jld; xg;gpLk;
NghJ cs;@uhl;rpapy; ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,d;Dk; Nkhrk;
mile;Js;sik Jujp];;lkhdjhFk;.
ml;ltiz 4
,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j fhyk; njhlf;fk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
Mz;L ngz;fspd; tPjk;
vz;zpf;if
1947 3 3.15
1960 2 1.3
1970 6 3.9
2000 9 4.0
decision Making In Center for Womens Research, Post Beijing Reection:
Women in Sri Lanka
ml;ltiz 5
njw;fhrpa ehLfspy; ngz;fspd; cs;@h;
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ehL ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,e;jpah 33.33
ghfp];jhd; 30.12
gq;fshNj\; 23.31
Neghsk; 8.5
,yq;if 1.97
Mjhuk;;: Tressie Leitan, Women in political participation
and decision Making In Center for Womens Research, Post
Beijing Reection: Women in Sri Lanka
,yq;ifapy; nkhj;j rdj;njhifapy;
52 tPjj;jpdh; ngz;fshthh; Mdhy; 5
tPjj;jpw;Fk; FiwthfNt ngz;fsJ
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
mj;Jld; njw;fhrpa ehLfspilNa
,yq;ifg; ngz;fsJ murpay;
gpujpepjpj;JtkhdJ kpfTk; Fiwe;j
tPjkhfNt cs;sik ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <Lglhikf;fhd
fhuzq;fs;
murpay; td;Kiwf; fyhrhuk;
njhlh;ghd frg;ghd tuyhWfs;
murpay; Coy;fs;
murpay; Mz;fSf;FhpaJ vd;w r%f
kdg;ghq;F
FLk;g mq;fj;jth;fs; tpUk;ghik
mjhtJ ngz;fSf;;F murpay;
Njitaw;w tplak; vd;w vz;zg;ghq;F
murpaypy; <LgLk; ngz;fs;
njhlh;ghd r%fj;jpd; jtwhd ghh;it
murpay; fl;rpfspd; ngah;g;gl;baypy;
ngz;fspd; ngaiu ,izg;gjw;F
fLikahd Nghl;bia vjph;nfhs;s
Ntz;bAs;sik
ngz;fs; murpaypy; CLUTtjw;F
mtu; Vw;fdNt murpaypy; <LghLila
FLk;gj;ijr; Nrh;e;jtuhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;w murpay; fyhrhuk;
Ge:_e
0.._e
Nghjpa epjptrjp ,d;ik
Mzhjpf;f r%fj;jpd; vjph;ghh;g;gpd;;gb
ngz;fspd; jsk; tPLk; tPLrhh;e;j #oy;
kl;LNk vd;w kdg;ghq;F
tPl;L Ntiy kw;Wk; ntspNtiy vd
ngz;fs; gd;ikr; Rikapid jdpNa
Rkf;f Ntz;bAs;sik.
ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpid mjpfhpg;gjhapd;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs;
r%fk;
r%fk; ngz;fSf;;F thf;fspg;gjw;Fj;
jahuhf ,Uj;jy;
murpaypy; <LgLk; ngz;
Ntl;ghsh;fspd; jdpg;gl;l tho;f;if
njhlu;ghf fijg;gijj; jtph;j;jy;
ngz; mbikj;jdj;ij xopj;jy;
murpaypy; ngz;fspd; fUj;Jiuf;F
kjpg;gspj;jy;
ghy;epiy njhlhghd $Uzh;tpid
midtUf;Fk;; Fwpg;ghf murpaypy;
cs;s Mz;fSf;F Vw;gLj;Jjy;
ngz;fSf;fhd jiyikj;;Jtg;
gapw;rpapid rpWtajpy; ,Ue;Nj
toq;Fjy;
murpay; fl;rpfs;
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <LgLtjw;F
tpNrlkhf ,lk; xJf;f Ntz;Lk;
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <LgLk; NghJ
ngz;fspd; ngUk;ghyhd gpur;rpidfs;
jPh;f;fg;gLk; vd;w ajhh;j;jj;ijg; Ghpe;J
nfhs;sy;
murpay; fl;rpfs; kf;fsJ Njitfis
vg;NghJk; G+h;j;;jp nra;gth;fshf
,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. tpNrlkhfj;
Njh;jy; fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;yhJ
Vida fhyg;gFjpfspYk; kf;fspd;
gpur;rpidfis ePf;f cjt Ntz;Lk;.
Vw;fdNt murpaypy; <LgLk;
ngz;fs; Gjpjhfg; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
<LgLtjw;fhd toptiffis
Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhLj;jy;
jkJ Ntl;ghsh; gl;baypy; ngz;fis
,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Nfhl;lh
Kiwapid cs;slf;fy; Ntz;Lk;.
ngz;fs;
FLk;g kw;Wk; r%f rthy;fis
MNuhf;fpakhd Kiwapy;
rhj;jpakhf;fy;
ngz;fs; xd;W jpuz;L ngz;fSf;fhd
jdpaplk; mikj;Jf; nfhs;s Kd;tu
Ntz;Lk;
FLk;g mq;fj;jth;fspilNa
tpopg;Gzh;T Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;
FLk;gj;jpy; cs;s midtUk;
nghWg;Gfisg; gfpu;e;J nfhs;sy;
ngz;fspdJ Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F
jilahf ,y;yhJ MjuT mspj;jy;
murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
czh;e;J nfhs;sy;
ngz;fSf;;F thf;fspg;gjw;F ngz;fNs
Kd;tUjy;
ngz;fs; FOf;fs;
r%fj;jpy; gy jug;gpdhpilAk;
tpopg;Gzh;it Vw;gLj;jy;
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <LgLtjw;F
epjptrjpia tYg;gLj;jy;
ngz;fspd; kdg;ghq;fpy; rhjfkhd
khw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;jy;
ngz;fs; FOf;fs; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
<LgLtjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fis
toq;fy;
ngz;; Ntl;ghsh;fSf;Fj; jFe;j
gapw;rpfisAk; Vida MjuTfisAk;
mspj;jy;
ehlhSkd;wj;jpYk; cs;@uhl;rp
apYk; ngz;fs; $ba nraw;jpwDld;
,aq;Ftjw;fhd Ma;TfisAk; cjtpr;
NritfisAk; toq;fy;
rl;lq;fs;
murpaypy; Fiwe;j gl;rk; 30 tPjkhtJ
ngz;fisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jtjw;F
Nfhl;lh Kiwapidf; nfhz;L tUjy;
cs;@uhl;rpj; Njh;jypy;
Ge:_e
0.._e
ve;jtpjkhd khw;wq;fisAk;
Vw;gLj;jtpy;iy vd;gJ gpujhd
gpur;rpidahFk;.
,e;jpahtpd; murpaypy; 33 tPjkhd
ngz;fSf;;F Nfhl;lhKiw %yk; xJf;fPL
nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; ,d;W ,e;jpa
cs;@uhl;rp murpaypy; xU kpy;ypad;
ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whh;-
fs;. ,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhifapy;
ngz;fs; 52 tPjkhfTk; thf;fhsh;fspy;
56 tPjkhfTk; cs;sdu;. Njh;jy;
fhyq;fspy; ngz;fspd; thf;Fg;gyk;
nghpJk; czug;gLtNjhL> Njh;jypd;
ntw;wpf;F mth;fs; Kf;fpa fhuzp vd;;gJk;
Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;fs;
thf;fhsh; vd;w epiyapy; ,Ue;jhYk;
murpaypy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;;
vd;gJ kpfTk; Fiwe;j tPjkhfNt
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt ngz;fspd;
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Kd;Dupikg;gLj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
vjph;fhyj;jpy; r%fk;> murpay; fl;rpfs;>
ngz;fs;> ngz;fs; FOf;fs;> rl;lq;fs;
vd midj;Jj;jug;gpdUk; xUkpj;Jr;
nraw;;gLk; NghJ ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij mjpfhpf;f KbAk;.
,isNahUf;fhd xJf;fPL 40 tPjkhf
cs;sJ. ,jpy; ngz;fSf;;F 20 tPj
xJf;fPL nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;
ghlrhiy ghltpjhdq;fspy;
ghy;epiy njhlh;ghd myFfs;
cs;thq;fg;gLtJld; ngz;fs;
jPh;khdk; vLf;Fk; kl;lq;fspy;
gq;Fnfhs;s Ntz;bajd;
mtrpaj;ijAk; czh;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
KbTiu
gphpj;jhdpahtpd; fhydpj;Jtf; fhyj;jpy;
,yq;if ,Ue;j NghJk; 1928Mk; Mz;L
gphpj;;jhdpah ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fhpikia
toq;fpaJ. vdpDk; ,yq;ifapy;
ngz;fSf;fhd thf;FhpikahdJ 1931 Mk;
Mz;L toq;fg;gl;lJ. mf;fhyg; gFjpapy;
gy INuhg;gpa ehLfs; thf;Fhpikiag;
ngwhjepiyapNy ,Ue;jNghJ> ,yq;ifg;
ngz;fs; thf;fspf;Fk; chpikiag;
ngw;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;f Xh; mk;rkhFk;.
mj;Jld; 1948 Mk; Mz;L ngz;fspd;
murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; 3.25 tPjkhf
,Ue;jJ. vdpDk; 2010 Mk; Mz;L ,J
5 tPjj;ijf; $lj; jhz;ltpy;iy vd;gJ
kpfTk; ghjfkhd gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ. ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; mile;J
60 tUlq;fs; Kbtile;j NghJk;
ngz;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpy;
cjadp etuj;jpdk;
Chandana Prabath
,e;j Kiw ngz;fs;
tptfhuq;fSf;F Mk;gps
mikr;riu
epakpj;jpUf;fpdkhk;....
Mk;gpisNah nghk;gpisNah
ahnuz;lhYk; vq;fl
Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F vd;d nra;aPdk;
vd;gJjhNd vq;fSf;F ,Uf;fpw
gpur;rid..
Ge:_e
0.._e
2
010 Mk; Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk;
elhj;jg;gl;l ghuhSkd;wj;
NjHjypy; ntw;wpaPl;ba gjpd;%d;W
ngz; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk;
kupahij nrYj;Jtjw;fhd tpNrl
tpoh fle;j 2010 Mk; Mz;L Mdp 07
Mk; jpfjp ,yq;if kd;wf; fy;Y}hpapy;
elhj;jg;gl;lJ. ,e;j tpohthdJ
ngz;fs; njhlu;G Clfq;fSf;fhd
$l;likg;gpduhy;; xOq;F
nra;ag;gl;bUe;jJ. ,q;F gjpndhU
ngz; guhSkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;
tUif je;jpUe;jdu;. tpohtpd; rpwg;G
tpUe;jpduhf kfspH mgptpUj;jp>
rpWtH Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rH jp];]
fuypaj;j mtHfSk; fye;J nfhz;L
rpwg;gpj;jhu;.
murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nfhl;lh
Kiwia eilKiwg;gLj;JtJ
ngz; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fSf;F kupahij
nrYj;Jk; tpNrl tpoh
Ge:_e
0.._e
njhlu;ghf cs;ehl;L> ntspehl;L
mDgtq;fspd; thapyhfg; Nguhjidg;
gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; murpay; gPlj;jpd;
Nguhrpupia jpUkjp. fkyh ypadNf
mtHfs; rigapy; tpNrl fUj;Jfis
Kd;itj;jhh;. ngz;fs; njhlu;G
Clfq;fSf;fhd $l;likg;ghdJ
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfSf;F G+q;nfhj;JfisAk;>
Qhgfr; rpd;dq;fisAk; ifaspj;jJ.
,yq;if murpaypy; ngz;fspd; Fiwthd
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; njhlHghf rpy jfty;fis
Vw;ghl;lhsu;fs; Kd;itj;jdu;.
kfspH mgptpUj;jp> rpWtH Nkk;ghl;L
mikr;rH mtHfSk; jdJ fUj;Jfisj;
njhptpj;jhh;.y
Gifg;glq;fs; : [ae;jp FUcJk;ghy
Ge:_e
0.._e
,
yq;if murpaypy; ngz;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpg; ghu;f;Fk;
NghJ murpay;j;Jiw ngz;fSf;;F kpfTk;
rthy; kpFe;j xd;whfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
gy Jiwfspy; ngz;fs; ,d;W jk;ik
<LgLj;jpf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; NghJk;>
murpay; gw;wp my;yJ murpaypy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gg; gw;wpg; ghu;f;Fk;
NghJ kpf kpff; Fiwthd xU epiyiaNa
fhz Kbfpd;wJ.
,jw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wpg; ghu;j;jhy;
ehl;by; epyTfpd;w rpy mrhjhuz
#o;epiyfshf ,Jtiu eilngw;w Aj;jk;>
MAjf;fyhrhuk;> FOf;fSf;fpilNa
mbf;fb ,lk;ngWfpd;w jiyikj;Jtg;
gpur;rpidfs;> fl;rpj; jhty;fs; kw;Wk;
mjNdhL njhlu;Ggl;l td;Kiwfs;
vd;gdTk;> fl;rpapy; ,ize;J
nraw;gLfpd;w khw;Wf; fUj;Jf;
nfhz;Nlhu;fspdhy; Vw;gLfpd;w
mOj;jq;fs;> fhyk; fhykhf ,d;Wtiu
gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhfg; ngz;fis
mbikg;gLj;Jk; rpe;jidg; Nghf;F>
mbg;gilapy; fy;tp fw;wpUe;Jk; fy;tpawpT
,y;yhjtu;fs; Nghy %lf; fUj;Jfis
mbnahw;wpg; ngz;fis Kd;NdwtplhJ
nraw;gl;Lf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;w r%f>
rkaf; nfhs;iffs;> gf;fr;rhu;ghd
eltbf;iffs; mjNdhL njhlu;Ggl;l
ghy;epiyg; ghugl;rk; Nghd;wdTk;
,d;dKk; khwtpy;iy. murpaypy;
gzk;> Mzhjpf;fk;> td;Kiw vd;gd
ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;NwhL
ngz;fSf;fhd cupa gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
toq;fhik kw;Wk; murpay; jskhdJ
Mz;fisg; ngUk;ghd;ikahff;
nfhz;ljhfTk;> mj;NjhL Mz;fSf;F
rhu;ghd xd;whf khw;wg;gl;lik
Nghd;wit ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fspy;
rpythFk;.
,yq;ifiag; nghWj;jtiuapy;
Kjd;Kjyhfj; Nju;jy; xd;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; kf;fspd; VNfhgpj;j
tpUg;gpd; Ngupy; ntw;wp ngw;wtu;
=khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh mtu;fs;.
,tu; ,yq;ifapd; Kjy;ngz; gpujku;
kl;Lkd;wp cyfpd; Kjy; ngz; gpujku;
vd;w rpwg;igAk; ngw;wtu;. mNjNghyNt
Kd;dhs; [dhjpgjp re;jpupf;fh FkhuJq;f>
mikr;ru; Ngupay; m\;ug; Nghd;Nwhu;
jpwikahd murpay; MSik kpf;f
ngz;fshthu;. ,tu;fs; jkJ FLk;gj;jpd;
murpay; gpd;dzp fhuzkhfNt murpaypy;
cs;Eioaf; $bajhf ,Ue;jik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
,tu;fisg; Nghy gzgyk; kw;Wk;
murpay; gpd;dzp ,y;yhj MSik kpf;f
ngz;fs; murpay; Mu;tk; nfhz;ltu;fshf
vkJ r%fj;jpy; ,Uf;fpd;w NghjpYk;
murpaypy; ngz;fSf;;F vjpuhdjhf
mikfpd;w Mzhjpf;fk;> gzgyk; kw;Wk;
td;Kiw vd;gd fhuzkhf murpay;
jsj;jpy; gpuNtrpf;f KbahJs;sik
midtUk; mwpe;jNj.
murpay; <Lghl;bw;fhd
ngz;fspd; Mu;tk;
Ge:_e
0.._e
MfNt> murpay; gpd;dzpAld;
kpspu;e;J murpaypy; fhyb vLj;J itj;J>
ntw;wpaPl;ba xUrpy ngz;fspd;
murpay; ntw;wpia kl;Lk; nfhz;L
mjid ,yq;if murpaypy; ngz;fs;
midtUk; ngw;w murpay; ntw;wpahff;
$wKbahJ. Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fis
kl;LNk md;W njhlf;fk; ,d;Wtiu
cjhuzk; fhl;b murpay; ,yhgk; Njbg;
gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhfr; nraw;gLtij
nry;ytpy;iy. ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehd;
murpaypw;F Kjypy; epu;g;ge;jkhfNt
jpzpf;fg;gl;Nld;. Muk;gj;jpy; f\;lkhf
,Ue;jJ. gpd;G gof;fkhfp tpl;lJ.
fpl;lj;jl;l 23 tUlq;fs; fyhrhu
cj;jpNahfj;juhfg; gzpahw;wpapUe;Njd;.
Muk;gj;jpy; ngz; vd;W vt;tpj
rYiffSk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Nghl;b
Nghl;L Kd;Ndw Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.
ngz;fs; mjpfstpy;
murpaypw;F tu
Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy;
,d;W gy mikg;Gfs;>
njhz;L epWtdq;fs;
vd;gd Mu;tk;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.
ngz;fspd; murpay;
gpuNtrj;jpdhy;
khw;wk; epfOk; vd
ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
Vnddpy; jkJ
FLk;gj;NjhL
mjpfstpy; Neuj;ijr;
nrytopg;gtu;fs;
ngz;fs;. ,jd;
fhuzj;jhy; r%fj;jpd;
Njit gw;wpg;
ngz;fSf;F mjpfkhf
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;Sk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs;
cz;L. ngz;fspd;
mjpfsthd murpay;
gpuNtrj;jpdhy;
ghypay; uPjpahf
Xuq;fhl;lg;gLfpd;w
murpay;g; Nghf;fhdJ
,y;yhJ NghFk;.
,dpAk; mDkjpf;f
KbahJ. vdpDk;
Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu; f. jq;Nf];tup
Nghd;W tpuy; tpl;L
vz;zf; $ba XupUtu;
vt;tpj murpay;
gpd;dzpAk; ,d;wp
rhjhuz FLk;gq;fspy;
,Ue;Jk;> kpfTk;
mgptpUj;jp Fiwe;j
fpuhkq;fspy; ,Ue;Jk;
jkJ Kaw;rp %yKk;
fpuhkj;jpdupd; Mu;tk;
fhuzkhfTk; murpaypy;
cl;GFe;jtu;fshthu;.
,tu;fspd; murpay;
gpuNtrkhdJ murpaypy;
ngz;fspd; gpuNtrj;ij
mJTk; fpuhkq;fspy;
cs;s ngz;fspd; murpay;
Mu;tj;ij vLj;Jf;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
,J njhlu;ghf
Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu; f. jq;Nf];tup
mjpfkhd njhe;juTfis
re;jpf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ.
vdf;F vt;tpj murpay;
gpd;dzpAk; ,y;iy.
murpaypw;F tUfpd;w
ngz;fSf;F gz gyk;
kw;Wk; Ml;gyk;> thfd
trjp Nghd;wd Njit.
vdf;F vdJ fpuhk
kf;fspd; MjuT ,Ue;jJ.
,isQu; kd;wq;fs;
Kd;dpd;W cioj;jd.
fyhrhu cj;jpNahfj;jpy;
,Ue;jjhy; vdf;F
mtu;fspd; MjuT
fpilj;jJ vd mtu; jdJ
murpay; gpuNtrk; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
Nju;jypd; NghJ
Mz;fshy; ngz;fSf;;F
Kuzhf itf;fg;gLfpd;w
fUj;Jfspy; xd;W
vd;dntdpy; ngz;fs;
Mz;fisg; Nghy
gpur;rhuk; nra;aNth
ntw;wpaPl;lNth KbahJ
$Wk; NghJ ehd; kl;lf;fsg;G efupd;
thtpf;F kWGwk; ,Uf;fpd;w xU tay;
rhu;e;j fpuhkj;ijr; Nru;e;jdhd;. vkJ
gFjp kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa xU gpuNjrkhf
,Ue;J jw;NghJ mgptpUj;jp mile;J
tUfpd;wJ. ,J gLthd;fiug; gpuNjrk;
vd miof;fg;gLk;. ,e;jg; gFjpapy;
,Ue;J ,Jtiu ahUk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fr;
vd;gjhFk;. Mdhy; tlf;F> fpof;Fg;
gFjpfspy; ,UgJ tUlq;fspd; gpd;G
khfhzrigj; Nju;jy; ,lk;ngw;wJk;>
,e;j ,f;fl;lhd fhyfl;lj;jpy;
mjhtJ Aj;jk; kw;Wk; MAjf; fyhrhuk;
NkNyhq;fpapUe;j fhyj;jpYk;> Nju;jy;
td;Kiwfs; kw;Wk; ngz;fSf;nfjpuhd
td;Kiwfs; mjpfkhf ,Ue;j NghJk;
Ge:_e
0.._e
khfhzrigj; Nju;jypy; ngz;fs;
ntw;wpaPl;lf; $ba tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ.
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l Nkau; jpUkjp
rptfPu;j;jh gpughfud; kw;Wk; aho;g;ghz
khtl;l Nkau; jpUkjp g. NahNf];tup
Nghd;w ngz;fspd; ntw;wp fUj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;.
Vnddpy; Mz;fshy; fhyk; fhykhff;
$wg;gl;L tUfpd;w gpw;Nghf;Fj;jdkhd
fUj;Jfs; Nkw;$wg;gl;l ngz;fspd;
ntw;wpahy; ngha;g;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
MfNt murpay; vd;gJ Mz;fisg;
NghyNt ngz;fSf;;Fk; cupikAila
xd;W. vdNt murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij
mjpfupf;fhjpUg;gJ ngz;fs; murpay;
cupikiag; gwpg;gjhfNt mikAk;.
ngz;fs; mjpfstpy; murpaypw;F
tu Ntz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ,d;W gy
mikg;Gfs;> njhz;L epWtdq;fs;
vd;gd Mu;tk; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ngz;fspd;
murpay; gpuNtrj;jpdhy; khw;wk; epfOk;
vd ek;gg;gLfpd;wJ. Vnddpy; jkJ
FLk;gj;NjhL mjpfstpy; Neuj;ijr;
nrytopg;gtu;fs; ngz;fs;. ,jd;
fhuzj;jhy; r%fj;jpd; Njit gw;wpg;
ngz;fSf;;F mjpfkhf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;Sk;
re;ju;g;gq;fs; cz;L. ngz;fspd;
mjpfsthd murpay; gpuNtrj;jpdhy;
ghypay; uPjpahf Xuq;fhl;lg;gLfpd;w
murpay;g; Nghf;fhdJ ,y;yhJ NghFk;.
murpay; vd;gJ Mz;fSf;FupaJ
vd;w vz;zg;Nghf;F khwp> ,d;W
cyfshtpa uPjpapy; rhjidfisg;
gilj;J tUfpd;w ngz;fs; murpaypYk;
mjpfstpy; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; tfpj;jy;
,d;wpaikahjjhFk;.
,yq;if murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; mjpfupf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;
vd gy tifahYk; Nfhug;gLfpd;wd.
murpay; Jiwfshd ghuhSkd;wk;>
khfhz rigfs;> efu rigfs;> gpuNjr
rigfs; vd;gtw;wpy; Mz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;JtNk mjpfkhFk;. jw;Nghija
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 225 ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdu;fs; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fspy;
13 Ngu; kl;LNk ngz;fshthu;;. ,J 5.9
tpfpjkhFk;. ,g;gjpd;%d;W NgupdJ
fUj;JfSk; vt;tsT J}uk; mtu;fs;
rhu;e;j fl;rpfspd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpdhy;;
fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd vd;gJ
Nfs;tpf;FupajhFk;.
vkJ ehl;bd; nkhj;j rdj;
njhifapy; 52 tPjkhdtu;fs; ngz;fNs.
mtu;fspYk; thf;fhsu; fzf;fpd;gb
ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ngz;fs; 56 tPjkhFk;.
,yq;if Rje;jpukile;J 60 tUlq;fs;
Kbe;j NghJk; $l ngz;fspd;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gj;J tPjk; tiuapyhtJ
mjpfupf;fhJs;sik ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;banjhd;whFk;.
njd;dhrpa ehLfspilNa ghu;f;Fk; NghJ
vkJ ehl;L murpaypy; kl;LNk murpay;
fl;likg;Gfis gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;
ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if kpfTk; Fiwe;j
mstpy; ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapd; murpay;
jPu;khdq;fis epiwNtw;Wfpd;w rigfspy;
$lg; ngz;fSf;F kpfTk; Fiwe;jnjhU
,lNk cupj;jhAs;sJ. xt;nthU Kiw
Nju;jypd;NghJk; mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l
xt;nthU fl;rpapy; ,Ue;Jk; ,d;W tiu
ngz;fSf;F kpfTk; FiwthfNt ngau;
epakdq;fs; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; 6 tPjj;jpw;Fk;
FiwthfTk;> khfhz rigfspy; 5
tPjkhfTk; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; 2
tPjkhfTk; cs;sd. 2000 Mk; Mz;by;
ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jYf;F fl;rpfshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fspy;
ngz;fsJ vz;zpf;if 2.3 tPjkhFk;.
Mz;fs; 97.7 tPjkhFk;. 2000 Mk; Mz;L
ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F njupT nra;ag;gl;l
ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if gw;wpg; ghu;j;jhy;
4 tPjkhfTk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;l Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;if
96 tPjkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. mNjNghy; 2004
Ge:_e
0.._e
,y; ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jYf;F fl;rpfshy;
Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Ntl;ghsu;fspy;
ngz;fsJ vz;zpf;if 6.6 tPjkhFk;.
,tu;fspy; Mz;fs; 93.4 tPjkhFk;. 2004
Mk; Mz;L ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F njupT
nra;ag;gl;l ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;if 5.8
tPjkhfTk;> Mz;fspd; vz;zpf;if 94.2
tPjkhfTk; cs;sJ. mNjNghy fle;j
khfhzrigj; Nju;jypy; gpujhdkhd
murpay; fl;rpfs; ngz;fSf;F kpff;
Fiwe;jsT ngau; epakdq;fisNa
toq;fpapUe;jd. ghugl;rk; ,d;wp
rkTupikia midj;J ,lq;fspYk;
ngz;fs; ngWtJ mtu;fsJ cupik vd
,e;j ehl;bd; murpay; mikg;gpd; %yKk;>
rPNlh cs;spl;l ngz;fs; njhlu;gpyhd
ru;tNjr rkthaq;fs; gytw;wpd; %yKk;
cWjp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. MapDk;
ngz;fSf;F ngau; epakdq;fis
epakpg;gjpy; rpy murpay; fl;rpfs; jaf;fk;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.
MfNtjhd; Nju;jiy vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
jUzj;jpy; ngz;fs; mikg;Gfs; jkf;F
cupa gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ij toq;FkhW
Nfhupf;if tpLf;fpd;wd. rpy fl;rpapd;
jiytu;fs; ngz;fSf;F 50 tPjk; xJf;fPL
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $Wfpd;wdu;.
mikr;ru; lf;;;;y]; Njthde;jh ngz;fis
murpaypy; <Lglr; nra;Ak; gpujpepjpfs;
FOnthd;iwf; fle;j tUlk; re;jpj;jhu;.
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fSf;F murpaypy;
cupa ,lk; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;Wk;>
Fiwe;j gl;rk; E}w;Wf;F 25 tPjkhtJ
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,yq;if murpaypy;
,Uf;f Ntz;LnkdTk; mtu;fs; Nfhupf;if
tpLj;jdu;. ,tu;fs; njd;khfhz cs;@
uhl;rp rigfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk;
cWg;gpdu;fs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
nrd;w tUlk; Fapd;]; N`hl;lypy;
Clftpayhsu;fSf;fpilapy; eilngw;w
fye;Jiuahly; epfo;tpy; kj;jpa khfhzg;
ngz;fspd; Fuy; mikg;gpd; jiytp
tprhfh ju;kjhr fUj;Jf; $Wk;NghJ
murpaypy; 33 rjtpfpj gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj vkJ
Nfhupf;ifahFk;. ,f;Nfhupf;ifia
ntd;nwLg;gjw;F ehk; [dehaf uPjpapYk;
m`pk;ir uPjpapYk; Fuy; nfhLg;Nghk;.
vdf; Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. ,t;thwhd
mikg;Gfspd; Fuy;fs; vkf;F ngz;fspd;
murpay; Mu;tk; kw;Wk; mtu;fspd; murpay;
cupikfs; gw;wp vLj;Jf; fhl;Lfpd;wd.

ngz;fs; murpaypy; mjpfstpy;
<Lgl Ntz;Lk;. murpay; vd;gJ
Mz;fSf;F kl;LNk cupajhd Xu; Jiw
my;y. ngz;fs; gyu; ,d;W murpaypy;
kpFe;j MSikAld; nraw;gl;Lf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;fs;. MfNt tha;g;gpidj;
jtpu;f;Fk; Nehf;fj;ij tpLj;J murpaypy;
ngz;fs; jkJ gpujpepjpj;Jtj;ijg;
ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; nraw;gLk;
xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; mtu;fSf;fhd
cupikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhLg;gJ kl;Lkd;wp
mtu;fSf;fhd rk tha;g;Gfis
cWjpg;gLj;jy; ve;jnthU murpay;
fl;rpfspdJk; flik vd;Nw $wNtz;Lk;.
ghy;epiy mbg;gilapy; ghugl;rk;
fhl;lhJ ngz;fSf;F rk cupik toq;fpr;
nraw;gly; Ntz;Lk;. rfy murpay;
fl;rpfSk; ghy;epiyf;F el;Gwthfg;
gzpGupAk; #oiy Vw;gLj;JtNjhL
ngz;fs; jkJ fUj;Jfs; kw;Wk;
mgpg;gpuhaq;fis ntspapLtjw;F mtu;fs;
rhu;e;j fl;rpj; jiyikj;JtkhdJ ,lk;
nfhLj;jy; ,d;wpaikahjnjhd;whFk;.
Nju;jypy; ngz;fs; Rje;jpukhf <LglTk;
gpur;rhuq;fspy; gq;F nfhs;sTk; MjuT
ey;f Ntz;Lk;. Fwpg;ghfr; nrhy;yg;
Nghdhy; ngz;fs; murpaypy; rktha;g;Gg;
ngw;W nrayhw;Wtjw;F mtu;fSf;fhd
re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;Ftjw;F midtUNk
jahuhjy; Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwd;wp
ngz;fSf;fhd murpay; cupikiag;
ghJfhg;gnjd;gJ fbdkhdnjhd;whFk;.
Ffepjp Fzr;re;jpud;
Ge:_e
0.._e
cwq; f kWf; Fk; vd;
cr; rhpg; Gfs;
,Wjptiu vd;
,jatiwfspy;
fiwgbe; J
fhj; jpUf; Fk; ......
ehd;
kpUfkhdtd; .....
cswpf; nfhz; Nl vdf; fhd
cd; djq; fis
cjwpf; nfhz; ltd;
czHe; j gpd; Dk;
czHTfspy;
Cwpf; nfhz; ltd; - ehd;
kpUfkhdtd; .....
mepahaj; jpd;
me; juq; f
mj; jpahaq; fis
muq; Nfw; wk; nra; jtd;
mutizg; gpd;
mHj; jq; fisf; $l
miyf; fopj; jtd;
md; gpd;
mj; jpthuq; fis
mbngaHj; jtd; - ehd;
kpUfkhdtd; .....
Raeyj; ijr;
RtPfupj; Jf; nfhz; L
Rje; jpukha;
Ruizaw; Wr;
Rw; wpj; jpupe; jtd; - ehd;
kpUfkhdtd; .....
cUfpf; nfhz; Nl
clYwTfspy;
ciwe; J nfhz; ltd;
cw; gtpj; j
capHr; RtLfis
chpikaw; W Cikaha;
cjpHj; Jf; nfhz; ltd; ehd;
kpUfkhdtd; .....
...
www.deviantart.com/Crappy_Shadow_
Dweller_Ref_by_Alxias.jpg
kpj;jpud;
Ge:_e
0.._e
c
s;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fs;
murpay; ghpghydj;jpd;
mbg;gil myF. vdNt ngz;fspd;
murpay; gq;Fgw;Wif ghy;epiy
rhh;e;jjhf tp];jhpf;fg;gLtjw;Fk;>
cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; mth;fs;
Kjypy; cs;@uhl;rp kd;w murpaypy;
<LgLtJ mtrpak;. nghJthf
midj;J kl;lj;jpdhyhd murpaypYk;
ngz;fs; GwnkhJf;fg;gl;lth;fshfNt
,Uf;fpd;wdh;. ,jw;Fk; je;ijahjpf;f
murpay; kuGfNs mbg;gilf;
fhuzq;fshFk;.
fpuhkq;fNs r%ff; fl;likg;gpd;
mbj;jsk;. vdNt Njrpa hPjpapy;
ngz;fSf;;F murpay; gpuf;iQia
Cl;Ltjw;F Kjw;fz; cs;@uhl;rp
murpaypy; ngz;fis <LgLj;Jjy;
mtrpakhfpd;wJ. me;j tifapy;> ,e;jf;
fl;LiuahdJ ,yq;ifapd; murpaYk;>
fl;likg;Gk;> cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; thf;Fhpik> cs;@uhl;rp
kd;wq;fspy; ngz;fs; gq;Fgw;Wtjd;
Njitg;ghL Nghd;wtw;wpid
cs;slf;fpajhf mikfpd;wJ.
1. ,yq;if murpaYk; fl;likg;Gk;
,yq;if [dehaf Nrhryprf; FbaurhdJ
9 khfhzq;fisAk; 25 khtl;lq;fisAk;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk;
6 tUlq;fshFk;. ,q;F 225 ghuhSkd;w
cWg;gpdh;fs; fhzg;gl;lhYk;
196 cWg;gpdh;fs; Njh;jypD}
lhfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj; njhpT
nra;ag;gLfpd;wdh;. Njrpa kl;lj;jpy;
,t;thwhd fl;likg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
khfhzrig kl;lj;jpy; rw;W NtWgl;l
fl;likg;Gf; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. 1987 Mk;
Mz;bd; jpUj;jr; rl;lj;jpd; gpufhuk;
khfhz rigfs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
,it 5 tUlfhy Ml;;rpf;fhyj;jpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sd. ,tw;wpid tplTk;
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fs; jkJ
eph;thfj;jpid elj;jp tUfpd;wikapidAk;
fhzf; $bajhf cs;sJ. ,jd;
ntspg;ghLfshf khefu rig> efu rig>
gpuNjr rig vd %d;W ntt;NtW
cs;@uhl;rp mikg;Gfspd; tbtq;fisf;
fhzf; $bajhfTs;sJ. ehd;F
tUlq;fSf;;fhd eph;thfg; nghWg;gpidj;
jd;dfj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s ,t;tikg;G
,yq;ifapy; 14 khefu rigfisAk;>
37 efu rigfisAk;> 258 gpuNjr
rigfisAk; nfhz;L epkph;e;J epw;fpd;wJ.
2. cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; thf;Fhpik
,yq;ifapy; 22 Njh;jy; khtl;lq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. cs;@uhl;rp
kd;wq;fisg; nghWj;jtiuapy;
,q;F Njh;jypy; Ntl;ghsh;fshfg;
Nghl;bapl tanjy;iy vd;gJ
Fwpg;gplg;glhtpl;lhYk; 18 taJ Kjy; 35
tajpw;fpilapyhd ,isQh;> Atjpfisj;
Njh;jypy; <Lgl Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhd
thrfq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Njh;jypy; thf;fspj;jy; vd;gjid
vLj;J Nehf;fpd;> 1931Mk; Mz;bd; Kd;dh;
Njh;jy;fspy; Mz;fs; khj;jpuNk thf;fspf;f
KbAk; vd;Dk; epiyik fhzg;gl;lJ.
Mz;fSk; nrhj;Jfisf; nfhz;bUg;gpd;>
fy;tp mwptpidg; ngw;wpUg;gpd;> NkYk;
rhjp mbg;gilapy; cah; rhjpahff;
fhzg;gl;lhy; khj;jpuNk ,e;j chpik
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fs; gq;fspg;gpd; mtrpak;
Ge:_e
0.._e
mtu;fSf;;Fk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epiyik
khwp 1931Mk; Mz;bd; nlhd%h; ahg;gpd;
ghhpa khw;wj;jpd; gpd;dh; taJte;Njhh;
thf;fspf;fyhk; vDk; #oy; cUthdJ.
mNj tUlNk ngz;fSk; thf;fspf;Fk;
cupikiag; ngw;wdu;. mj;NjhL murhq;fj;
Njh;jypy; mth;fs; Njh;T nra;ag;gl
KbAk; vd;w cupikiaAk; ngw;wdu;.
MapDk; cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fhpik
toq;fg;gl;bUf;ftpy;iy. vdpDk; 1938Mk;
Mz;by; murpay; chpik ngz;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;lJ.
cs;@uhl;rp rigj; Njh;jy;
rl;ltpjpfis Nehf;fpd; mtw;wpy;
ngz;fis murpaypy; <LgLj;j Ntz;Lk;>
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;w
vt;tpjkhd thrfq;fSk; Fwpg;gplg;glhj
epiyNa fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. No person shall
be discriminated on the grounds of sex vDk;
thrfNk ghy;epiyapid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. MapDk; cs;@
uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G
mtrpak; vd;gjid gy fhuzq;fs; %yk;
typAWj;jyhk;.
3. cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy; ngz;fs;
gq;Fgw;Wtjd; Njitg;ghL
,d;iwa epiyapy; Nghhpd; gpd;duhd
#oypy; ehL mgptpUj;jpia Nehf;fpa
ghijapy; gazpj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;s
epiyapy; mgptpUj;jp vDk;
vz;zf;fUtpid eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjpy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
mgptpUjpj;jpiaj; jpl;lkpLtjw;F
KO mjpfhuj;jpidAk; xd;W jpul;bg;
gad;gLj;Jk; NghJ ngz;fspd;
jdpj;Jtkhd NjitfSk;; fUj;;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
cjhuzkhfg; nghJf; fpzW xd;wpid
mikf;Fk; NghJ mq;F Fspf;f tUk;
ngz;fs;> rpWkpfspd; ghJfhg;G> gad;ghL
Nghd;wtw;iw ed;F njupe;jtu;fshfTk;>
czh;e;jth;fshfTk; kpfg; nghUj;jkhd
rpghhpRfisAk; Njitfspd;
jhh;g;ghpaj;jpidAk; Kd;itf;ff;$ba
jd;ikahdJ ngz;fsplk; Mokhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
vdNt cs;@uhl;l;rpj; Njh;jy;fspy;
ngz;fs; gq;F gw;wpd;; mgptpUj;jp Nehf;fpa
jpl;lkply; kpfr; rpwg;ghf mikAk;. vdNt
cs;@h; Ml;rp kd;wq;fspy; ngz;fs;
gq;fspg;G mtrpakhdJ.
ngz;fspd; tfpgq;Ffs; gy. mjpy;
jhahf ngz;fs; ghh;f;fg;gLk; re;jh;g;gk;
Vuhsk;. jhapd; ghh;itapdpd;W
ghu;f;Fk;NghJ jdJ gps;isfs;
ghlrhiy nry;Yk; NghJ njUf;fs;
rPuhditahff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdth?
vd vz;Zfpd;whs;. njUf;fs; ed;whf
,Uf;Fk; re;jh;g;gj;jpy;jhd; Foe;ijfspd;
Rfhjhuk; cWjpg;gLj;jg;gLk;. #oy;
Rj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; NghJjhd; jd;
Foe;ijfspd; ghJfhg;G tYT+l;lg;gLk;.
vdNt njUf;fs;> #oy; gw;wp mjpf
mf;fiw nfhz;ltu;fshfg; ngz;fs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wu;. ,ay;ghfNt
,t;thwhfr; r%f kakhf;fg;gl;l
ngz;fs; jk; #oypd;ghy; kpfTk; mf;fiw
nfhz;ltshff; fhzg;gLfpd;whs;.
njUf;fs;> #oy;> Rj;jk; Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
cs;@uhl;rp rigfspd; eph;thfj;jpw;F
cl;gl;Lf; fhzg;gLtjdhy; ngz;fs;
cs;@uhl;rpapy; ,ize;J eph;tfpf;Fk;
NghJ kpfTk; rpwg;ghd Ml;rpapid
ntspg;gLj;j KbAk;.
cs;@uhl;rp rigfs; cs;@hpd;
mgptpUj;jpapid Nehf;fp nraw;gLfpd;wd.
Ez;fld; jpl;lq;fspD}lhd mgptpUj;jp>
tho;thjhu mgptpUj;jp> mtw;wpw;fhd
gapw;rp Nghd;w gy;NtW mgptpUj;jp
Nehf;fpa jpl;lq;fis cs;@uhl;rp
kd;wq;fs; Ghpfpd;wd. ,tw;iw rhpahd
Kiwapy; rhptu mKy;gLj;jf; $ba
rpwg;ghd Maj;jj;jd;ik> Ghpe;J
nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ik Nghd;wit
ngz;fspilNa fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Ge:_e
0.._e
vdNt ,tw;wpid mKy;gLj;jp
mgptpUj;jpapy; ngz;fisf;
nfhz;L tUtjw;F rpwg;ghd
,lk; cs;@uhl;rp eph;thfNk.
cs;@uhl;rp rigapd;
mjpfhuj;jpd; fPo; re;ij> fpuhkpa
tPjpfs;> thrpf rhiy> Muk;g
ghlrhiy> nghJ ikjhdq;fs;>
kahdq;fs;> cs;@h; ePh;tbfhy;
mikg;Gfs;> Rw;Wr; Rfhjhuk;>
fl;bl mq;fPfhuk; Nghd;wit
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,tw;iwg;
nghWj;jtiuapy; ghy;epiy
njhlh;ghd Njitg;ghLfis
Kd;Dhpikg;gLj;j>
jPh;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;sTk;
mj;NjhL ngw;w jPh;khdq;fis
mKy;g;;gLj;jTk;>
cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G
mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
ngz;fspd; chpikfis>
murpay; hPjpahd jPh;khdq;fis
Nkw;nfhs;s kpfg; nghUj;jkhd
,lk; cs;@uhl;rp
murhq;fkhFk;. vdNt
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G ,q;F
kpfTk; mtrpakhfpd;wJ. kj;jpa
murhq;fj;jpy; ,lk; gjpf;f
,yFthf gapw;rp ngwf;$ba
,lkhfTk; cs;@uhl;rp
kd;wq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vdNt cs;@uhl;rp kd;wq;fspy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G
mtrpakhfpd;wik fz;$L.
k
iyg; gpuNjrk; xd;wpy; gazpj; Jf;
nfhz; bUe; j Ng&e; jpy; fhjyu; ,Utu;
gazk; nra; J nfhz; bUe; jhHfs; . mtHfs;
Xhplj; jpNy Ng&e; jpy; ,Ue; J ,wq; Ftjw; Fj;
jPHkhdpj; jhHfs; . ,f; fhjyHfs; Ng&e; jpy;
,Ue; J ,wq; fpa gpd; du; Ng&e; J Kd; Ndhf; fp
efHe; J nrd;wJ. mt; thW Ng&e; J
nrd; W nfhz; bUe; jNghJ> xu; nghpa fy;
kiyapypUe; J cUz; L te; J mg; Ng&e; jpd;
kPJ tpOe; J Ng&e; ij Jfs; fshf
nehUf; fpaJ. Fwpg; gpl; l Ng&e; jpypUe; jtHfs;
midtUk; nfhy; yg; gl; ldh; . mjidf; fz; l
fhjyHfs; 'ehq; fSk; ,e; jg; Ng&e; jpy;
,Ue; jpUf; f Ntz; Lk; vdr; nrhy; ypf;
nfhz; ldh; . mtHfs; mg; gb Vd; $wpdhHfs;
vd epidf; fpwPHfs; ?
Ng&e; jpypUe; J ,wq; fj; jPHkhdpf; fhJ
mtHfs; Ng&e; jpy; ,Ue; jpUe; jhy; > mtHfis
,wf; Ftjw; F me; jg; Ng&e; J jhkjpj; J
,Uf; fhtpl; lhy; > me; jg; ghiwahdJ Ng&e; J
nrd;w gpd; Ng tpOe; jpUf; Fk; .
tho; f; ifapy; vg; nghOJk; rhjfkhfr;
rpe; jpAq;; fs; . mj; Jld; kw;wtHfSf; F
cjtf; $ba re; jHg; gq; fisj; NjLq; fs; .
_--
-c,
,izaj; jpypUe; J
ghujp nfd;db
Ge:_e
0.._e
k
l;lf;fsg;gpy; cs;s Xl;lkhtb>
VwhT+u;> fhj;jhd;Fb Nghd;w K];ypk;
kf;fs; nrwpe;J tho;fpd;w gpuNjrq;fspy;
,lk;ngw;w cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy;
ngz;fs; gq;Fgw;Wif gw;wp mf;fiw
nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhdjhFk;.
Vnddpy; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy;
ngUk;ghyhd ,lq;fs; Aj;jk; kw;Wk;
,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fshy; mjpfstpy;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,jdhy;
ngUk;ghyhd FLk;gq;fs; ngz;fisj;
jiyikj;Jtkhff; nfhz;L tWikAld;
NghuhLgtu;fshfNt ,d;Wtiu
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. kl;lf;fsg;G
khtl;lj;ijg; nghWj;jtiu njhlu;r;rpahf
,lk;ngw;w nts;sg; ngUf;fhdJ kPz;Lk;
kPz;Lk; mjpfstpyhd kf;fspid
,lk;ngaur; nra;jNjhL tho;thjhur;
rpf;fiyAk; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sJ. ngz;fsJ
Ranjhopy; Kaw;rpfs; kw;Wk; Fbirf;
ifj;njhopy; tsq;fs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lNjhL
mtw;iwNa [PtNdhghakhff; nfhz;L
tho;fpd;w ngz;fs; jkJ %y tsq;fis
,oe;Js;s Ju;g;ghf;fpak; kl;lf;fsg;gpy;
mjpfkhf epfo;e;Js;sJ. ,t;thwhd
mrhjhuz #o;epiy fhuzkhf ehSf;;F
ehs; tho;thjhuk; mopf;fg;gLtNjhL
tWik epiy mjpfupj;j tz;zNk
Nkw;$wg;gl;l #oypy; ,lk;ngw;w
cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jy; gw;wpAk; mjpNy
Fwpg;ghf K];ypk; gFjpfspy; K];ypk;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G kw;Wk; gq;Fgw;Wif
njhlu;ghf mjpf ftdk; nrYj;jg;gLjy;
mtrpakhFk;. Vnddpy; mdu;j;jq;fshy;
ghjpg;gile;j ngz;fsJ tho;f;ifia
kPsf;fl;bnaOg;gTk; mj;NjhL
ngz;fs; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfisf;
$Uzu;Tld; epiwNtw;wTk; cs;@uhl;rp
murpaypy; mJTk; K];ypk; ngz;fs;
nrwpe;J thOk; gFjpfspy; K];ypk;
ngz;fspd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; kw;Wk;
mtu;fsJ Nrit vjpu;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk;
NjitAilanjhd;whFk;. me;jtifapy;
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy; fhj;jhd;Fbg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;@uhl;rpj; Nju;jypy;
Nghl;bapl;L ntw;wpaPl;ba K];ypk;
fhq;fpu]; cWg;gpdUk; r%f NrtfpAkhd
ry;kh `k;rh mtu;fs; murpaypy; K];ypk;
ngz;fs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; gw;wpAk;
cs;@uhl;rp murpaypy; K];ypk; ngz;fs;
<Lgl Ntz;ba Njit njhlu;ghfTk;
$Wk;NghJ kl;lf;fsg;gpy; fhj;jhd;Fbg;
gpuNjrk; ngUksthd K];ypk; rkaf;
fl;Lg;ghLfs; epiwe;j ,lkhFk;. ehd;
vkJ gFjpapy; gyfhykhf r%f Nritapy;
<Lgl;L tUfpd;Nwd;. mt;thW r%fj;jpy;
ehd; nraw;gLk; NghJ ,Jtiu vdf;F
Kuzhf ahUk; nraw;gltpy;iy.
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <LgLtJ
njhlu;ghf ,lk;ngWfpd;w vjpu;g;G my;yJ
rthy; vdr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ ngUk;ghYk;
,y;iy vd;Nw nrhy;y Ntz;Lk;. ngz;fs;
murpaypw;F tuNtz;Lk; vd;Nw gyUk;
epidf;fpwhu;fs;. Vnddpy; ngz;fSf;;F
epiwag; ghjpg;Gfs; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,y;yj;jurpfs;> gy;fiyf;fof khztpfs;>
njhopy; GupAk; ngz;fs;> Rfhjhu
cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; Nghd;Nwhu;fs; murpaypy;
ehd; <Lgl Ntz;Lk; vd tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs;.
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpy;
epiwtile;e cs;@uhl;rpj;
Nju;jYk; K];ypk; ngz;fSk;
Ge:_e
0.._e
te;Js;Nsd;. fhj;jhd;Fbg; gpuNjrj;jpy;
ngz; thf;fhsu;fNs ngUk;ghd;ikahf
cs;shu;fs;. mtu;fNs vdJ ntw;wpf;Fk;
fhuzkhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;.
jpUkjp ry;kh `k;rh Fwpg;gpl;lijg;
Nghd;W ,d;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ngz;
Ntl;ghsu;fisj; njupT nra;tjw;fhfj;
jkJ thf;Ffisg; ngz;fs;
gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;ba Njit cs;sik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,Jtiu fhyKk;
ngz;fshfpa ehk; vkJ thf;Ffis
Mz; murpay; Ntl;ghsu;fSf;Nf mspj;J
te;Js;Nshk;. ,dpAk; mt;thwd;wp vkJ
ngWkjpahd thf;Ffis ghy;epiyf;
$Uzu;Tld; nraw;glf; $ba ngz;
Ntl;ghsu;fSf;;F toq;fp mtu;fis
ntw;wpaPl;lr; nra;NthNkahdhy;
vjpu;fhyj;jpy; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
xu; ];jpukhd epiyiag; ngWtjw;F
cWJizahf mikAk;.
ngz;fs; murpaypy; <Lgl KidAk;
NghJ Vw;gLfpd;w toikahd murpay;
vjpu;g;Gg; ghuk;gupak; vdf;Fk; ,Ue;jJ.
Mdhy; vdJ r%fj;jpy; ,Ue;J G+uz
MjuT fpilj;jJ. K];ypk; ngz; vd;w
fhuzj;jhy; murpaypy; <LgLtjw;F
vdf;F vt;tpjkhd jilfNsh my;yJ
rthy;fNsh ,Uf;ftpy;iy.
kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;ijg;
nghWj;jtiu Aj;jk; kw;Wk;
mdu;j;jq;fspdhy; ngUksthd ngz;fs;
ghjpg;gile;Js;shu;fs;. ngz;fs;
jiyikj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fs; mjpfstpy;
cs;sd. fztid ,oe;Njhu;> ngz;
jiyikj;Jtf; FLk;gq;fs;> njhopy; GupAk;
ngz;fs;> khztpfs;; Nghd;Nwhu; vdJ
,yf;Ff; FOthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; vy;NyhUNk vdJ murpay;
gpuNtrj;ij tpUk;Gfpd;whu;fs;. Vnddpy;
Mz; murpay;thjpfspd; murpay;
J\;gpuNahfk; ,d;W mjpfkhfNt
,lk;ngWfpd;wJ. ngz;fs; mq;fPfhuk;
toq;fpajhy; ehd; mjpfhuj;jpw;F ,d;W
vd;W
czu;tha;...?
ngz; iz
jhapd; fUtiwapy; NtW gpupj; J
rPjdk; vDk; rhf; filapy; js; sp
mbik vDk; gl; lk; nfhLj; J
MWjy; vd; w ngaupy;
nghWg; igAk; > nghWikiaAk; fhl; b
Kjpu; taJ mile; jTld;
%r; R epw; Fk; tiu
%iyapy; js; Sk;
Mzhjpf; fNk
ngz; fis
vd; W czu; tha; ?
ghz;bN[hjp
jpz;Lf;fy;
tlf;F fpof;F ngz;fs; mikg;G
Ge:_e
0.._e
zpg;G+upf; ftpQuhd ,Nuhk;
\hD \Hkpyh vd;gtu; kzpg;G+upapy;
cs;s kNyhkpy; vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; gj;J
nghJkf;fs; ,e;jpa ,uhZtj;jpduhy;
nfhiy nra;ag;gl;ljd; gpw;ghL>
murhq;fj;jpdhy; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;l
AFSPA apid ,y;yhJ ePf;Fk; nghUl;L
muir epHg;ge;jpg;gjw;fhf 2000Mk;
Mz;L fhu;j;jpif khjk; 2Mk; jpfjp
xu; cz;zhtpujg; Nghuhl;lj;ij
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;. mtu; fhu;j;jpif 6Mk;
jpfjpNa ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;. 2000Mk;
Mz;L fhu;j;jpif 21Mk; jpfjp Kjy;
mtuJ %f;fpd; Clhff; fl;lhakhfr;
nrYj;jg;gl;l gpsh];bf; Foha; topNa
czT Cl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. (,e;j tUlj;jpy;
,Ue;J rupahf 9 tUlq;fSf;;F Kd;G)
,t;thwhf 2009 fhu;j;jpif 02Mk; jpfjp
Kjy; mtuJ gl;bdpg; Nghuhl;lj;jpd;
10MtJ Mz;bw;Fs; mtu; Eioe;J
tpl;lhu;. cyfpd; kdr;rhl;rpia cYf;fpa
g_q nom
,e;jj; jdpj;Jtkhd Nghuhl;lkhdJ
(Nghjpastpy; ,Uf;ftpy;iy vd ehd;
Cfpf;fpd;Nwd;) epr;rakhf cyfpNyNa
ePz;lfhyk; cz;zhtpujk; ,Ug;gtuhf
fpd;d]; gjpTg; Gj;jfj;jpy; mtiu Eioar;
nra;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
,g;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzk;
ahnjdpy;> MAjg;gilfspd; tpNrl
Vw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf 1958Mk;
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cs;s vtUk;; my;yJ ve;jj;
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mjpfhupAk; $l> gpui[fisf; ifJ
nra;aTk;> mtHfspd; clikfSf;Fs;
cj;juTg; gj;jpukpd;wp EioaTk;
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vtiuAk; Rl;Lf;nfhy;yTk; KbAk;.
k
Ge:_e
0.._e
AFSPA MdJ 1980Mk; Mz;by;
,Ue;J njhlHrpahf fpsHr;rpia
eRf;Fk; Nehf;Fld; mKy;gLj;jg;gl;L
tUfpd;wJ. vt;thwhapDk; AFSPA
MdJ J\;gpuNahfk; nra;tjw;Fk;
mlf;F Kiw nra;tjw;Fk;> ghugl;rk;
fhl;Ltjw;Fkhd xU fUtpahf murpw;F
cs;sJ. ,t;thwhd epiyikapy; rhT>
ghypay; ty;YwT> Nghyp Clhl;lq;fs;>
ifJ> vNjr;irahdtpjkhd jLj;Jitg;G>
rpj;jputij> ghypay; njhe;juTfs;
kw;Wk; nrhj;Jfisf; nfhs;isabj;jy;>
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nghJthditahf khwptpl;ld.
,r;rl;lk; njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; Vd;
ftiyg;gl Ntz;Lk;?
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gpufldg;gLj;jg;gLk; ,e;jpahtpd; ve;j
khepyj;jpYk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;glf;
$bajhf ,Ug;gJld;> ehl;bd; gpui[fs;
kPJ jpzpf;fTk; KbAk;. mj;NjhL
,J ngUkstpyhd mjpfhuj;jpid
,uhZtj;jpw;F toq;FtNjhL>
gpui[fspd; cupikia ghJfhf;fhj
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murhq;fj;jpd; mDkjpapd;wp ,uhZtj;jpd;
mjpfhuj; J\;gpuNahfj;jpw;F vjpuhf ve;j
rl;l nrad;KiwfisAk; Nkw;nfhs;sTk;
KbahJ.
vkJ murhq;fk; MAjq;fisf;
iftpl;Ltpl;L td;Kiwaw;w ghijf;F
nry;Yk;gb fpsu;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fj;
njhlu;e;Jk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;L
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td;Kiwaw;w ghijiag; gpd;gw;WkhW
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jhKk; Kjypy; td;Kiwaw;w ghijiag;
gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lk;. td;Kiwaw;w
topiag; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w ehq;fNs
gy;NtWgl;l MAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj;
jhf;FtJ td;Kiwia NkYk;
tYg;gLj;Jk;. fpsu;r;rpahsu;fshf
re;Njfpf;fg;gLk; vtiuAk; nfhiy
nra;Ak;gb murhq;fk; njhlu;r;rpahff;
fl;lisapLfpd;wJ. xt;nthU ehSk;
,lk;ngWk; nfhiyfisf; fz;L
vdJ kdjpy; vkJ Ml;rpahsu;fs; ahu;
vd;W xu; re;Njfk; Vw;gLfpd;wJ. ,q;Nf
vd;d eilngWfpd;wJ vd;W vdf;Fj;
njupatpy;yiy. gy khjq;fshf vkJ
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,oe;J tpLtjd; nrytPdk; $l
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ehq;fs; mwpaNtz;Lk;. cz;ikapy;
fy;tpf;fhd cupik $l thOk; cupik
kw;Wk; tho;thjhuj;jpw;fhd cupik
vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;Nj tsu;e;jpUf;fpwJ.
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nry;y KbahJ vd;W vkf;Fj; njupAk;.
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fy;tpahy; ehk; vijr; rhjpg;Nghk;.
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ep&gpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. cz;ikahd
mf;fiw kw;Wk; nraw;ghl;bd; tpistpid
mwpe;J nfhs;Sjy; vd;gtw;wpy; ,Ue;J
gfp\;fupg;G ntbj;jpUe;jhy; mJ xU
khjNkh mjw;Fs;Nsh mjDila
Nehf;fj;jpy; ntw;wpaile;jpUf;Fk;. tFg;Gg;
gfp\;fupg;ig Nehf;fpa murhq;fj;jpd;
mf;fiwapd;ik kNdhghtkhdJ
khztu;fspd; eyNdhk;GifapYk;
,y;yhjpUg;gijf; fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
ehk; epfo;fhyj;ij khj;jpuk; rpe;jpf;f
KbahJ. khztHfSf;fhd ftiy
vjpHfhyk; gw;wpajhfTs;sJ.
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,Ug;ghs; vd;W ahUf;Fj; njupAk;? 2004
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gpw;ghlhd fpsu;r;rpahy; cUthf;fg;gl;l
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kdpj cupikfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Nthk;.
xUtH my;yJ rpyupd; rhtpw;fhf Vd;
mOJ Gyk;g Ntz;Lnkd murhq;fk;
Nfl;fpd;wJ. Nehapdhy; Vw;gLk; kuzq;fs;
Ge:_e
0.._e
vt;thW md;Gf;FupatHfspd; gpuptpy;
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ vd;gij ehk;
rpe;jpf;f Ntz;Lk;. vk;ikg; ghJfhg;gtH
vd cupik Nfhupf;nfhs;Sk; vkJ
murhq;fkhdJ ,wg;Gfis ,aw;if
kuzq;fs; vd cs;slf;fg; Nghfpd;wjh?
ehk; rpwe;j Xu; Ntiyiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhz;L mj;NjhL vkJ tho;f;ifia
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fy;tpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhz;Nlhk;. ehk;
Vd; gpwe;Njhk;? vd;w Nfs;tpiaf;
Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;. ,e;j G+kpapNy thOk;
fhyj;jpy; ngUikailaf; $ba
VjhtJ tplak; vk;kplk; cz;lh?
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nfhs;s Kbahjtu;fshf NtWgl;l
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,jak; ehd; Xu; kdpjg; gpwtp vd;w
tifapy; Ntjidailfpd;wJ.
Vida r%fq;fs; kpfTk;
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kdpjH tho;tjw;F Kd;ghf flTshy;
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kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; rhjpg;gjw;F ehk;
fLikahf Kaw;rpf;f KbahJs;sJ. gy
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kw;wtHfspNyNa ,d;dKk; jq;fpapUf;f
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mope;JtpLk;. Mdhy; kpf Kf;fpakhd
tplak; vd;dntdpy; mJ kdpjj;jpw;fhd
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msTfNsahFk;.
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vd tu;zpf;fg;gLk; ,Nwhk; \u;kpyh
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nra;Ak;gb murhq;fj;ijf; Nfl;Lf;
fle;j 10 Mz;Lfshf cz;zh Nehd;G
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rq;fUldhd fye;Jiuahlypd;NghNj
jhd; kzk; Kbf;f tpUk;Gtjhff; $wpdhu;.
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topiag; gpd;gw;Wfpd;w
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MAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpj;
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tYg;gLj;Jk;.
'
"
Ge:_e
0.._e
\u;kpyh itj;jparhiyapy;
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vy;y tplaq;fisg; gw;wpAk; Ngrpf;
nfhz;bUf;fpwhu;. czT gw;wpf; $Wk;NghJ
xu; Foe;ijahf vdf;F rhg;gpLtJ
tpUg;gkhf ,Ue;jJ. Kd;G vdf;F
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mjpfhuj;jpidf; nfhLj;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
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njhl;ljpy;iy. MdhYk; murhq;fj;jpdhy;
mtUf;Fg; gyte;jkhf czT Cl;lg;gl;L
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vd> jdJ tPl;bypUe;J ntWkNd 800
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jhahu; ,jw;fhf mbf;fb VrpaJz;L.
vd;Dila Nghuhl;lKk; czNthL
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- .-: -<:,.-:
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Ge:_e
0.._e
xU vjpu;g;gpd; milahskhfg;
ghu;f;fg;gLfpwhu;. ifJ nra;ag;gl;lhu;:
tpLtpf;fg;gl;lhu;: kPz;Lk; ifJ
nra;ag;gl;lhu;. Mdhy; ,k;ghy;
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nra;ag;gl;l kNyhk; gLnfhiyapd; gpd;G
cldbahf mtu; njhlq;fpa cz;zh
Nehd;ig \u;kpyh iftpl kWj;Jtpl;lhu;.
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ehs; ,uT cs;@u; ntJg;gfj;jpy; ,Ue;J
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vd rgjk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;Nld;.
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xU ehisf;F 3 jlitfs; fhiy 10.00>
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czT+l;lg;gLk;; gpsh];upf; FohahdJ>
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cs;s kuf;fwpfisg; gwpj;J te;J>
mitfisg; gr;irahf cz;gjpy; Neuj;ij
nrytopg;ghu;. mj;NjhL Nfhopfs; tsu;j;J>
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gzj;ij cs;@upy; cs;s fl;Gydw;Nwhu;
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uPjpahfg; ngupJk; <Lgl;bUf;ftpy;iy.
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14 taJ rNfhjuUld; neUf;fkhf
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mtu;fisf; nfhz;L ghY}l;Ltpj;jhd;.
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mur rhu;gw;w epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa
tptrha cj;jpNahfj;ju; NtiyiaAk;
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Ge:_e
0.._e
\u;kpyh jdJ kNdhtypikiaj;>
jdJ ghl;bahuhfpa ,Nwhk; nuhd;rp[h
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,y; ,we;J Nghdhu;. murpd; kfhuh[h
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ngz;fs; Nghuhl;lj;ij elj;jpdu;.
mt;thW 1939 Mk; Mz;L Nghuhl;lk;
elj;jpa Egp yhd; ,af;fj;jpd; xU
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ghl;bahu; fy;tp fw;ftpy;iy. Mdhy;
mtuplk; murpay;> nghUshjhuk; Fwpj;j
mwpT ,Ue;jJ. vd itj;jparhiyapy;
jdf;Fg; gf;fj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk; jhjp xUtuhy;
md;gspg;ghff; nfhLf;fg;gl;l Nghu;itia
,Oj;Jf; nfhz;Nl \u;kpyh $Wfpd;whu;.
mtUila miwapNy ,d;Dk;
gy md;gspg;Gfs; cs;sd. xU
glg;gpbg;ghsuhy; md;gspg;Gr;
nra;ag;gl;l rptg;G nts;is
epwj;jpdhyhd mrhkp]; fk;r;rh
Assamese gamcha, NtnwhU jhjpahy;
mtUf;F nfhLf;fg;gl;l kPuh gha;
rpiy Meera Bai vd;gd me;j miwapNy
,Ue;jd. mtu;; MNuhf;fpakw;w
gytPdkhd cliyf; nfhz;bUe;jhYk;
cw;rhfkhff; fhzg;gl;lhu;;. Nahfhrdk;
nra;tJld;> ftpij vOJtjpy; Neuj;ij
nrytpLfpd;whu;. fle;j khjk; \u;kpyhtpd;
12 ftpijfis rkhjhdj;jpd; eWkzk;
vd miof;fg;gl;l xu; njhFjpahf Rghd;
(Zubaan) ntspapl;lJ.
me;j miwapNy xu; ,Uk;Gf; fl;bypNy
Gj;jfq;fs; Ftpe;J fplf;fpd;wd. mtUf;F
tpUg;gkhd Neur; nrytopg;ghf thrpg;G
,Ug;gjhf ehd; Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwd;.
VjhtJ Gj;jfq;fis ehd; mDg;gp
itg;gjw;F tpUg;gkh vdf; Nfl;Nld;.
,y;iy ehd; thrpj;Jf; fisj;J tpl;Nld;
vd mtu; gjpyspj;jhu;.
Khushwant Singh, xu; Khalil Gibran kw;Wk;
xu; Chetan Bhagat xU fl;Lg;Gj;jfj;jpy;
Rl;bf;fhl;l KbAk;. mNefkhd
Gj;jfq;fs; vdf;F vdJ fhjyuhNyNa
md;gspg;Gr; nra;ag;gl;ld vd mtu;
$wpdhu;. ,g;nghOJjhd; Kjw; jlitahf
mtuJ tho;tpy; xUtu; ,Ug;gijf;
Nfs;tpg;gl;Nld;. ehd; jaq;fpNdd;.
Mdhy; \u;kpyh mtiug; gw;wpg; NgRtjpy;
njspthfTk;> Mu;tkhfTk; ,Ue;jhu;;. mtu;
NfushtpYs;s xu; gpupj;jhdpaf;fhuu;.
Deepti Priya Mehrotra My; vOjg;gl;L>
ngd;Fapdhy; ntspaplg;gl;l> kzpg;G+upg;
Nghuhl;lk; njhlu;ghd (2009) Gj;jfkhfpa
Burning Bright, ,y; (vupAk; gpufhrk;)
\u;kpyhitg; gw;wp mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. mtu;
xu; Gj;jfj;ijg; gbj;j gpw;ghL vdf;F xu;
fbjj;ij vOjpdhu;. mg;nghOjpypUe;Nj
ehq;fs; fbjk; gupkhwpf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.
vd \u;kpyh ntl;fj;NjhL Fwpg;gpl;lhu;.
Mdhy; mtu;fs; ,UtUk; ,d;Dk;
re;jpf;ftpy;iy. mtu; \u;kpyhitg;
ghu;g;gjw;fhd murhq;fj;jpd; cj;jutpw;fhff;
fhj;jpUf;fpd;whu;. vd;Dila nry;yplj;
njhiyNgrpapy; ,Ue;J mtUf;Fj;
njhiyNgrp miog;ig tpLj;J> \u;kpyh
mtiu tpUk;Gtjhfr; nrhy;YkhW
vd;idr; nrhy;YkhW Nfl;fpd;whs;. ehDk;
mt;thNw nra;J mtUila nrhw;fis ehd;
vjpnuhypf;fpNwd;. \u;kpyh njhiyNgrpapy;
Ngrtpy;iy. Kfj;ijg; Gj;jfj;jpd; gpd;Nd
kiwj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;. jpBnud;W
\u;kpyh gjpd;k taJf;fhup Nghyf;
fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
ehd; njhiyNgrpia itj;J tpl;Nld;.
\u;kpyh ntspwpg; Ngha;f; fhzg;gLfpd;whu;.
kPz;Lk; mtu;; me;jg; Gj;jfj;jhy; jdJ
Kfj;ij kiwj;J tpLfpd;whu;. Mdhy;
,e;jKiw mtu;; mOfpd;whu;. ehd;
mtid ,of;fpd;Nwd;. ehd; mtNdhL
njhlu;gpy;yhky; ,Uf;fpd;Nwd;. mtu;fs;
mtDf;F tpiutpy; mDkjpaspf;f Ntz;Lk;
vd;W tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd; vdf; $wpdhu;;.
cj;juT vJthf ,Ug;gpDk; Rygkhf
nfhLf;fg;glkhl;lhJ. mtd;
Ge:_e
0.._e
J}zpypUe;J J}Zf;F vd;idr;
re;jpg;gjw;fhf Xl Ntz;bapUf;fpd;wJ.
vOj;jhsUk; nraw;ghl;lhsUkhd
Mahasweta Devi cj;juit kWj;J tpl;lhu;;.
ehd; xu; Fw;wthspahf ,Ug;gjhy;
Ml;fis vd;idr; re;jpf;f tpLtjpy;iy
vd mts; $Wfpd;whs;.
ehd; Rw;wpg; ghu;f;Fk;nghOJ> Guhz
uPjpahd fhjyu;fshd fpU\;zd;>
uhjh kur;rpiyfs; vdJ ftdj;ijg;
gpbj;jd. ,itfs; mtd; nfhLj;j
md;gspg;GfNs. jhd; fpU\;zf; flTs;
vd;Wk;> ehd; mtdpd; uhjh vd;Wk; mtd;
nrhy;fpd;whd; vd;W rpupj;Jf; nfhz;Lk;
mtspd; RUz;l jiy kapupy; ifiaj;
Jyhtpf; nfhz;Lk; \u;kpyh $Wfpd;whu;.
ej;jhUf;F mtdplkpUe;jhd guprhf
Santa Claus ,d; njhg;gpAk; kzpAk;
fpilj;jJ. GJtUlg; guprhf ehl;fhl;bAk;>
jpdf;Fwpg;NgLk; tutpUf;fpd;wJ vdf;
Fwpg;gpl;lhu;. mjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,uz;L
ftpijfs; vOjpapUg;gjhfTk;> Mdhy;
mitfs; kzpg;Gupapy; cs;sjhy;>
mtdhy; mtw;iw thrpf;f KbahJ vdTk;
tUe;Jfpd;whu;;.
tsUk; nghOJ $l igad;fs;
kj;jpapy; rpW tpUg;Ng nfhz;bUe;j
\u;kpyhtpDila Gjpa czu;Tfs;
,itfs;. mtu; ,g;nghOJ jpUkzk;
nra;a tpUk;Gfpwhu;. vdJ ghl;bahu;
ehd; jpUkzk; nra;tijg; ghu;f;f
tpUk;Gfpd;whu;. mj;Jld; ehDk; jpUkzk;
nra;a tpUk;Gfpd;Nwd;. Mdhy; vdJ
Nfs;tp G+u;j;jpaile;j gpd;G khj;jpuNk
vd;W $Wfpd;whu;. ,d;Dk; Gul;rpNahL
NghuhLk; xu;; khepyj;jpypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l
rl;lj;ij murhq;fk; mfw;Wk; NghYs;sJ.
ehd; xu; jpahf tPuhq;fidahf ,lk;ngw
tpUk;gtpy;iy. ,e;jpah xU ehisf;F
vdJ Nfs;tpf;F nrtpnfhLf;Fk; vd
ehd; ek;Gfpd;Nwd;. murhq;fkhdJ
gaq;futhj jLg;Gr; rl;lj;ij ,y;yhJ
nra;a KbAkhdhy; Vd; mtu;fshy;
AFSPA apidAk; mt;thW mfw;w
KbahJ? vd njd;nfhupahtpd; Gwangju
kdpj chpikfs; tpUijAk; jpl;lkply;
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd ,e;jpa epiyaj;jpd;
utPe;jpuehj; jh$u; rkhjhd tpUijAk;
mz;ikapy; ntd;wtuhd \u;kpyh
Nkw;fz;lthW Nfl;fpwhu;.
,g;Nghuhl;lkhdJ ePz;ljhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ehd; tpl;Lr; nry;tjw;F
vOe;Njd;. \u;kpyh vd;idj; jLf;fpd;whs;.
jdJ fhjyDf;F njhiyNgrp miog;G
vLf;Fk;gb Nfl;fpd;whs;. (vd;Dila
gpujpapNy ehd; vt;thW mtidf;
Fwpg;gplyhk; vd;W \u;kpyhitf;
Nfl;fpd;Nwd;. jdJ fhjyd; vd mtu;
gjpyspf;fpd;whu;) Mdhy; ,e;j Kiw
vd;dhy; \u;kpyhtpd; fhjyidj;
njhiyNgrpapy; njhlu;G nfhs;s
Kbatpy;iy. vdJ ,Wjpg; ghu;itahdJ
Vkhw;wq;fs; epiwe;j xU KfkhfNt
,Ue;jJ. mj;Jld; %f;fpw;Ff; Foha;
nghUj;jg;gl;ljhfTk; ,Ue;jJ.

http://029atoz.blogspot.com/2009/11/iron-woman.html
Irom Sharmila Chanu, Manipurs Iron lady
Gul;rpNahL NghuhLk; xu;;
khepyj;jpypUe;J Fwpg;gpl;l
rl;lj;ij murhq;fk;
mfw;Wk; NghYs;sJ...
,e;jpah xU ehisf;F
vdJ Nfs;tpf;F
nrtpnfhLf;Fk; vd ehd;
ek;Gfpd;Nwd;...
'
"
Ge:_e
0.._e
ngz;fSf;F murpay; mjpfhuk;
nfhLg;gnjd;w mbg;gil cz;ikia
Vw;W> Kd;Dhpik nfhLg;gJ njw;fhrpa
ehLfspy; Fwpg;ghf ,yq;ifapy;
Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
1975 ,y; cyfr; nraw;jpl;lk;> murpay;>
nghJ mikg;Gfspd; Copau; mikg;G>
kw;Wk; mKf;ff; FOf;fspy; ngz;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpd; mtrpaj;ij typAWj;jpaJ.
gpd;G ieNuhgp khehl;by; murpaw;
fl;rpfs; mjpf vz;zpf;ifahd
ngz;fisj; Nju;jypy; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;
vd;w Nfhhpf;ifia Kd;itj;jJ.
1995 ,y; eilngw;w gP[pq; ru;tNjr
ngz;fs; fUj;juq;F ngz;fSf;fhd
mjpfhug; gfpu;tpid tpthjpj;jJ.
,J> mjpfhuk; rk;ge;jkhfg; ngz;fs;
rpWghd;ikapduhff; fUjg;gl;lij
ng
z;fs; murpaypy; gq;Fgw;WtJ
vd;gJ Gjpjhd tplaky;y.
Guhjd fhyq;fspYk;> ,ilf;fhyq;fspYk;
mtu;fspd; Ml;rp Kf;fpakhfpd;wJ. gpd;
fhydpj;Jt fhyq;fspYk; murpaypy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;igf; Fiwj;J kjpg;gpl
KbahJ. Mdhy; Guhjd fhyq;fspy;
ngz;fs; Nju;jypw;F epakpf;fg;gltpy;iy.
ngz;fs; Nju;jypy; epw;gjw;F ve;jf;
fl;rpAk; KO MjuT njhptpf;ftpy;iy.
Mdhy; jw;NghJ ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk;
KbntLf;Fk; jd;ikfspy; mtu;fspd;
fUj;JfSk; r%fr; rPu;jpUj;j ntw;wpfSf;F
Kf;fpakhdjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
etPd ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gpuNtrkhdJ ngz;fs; mikg;GfspD}
lhf khj;jpuky;yhJ> Kf;fpa murpaw;
fl;rpfspD}lhfTk; ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ.
ngz;fs; murpaypy; gq;Fgw;wy; - Xu;

Ge:_e
0.._e
vLj;Jf; fhl;baJ. MfNt gy;NtW
murhq;fq;fspdhy; ngz;fspd; murpay;
gq;Fgw;Wjiy mjpfhpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W
Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fg;gl;lJ.
[dehaf mbg;gilapw;
fpilf;Fk; ed;ikfis khj;jpuk;
ngwf; $batshfg; ngz; ,Uf;ff;
$lhJ. mjw;F khwhf mts; Jhpj
gq;Nfw;gtshfTk;> jdf;Fk; jdJ
r%fj;jpw;Fk; ghhpa eilKiwfisr;
nraw;gLj;JgtshfTk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;. nghJr; Nritfspy;
Fwpg;ghf r%f> nghUshjhu>
murpay; #o;epiyfspy; ngz;fspd;
<LghL ghuhl;Ljw;FhpajhfTk;>
mj;Jld; r%fj;jpy; xl;Lnkhj;jg;
ngz;fspd; juj;ij cau;j;Jtjw;Fk;
mJ fhuzkhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;.
,yq;ifahdJ gy;ypd kf;fisf;
nfhz;ljhfTk; mNjNeuk; KOr;
rdj;njhifapy; ngz;fs; 52 tPjkhfTk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
(Latest Census of Sri Lanka, 2009)
ngz;zpiythjpfspd; fUj;jpd;gb
ngz;fspd; chpikfSf;F vjpuhfg;
ghuk;ghpa fyhrhuj; jd;ikfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapYk; gpd;tUk;
gpur;rpidfs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;L gy;NtW
tifahf tpthjpf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.
ngz;ikj; jd;ikahdJ ngz;iz
murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtijj;
jLf;fpd;wJ.
ngz;fs; Foe;ij ngWgtu;fshfTk;
goikthjpfshfTk; ek;gg;gLfpd;wdu;.
Fiwe;j %u;f;fj;jdKk; mjpf
MSikAlDk; njhlu;Ggl;ltu;fs;.
Fiwe;j gpur;rpidfis cilatu;fs;.
Mdhy;> rkfhyr; #o;epiyapy;
Nkw;$wpa ghuk;ghpa> goikthjj;
jd;ikfs; rthypw;F cl;gLj;jg;
gl;Ls;sJld; murpaypy; mq;fPfhuKk;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;Fupa Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sik mtjhdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
vkJ ehl;by; ngz;fspd;
tsu;r;rpAk; rhjidfSk;
,yq;ifapy; mk;khTk; kfSk;
Nru;e;J murpaypy; cr;r gjtpia tfpj;j
jd;ik mrhjhuzj; jd;ikahfTk;> ,J
tuyhw;wpy; gjpag;gl;ljhfTk; cs;sJ.
nghJthf murpay; vd;gJ
mjpfhuj;jpw;Fhpa Nghl;bahff;
fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. mjpfhukhdJ murpay;
cwTfspd; jd;ikfis khw;wpaikf;ff;
$ba rf;jp tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik
Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
[dehafk; vd;gJ> murpaypy;
gq;Fgw;WtNjhL r%f cWg;gpdu;fspd;
eltbf;iffs;> Ml;rpahsu;fisj;
njhpT nra;tJ> nghJf; Nfhl;ghLfis
cUthf;Ftjpy; NeubahfNth my;yJ kiw
KfkhfNth <LgLj;Jjy; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
$wyhk;. ,jd; tpisthfg; gpd;tUtd
gpujpgypf;ff; $Lk;.
[dehafj; jd;ik tha;e;j njhFjp
thhpahd epu;thfj; jd;ik.
xt;nthU ehl;bYk; KbntLf;Fk;
mikg;ghdJ mjpfhuk; nrYj;Jk;
FOthff; fhzg;gLfpd;wik.
rpwg;ghd [dehaf eilKiwr;
nraw;ghl;bw;F tho;f;ifapd; vy;yhj;
JiwfspYk; Mz;> ngz;fspd; rk
gq;fspg;G Kf;fpakhdJ. mt;thwhd
gq;fspg;gpd; %yk; gpd;tUtdtw;iw xU
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpapy; fhzf;$bajhf
,Uf;Fk;.
murpaypy; cau;thdJk;> ePz;L epiyj;j
KbTfis vLf;ff; $bajhfTk;
,Uf;Fk;.
murpaypy; ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;Gf;
Fiwe;jJ 05 rjtpfpjkhfNtDk; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
cau; gjtpfspYk; epWtdq;fspYk;
ngz;fspd; rpwg;ghd gq;Fgw;wyhdJ
Ge:_e
0.._e
[dehafr; nraw;ghl;by; kpfTk;
mtrpakhd xd;whFk;.
,yq;if murpaypy; ngz;fspd;
gq;Fgw;WjyhdJ ,U fl;lq;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
1. Muk;g murpay; tsu;r;rpapypUe;J 1931
tiu.
2. 1931 ,ypUe;J 1977 tiu.
gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bypUe;J
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Muk;g fhyk;
tiuAk; ru;tNjr> gpuhe;jpa cs;ehl;Lr;
#o;epiyfspy; gy mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffs; ,lk;ngw;wd. murpay;
eilKiwfspYk; ghhpa khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;ld. Njrpa mstpy; ngz;fs;
murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk;
kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ. mtw;wpw;fhd
fhuzq;fs; gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gfspy;
Muhag;glyhk;.
fy;tp
,yq;ifapy; ngz; fy;tpapd; tsu;r;rp
gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
tha;e;jjhff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
,f;fy;tpapd; gadhy; murpaypy; ngz;fs;
Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhd me;j];ij milaf;
$bajhf ,Uf;fpd;wik fz;$L.
MfNt jhd; fy;tp kpf Kf;fpakhd
xd;whff; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ,yq;ifapy;
ngz;fspd; fy;tp tsu;r;rp mjpfhpj;Jf;
nfhz;Nl nry;fpd;wJ. 1881 ,y; ,Ue;J
njhlu;e;J fy;tpapy; tsu;r;rpAk; mj;Jld;
ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT ngWtjpy; kpfTk;
jpUg;jp cilatu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;.
,jw;F Kf;fpa fhuzkhf miktJ
fhydpj;Jt muRfspd; fpwp];jtf;
fy;tp KiwikahFk;. jhuhz;ik
vz;zq;fSk; Njrpathjf; fUj;JfSk;
kpf tpiutpy; guTtjw;F VJthf
,Ue;jJ. fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpahsu;fs;
,yFtpy; fy;tp %yk; tw;GWj;jp
kf;fis kjkhw;wk; nra;af; $bajhd
#oy; ,Ue;jJ. Mq;fpNya Ml;rpapy;
,yq;ifapy; jkpou;fspDilaJk;
rpq;fstu;fspDilaJk; Mq;fpyf;
fy;tpahdJ r%fq;fspy; Vw;wj;
jho;TfSld; gutpapUe;jJ. ,jdhy; r%f
mirT> me;j];J> khpahij> murpay;
rl;lk; vd;gtw;wpy; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld.
ghy;epiyf; fUj;Jfs;> fhydpj;Jtf;
fy;tp Kiwapy; gpd;dpg; gpize;J>
FLk;g kakhf;fg;gl;l tpf;Nlhhpad;
fUj;Jfs; Mjpf;fk; nrYj;jpd. ngz;fs;
kUj;Jtu;> jhjpau;> Mrphpau; Nghd;w
njhopw; fy;tpfSf;Fr; nry;tJ guhkhpg;Gj;
jd;ikia kw;Wk; Nrit kdg;ghd;ik
Nghd;wtw;iwg; gpujpgypg;gjhfNt
,Ue;jJ.
cau; tu;f;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j fy;tp fw;w
ngz;fs; r%f NritapYk; murpay;
czu;tiyfis Vw;gLj;JtjpYk;
Kd;Ndhbfshf ,Ue;jdu;. vg;gb
,Ue;Jk;> r%fj;jpy; fpwp];jt kjf;
FOf;fSf;F vjpu;g;gpUe;jJ. ,q;F
kpfTk; rf;jp tha;e;j ngsj;j> ,e;J
kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fq;fSk; rpwpa mstpy;
K];yPk; ,af;fq;fSk; cUthfpd. 1888
fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; kWkyu;r;rp
,af;fq;fshd ,yq;ifj; Njrpa
mikg;Gk;> kJ xopg;G ,af;fKk;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jit. ,it ngz;fs;
kj;jpapy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT murpay;
czu;Tfis Vw;gLj;jpd.
,yq;ifj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd;
cWg;Ghpik Mz;fSf;Fk; ngz;fSf;Fk;
rkkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ. ngz;fSk;
,t;tpaf;fq;fspy; gq;F nfhz;lhu;fs;.
,JNt ngz;fs; Kjd; Kjypy;
Njrpa mstpy; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;Fk;
re;ju;g;gkhfTk; ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;
mbg;gilapy; Kjd; Kjyhf lhf;lu;
ey;yk;kh KUNfR vd;w ngz;kzp
,yq;ifj; Njrpaf; fhq;fpurpd; Kjy;
nghJf; $l;l mku;tpy; gq;F nfhz;lhu;.
Ge:_e
0.._e
Nju;jy; njhFjpapy; Nghl;bapl;Lg;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpduhfpdhu;.
M];jphpa ehl;ilr; Nru;e;j ,d;Ndhu;
ngz;kzpahd n`b irkd;> Kd;dhs;
ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdUk;> Nrhryprf;
nfhk;A+dprthjpAkhd gPl;lu; nfdkidj;
jpUkzk; Kbj;jhu;. ,tu; njhopyhsu;
mikg;gpd; ngz;fSld; ed;F ghPl;rak;
cs;stu;. ru;tNjr thf;Fhpikapd;
tpisTfs; ,yq;if murpaw; rl;l
tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;GKidahf mike;jJ.
mj;Jld; ,J ,yq;ifg; ngz;fspd;
murpay; tYT+l;lypy; xU iky;
fy;yhfTk; jpfo;e;jJ.
1923fspy; kl;lf;fsg;Gr; rl;lrig
cWg;gpduhd <.Mu;. jk;gpKj;J>
thf;fspg;gjw;Fg; ghy;epiy njhlu;ghd
jFjpaw;w jd;ikia ,y;yhkw;
nra;jhu;. mj;Jld; thf;fspg;gjw;Fj;
jFjpAilatu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaAk;
mjpfhpf;fr; nra;jhu;. Mdhy; rl;l
rig cWg;gpdu;fs; ,g;gpur;rpidapy;
mjpf mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy. V.[p.
Fzrpq;ftpdhYk; njhopyhsu;
fl;rpapdhYk; vLf;fg;gl;l Kaw;rpapdhy;
ngz;fSf;F ,Uf;fpd;w thf;fspf;Fk;
jd;ikia cWjpg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
thf;fspf;Fk; chpikg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg;
ky;ypfh Fyq;fu mikg;G
,yq;if Njrpaf; fhq;fpuRld;
,izf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J
Njrpa murpay; mikg;gpd;
eltbf;iffspy; ngz;fis
<LgLj;Jtjw;F xU
re;ju;g;gj;ijf; nfhLj;jJ. mq;F
mjpf msT mu;g;gzpg;Gld;
nraw;glf; $ba
ngz;kzpfs; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
mtu;fspd; Njrj;jpw;fhd
mu;g;gzpg;Gj;jd;ik
Mz;fSf;F <lhf ,Ue;jJ.
,yq;ifj; njhopw; fl;rpapy;
rpy ngz; cWg;gpdu;fs; (1928)
nlhhPd; [q; vd;Dk;
,q;fpyhe;J ehl;Lg; ngz;kzp
rpwe;j MSik gilj;jtuhfj;
jpfo;e;jhu;. khj;jiwapy; cs;s
R[hjh tpj;jpahyaj;jpd;
mjpguhfpg; gy r%f
Nritfis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
,tu; rj;jpu rpfpr;ir
epGzUk; murpay;thjpAkhd
lhf;lu; v];.V. tpf;fpukrpq;f
vd;gtiuj; jpUkzk; Kbj;jhu;.
fhydpj;Jt Ml;rpf;nfjpuhd
Nghuhl;lq;fspy; gq;Fgw;wpdhu;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G 1952 -
1956fspy; nlhhPd; mf;Fu];]
KbntLf;Fk; FOtpy; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;Lfspy; gy;NtW
ngz;fs; mikg;Gfs; gy;NtW murpay;
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;ld. 1942
,y;> ,lJrhhpf; fl;rpfSk; ngz;fspd;
gq;fspg;Gfis tuNtw;wd. lhf;lu; Nkhp
,ul;zk; vd;w ,yq;ifaiuj; jpUkzk;
nra;j fNdbag; ngz; kfg;Ngw;W
kUj;Jtuhthu;. jPtpu r%f Nrtfpahd
,tu; gy;NtW ngz;fs; mikg;Gfis
cUthf;fpg; gy tpopg;Gzu;Tr;
nraw;jpl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.
mitahtd:
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; $l;likg;G (1904).
jkpo; ngz;fspd; mikg;G (1909)
fpwp];jtg; ngz;fs; mikg;G.
ngz;fs; thf;Fhpik mikg;G (1927)
lhf;lu; Nkhp ,ul;zk;> 1937 ,y;
murpaypy; KO ehl;lKila Kjy;
ngz;kzpahf nfhOk;G khefu
rigapd; MSeuhfg; gjtpNaw;whu;.
,f;fhy fl;lq;fspy; r%f NritapYk;
murpaypYk; Kd;Ndhbfshfj;
jpfo;e;jtu;fs; ntspehl;Lg;
ngz;fNsahthu;fs;. mtu;fSs; rpy Ngu;
fy;tpapayhsu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jdu;. gpuk;k
Qhd rigapdu; fy;tpapy; mjpf msT
mf;fiw fhl;bdu;.
itj;jpa fyhepjp. Nkup ,ul;zk;
kw;Wk; gps;isfs; nwhgpd;
,ul;zk;> n`yd;
Ge:_e
0.._e
gpd; ,J jtpu;f;f Kbahj xd;whf ,Ue;jJ.
mtu;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;> gq;fspg;Gk;
FLk;g kw;Wk; Njrpa tho;f;ifapYk;
thf;Fhpikia epiyehl;LtjpYk;
nghWg;Gs;stu;fshfTk; ,Ue;jhu;fs;.
1927fspy; ,yq;if murpayikg;Gr;
rl;lq;fis Muha;e;J> mwpf;if
rku;g;gpg;gjw;F nlhd%u; nfhkprd;
epakpf;fg;gl;lJ. njhopyhsu; fl;rpahdJ
njhpT nra;j lwkd;l; rPy;l; vd;gthpd;
MjuTld; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngw;wjhfpd;wJ.
1927,y; ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fhpik
mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jpUkjp <.Mu;.
jk;gpKj;J> lhf;lu; Nkhp ,ul;zk;> jpUkjp
v];.b. gz;lhuehaf;fh> jpUkjp mf;d];>
B. rpy;th MfpNahu; ,f;$l;likg;gpd;
jPtpu cWg;gpdu;fshthu;fs;. ngz;fSf;F
tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fhpikia Vw;Wf;
nfhz;ldu;. ,JNt ngz;fSf;fhd
murpay; chpikiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;tjw;F Kjd;Kjypy; $ba
mKf;ff; FOthFk;. 1931 Mk; Mz;Lg;
gFjp kpfTk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;jjhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. ngz;fs; Rfhjhuf; fy;tp
kw;Wk; r%f eyd; vd;gtw;wpy; tpNrl
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af; $bajhf ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd tpthjpf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;NjhL
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; ,yFtpy; ru;tNjr
thf;Fhpikiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjw;Fg;
Nghuhl Ntz;ba NjitAk; Fiwthf
,Ue;jJ.
,yq;ifapy; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l murpayikg;Gr;
rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; td;KiwfNsh>
Nghuhl;lq;fNsh ,d;wp
Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfspd; %yk; ntw;wpfukhf
epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. ,lJrhhp ,af;fq;fs;
Njhd;wp tsu;r;rpailAk; tiuf;Fk;
cz;ikahd murpay; Nghuhl;lq;fs;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; ,lJrhhp
,af;fk; vg;NghJk; rpWghd;ikahfNt
,Ue;jJ. xUNghJk; murpaypy; Kd;dzp
tfpf;ftpy;iy.
ngz;fspd; thf;Fhpik
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gq;Fgw;Wjnyd;gJ ngz;fs; jkJ
,Ugj;jpNahuhtJ taJ njhlf;fk;
thf;Fhpik mspg;gjw;fhd jFjpiag;
ngw;wikapy; ,Ue;J Muk;gkhfpaJ. ,jd;
gpd;dNu ,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
Jhpjkhfg; gq;Fgw;wj; njhlq;fpdu;.
[dehafk; Kjpu;r;rpAw;w Nkw;fj;ija
ehLfspYk; 1931 ,w;Fg; gpd;Gjhd;
ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fhpik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
gpuhd;rpy; 1945fspYk;> Rtp];yhe;jpy;
1958fspYk; ngz;fSf;fhd thf;Fhpik
fpilj;jJ. ru;tNjr thf;Fhpikj;
jd;ikapdhy; ,ufrpa thf;fspf;Fk;
Kiw INuhg;gh my;yhj ehLfspy;
mjhtJ ,yq;ifapNyNa Kjd; Kjypy;
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,yq;ifj; Njrpaf;
fhq;fpurpy; NgRk;NghJ v];. lgps;A+ Mu;.b.
gz;lhuehaf;fh gpd;tUkhW $wpdhu;.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fSf;F thf;Fhpik
fpilj;jjpy; ehd; ngUikg;gLfpd;Nwd;.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fsplk; nghJthf
tpopg;Gzu;T Vw;gl;Ls;sJ. fhq;fpurpd;
kWrPuikg;gpy; ngz;fs; Kf;fpa gq;F
tfpg;gNjhL mtu;fSf;Fhpa ,lq;fisAk;
fhq;fpurpy; tfpg;ghu;fs; vd ehd;
ek;GfpNwd;.
Mdhy;> ,itfs; vy;yhk;
,yq;ifapd; murpay; fsj;jpy; ngz;fspd;
me;j];ij khw;wtpy;iy. N[.vr;. kPnldpa
vd;gthpd; ,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd; mthpd; kfs;
ml;yPd; nkhyKNw> Njrpar; rl;lrigf;Fs;
Eioe;jhu;. ,tu; 1931 Mk; Mz;L
fhu;j;jpif 14 eilngw;w Wtd;ntyj;
Nju;jypy; 2/3 ngUk;ghd;ikAld;
ntw;wp ngw;Wr; rl;lrigf;Fr; nrd;whu;.
Kjd; Kjyhfj; Njrpar; rl;lrigj;
Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w Kjy; ngz; vd;w
ngUikiaAk; ngw;whu;. mjd; gpd;G 1932
,y; Nerk; rutzKj;J vd;gtu; njhpT
nra;ag;gl;lhu;.
Ge:_e
0.._e
,yq;if murpaypy; 1947 mtprhtis
Nju;jy; njhFjpapy; FRk Fzth;j;jdh
ntw;wp ngw;w gpd;G nwz;l; vd;Wk;
Stopgap vd;Wk; nrhy;yf;$ba
ngz;fs; FO murpaypy; cUthfpaJ.
gpypg; Fztu;j;jdh ntspNawpa
gpd;du; 1948 ,y; ,yq;fuj;dh gjtp
tpyf;fg;gl;l gpd;G mthpd; kidtp
jkuFkhhp ,yq;fuj;dh fztDf;Fg;
gjpyhfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl;lhu;. RdPj;jpuh
,uzrpq;f mthpd; jfg;gdhhpd; rLjpahd
,wg;gpw;Fg; gpd; etk;gu; 1977 Mk; Mz;L
ghuhSkd;wk; nrd;whu;.
njw;fhrpahtpy; Fwpg;ghf ,yq;if
murpaypy; fztd; - kidtp ,izg;G
xU tpNrl jd;ikahff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
,J V.vg;. nkhy%u; murrigapy;
1932fspy; Nru;e;jNghJ mlyPd; nkhy%Uk;
fztUld; Nru;e;J nfhz;lhu;.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; kpfTk;
jpwikrhypfshf ,Ue;Jk; $l mtu;fspd;
murpay; gpuNtrj;jpw;F Kf;fpakhff;
FLk;gg; gpd;dzpNa MjuT toq;fpaJ
vdyhk;. tpkyh fd;dq;fuhTk;> R[hjh
ju;ktjdhTk;> murpaypw;F tUtjw;F
FLk;gg; gpd;dzpNa toptFj;jJ. 1947 Mk;
Mz;L nrdw; rig> ngz;fs; Nju;jypy;
epw;fhkNyNa murhq;f eilKiwf;Fs;
tUtjw;F toptFj;jJ. mjd; njhlf;f
fhyj;jpypUe;J 1947 fhu;j;jpif> 1971 Ig;grp
tiuf;Fk; mNdf ngz;fs; ,q;F Nrit
nra;jdu;. ,yq;if kfpo rkpu;j;jp ehl;bd;
,lJrhhpj; jiytu;fSf;F xU gapw;rpf;
fskhf mike;jJ. ,t; ,af;fj;jpy;
nlhhpd; tpf;fpukrpq;f kpfTk; rpwe;j
gq;fspg;igr; nra;jhu;.
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd; ngz;fspd; epiy
,yq;if Rje;jpukile;j gpd;
ngz;fs; murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtjpy;
ghhpa khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. Jhpj
etPdkag;gLj;jYk; ngz;fspd; cau;
fy;tpawpT ngw;w jd;ikAk;> ngz;fspd;
murpaw; gq;fspg;gpy; ghhpa khw;wj;ijf;
nfhz;L te;jJ. vy;yh epiyfspYk;
Mz;fSf;Fr; rkkhfg; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
gq;Nfw;G mike;jpUe;jJ. Mz;fspdJk;
ngz;fspdJk; fy;tpawpT xNu rkepiyapy;
,Ue;jJ. ,jw;F tpjptpyf;fhfj; Njhl;lj;
njhopyhsg; ngz;fSk; ,];yhkpag;
ngz;fSk; ,Ue;jdu;.
,yq;ifapy; ngz;fspd;
murpay; eltbf;iffisr; ru;tNjr
Kd;ndLg;GfSlDk; tuyhw;W
,af;fq;fSlDk; njhlu;Gilajhd
fz;Nzhl;lj;Jld; ghu;f;f Ntz;bAs;sJ.
1952fspd; Muk;gq;fspy; If;fpa ehLfs;
rig ngz;fspd; murpay; chpikfspy;
ftdk; nrYj;jpaJ. Mz;fSf;Fk;
ngz;fSf;Fk; rk chpik fpilf;f
Ntz;Lk; vd;gij 1967 ,y; If;fpa
ehL Vw;Wf; nfhz;lJ. 1975Mk; tUlk;
ru;tNjrg; ngz;fs; tUlk; vdg;
=khNth
gz;lhuehaf;fh
re;jpupf;fh gz;lhuehaf;fh
FkhuJq;f
Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fg; gpd;G mNefkhd fztd;
- kidtp gpizg;Gfs; murpaypy;
fhzg;gl;ld.
nlhhpd; tpf;fpukrpq;f - tpf;fpukrpq;f
1952
gpypg; - FRk Fztu;j;jdh
T.B. ,yq;ful;zh - jkuh
,yq;ful;zh (1960 - 1964)
ny];yp - tptpad; Fztu;j;jdh (1970
- 1977)
Ge:_e
0.._e
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
1975 - 1985 tiuf;Fk; ngz;fSf;fhd
gj;jhz;Lfs;vd gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
ngz;fSf;fhd ,g;gj;jhz;Lfshdit
ngz;fSf;fpilapyhd mjpcau;
njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk;
mtw;wpy; kpf Kf;fpa xd;whf mtu;fspd;
murpay; gq;Fgw;Wjiy mjpfhpg;gjhfTk;
mike;jJ. 1985 ,y; ieNuhkpapy; ele;j
khehl;by; muR> murpay; kw;Wk; rptpy;
chpikfisg; gw;wpa mwpit mjpfhpf;fyhk;
vd;gij typAWj;jpd. fy;tpapayhsu;fs;
Kf;fpakhff; fUj;jpy; nfhs;s Ntz;baJ
ahnjdpy; ngz;fs; murpaypd; gpujhd
ePNuhl;lj;jpy; Nru;tJ Kf;fpaky;y. Mdhy;
Kf;fpa ePNuhl;lj;ij khw;WtNjhL
ngz;fSf;F rkj;Jtj;ijAk; epahaj;ijAk;
toq;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,yq;ifapy; 1978 ,y; ngz;fs;
tptfhuj;jpw;nfd epiyankhd;iwAk;>
(Womens Bureau) 1983 ,y; ngz;fs;
tptfhu mikr;irAk; Vw;gLj;jpg;
ngz;fspd; murpay; gq;Fgw;WjiyAk;
mtu;fspd; gpur;rpidfisAk; ifahz;lJ.
jw;nghOJ Foe;ijfs; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk;
ngz;fs; tYT+l;ly; mikr;rhdJ (Child
Development and Women Empowerment
Ministry) ngz;fspd; gq;Fgw;wiyAk;
gpur;rpidfisAk; ifahs;fpd;wJ. jpUkjp
=khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh ,yq;ifapd;
Kjy; ngz; murpay; jiytuhf
tpsq;fpdhu;. mtu; Muk;g fhyq;fspy;
gy;NtW mikg;Gfspy; gq;F gw;wpapUe;jhu;.
mtUila fztu; v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.B.
gz;lhuehaf;fh ,we;j gpd;dNu mtu;
murpaYf;Fs; gpuNtrpj;jhu;. 11 tUlq;fs;
mur jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; 05 tUlq;fs;
vjpu;f;fl;rpj; jiyikj;Jtj;ijAk; Vw;W
[dehafg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; Kjy;g; ngz;
jiytpahfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. ,yq;ifg;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; ngz; gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpd;
Fiwe;j epiyiag; gpd;tUk; juTfshy;
njspthf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;syhk;.
1947 - 1.1 tPjk;
1960; - 1.3 tPjk;
1965; - 5.3 tPjk;
jpUkjp gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd;
fhyfl;lj;jpYk; ghuhSkd;wj;jpNyh
my;yJ rl;lrigapNyh
ngz;fspd; murpaw; gq;fspg;gpy;
mjpfhpg;G ,Uf;ftpy;iy. 1956 ,y;
gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; mikr;ruitapy;
tpkyh tp[atu;jdh Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;sg;gl;lhu;. 1977 ,y; =kzp
mj;Jyj; Kjyp mikr;ruitapy; ,Ue;jhu;.
ghuhSkd;wj;jpYk; mikr;ruitapYk;
ngz;fs; njhlu;e;Jk; FiwthfNt
,Ue;jdu;. my;yJ rl;lrigiaf; Fiwe;j
mstpNyNa gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jpdu;.
Mz;fspd; murpaypy; ngz;fs; GFe;J
tpl;lhu;fs; vd;w fUj;J Kw;wpYk;
khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.
[dehafg; ghuhSkd;w Kiwik
rhpahf ,aq;Ftjw;F murpaw; fl;rpfspy;
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;G kpfTk;
Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;. Vnddpy;>
,t;murpaw; fl;rpfs; kf;fSf;Fk;
murpw;FkpilNa gpujhd ,izg;Gg;
ghykhfj; jpfo;fpd;wd. Mifahy; murpaw;
fl;rpfspd; xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;ijAk;
ngz;fs; gad;gLj;JtNjhL cs;@u;f;;
$l;;lq;fs;> khehLfs;> thf;fspj;jy; vdj;
njhlu;e;J ,Wjpahf ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;Fj;
njhpthjy; tiuapy; kpf Kf;fpakhdjhff;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ.
rkfhyj;jpy; ngz;fspd; murpay;
czu;Tfs; mjpfhpj;Jk; mtu;fs; Rje;jpukhf
thf;fspf;Fk; jpwDk; ngw;wpUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
mjpfkhd ngz;fs; murpaw; fl;rpr;
nraw;ghl;by; gq;Fgw;wp tUtJld;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT xu; njhFjpahfTk;
(Constituency) Nehf;fg;gLfpd;whu;fs;.
,yq;ifg; ngz;fs; cs;@uhl;rp
murpaypy; kl;Lk; Mu;tKs;stu;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. Fiwe;j mstpy;
ngz;fspd; murpay; gpujpepjpj;Jtk;
,yq;iff;Nfh my;yJ njw;fhrpa ehLfspd;
Ge:_e
0.._e
tuyhw;wpw;Nfh Gjpjy;y. ];fd;bNdtpa
ehLfspy; 30 - 40 tPjg; ngz;fs;
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
murpaypy; ngz;fs; gq;Fgw;Wk; NghJ
Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;:
,yq;if murpaypy; ghy;epiyg;
ghFghL ,y;iy vd;W ,U Kf;fpa
murpaw; fl;rpfspd; jiytu;fSk;
cWjpaspj;jdu;. Mdhy; ngz;fs;
gpur;rpidfis vjpu;Nehf;Ftjpy; nghWik
,y;yhjtu;fs; vd;Wk;> mj;Jld; FLk;gg;
nghWg;Gfs; ngz;fspd; murpaw;
nraw;ghLfSf;Fj; jilahf ,Uf;Fk;
vd;Wk; $wpdhu;fs;. NkYk;> ngz;fspd;
gq;fspg;G kpfTk; FiwthdJ vd;Wk;> mJ
jdpg;gl;l jpwikapy; jq;fp cs;sjhfTk;
Fwpg;gpl;ldu;. vdpDk; vy;yh murpaw;
fl;rpfSk; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
gq;Fgw;WtJ njhlu;ghff; $Wk;NghJ
NknyOe;j thhpahd fUj;JfisAk;>
cs;shu;e;j tpUg;gpd;wpAk; gjpyspf;fpd;wdu;.
ngz;fSf;Ff; fl;rpapd; Mjuitj;
njhptpg;gjw;Fg; gpd; epw;fpd;wdu; my;yJ
mtu;fSf;Fj; njhFjpg; gq;fPL nra;tjpy;
Neu;ikAs;s Kiwapy; (Gambling)
,Uf;fpd;wdu;. jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rpfs;
ngz;fSf;F mspf;fg;gLtjpy;iy.
Mifahy; murpay; fl;rpfs; Mz;fspdhy;
Nkyhjpf;fk; nra;ag;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
(Except Former SLFP Leadership) epjpg;
gw;whf;Fiw> mjpfhpj;J tUfpd;w
td;Kiwfs;> fyhrhuf; fl;Lf;Nfhg;Gfs;
Nghd;wd ngz;fs; murpaypy; jpwikAld;
gq;F gw;Wtijj; jLf;fpd;wd.
KbTiu
ngz;fs; r%fj;jpy; cs;ehl;L kw;Wk;
ru;tNjr murpaypy; jPtpukhfg; gq;F
ngWtjw;F MjuT njhptpf;ftpy;iy
vd;whYk;> rkfhy murpaypy; mtu;fspd;
gq;Fgw;Wif kpfTk; tuNtw;fj;jf;f Kf;fpa
tplakhFk;. Muk;g fhyq;fspy; ngz;fspd;
murpaw; gq;fspg;G kpfTk; FiwthfNt
,Ue;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W ,yq;ifapy;
gbg;gbahf mJ khw;wkile;J tUtNjhL
ngz;fspd; gq;fspg;ghdJ murpay;> r%f>
fy;tpj; Jiwfspy; gpupf;f Kbahj xd;whfp
tUfpd;wJ.
ngz;fs; murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtij
mjpfhpg;gjw;fhf mtu;fSf;F
murpaw; fy;tpAk; gapw;rpfSk; r%f
kl;lj;jpy; r%f epWtdq;fspdhYk;>
mgptpUj;jp cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspdhYk;>
Clftpayhsu;fspdhYk; kw;Wk;
fy;tpahsu;fspdhYk; elhj;jg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. ,yq;ifapy; ngz;fs; murpaypy;
gq;Nfw;gjw;Fr; rl;l uPjpahd jil vJTk;
,y;iy. Mdhy; murpaypy; ngz;fSf;Fhpa
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; fhl;lg;gltpy;iy vd;gNj
cz;ikahFk;. mNjNtis murpaypy;
gq;Fgw;Wtjw;F Vw;w Gjpa jFe;j
cj;jpfisAk;> jsq;fisAk; fz;lwpa
Ntz;bAs;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.
fyhepjp mD#ah Nrdhjpuh[h
glq;fs;: Casting Pearls: Kumari Jayawardena. The
Women's Franchise Movement in Sri Lanka, Social Scien-
tists' Association, 2001
End Notes
01. ARNOLD WRIGHT (ed), (1997), Twentieth Century
Impressions of Ceylon, Asian Educational Service, Delhi.
02. Mc LOSKEY, I.H., (1968), Political Participation,
International Encyclopedia of Social Science, L. Sills (ed),
New York.
03. CENWOR, (1985), UN Decade for Women Progress and
Achievements of Women in Sri Lanka, Colombo.
04. Michael Roberts (ed), (1977), Documents of the Ceylon
National Congress and Nationalities Politics in Ceylon, 1929
1950, Vol. II, Department of National Achieves, Colombo.
05. ROBERT, N. KEARNEY, (1981), Women in Polities in Sri
Lanka, ASIAN SURVEY, Vol. xxi, No. 7, July.
06. KUMARI JAYAWARDENA, (1986), Feminism and
Nationalism in the Third World 19th, 20th Centuries, Zed
Books, London.
07. Sunday Times, 16th May 1993.
08. Daily News, 20th 25th May 1993.
09. GERALDINE FORBES, (1998), The New Cambridge History
of India, Women in Modern India, Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge.
10. SIRIMA KIRIBA MUNE (ed), (1999), Women and Polities in
Sri Lanka of Comparative Respective, ICES, Kandy
Ge:_e
0.._e
,
Njh> ehd; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;
NghNj vdJ $iu ,be;J tpOe;J
tpl;lJ. %d;W ehl;fSf;F Nkyhf
gaq;fukhd n\y; tPr;Rj; njhlq;fp tpl;lJ.
gaq;fukhd n\y; mbfs;... mjpy; xd;W
vd; $iuapy; tpOe;J> KOf; $iuiaAk;
mg;gsk; Nghy nehUq;fpg; gykhd
Ml;lj;Jld; fPNo ,bj;J tpOj;jp tpl;lJ.
vd;idf; fl;b Kbj;jJk;
vdf;nfhU $iu itf;f ,jpypUe;j
FLk;g mq;fj;jtu;fs; ahtUk;> ,U
tajhd jk;gjpfs;> fztd;> kidtp>
,U gps;isfs; vy;NyhUk;xd;whfp
fl;b Kbf;fg;gl;L G+rg;glhjpUe;j
vd;Ds; te;J Nahrid nra;jJ ,d;Dk;
QhgfkpUf;fpwJ. fztu; nrhd;dhu; ,jw;F
m];ngl;lh]; rPl; NghLNthk; vd;W.
mjw;F kidtpNah> mjhy Gw;WNehAk;>
EiuaPuy; tpahjpAk; tUkhk;. mjdhy
nfhq;fpwPl; NghLtk; mg;gh vd;W khw;W
Nahrid $wpdhs;. khw;whf tajhd
xU jk;gjpapdupy; fztd; mjhtJ
tPl;Lf;fhuupd; mg;gh Nfl;lhu; kfd;
,jw;F nfhq;fpwPl; Nghl;lhy; mj;jpthuk;
jhq;Fkh?tpilahf kidtpNah> Xk;
khkh> %d;W khb fl;l epidr;Rj;jhd;
mj;jpthuk; Nghl;bUf;fk; kw;iwa
jk;gjpapd; kidtp> tPl;Lf;fhuupd; mk;kh
nrhd;dJ> kfs;> nfhq;fpwPl; gaq;fu
#L. mjhy XL NghLtk;. mJ jhd;
ey;y Fspu;r;rpahf ,Uf;Fk;. mjw;F
mtspd; fztNdh> J}R> xl;liw
gbe;jhy; mbg;gJ f\;lk; jhNd? vd;W
mjw;nfhU mgpg;gpuhak; nrhd;dhu;.
tPl;Lf;fhuupd; mk;khNth XL Nghl;L
mz;lrPw; mbj;jhy; rupjhNd kfd;?
vd;W Kbf;fTk;> FLk;gj;jpypUe;j
,isatd; jdf;fpUe;j re;Njfj;ij
,g;gbahff; fpsg;gpdhd;. mk;kh>
mg;gbnaz;lhy; ehk ,g;g %zhk; khb
fl;Lujpy;iyah? ePq;f jhNd nrhd;dPq;f>
fPo; tPL %j;j mf;fhf;Fk;> nuz;lhk; khb
jq;fr;rpf;Fk;> %zhk; khb vdf;Fk;
vz;L. ,g;g Vd; nuz;lhk; khbNahl
rpWfij
Ge:_e
0.._e
XL Nghlg;NghwPq;f? mtDf;F taJ
ehY. mtdJ gj;J taJ mf;fhNth>
jk;gp mg;ghTk; mk;khTk; cdf;Fg;
gpwF %Zkhb tPL fl;bj; jUthq;f. ,J
vdf;Fk; ek;kl nuz;L taJj; jq;fr;rpf;Fe;
jhd; vd;W mtdJ thia milj;jhs;.
mtspd; ftiy mtSf;F. ,e;j tPL
fl;lj; njhlq;fp nuz;L tUrkhFJ>
,d;Dk; Kbf;ff; fhNzhk; ,g;gbahf
vdf;F Mapuj;J ehD}w;Wr; nrhr;rk;
XLfSld; xU $iuAk; mjd; fPo; rPl;Lk;
mbf;fg;gl;lJ. $iu Nghl;L Kbj;j
md;W vdf;fpUe;j Mde;jk; mstpl
KbahjJ. me;jf; $iuAk; n\y;ybapy;
tpOe;J tpl;lJ.
,Njh > vdJ Rtu; KOf;fTk;
,be;J Kjyhk; khb KOtJk; cile;J
tpl;lJ. ,uT KOtJk; ele;j n\y;
tPr;rpy; VO n\y;fs; vd;Ds; tpOe;J
ntbj;jjhy; mNefkhd vy;yhr; Rtu;fSk;
,be;J tpl;ld. vdf;F nfhQ;rk; $l
typf;ftpy;iy. Mdhy; kdJf;F kpFe;j
ghukhfTk;> NrhfkhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
,e;j tPl;Lf;fhuu;fs; Nghd gpd;du;
,uz;lhk; khbapy; trpj;J te;j %d;W
FUtpfSk;> ,UNrhb mzpy;fSk;>
ehd;F Nrhb Gwhf;fSk; $l ,uT tpOe;j
n\y;ypdhy; nrj;J tpl;ld. ahu; te;J me;j
cly;fis vLg;ghu;fs;? $iu tpOe;J
xU khjj;jpw;Fg; gpd;du; te;J FbNawpa
me;jf; FUtpf; FLk;gk; ,q;F te;J Ie;J
khjq;fshfpd;wJ. vdf;F mUfhfg;
NghFk; MAjjhupfs; nrhd;djpypUe;J
ehd; njupe;J nfhz;ljhtJ> gf;fj;Jj;
njuptpYk;> Cupd; kw;iwa gFjpfspYk;
gy cly;fs;Mz;fSk;> ngz;fSk;>
Foe;ijfSk; ehw;gJ kzp Neukhf
fplg;gjhfTk; ,d;Dk; cly;fis ahUk;
vLf;ftpy;iy vd;Wk; fijj;jhu;fs;.
kdpju;fNs ,g;gb rlyq;fshff;
fplf;Fk; NghJ vd;Ds; ,we;J fplf;Fk;
FUtpfsJk;> mzpy;fsJk;> Gwhf;fsJk;
cly;fis vLf;f ahu; tUthu;?
,uz;lhk; khb fl;Lk; NghJ
fztDk;> kidtpAk;> Foe;ijfSk; te;J
ghu;j;jJ vdf;F ,d;dKk; Qhgfkhf
cs;sJ. %j;jts; ,e;j khb vdf;Fj;jhd;
vd;W rz;il gpbf;f> kfNdh ,J
jdf;Fj;jhd; vd;W mlk;gpbf;f> Kbthf
fPo;g;ghfk; mf;fhtpw;Fk;> ,uz;lhk;
ghfk; jq;iff;Fk; vd;W Kbthd NghJ
kfd;fhudpd; Nfhgk; mjpfkhdJ.
mg;gbnaz;lhy;> ehd; vq;f ,Uf;f?
,d;dKk; vd;id thlif tPl;byh
itf;fg; NghwPq;f? vd;W mtDf;Fupa
ehY taJ re;Njfj;ijf; Nfl;lhd;.
mtd; mf;fhNth> ,y;ylh jk;gp eP ,g;g
mg;Gr;rp> mg;Gr;rk;khNthlNah ,y;yhl;b
fpuhd;khNthlNah ,U. gpwF cdf;F
fypahzk; KbQ;rJk; nghQ;rhjpNahl
GJ tPl;Lf;Fg; Ngh vd;W Nfyp nra;a
mtd; tplhJ mlk;gpbj;J mo> mtDf;Ff;
fl;lg;NghtJ %d;whk; khb vd;W
KbthdJ. fztDk;> kidtpAk;
,uz;lhk; khbf;F vd;d epwk; G+RtJ
vd;w Fog;gk; te;J> ,Wjpapy; ,sk;gr;ir
epwk; G+RtJ vd;W KbthdJ. %d;W
miwfSk; ,uz;L FspayiwfSk;
nfhz;l vz;Z}w;wk;gJ rJu mb
nfhz;l ngupa tprhykhd ,uz;lhk;
khb KOtJkhf Kbe;jNghJ vdf;Nf
tpag;ghfTk;> re;Njh\khfTk; ,Ue;jJ.
xt;nthU miwAk; kpd;tprpwpAk;> kpd;rhu
tpsf;FfSk; nfhz;l ,e;j ,uz;lhk;
khbapd; mikg;igAk; moifAk; tPL
Fb GFe;j ehspy; te;J ghuhl;lhky;
vtUk; nry;ytpy;iy. Vwf;Fiwa xU
tUlj;jpw;F Nkyhf Gjpjhf tPL ghu;f;f
te;j cwtpdu;fSk;> ez;gu;fSk; vdJ
,uz;lhk; khbiag; gw;wpg; Gfog; Gfo
vdf;Nfh Mde;jNkh Mde;jk;. me;j
,uz;lhk; khbAk; cile;J nehUq;fp
rpjpykhfptpl;lJ.
,Njh> vdJ Kjyhk; khbj;jsk;
New;Wf; fhiy Kjy; kjpak; tiu ele;j
gy;Foy; vwpfiz tPr;rpdhy; rpjpykile;J
nehUq;fp tpl;lJ. vdf;Fj; njupe;J
Ge:_e
0.._e
gjpd;%d;W vwpfizfs; tpOe;jd. ehd;
%u;r;irahdJk; ,d;Dk; gy vdJ Nky;j;
jsj;jpy; tpOe;jjhf gf;fj;jpy; xspe;jpUe;J
Jg;ghf;fpahy; Rl;l MAjjhupfs;
Ngrpf;nfhz;lhu;fs;. Kjy; vwpfiz
tpOe;jJNk vdJ jsj;jpd; fPNo trpj;Js;s
gy;ypfSk;> rpye;jpfSk;> Vd; $L fl;lj;
njhlq;fpapUe;j fiwahd;fSk; tpOe;J
tpl;ld. tPl;Lf;fhuu;fs; ,q;fpUe;J Ngha;
%d;W khjq;fspd; gpd;du; vq;fpUe;Njh
te;J FbNawpa gy;ypfs; mit. mit
te;jJk; mq;fpUe;j rpye;jpg; G+r;rpfSf;F
gaKk; mtkhdKk; te;jd. jhq;fs;
vt;tpj ,ilQ;rYk; ,y;yhky; jdpahf
jq;fs; ,dk; kl;Lk; tho;e;J te;j tPl;by;
,g;NghJ mjpf cUg;gbahf> Mjpf;fk;
nrYj;jp jk;ikj; jpd;W mopj;J tpLk;
gy;ypfspd; GJf; FbNaw;wk; vd;W
ntWg;gile;jd. fiwahd;fNsh fhyj;jpw;
gpe;jpait. FbNaw;wg; gy;ypfSld; Nkhjp
gpd;du; xLq;fpg; Ngupdj;jpw;Fj; jg;gp thog;
gofpf; nfhz;ld.
,e;jj; jsk; NghLk;NghJ ele;j
rk;gtq;fs; ,d;Dk; vd;Ds; gRikahf
,Uf;fpd;wd. jpBnud;W xU nyhwpapy;
fk;GfSk;> gyiffSk;> MzpfSk;
te;jpwq;fpd. mJ te;J ,U ehl;fspd;
gpd;du; ehd;F Ngu;> Xlhtpahk;> ths;>
Rj;jpay;> ,ju rhkhd;fSld; fhiyapy;
te;jpwq;fp ePskhd fk;Gfis ehl;lj;
njhlq;fpdu;. gpd;du; gyiffisg; Nghl;L
Nky;jsj;ij epug;gpdu;. mij epug;gpa
gpd; kl;lkhf ,Ue;j Nky;jsj;jpy;
xd;gJ taJg; ngz;Zk; %d;W taJg;
igaDk; Vwp Xb tpisahbaJ vdf;F
kpfTk; re;Njh\khfTk; ,dpikahfTk;
,Ue;jJ. mtu;fs; Xbahb tpisahLtJ
ngw;Nwhupd; neQ;rpy; Foe;ijfs; kpjpj;J
tpisahLk;NghJ Vw;gLk; Mde;jk;
NghypUe;jJ. gpd;du; Nkrd;khu;fs; te;J
fk;gpfs; fl;b Kbj;j ehd;F ehl;fspd;
gpd;du; VNjh ,ae;jpuq;fs; te;jpwq;fpd.
mit fyit NghLk; ,ae;jpuq;fs;
vd;W gpd;du; jhd; njupe;J nfhz;Nld;.
gjpide;J Nkrd;khu;fSk; Xl;Ldu;fs;
Ie;J NgUkhf nkhj;jk; ,UgJ Ngu;
md;W te;jpwq;fpdu;. tPl;Lf;fhuUk;>
tPl;lk;khTk; %j;j ngz;Zk; Gjpdk;
ghu;f;f te;jpUe;jdu;. igaDf;Fk;>
rpW ngz;Zf;Fk; rPnke;J J}rp xj;Jg;
Nghfhjhk; vd;W mtu;fspUtUk;
tutpy;iy. fhiy Mwiuf;Fj; njhlq;fpa
Ntiy vl;liu tiuapYk; Ntiy
njhlu;e;jJ. gpd;du; tPl;Lf;fhup nra;j
gUg;Gf;fwpAk; ghZk; te;j ,UgJ
Ntiyahl;fSf;Fk; tPl;Lf;fhuu;fSf;Fk;
fhiy Mfhukhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ.
gpd;du; ,uz;liu tiuAk; KO%r;rhf
Ntiy nra;J vdJ Nkw;wsj;jpidg;
Nghl;L tpl;lhu;fs;. vy;NyhUf;Fk;;
gy FoWgbfSld; Gupahzp rhg;ghL
nghl;lykhff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mjpy;
tPl;Lf;fhuUf;Fg; gaq;fuf; Nfhgk;.
Vndd;why; jq;fSf;nfd;W itj;jpUe;j
,uz;L nghl;lyq;fis ahNuh
Nkrd;khu;fs; Nkyjpfkhf vLj;Jf;
nfhz;L Ngha;tpl;lhu;fnsd;W. jsk;
Nghl;l mLj;jehs; Kjy; tPl;Lf;fhuUk;
kidtpAk; gps;isfSk; xt;nthU
ehSk; khiyapy; te;jpUe;J vdJ
jsj;jpw;Fj; jz;zPu; Cw;WtJk;> xd;whf
vd; jsj;jpypUe;J fij NgRtJk; gpd;du;
,utpy; vd;idj; jdpahf tpl;Lr; nry;tJk;
vd xU khjkhf ,t;thW ele;jJ. rupahf
,Ugj;ije;J ehl;fspd; gpd;du; %tu; te;J
gyiffisAk; fk;GfisAk; fow;wpa NghJ
vdJ mj;jpthuj;jpy; ghukhfNt ,Ue;jJ.
nfhq;fwPl; jsky;yth? MapDk; nfhQ;rk;
tsu;e;j gpd;dUk; ghukhapUe;jhYk;
$l> FLk;gj;ijj; re;Njh\kha;j; jhq;Fk;
jhiag; Nghy ehDk; mj;jsj;jpd; ghuj;ij
jhq;fpf; nfhz;Nld;. INah> Rfkhd
Rikahf ehd; jhq;fpf; nfhz;l ,e;jj;
jsj;ijf; $l gy; Foy; vwpfizfs;
nehUf;fp tpl;ldNt. vd; ,jaNk ntbj;J
tpLk; Nghy Jd;gkhf cs;sNj. ,e;j
xNunahU Nkw;wsKk; nehUq;fp tpl;ljhy;
mjDs; kiof;Fk;> gdpf;Fk;> ntapYf;Fk;
milf;fyk; Njb te;j eha;fSk;> MLfSk;
Vd; khLfSk; $l ,dp vq;Nf NghFk;?
Ge:_e
0.._e
vd;idf; fl;ba NghJ te;jpUe;j
vd; FLk;gj;jtu;fs; vd;idj; jdpNa
tpl;Lg; Nghd NghJ $l ,d;Nwh>
ehisNah> my;yJ ehis kWehNsh
tUthu;fs;. te;J vd;Ds; tsu;e;J fple;j
gw;iwfisAk; ntspahf;fp mjDs;
trpj;J te;j G+r;rpfisAk; Xzhd;fisAk;
jtisfisAk;> mtw;iw cz;z te;j
ghk;GfisAk; tpul;b tpl;L kPz;Lk;
trpg;ghu;fs; vd;w vdJ ehd;fiu
tUl fdTfSk;> vjpu;ghu;g;GfSk; ,k;
Nkw;wsk; cile;j NghJ cile;Nj
tpl;lJ. ,g;NghJ ngz; gjpide;J
taJf; FkupahfTk;> igad; xd;gJ
taJg; igadhfTk; rpW ngz; Mwiu
tajhAk; ,Ug;ghs;. tajhd ghl;b Ngug;
gps;isfisg; ghu;j;Jf; fplg;gJ Nghy
fhj;Jf; fple;NjNd. tPl;Lf;fhuUf;Fk;>
tPl;Lf;fhu mk;khTf;Fk; Kb
eiuj;jpUf;Fkh my;yJ fWj;jpUf;Fkh?
mtu;fSf;F NtW gps;isfs;
gpwe;jpUf;Fkh? vdJ ,uz;lhk; khb
n\y; gl;L tpOe;jNghJ fPo;j;jsj;jpy;
mt;tg;NghJ gfypYk; ,utpYk; khwp khwp
te;J NghFk; MAjjhuu;fs; rpq;fsj;jpYk;
jkpopYk; NgrpajpypUe;J tPl;Lf;fhuu;fs;
ntspA+upNyh> ntsp ehl;bw;Nfh gpur;rpid
njhlq;fpaJk; nrd;Wtpl;ljhfj; njupe;J
nfhz;Nld;.
INah> ,d;W vdJ fPo; tPl;bd;
Rtu;fSf;Fk; n\y;yb gl;Lf;
nfhz;NlapUf;fpwNj ,J vl;lhtJ n\y;.
vl;L khjq;fshf Nkw;wskpd;wp ntWk;
Rtu;fSlDk; tPl;Lf;fhuu;fs; kPz;Lk;
tUthu;fs; vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;GlDk;
,Ue;j vdf;F ,g;gbah xU gyj;j
mbtpo NtZk;? filrpahf ,Ue;j
fiwahd; Gw;wpd; NkYk; xU n\y; tpOe;J
ntbj;jjhy; mJTk; rpjwpg; Ngha;tpl;lNj...
n\y;yb njhlq;fpajpypUe;Nj Xzhd;fSk;
ghk;GfSk; ntspNawp tpl;ld. ghk;Gfs;
nrd;wjhy; jtisfs; Rje;jpukhfj; jpupe;jd.
fiwahd;fs; mtw;wpw;F ey;y czthf
,Ue;J te;jpUe;jd. ,d;W tpOe;J ntbj;j
mj;jpthuj;jpypUe;J ,e;jr;
Rtiuf; fl;bnaOg;gpa NghJ
tPl;Lf;fhuu;fSf;F nghq;fp te;j
Mde;jj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk; NtZNk!
%j;jts; vd;idj; jltpj;
jltpg; ghu;g;ghs;. rpd;dtd; jdJ
fd;dj;ij vd; kPJ mOj;jp Rtu;f;
Fspupd; ,d;gj;ij mDgtpg;ghd;.
tPl;Lf;fhuUk; tPl;Lf;fhu mk;khTk;
mku;e;J tPl;Lf; fzf;if vOj
ehDk; mtu;fis Mde;jkhfg;
ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUg;Ngd;.
n\y;fspdhy; jtisfs; thapYk; kz;
tpOe;J tpl;lJ. mitfSk; ,dp vd;id
tpl;Lg; Ngha;tpLk;. ehd; ghtkh? my;yJ
,Wjpahf vd;Dld; ,Ue;j fiwahd;fSk;
jtisfSk; ghtkh? my;yJ vy;NyhUk;
ghtkh?
mj;jpthuj;jpypUe;J ,e;jr; Rtiuf;
fl;bnaOg;gpa NghJ tPl;Lf;fhuu;fSf;F
nghq;fp te;j Mde;jj;ijg; ghu;f;fTk;
Ntz;LNk... %j;jts; vd;idj; jltpj;
jltpg; ghu;g;ghs;. rpd;dtd; jdJ
fd;dj;ij vd; kPJ mOj;jp Rtu;f; Fspupd;
,d;gj;ij mDgtpg;ghd;. tPl;Lf;fhuUk;
tPl;Lf;fhu mk;khTk; mku;e;J tPl;Lf;
fzf;if vOj ehDk; mtu;fis
Mde;jkhfg; ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUg;Ngd;.
mg;NghJ %d;whtJ ngz; gpwf;ftpy;iy.
cz;lhfTkpy;iy. ,uz;L miwfs;>
xU rikayiw> xU Fspayiw> ngupa
kz;lgk; nfhz;l njhs;shapuk; rJu
mb nfhz;l fPo;g;ghfk; ,J. tPl;Lf;fhu
mk;khTf;F kz;lgj;jpy; Xu; CQ;ry;
fl;l Ntz;Lk; vd;gJ Mir. mg;gh>
ehk xU CQ;ry; NghlNtZk;. vq;f>
eLtpyh? ,y;yhl;b mUfpyh Nghl?
vd;W Nfl;f> fztNdh> Vd;> cdf;F
ntspapy xz;L Nghl;Lj; jhuNd
Ge:_e
0.._e
vd gjpyspf;f> mtNsh ,y;yg;gh>
kz;lgj;jpy CQ;ry; Nghl;L mjpy Ml
NtZk;. vdf;F mJ rupahd tpUg;gk;.
vd;W $w> kfNsh mg;gh> mk;kh
CQ;rypyAk; gLf;fg;Nghwhthk;. vd
Nfyp nra;j NghJ> ,Wjpahf kz;lgj;jpy;
CQ;ry; NghLtJ vd KbthdJ. fPNo
nkd;rptg;G tu;zk; G+RtJ vd;W gy
thjg;gpujpthjq;fSf;fpilNa KbT
vLf;fg;gl;lJ. tPL fl;b Kbe;j gpd;du;
vq;nfq;F ahu; ahupd; Gifg;glk; khl;LtJ
vd;W epidj;jNghJ vy;NyhUk; ,Uf;Fk;
FLk;gg; glj;ij Kjypy; khl;lyhk;
kw;iwa ntb nghUl;fSk; vd;idf;
fhag;gLj;jpf; nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ML> khL Vd; eha;fs; $l vdJ
gf;fk; fle;j xd;wiu tUlq;fshf
tUtjpy;iy. kdpju;fs; cyhthj ,lj;jpy;
mitfSf;nfd;d Ntiy vd;W ,Ue;J
tpl;ldNth vd;dNth? vg;NghjhtJ
Cu;e;J NghFk; XzhDk;> mwizAk;>
jhtpg; NghFk; jtisAk; kl;LNk vdJ
,g;Nghja epytukhd mj;jpthuj;jpy;
te;J NghFk; capupdq;fs;. mitAk;
mt;tg;NghJ te;J NghtJ jhd;. epue;ju
trpg;gpljhupfs; vd;W vtUkpy;iy:
vJTkpy;iy.
vdf;F mj;jpthuk; Nghl;l ehs;
,d;Dk; epidtpUf;fpwJ. mJ ehd;
cUthfj; njhlq;fpa ehsy;yth? kuQ;
nrb nfhbfs; ,y;yhJ ntspahf;fpa
,lj;jpy; Kjypy; VNjNjh E}y; fl;b
mse;J gpd;du; fy; itg;gjw;fhd Fop
ntl;bdhu;fs; ,U Nkrd;khu;fs;. md;W
fhiyapNy fztDk;> kidtpAk;> ,U
gps;isfSk;> tajhd ,Ujk;gjpfSk;
te;jpUe;J nghq;fy; nghq;fpdu;. fhiy
VO gjpide;Jf;F ey;y Neuk; vd;wTld;
te;jpUe;j ghjpupahu; n[gpf;f gpd;du; Ik;
nghd;Dk; etjhdpaq;fSk; itj;J %j;j
kfs; Kjw;fy;iyAk;> ,isa kfd; mLj;j
fy;iyAk; itj;jdu;. kfs; thog; NghFk;
tPL vd;wgbahy; kfs; jhd; Kjw;fy;
itg;gnjd;W jPu;khdpj;jdu;. gpd;du;
kw;wtu;fs; vy;NyhUk; Nru;e;J nkhj;jkhf
xd;gJ fw;fis itj;J mj;jpthu G+ir
Nghl;lhapw;W. ,t;thWjhd; ehd; cUthfj;
njhlq;fpNdd;.
gpd;du; NkYk; ,U Nkrd;khu; Nru;e;J
xU thuj;jpy; mj;jpthuj;ij ntl;b
,U thuq;fspy; KO mj;jpthuj;ijAk;
njhs;shapuk; rJu mbapy; fl;b
Kbj;jdu;. mjd; gpd;du; ,d;W
ehd; jdpahf epw;gJ Nghy xd;wiu
tUlq;fshf epd;Wnfhz;bUe;Njd;.
,d;W GjUk; nrb nfhbfSk; kz;bf;
fle;j xd;wiu tUlq;fshf
ehd; mj;jpthukha; kl;LNk
jd;de;jdpahf epw;fpNwd;.
mjpy; $l mt;tg;NghJ
tpOk; gy;Foy;
vwpfizfSk;> n\y;fSk;
kw;iwa ntb nghUl;fSk;
vd;idf; fhag;gLj;jpf;
nfhz;Ljhd; ,Uf;fpd;wd.
ML> khL Vd; eha;fs; $l
vdJ gf;fk; fle;j xd;wiu
tUlq;fshf tUtjpy;iy.
kdpju;fs; cyhthj ,lj;jpy;
mitfSf;nfd;d Ntiy vd;W
,Ue;J tpl;ldNth vd;dNth?
vd %j;jkfs; nrhd;d MNyhridia
vy;NyhUk; Vfkdjha; Vw;Wf; nfhz;ldu;.
tPL FbGFk; NghJ %d;whktSf;F
gpwe;J MW khjk; jhd; MfpapUe;jJ.
,t;thWfiwAw;wpUe;j vdJ fPo; tPl;bd;
Rtu;fSk; n\y;ybgl;L tpOe;jjhy;
vd;dpjak; nehUq;fpg; Nghfhjh?
,d;W> fle;j xd;wiu tUlq;fshf
ehd; mj;jpthukha; kl;LNk jd;de;jdpahf
epw;fpd;Nwd;. mjpy; $l mt;tg;NghJ
tpOk; gy;Foy; vwpfizfSk;> n\y;fSk;
Ge:_e
0.._e
fplg;gJ Nghy md;W ehd; mj;jpthukha;
,Uf;ftpy;iy. fhuzk; ehd; fl;b
Kbf;fg;gLNtd; vd;w vjpu;ghu;g;gpy;
midtUlDk; $l ,Ue;Njd;.
mt;tg;NghJ thukpUKiwahtJ te;J
NghFk; fztDk; kidtp> gps;isfsJk;
Ngr;rpypUe;J mtu;fs; vjpu;ghu;j;j
gzk; fpilf;ftpy;iynad;Wk;> mJ
fpilj;jhy; kpFjp Ntiyiaj; njhlu;e;J
nra;thu;fs; vd;Wk; njupe;J nfhz;Nld;.
kfs; vg;NghJk; Nghy vg;gg;gh tPL
fl;lj; njhlq;FtPq;f? vd;Nw mYj;Jf;
nfhz;lhs;. ,g;gbahf xd;wiu
tUlq;fshf ,uz;L khupiaAk;> ,uz;L
NfhilfisAk; fle;j gpd;du; jpBnudg;
nghUl;fs; te;jpwq;f ehd; nfhQ;rk;
nfhQ;rkhf cUthfj; njhlq;fpNdd;.
njhlq;fpa MW khjj;jpy; ehd;
KOikahd tPlhfp tpl;Nld;. gpd;du;
vd;dplk; me;jf; FLk;gk; te;J Nru;e;jJ.
xUehs;mtu;fs; njhiyf;fhl;rp
ghu;j;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ,uT Ntisapy;
jhd; Kjy; ntbr; rj;jk; Nfl;lJ.
md;wpypUe;J ntb n\y;ybahf
khwpg; gpd;du; gy;Foy; vwpfizahf
cUkhwpa Xuputpy; fztdplk; tPl;Lf;fhu
mk;kh nrhd;dhs;> mg;gh> gpur;rpid
Muk;gpr;rpl;LJ Nghy> Mf;fisnay;yhk;
RLuhDfshk;. ek;kl gf;fj;J tPl;L
khkpl kfidAk;> vjpu; tPl;L mf;fhl
GU\idAk; nfhz;L Nghl;lhDfshk;.
vdf;Fk; Gs;isfNshl ,Uf;fg;
gakhj;jhd; ,Uf;F. gs;spf;$lj;Jf;Fg;
gf;fj;jpiyAk; n\y; tpOe;J ntbr;rnjd;L
kfs; nrhd;dhs;. vd;dg;gh ,g;g
nra;tk;? mjw;F mtDk;> vdf;Fk;
Nahridahj; jhk;kh ,Uf;F. vq;fahr;Rk;
ntspA+Uf;Fg; Nghfyhkh? vd;W
Nfl;lTld; vdf;F xUfzk; vy;yhNk
Mbj;jhd; Ngha; tpl;lJ. MdhYk;
mtu;fs; %d;W khjk; fhj;jpUf;fj; jhd;
nra;jhu;fs;.
xU ehs; jpBu; vd;W rhkhd;fis vy;yhk;
fl;l Muk;gpj;J %d;W ehl;fSf;Fs;
xU nyhwpapy; Vw;wp mDg;gp tpl;ldu;.
VNjh ntspA+Uf;Fg; Ngha; nfhQ;rehs;
,Ue;Jtpl;L gpur;rpid Kbe;j gpd;
tUNthk; vd;W jhd; topaDg;g
te;jtu;fsplk; nrhy;ypf; nfhz;lhu;fs;.
nfhQ;r ehs; vd;wJk; ehd;
cz;ikahfNt rpwpJ ehl;fs; jhd; vd;W
epidj;J tpl;Nld;. fhuzk; Kd;Gk;
mtu;fs; ntspA+Uf;Fg; NghFk; NghJ
vd;idg; G+l;b tpl;Lnry;thu;fs;. gpd;du;
xU thuj;jpw;Fs; vy;NyhUNk jpUk;gp te;J
tpLthu;fs;. ehDk; mijNa jhd; nfhQ;r
ehs; vd;W ek;gp tpl;Nld;. nfhQ;rehs;
,d;Wld; ehd;fiu tUlq;fshfp tpl;ld.
te;J NghFk; MAjjhupfs; nrhy;tJ Nghy
mtu;fs; ntspehl;bw;Fr; nrd;whYk; mjpw;
gpioapy;iy.
,d;W gjpide;J tajhd kfSlDk;>
Mwiu taJ ,isa kfDlDk;>
kfSlDk; ,Ug;ghu;fs;. NtW
Foe;ijfs; ,g;NghJ gpwe;Jk; ,Uf;fyhk;.
mt;tajhd ,U jk;gjpfSs; vj;jid
Ngu; ,d;Dk; capNuhL ,Ug;ghu;fNsh
njupahJ? tajhd gy;Yg; Nghd
thbapUf;Fk; njhz;Lg; ghl;b jdJ
gps;isfisAk; Ngug; gps;isfisAk;
vjpu;ghu;j;J fhj;jpUg;gJ Nghy ehDk;
fhj;jpUf;fpNwd;. vd;whtJ Aj;jk; Kbe;J
mikjp jpUk;Gk;. mtu;fs; epr;rak; ,q;F
tUthu;fs;. vd;idAk; vd; epiyiaAk;
ghu;g;ghu;fs;. mOthu;fs;. kPz;Lk;
vd;idf; fl;Lthu;fs;. mj;jpthuj;jpypUe;J
mj;jpthukhfpa ehd; kPz;Lk; tPlhNtd;.
mNj nghypTld; %j;j ngz;zpd; Nguf;
Foe;ijfSld; vdJ fhyk; KOtJk;
mtu;fSf;F tPlhNtd;. vd; vjpu;ghu;g;G
tPzhfhJ. ehd; kPz;Lk; tPlhNtd;. tPlhfp
tho;thNtd;. Aj;jk; xU ehs; KbAk;.
[P. nfd;db
Ge:_e
0.._e
vq; fs; tPl; L Kw; wj; ij
rpd; dtSk; rpd; dtDk;
njj; Jf; NfhL tpisahba kz; iz ,oe; Njhk;
nts; is ehF Nghl; l rptiyf; fd; W
mk; kh vd; W fj; jpa md; igAk; ,oe; Njhk;
Miraha; f; fwe; j ghiyAk; ,oe; Njhk;
,jpfhrq; fspy; tUk; nfhba muf; fidAk;
Njhw; fbf; Fk; ty; yuf; fdpd; vwpfiz tPr; Rk;
er; Rg; Gif tPr; Rk;
gpse; J fUf itj; j - vk;
cwTfis tpl; L...
,ilntspapy;
nry; ybapy; Gz; gl; L
top elf; f Vyhky;
mZfp mZfp
mtykha; f; fple; j
vq; fs; md; ghd cwTfis tpl; L tpl; L
Kl; ilapLk; NfhopiaAk;
Nfhopf; $l; lbapy; gJq; Fk; nfhLg; GypiaAk;
kQ; rs; rhiuiaAk; kwe; Jk;
,d; Dnkd; d...?
Cupoj; jy; my; yJ
tho; tpoj; jy;
ntf;; if fpsg; Gk;
,ilj; jq; fy; Kfhkpy;
capu; xl; bf; fplf; Fk; clk; NghL
midj; ijAk; ,oe; j vq; fsplk;
jha; ngw; w Nkdpaha;
tu itj; j ty; yuf; fd;
ifapy; gl; lijf; fhl; bYk;
vwpfiz tPr; rpYk;
er; Rg; GifapYk;
fUfp kbe; jtu; fs;
nra; j Gz; zpaj; ij epidj; Jg; ghu; f; ifapy;
Cupoj; jy; vd; gij tpl
tho; tpoj; jNy eynkd; W
epidf; fj; Njhd; Wk;
vq; fSf; F...
Nruyhjd;
http://voice4peace.com/
Ge:_e
0.._e
re;jh tpz;zg;gg; gbtk; 2011
ngah;/mikg;G (
Kfthp (

njhiyNgrp ,y. (
fhNrhiy ,y. ( fhRf;fl;lis ,y.
ifnahg;gk; ( jpfjp
xuhz;Lf;fhd re;jh - ,yq;if &. 200/-
ntspehl;L re;jh tpguk; - ,e;jpah &. 200/-
g+h;j;jpnra;ag;gl;l tpz;zg;gg; gbtq;fis mDg;gpitf;f Ntz;ba Kfthp : Women and Media Collective,
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njhiyNgrp:+94 11 5632045> njhiyefy;:+94 011 2690192 kpd;dQ;ry;: wmcsrilanka@gmail.com / solpublication@gmail.com

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1 nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz; L 2011

47 nrhy; Kjyhk; fhyhz; L 2011

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