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azaz:0g&Dv 2011

trSwf (5) February 2011

CONTENTS
rm wd um
uAsm

azmfa0;? cifatmifat;? aeEG,f? rmefoD? aebkef;vwf? armifjzL;?

armifarmifjidrf;at;/

umwGef;

11

atmifarmf? ausmfol&def? wDaumif? atmfyDus,f

jynfwGif;ESihf e,fpyf ynma&; owif;

14

uav;u@

110

pum;yGihf (uAsm)
armifjzL;
ajr;tzdk; pum;ajymcef;
aeEG,f
jidrf0yfydjym;aom pmoifcef;
bavmh*g
vSsLdU0SufcsufeJY vlom;
q&marm&
urmhausmif;q&mMuD; OD;oeYf
udk&J
azhpfbGwfESihf wGpfwm
oQif,E&m;
tifwmeufuGef,uf
oQif,E&m;
a&S;a[mif; - acwfopf *&d ,Ofaus;rI -q&mr*Fvmatmifrif;

22
23
25
26
28
30
31
32

aqmif;yg;
bkef;awmfMuD;awG oifay;vdkufwJh vlrIb0
ynma&;ESihf 'Drdkua&pD vGef;ysH
yHkrSefuav;? yHkrSef q&m

60

t&Sif Z0e
aZmfrif;
odef;Edkif

38
41
43

23

armu txl;u@ (armut,f'DwmtzGJY)

awmfvSefa&; ul;pufrI tzGihf owif;rsm;
tm&yf awmfvSefa&;twGuf rD;&dIU rIESihf azhpfbGwf
opmazmufcH&wJh awmfvSefa&;
vlrIrD'D,m uGef,ufESifh EkdifiHa&; yg0g
tifwmeufvGwfvyfcGihf a&&SnfydwfyifvdkY r&Ekdif
orkdif;0if awmfvSefa&; ul;pufrIrsm;ESihf vlxk atmifyGJ

[mo
eH&Hpm? cHkpm? ypfpm? oauFw? tusKd;jyKpmrsm;ESihf ynmom;ygrIrsm;
qefwmuavmhpf
63
ykdYpfarmf'ef ordkif;oDtkd&D topfrsm;
65

EdkifiHwum ynma&;owif;

66

128
100

pmtkyfESihf tawG;
tdufpfZdkif; pma&;q&mrsm;&JU tdrftvGrf;
odef;Ekdif 78
rjyD;qHk;ao;wJh jrefrmjynf vlrsKd;a&; jyem &JEG,frdk; 81

EkdifiHwum ynma&;
y#dyuMum;u ynma&;
oQiftEka&m"d
prwfusus yk&Gufqdwfuav;rsm;
&Jjrifhausmf
tmz*ef tysuftpD;Mum;rS ausmif;tkyfq&m jrihfjrifh
ynma&; uHqdk;rdk;arSmif us&jcif; taMumif; jrwfyef;&Sif
ynma&;jzihf tmz&duudk ajymif;vJjcif;
0ihfxef;
ausmif;q&mtvkyf wnfjrJa&;twGuf pdefac:aerIrsm;

96

84
88
91
94
96
98

32

65

twdkifyifcH t,f'Dwm
aeEG,f
t,f'Dwm
odef;Edkif
vufaxmuft,f'Dwm a':vdIif? &Jjrifhausmf
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armupmvHk;'DZdkif;
kazu
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twGif;'DZdkif;
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0PaZmf? arykn? ausmfodef;
jzefYcsda&;wm0efcH
EG,feD? 'Dt,f? mkim
qufoG,f&ef

yHk&dyfvTm
ykvJeuf ol&Jaumif;
&Jjrifhausmf
0DuDvdcfpf wnfaxmifol&JU b0 yHk&dyfvTm cs,f&Drdk;oJ
uGef,ufzGJU &mpkESpfrS 0DuDvdcfpf&JU yg0g t*jref

tifwmAsL; (armut,f'DwmtzGJU)
udkausmfol&JU pum;vufaqmif
udk&JvGifajymwJh acwf? EkdifiHa&;? vli,feJY tEkynm

editors@maukkha.org
maukkha@gmail.com
www.maukkha.org

100
104
108

110
112

ynma&; enf;ynmopf
E-learning taMumif;odaumif;p&m SS

117

usef;rma&;
aomufa&oefYAl; - aq;wcGufvm;? tqdyfa&vm;
ausmfjidrf;at; 120

tufaq;
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rsKd;qufrsm;udk wdk;wdkufMunfhjcif;
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awmifukef;ay:u tdrfuav;

134

jr
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ESif;cg;rdk;

122
125
128
130

0wKwdk
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132
armifausmif;om; 134

tcef;quf 0wK&Snf
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122
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125

137

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armifjzL;
(*DwOvD trSwf 35)
w*dk;pmya'om
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10

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11

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13

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14

ESihf ausmif;qif;csdefrsm;wGif vrf;ab;aps;onftjzpf

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2 odef; 5 aomif;ESihf 0g&ifh ausmif;q&mwpfOD;vpmrSm
usyf 9 odef;txd&Sdonf/
(9 azazmf0g&D 2011)

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0ifwef;ESihf tqihfjrifh ynm&yfrsm; avhvm&mwGif rsm;pGm
uarmufur jzpfaeaMumif;owif; &&Sdygonf/
&,lxm;onfh bmomwGJESihf udkufnDrIr&Sdaom
ar*smrsm;udk a&G;cs,fxm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;? txuf
wef; tqihfwGif rdrd 0goemt& avhvmvdkaom bmom
wGJrsm; a&G;cs,fcGihf r&&SdcJhonfh ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf ausmif;
om;rsm;udk tMuHPfay;Ekdifonfh q&mq&mrrsm; rxm;
&Sdjcif;wdkYaMumihf txufwef; ausmif;om;rsm;ESihf wu
odkvfausmif;om; trsm;pkMuD; pdwf"gwfusqif; aeMu
aMumif; pHkprf;od&Sd&onf/
]usaemfu 0dZmwGJu abm*aA'bmomudk
pdwf0ifpm;ygw,f/ tJ'geJY ,ljzpfcJhw,f/ 'gayrJh wuodkvf
vnf; avQmufa&m Eco ukd 0ifcGifhr&bJ odyHvkdif;udk ,l&
w,fAsm/ t&rf;udk pdwf"gwfusqif;aewm/ ausmif;quf
wufcsif pdwfawmif ukefcrf;oGm;w,f/} ,lvdkonfh

ar*smr&Sdonfh ausmif;om;wpfOD;\ &ifzGifhoHudkvnf;

Mum;odae&ygonf/
oufarG;oifwef;rsm; 0ifa&mufcGifh twGuf
vnf; rsm;pGm uefYowfxm;&SdqJjzpfjyD; vkyfief;cGifESihf
tquftpyf r&SdonfhtwGuf bGJY'D*&Drsm;tay: pdwfyg
0ifpm;rI avsmhenf;vdkY vmonf[kvnf; wwd,ESpf
pdkufysKd;a&; wuodkvf ausmif;olwpfOD;u armuudk
ajymjycJhonf/
]institute awmh 0ifcJhwmygyJ/ 'gayrJh ausmif;jyD;
&ifvnf; vkyfief;cGifae&m r&Sdbl;qdkwm odxm;jyD;om;yg/
tdrfu wufqdkvdkYom orD;eJY oli,fcsif; trsm;pku wuf
aeMu&wmav/}
&rSwfESihf wkdif;wmjyD; wuodkvf 0ifa&mufcGihf
wpfckwnf;om r[kwfbJ 0goemESihf ADZt& a&G;cs,frI
rsm;twGuf ulnDyHhydk;ay;rIrsm; rsm;pGm vdktyfae
aMumif;vnf; owif;&&Sdonf/
(8 azazmf0g&D 2011)

ausmufp&pfcJwawmif; xrif;wvkwf
]'Dvdkrvkyf&if xrif;rpm;&bl;/ ausmufp&pfcJ
wpfawmif; xrf;ydkYNyD;rS xrif;wpfvkwfavmuf pm;&
wmyg/ um;wpfpD;qdk orD;wdkYtzGJY wa,muf 3 awmif;
avmuf xrf;&ygw,f/ rdk;csKyfvdkY um;awG rvmawmh
wJhtxd aeYwdkif; xdkifapmihfMuygw,f/} '*Hkqdyfurf;NrdKU
e,f? urf;ezl;rSm ausmufp&pfawmif;xrf; toufarG;
0rf;ausmif; jyKae&wJh jrefrm vlrr,f
uav;i,fwpfOD;jzpfwJh touf 10ESpf
t&G,f rESif;ESif;&JU ajymMum;csufawG
jzpfygw,f/ olreJYtwl vlrr,fav; wpf
tkyfpk[m ausmufum;awG tvmudk wpf
aeYvHk; apmifhNyD; vkyfMu&w,f/
ausmif;wufa&mufzdkYtwGuf
pdwful;awmif r,OfEkdifMuwJh b0awG
vnf; jzpfygw,f/
EkdifiHa&;jyemawGMum;xJrSm
uav;vkyftm; jyem ykdrdkqdk;&Gm;vdkY

vmaeaMumif; vlYtcGifhta&; tzGJYtpnf;rsm;u axmuf

jyaeMuygw,f/ vlBuD;rsm;? rdbrsm;eJYtwl ausmufp&pfcJ
xrf;&if; toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKaeMu&wJh uav;
i,fawG&JU b0awGudk pmemEkdifMuzdkY twGufyg/
(11 azazmf0g&D 2011)

15

oHywfay;xm;aom puf&kyfrsm;aMumihf
'Drdkua&pD ynma&; tvSrf;a0;aeqJ
]tqihfqihfwkdif;rSm 'Drdkua&pDjzpfxGef;zdkY t
wGuf tajctae vHk;0 ray;ao;ygbl;/ vTwfawmf
zGihfyGJrSmwifyJ 'Drkdua&pDvrf;p aysmufqHk;aewm xif&Sm;
vSygw,f/ 'Drdkua&pD ynma&;pepfjzpfzkdY twGuf
arQmfvifhvdkY r&ao;bl;/} rEav;wkdif;rS txufwef;jy
ausmif;q&m OD;rsKd;odPf;u armuodkY ajymjycJhonf/
]vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; taejzifh vTwf
awmftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif oljzL&if igrnf;rSmyJqdkonfh
pdwfrsKd;rxm;&ef? pum;Edkifvkajymjcif; rjyK&efvdkaMumif;
ESifh vTwfawmftpnf;ta0;rsm;onf pum;&nfvkyJGrsKd;
rjzpfap&ef vdktyfaMumif;} OD;cifatmifjrifhudk udk;um;
t*FgaeYxkwf aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif azmfjyonf/
awmifBuD; q&mtwwfynmaumvdyf enf;
jywpfOD;jzpfol eef;rdkcrf;u q&mtwwfynma&;oif
wef;rsm;wGif uav;rsm;udk ajymqdkwwfatmif? rdrd
tjrifwdkYudk &Jwif; yGifhvif;pGm? ,HkMunfcsufjzifh ajym
wwfatmif avhusihf oifMum;ay;jcif;wdkYrSm ta&;
BuD;aom oif&dk;rsm;jzpfaomfvnf; vTwfawmftwGif
wHkPdSbma0 NidrfoufpGm aexkdifMuyHkwdkYrSm &Dp&maumif;
aom oHywfay;xm;onfh puf&kyfrsm;ESihf wlaeaMumif;udk
armuodkY ajymjycJhonf/
jrefrmhynma&; okawoDwpfOD;jzpfonfh q&m
arm&u armuodkY ajymjy&mwGif ]tacstwif aqG;
aEG;ajymqdkjcif;udk pmoifcef;rsm;twGif; avhusihfay;
&rnfjzpfaMumif;/ onfrSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfzGHYNzdK;ap&ef
twGuf ysKd;axmifrI tajccHyifjzpfaMumif;? tem*wf
umvrsm;wGif vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif; aqG;aEG;ajymqdkjcif;?
rwlaom tjrifrsm;udk wifjywwfjcif;ESihf tjyeftvSef
em;axmifwwfjcif;wdkYtwGuf txl;ta&;BuD;aMumif;?
odkY&mwGif vTwfawmfwGif tcGihftvrf;rsm;udk ydwfyif
xm;&Sdjcif;rSm pHjyKp&mr&Sdao;aom vlYtzGJYtpnf;twGif;
uav;rsm; ynmoifMum;ae&jcif;jzpfaMumif;? pum;&nf
vk ajymqdkjcif; debate rSm ynmoifMum;a&; enf;
vrf;wpfckjzpfonfhtwGuf pmoifcef;rsm;wGif vrf;zGihf
ay;&rnfjzpfaMumif; qdkygonf/
(2 azazmf0g&D 2011)
16

awmif;&rf;pm;aomufae&aom
jrefrmausmif;q&mtdkrsm;\ vlrI'kursm;
q,fpk ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm ynma&;wm0efrsm;udk
us&m a'orsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhMutNyD; tNidrf;
pm; ,lxm;Muol jrefrmausmif;q&mtdkrsm;rSm vlrI'ku
t00udk cg;pnf; cH&vsuf &SdaMumif; owif;&&Sdonf/
rEav;wuodkvf ordkif;XmerSm ESpf 30 ausmf
uxduwm0ef,lcJhtNyD; tNidrf;pm;,lxm;ol q&mBuD;
wpfOD;rS armuodkY &ifzGifhajymjycJhonf/ ]tbwdkY &wJh
yifpif vpmu vHk;0udk ravmufriyg/ vrf;p&dwfeJY
vzuf&nfzdk;rQom &Sdw,f/ yifpifwpfckwnf;eJY trSD
jyKxm;&awmh b,fvdkrS pm;vdkYaomufvdkY r0bl;/}
&Srf;jynfe,f awmifBuD; txuausmif;wGif
ausmif;tkyfvkyfcJhol touf 71 ESpft&G,f&Sd q&mBuD;
OD;pdkif;rif;vGifrS rdom;pkuvnf; raxmufyHhEdkifo
jzihf wynfha[mif;rsm;tdrfokYd wpftdrfwufqif; vdkufvH
awmif;pm;&if; usef&Sdaeonfh b0\ aemufqHk;ESpfrsm;udk
jzwfoef;ae&aMumif; ajymjycJhonf/
&efukefwdkfif;twGif; txufwef;ausmif;tkyf
wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmifcJhNyD; NrdKUe,fwpfckwGif ynma&;rSL;
vkyfcJhzl;ol q&mBuD; OD;at;odef;rS ausmif;q&m pvkyfcgp
umvrsm;ESihf rwlawmhbJ q&mwefzdk; vHk;0 usqif;
ae&ojzihf vkyfcJhorQ t&mrxif[k cHpm;&aMumif;?
&ifemae&aMumif;? ynma&;pepfBuD; ysufpD;aeonfudk
MunhfNyD; pdwfqif;&J&aMumif; cHpm;ajymjycJhonf/ }'DaeYacwf ynma&;pepfudk b,fvdkrS em;rvnfEkdifbl;/
q&m[m q&meJYudk rwlawmhbl;/ reufausmif;roGm;cif

aps;Aef;udkifNyD; aps;a&mif;&wJh ausmif;q&mrawGav/

olwkdYudk tjypfawmh rwif&ufbl;/ 'gayrJh wefzdk;uawmh
oGm;NyD/ ausmif;om;[mvnf; q&mawGtay:rSm
wefzdk;xm;rI usqif;oGm;wm/ tESpf 20 ausmf umvrSm
tqdk;0g;qHk;yg/}
rlvwef;ausmif;tkyfwm0efudk 45 ESpfwkdifwkdif
xrf;aqmifcJhol yJcl;wkdif;? e,fNrdKUav;wpfNrdKUrS touf 68
ESpf &SdNyDjzpfonfh q&mrBuD; a':cifcif0if;u olwkdY ynm
oifMum;ay;cJhMuaom olrsm;rSm ,cktcg EkdifiHacgif;
aqmifrsm;yif jzpfaeMuaMumif;ESihf rnfonfhtcgurQ
q&muefawmhyGJtcrf;tem;rvkycf MJh ubl;aMumif;ajymjy
cJhygonf/ xdkYtjyif pm;0wfaea&;twGuf ravmufri
b0ESihf &Sifoefae&aMumif;? awmif;&rf;pm;aomuf
ae&aMumif;wdkYudkvnf; rsuf&nftjynhfjzihf cHpm;ajymjy
cJhonf/
]usr rltkyfwm0efudk 45 ESpf xrf;aqmifcJh

ygw,f/ usrwdkY &Sufvnf;&SufaevdkY r&awmhygbl;/

aq;ukzkdYu aiGr&Sdbl;/ om;orD;aemufcHuvnf; r&Sdbl;
av/ awmif;&rf; pm;aomufaeMu &ygw,f/ &Sufvnf;
r&Sufawmhygbl;/ wynfh ausmif;om;awG tcktcgrSm
vlBuD;awGjzpf? ukr PD'g&dkufwmBuD;awG? pDtD;tdkawGjzpf?
tcsKdUqdk AdkvfrSL; BuD;awG? AdkvfcsKyfawG awmif jzpfaeMuNyD/
rk'dwm yGm;&ygw,f/ odkYaomfvnf;yJ ausmif;om;a[mif;
rsm;rS vSL'gef;ay;urf; pGefYMuJrIudk arQmfvifh aeMu&wmyg/
yHkrSef &yfwnfvdkYrS r&wm/ vltdk&Hk uvnf; vufrcHbl;/
tJ'geJY tckjrifwJh twkdif;yJ awmif;&rf; pm;aomufyg
w,f/}
NyD;cJhonfh Mo*kwfvwGif ausmif;q&m q&m
rrsm;tygt0if tNidrf;pm; 0efxrf;rsm; 50 OD;rS AdkvfcsKyf
rSL;BuD;oef;a&TxHodkYyifpifvpmwdk;jrihfay;&efawmif;qdkcJh
Muonf/
(17 'DZifbm 2010)

ref;aq;wuokdvf ausmif;om; 25 a,muf xkwfy,fcH&

rEav;aq;wuodkvf'kwd,ESpfaq;ausmif;
om; 25 a,mufudk atmufwdkbmeJY edk0ifbmv pmar;yGJ
rsm;tNyD;wGif owfrSwftqifh rrSDaomaMumifh aq;
ausmif;rS tNyD;tydkif xkwfypfcJhonf/
,ck txkwfcH&wJh aq;ausmif;om; 25
a,mufrSm ausmif;ac:csdef rjynfhwma&m? oHk;cgajz&wJh
pmar;yGJrSmyg ratmifwmaMumifhf ygarmucsKyf a'gufwm
oef;0if; vufrSwfeJY ausmif;
uae tNyD;tydkif xkwfypf
vkdufjcif; jzpfonf/
rdbrsm;u arQmf
vifhcsufeJY yifyifyef;yef; BudK;
pm;&kef;uef xm;&wJhMum;u
tckvdk ausmif;uae tNyD;
tydkif txkwfcHvdkuf&wJh
twGuf b,folYudk tult
nD awmif;&rSef;rod jzpf
aeaMumif; rdbwOD;u &if
zGifYajymqdkygonf/ ]atmuf
wdkbm? Edk0ifbm pmar;yGJrSm
bmom&yftm;vHk; usw,f
qdkNyD;awmh 25 a,muf

xkwfvdkufwm? ckawmh usaemfwdkY udkd,fwdkif cHpm;&yg

w,f/ b,fwdkifvdkY wddkif&rSef;vJrod? bmvkyfvdkY vkyf&rSef;
rod? usaemfwdkYvnf; r&SdrJh &SdrJhMum;u ausmif;xm;cJhNyD;
*kPf,laecJhw,f/ ckawmh aomifjyifvTwfwJh acG;vdkjzpfae
w,f/ vlaoovdk cHpm;&w,f? wcsKdUqdkidkaewm ckxd
awmifidkvdkY rNyD;ao;bl;} ausmif;om;rdbwpfOD; ajymcJh
jcif; jzpfonf/

17

ausmif;om;awG ckvdk ausmif;xkwfcH&wmeJY

ywfoufNyD; rEav;aq;wuokdvfrSm pmoifay;aewJh
uxdu q&mwpfa,mufuawmh ]t&nftcsif;jrifhwJh
umvqdkawmh ausmif;om;awGudk ydkawmfvmatmif
q&mawGbufuawmh vkyfaeMuwmygyJ/ puef;&D;,m;
uae ywfwl;xdu ESpfBudrfxd uscGihf&Sdw,f/ 3Budrf
us&ifawmhxkwyf pfvu
kd w
f mayg/Y usaemfwYkdacwfwek ;f u
aq;wuodkvf ausmif;om;eJYawmh vHk;0 rwlawmhbl;/
wcsdKUu 0goemrygbJeJY vmwufMuwmudk;/ rdbawG&JU
bdkifzdkpfeJYwuf&awmh wuf&if;eJY pmawGuvnf; t&rf;
rsm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;eJY ydkNyD;tvSrf;a0;oGm;wJh
oabm? 'gawGuawmh&Sdygw,f} [k &Sif;jyonf/
'DvdkjzpfwJh udp[m ausmif;om;a&m ouf
qkdif&m aq;wuodkvf&JU tm;enf;rIawGMumifh jzpf
aMumif; ausmif;tNyD; q&m0efjzpfump wpfa,mufu
olYtawGYtMuHKudk ,ckvdk ajymjyonf/
]pmawGuawmhcufw,f cufwmudkrS ausmif;
om;awGuvnf; *drf;qdkifawG? usLcHkawGwdkY? pifwifwdkY?

rmqwf&SfwdkY tukefa&mufaewmudk/ ckupnf;urf;eJY

udkifr,fqdkNyD; vkyfvdkufwm 'Dbufuvnf; tm;enf;
csufawG &SdwmyJ/ oifwJholzufuvnf; tm;enf;
csuf&SdwmyJ/ oifaxmufulypnf;qdk rdkufu&dkpukyfqdk
wpfa,mufwvHk;&Sd&rSm vlav;ig;q,fwpfvHk; Munfh
&w,f/ NyD;awmh tavmif;awGbmawG cGJpdyfvkyf&
wmvnf; t&ifwkef;u av;ig;a,muf wpfavmif;
ayghav/ cku 10csD&mcsDrS wpfavmif;qdkawmh b,folrS
vnf; 0ifrprf; jzpfawmhbl;/ pmukdvnf; pdwf0ifpm;rI
r&Sdbl;/ tJvdkjzpfaewm ausmif;om;OD; a&rsm;NyD; oifwJh
q&muvnf;enf;? MuyfrwfrIuvnf; raumif;/ tJvdk
jzpfaewm} [k ausmif;NyD;ump q&m0efwOD; ajymoGm;cJh
onf/
,ckvdk aq;ausmif;om;b0uae &moufyef
xkwfcHvdkuf&wmaMumifh um,uH&Sif ausmif;om;awG
xuf rdbawGrSm &wufayGNyD; aomuawGyifv,f
a0aeMuonf/
(2 Zefe0g&D 2011)

EkdifiHjcm;ynmawmfoif jrefrm ausmif;om;rsm; wdkif;jynfrjyefvdkMu

ynmawmfoif jrefrm ausmif;om;trsm;pkrSm
wdkif;jynfokdY rjyefvdkMuaMumif;udk owif;&&Sdonf/
xkdif;EkdifiH befaumufNrdKU&Sd attdkifwD wu
odkvfrSm aemufqHk;ESpf r[mbGJYudk wufa&mufaewJh
tpdk;&0efxrf; ynmawmfoifwpfOD;u tckvdk armuudk

puFmyl eef;,efpufrIwuodkvf pmMunhfwkduf

18

&ifzGihfajymcJhygw,f/ ]uRefawmfu odyHeJY enf;ynm 0ef

BuD;Xmeu ynmawmfoifqkeJY vQyfppftif*sifeD,m odyH
r[mbGJYudk avhvmaewmyg/ jyefzdkYudk vHk;0 pdwfrygwm
ygAsm/ xkdif;rSmyJ &&mwpfckckudk vkyfcsifaewm/ 'DrSmu
ydkvGwfvyfw,fav/ jyefr,fqdk&if 0efBuD;utp? Xme
qkdif&m tqifhqifhudk vmbf
xdk;&OD;r,f/ t&ift&m&Sd &m
xl;uav; jyef&zdkYuvnf;
raocsmbl;/ usaemf t
awmf uav; pdwf"gwf usae
wm/ usaemfh oli,fcsif;
tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; jyefzdkY
udk pdwfqif;&JaeMuw,f/}
puFmylEkdifiH? eef;
,efwuodkvfrSm pD;yGm;a&;
ynm (pDrHtkyfcsKyfrI) txl;jyK
wufa&mufaewJh aemuf
ausmif;ol wpfOD;jzpfwJh
r[efeDpdk;uawmh rdbawG

AdkvfcsKyfarG;aeYESihf uav;rsm;aeYudk usif;yaepOf

usifh0wfeDwdESifh tawG;tjrif rsKd;aph

csay;cJholarG;aeY *kPfjyK
96 ESpfajrmuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;arG;aeYESihf
jrefrmEkdifiH uav;rsm;aeY *kPfjyKyGJudk trsKd;om;'Drdkua&
pD tzGJYcsKyf&Hk;wGif usif;ycJhaMumif; owif;&&Sdygonf/ tzGJY
csKyf0ifrsm;? vli,frsm;? ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm;ESihf
uav;i,f pkpkaygif; vl 500 ausmf wufa&mufcJhonf/
uav;rsm;twGuf ]AdkvfcsKyfrdefYcGef; ajymNydKifyGJ}
udk usif;yay;cJhNyD; uav;rsm;\ &dk;&mtuya'owdkYjzihf
wifqufcJhaMumif; owif;&&Sdygonf/ a':atmifqef;
pkMunfu trSmpum; ajymMum;cJhonf/
ordkif;0if AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jywkdufrSm ydwf
xm;cH&qJjzpfNyD; pmoifausmif;ESihf oif&dk;nGef;wrf;

uvnf; 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm a&mufaeNyDjzpfaMumif;eJY 'DEkdif

iHrSmyJ tvkyfvkyfawmhrSm jzpfaMumif;udk ajymjycJhygw,f/
]orD;wdkYtwGuf 'DrSmu tcGihfta&; ydkaumif;vkdYyg/
enf;enf;vnf;eD;awmh jyefvnfvkYdvnf; &w,f/}
rav;&Sm;EdkifiHu wuodkvfrSm ZD0enf;ynm
ausmif;om; udkjynfrif;u olYtaeeJY MopaMw;vsEkdifiH
jynf0ifcGifh &&Sdxm;NyDjzpfaMumif;eJY ausmif;NyD;wmeJY skill
migrant a&TUajymif; uRrf;usif vkyfom;taeeJY tvkyfyg
&&SdEkdifaMumif;ajymjycJhygw,f/
xdkYtjyif tcsKdUaom ausmif;olausmif;om;

rsm;wGifvnf; vGwfvyfa&;Adokum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;

\ tcef;u@ESihf ay;qyfpGefYvTwfrIwdkYudk arS;rSdefxm;qJ
jzpfonf/
pHjytwk,lzG,f&m jrefrmESihf urmhtodtrSwf
jyK acgif;aqmifwpfOD; taejzihf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
rsKd;qufopf vli,frsm;? ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf &Sm;yg;vSaom tzdk;wef tmZmenf wpfOD;jzpf
onf/ usihf0wfeDwdESihf tawG;tjrif rsKd;aphudk csay;
cJholtaejzihf AdkvfcsKyfrSm vlom; qefaom? vlom; t"du
A[kdjyK ynma&;ESihf ynmwwf t"dyg,fwdkYudk zGihf
qdkay;cJhonf/
(13 azaz:0g&D 2011)

rsm;rSm ynmawmfoifESihf EdkfifiHjcm; xGufcGifhwdkYudk

wkdif;jynf ajymif;a&TUaexdkif&ef twGuf &nf&G,fcsufjzihf
avQmufxm;MuaMumif;vnf; owif;&&Sdonf/
t"du tcsufrsm;taejzihf ynmawmfoif
jrefrmausmif;om;rsm; wkdif;jynfodkY rjyefMujcif;rSm
xdkufwefaom tvkyftudkif &&Sd&ef raocsmjcif;? 0ifaiG
vGefpGm enf;ygjcif;? vGwfvyfyGifhvif;rIESihf w&m;rQwrI
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(14 'DZifbmv 2010)
19

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20

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(31 'DZifbm 2010)
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21

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22

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23

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24

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25

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26

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29

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31

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33

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34

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35

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36

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37

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38

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39

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40

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41

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42

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43

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46

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47

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18 azazmf0g&D 2011

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xdef;csKyfxm;ygw,f/ tifwmeufrSmvnf; tJ'DtaMumif;
&SmzwfvdkY r&atmif ydwfxm;ygw,f/ 21 azaz:0g&D 2011

ta&SU tv,fydkif;eJU ajrmuftmz&du

vlxkqEjyrIrsm; t&SDdefjrihf
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(19 azaz:0g&D 2011)

49

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50

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51

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&nfnTef;
How a Single Match Can Ignite a Revolution by Robert F. Worth
Facebook and Arab Dignity by Roger Cohen

ausmif;om; pum;

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52

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55

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56

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57

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Xme&JU oHwrefa&; vQKdU0SufrSwfwrf;awG 0DuDvdcfpf
(Wikileaks) tifwmeuf pmrsufESmrSm aygufMum;cJhwm
aMumifhvnf; tar&duef jynfaxmifpk&JU tifwmeuf
58

vGwfvyfcGifheJY &yfwnfcsufudk trsm;u pdwf0ifpm;ae

Muygw,f/
urmay:rSm vltrsm;tjym; okH;pGJvmaewJh
tifwmeuf vGwfvyfcGifhudk b,fEkdifiHrSmrS a&&Snf ydwf
yif[efYwm;vdkY r&bl;qdkNyD; 0efBuD; uvifwefu t"du
ajymqkdoGm;ygw,f/
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awG? EkdifiHom;awG&JU Nidrf;csrf;wJh vIyf&Sm;rIawGudk BudKwif
pkHprf;NyD; tifwmeuf okH;cGifhudk uefYowfwJh tpdk;&awGu
'g[m vkHNcKHa&;t& vkyf&wmqdkNyD; ajymaumif; ajymEkdif
ygw,f/ 'g[m rSm;,Gif;wJh vkyf&yfvdkY usr ajymcsifygw,f/
tifwmeuf vGwfvyfcGifh ydwfyifrIu jynfolawG&JU vGwf
vyfpGm xkwfazmfcGifh iwfrGwfrIudk acwcPom
[efYwm;EkdifrSmyg/ tNrJwrf; rjzpfEkdifygbl;/}
urmay:rSm tifwmeuf tokH;jyKol vloef;
aygif; 2,000 avmuf&SdaeNyD; urmay:u vlOD;a&&JU
okH;ykHwykHavmuf tifwmeuf tokH;jyKaeMuNyDvdkY 0efBuD;
[Dvm&D uvifwefu ajymygw,f/ 'gayrJhvnf; urmh
EkdifiHwcsKdUrSm tifwmeufudk zdESdyfwJh tpdk;&awGuyJ tokH;
cscGifh &aeygw,f/ tifwmeuf[m zdESdyfolawG twGuf
vm;?tzdESdyfcHawG&JUvGwfvyfa&;twGufvm;tjiif;yGm;rI
awGawmh &Sdaeygw,f/
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awG[m Nidrf;csrf;wJh toGiful;ajymif;a&;udk OD;wnfatmif

taxmuftuljyKcJhNyD; ydkrdkaumif;rGefwJh tem*wfudk ydkif
qkdifvkdwJh tD*spfEdkifiH&JU vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIawG atmifyGJqD
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w,f/
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wmeuf ydwfyif uefYowfrIawG &SdaeqJyJ qdkwmudkvnf;
rdefYcGef;rSm xnfhoGif; ajymqkdoGm;ygw,f/
]wkwfEkdifiHrSm tpdk;&u tifwmeufrSm azmf
jywJh taMumif;t&mawGudk qifqm jzwfawmufovdk
tcsuftvuf&SmwJh tcgrSmvnf; vdyfpmrSm;aew,f
qkdNyD; wjcm;pmrsufESmudk ajymif;ydkYwmrsKd;awG vkyfavh
&Sdygw,f/ jrefrmEkdifiHrSmqkd&ifvnf; vGwfvyfwJh owif;
XmeawG&JU tifwmeuf pmrsufESmawGudk wdkufckdufNyD;
owif;awG jzefYa0vdkY r&atmif wdkufckduf ydwfyifwmawG
vkyfygw,f/}
]usL;bm;rSmvnf; tpdk;&u tpdk;&twGif;om
okH;vdkY&wJh Intra Net udk wDxGifNyD; jynfolawGudk urmh
tifwmeuf tcsuftvufawG MunhfvdkYr&atmif ydwf
yif xm;ygw,f/ AD,uferfrSm qkd&ifvnf; tpdk;&udk
a0zefwJh bavmh*gawG zrf;qD;cHae&ygw,f/ tD&efrSm
qkd&ifvnf; twdkuftcHeJY owif;XmeawGudk ydwfyifNyD;
tmPmydkifawGu tpdk;& a0zefolawG&JU udk,fa& ;tcsuf
tvufawG &SmazG ESdrfeif;wmawG vkyfaeygw,f/}
bavmh*gawGudk zrf;qD;wJholawG? 0ufbf
qkdufawGudk wm;jrpf[efYwm;wJholawG? twdkuftcHawG
&JU tifwmeuf pmrsufESmawGudk ydwfyifwJh tpdk;&awG[m
a&&SnfrSm olwkdYbufu ay;qyf&r,fh tE&m,fawG
&Sdaew,fvdkYvnf; 0efBuD; uvifwefu owday; ajym
ygw,f/
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t[efYtwm;awG vkyfxm;wJh tpdk;&awG? enf;ynmt&
umuG,fwmyJjzpfjzpf uefYowf wnf;jzwfrIawGeJY tkyf
csKyfwmyJjzpfjzpf? tifwmeufay:u vlawG&JU vGwfvyfpGm
xkwfazmfcGifheJY pnf;kH;cGifhawGudk wm;jrpfolyJjzpfjzpf
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vdrhfr,f/}
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jypfwif Iwfcsygw,f/
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olawG&JU ydkifqkdifrIudk cdk;,l&mu pwifcJhwmyg/ tpdk;&&JU
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rsKd;yg/ wcsKdUuawmh tpdk;&taeeJY vkyf&yftm;vkH;udk vlxk
udk today; xkwfazmf&r,fqdkNyD; 'Dvdkckd;,lwmudk rSefw,f
qdkNyD; ajymaeMuygw,f/ usr oabmrwlygbl;/ tar&d
uef jynfaxmifpk taeeJY udk,fvkyfaqmiforQ tm;vkH;
rcRif;rcsef vlod&SifMum; xkwfazmfae&r,fqkd&if tar&d
uef jynfolawG&JU vkHNcKHa&;udk wm0ef,lEdkifrSm r[kwfovdk
urmw0ef;u 'Drdkua&pDeJY vlYtcGifhta&; wkd;jrifha&; udp
awGvnf; vkyfaqmifEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;/}
tifwmeuf ydwfyifuefYowfrIawGudk ausmf
vTm;zdkY BudK;pm;olawGudk tar&duef jynfaxmifpk taeeJY
tultnDawG wdk;ay;oGm;r,fvdkYvnf; 0efBuD; uvif
wefu ajymygw,f/ urmw0ef; EkdifiHaygif; 40 ausmfrSm
tar&duef EkdifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;Xmeu tifwmeuf vGwf
vyfcGifhtwGuf ulnDaxmufyhHaew,f qkdwmudk NyD;cJhwJh
ESpfuwnf;u ajymcJhzl;ygw,f/ t&ifu tar&duef
a':vm oef; 20 zdk; tultnDawG ay;aecJhNyD; 'DESpfrSm
aemufxyf 25 oef;zdk; tultnDawG xyfay;oGm;r,fvdkY
qkdygw,f/
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uGef&ufawGudk okH;&mrSm urmw0ef;u jynfolawGeJY
wkdufdkuf xdawGUEkdifatmif wcsKdUEkdifiHu oufqkdif&m
bmompum;awGudk okH;NyD; Twitter uGef&ufuwqifh
wkdufdkuf owif;ay;Ekdifatmif EdkifiHjcm;a&; 0efBuD;Xme
taeeJY bmompum; wcsKdUeJY pwif vkyfaqmifaeNyDvdkY
vnf; 0efBuD;uvifwefu ajymygw,f/ tar&duef
jynfaxmifpkeJY vufwGJNyD; tifwmeuf vGwfvyfcGifh
twGuf wkd;jrifh aqmif&GufzdkY vufwGJBudK;yrf;a&; twGuf
vnf; urmhEkdifiHawGudk olu wkdufwGef;oGm;ygw,f/
Source: VOA

59

ordkif;0if
awmfvSefa&;
ul;pufrIrsm;ESihf

vlxkatmifyGJ
jyD;cJhonfh &ufowywfrsm;wGif awmfvSef
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;rSm Adkif;&ufpfydk;uJhodkYyif us,fus,fjyefYjyefY
vsifvsifjrefjref ul;pufoGm;cJhjyDjzpfonf/
wleD&Sm;rSonf tD*spfqDodkY/
teD;tem; wkdif;jynfrsm;jzpfonfh a*smf'efESihf
,DrifwdkYwGifvnf; qEjyrIrsm;? qlylrIrsm; jzpfyGm;vmawmh
onf/ xyfrHjyefYyGm;Ekdifonfh aemufwpfEkdifiHrSm qD;&D;,m;
[l toHrsm;vnf; ay:xGufaeqJ/
qEjyrI ysHUESHYEIef;xm;rSm aMumufcref;vdvd/
qufwdkufjzpfpOfrsm;rSm vGefcJhaom ESpf 200 twGif;
jzpfyGm;cJhonfh rauseyfrI umvrsm;ESihf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;\
yJhwif &dkufcwfoHrsm;yifwnf;/
1989 ckESpfwGif bmvifwHwkdif;MuD; jydKvJ
ysufpD;onfh &dkufcwfrItygt0if 1848 ckESpfwGif
Oa&myw0Srf;vHk; &kef;uefawmfvSefjcif; jzpfpOfrsm;wGif
rwnfjidrfrIrsm;onf ydkydk rwnfjidrfrIrsm;udk quf
wdkuf jzpfyGm;apcJhygonf/ xyfrH jzpfyGm;&avjyD/
vlxkqufoG,fa&; enf;ynmrsm;aMumihf wpfae&mrS
wpfae&modkY ul;pufysHUESHYrI tvsiftjref jzpfxGef;vdkY
vmaeonf/
]awmfvSefvIyf&Sm;rIawG[m ul;pufwwfyg&JU }
&dkvmjrdKU? rpfaqmf&DodyHESihf enf;ynm wuodkvfrS ppf
ordkif;ynm&Sif *Gefrufref;eyfpfu rSwfcsufjyKonf/
]ordkif;uae oifcef;pm ,lMuzdkY&m qdk&if tJ'g b,fvdk
yHkrsKd;eJY jzpfvmr,f qdkwmudkawmh pOf;pm;cefYrSef;vdkY r&Ekdif
wmyg/ aMumufp&maygYaem/ wm pvTwfvdkufjyDqdkwmeJY
tiftm;awG[m b,fae&mawGtxd ysHUESHY oGm;Ekdifw,f
60

qdkwmudk cefYrSef;pOf;pm;vdkY r&Ekdifygbl;/}

tOD;tporkdif; Oyrmtaejzihf jAdwdeftifyg,m
udk qefYusifcJhzl;aom tar&duef awmfvSefa&;udk
jy&rnf[k xifygonf/ 1776 ckESpfwGif atmifyGJ0ifEkdifrI
aMumihf jyifopfrsm;twGuf tm;wufzG,f&m jzpfcJhjyD; ol
wdkY udk,fydkifvGwfvyfa&;udkvnf; 1789 ckESpfwGif qGwfcl;
&,l EkdifcJhjyefonf/ onfrSm orkdif;okawoDrsm;\
tjrifwlaom oHk;oyfcsuf wpfckvnf;jzpfonf/
ydkrdkus,fjyefYaom jyifopf awmfvSefa&;rSm
1848 ckESpfwGif qufvufjzpfyGm;cJhjyefonf/ zdESdyfcH? qErJ
ay;ydkifcGifh r&Sd&SmMuaom tv,fvwfwef; atmufvTm
vlxkMuD;u bk&ifvl;0pfzDvpf\ t*wd vdkufpm;rIrsm;ESihf
tcGifhxl;cH tkyfcsKyfrIudk qefYusif ykefuefawmfvSefcJhMu\/
bk&ifvl;0pfzDvpf wkdif;jynfrS xGufajy;&onfESihf awmf
vSefrI tpOftwef;MuD;rSm *smrPDodkY ul;pufcJhavjyD/
vlxk\ wtHkaEG;aEG;? MudrfrD;tHk; ylaqG;aomursm;
uvnf; xkESihfxnfESihf tqifhoihf &SdaecJhonfayyJ/
awmfvSefykefuefrIrsm;rSm r&yfem;Ekdifao;/ xdkrSquf
vuf MopMxD;,m;? ydkvef? &k&Sm;? tDwvDwdkYudk ausmfvGef
jyefYyGm; awmfvSefcJhacsjyD/
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jyeYfyGm;cJhwm trSefygyJ/} rufrefeyfpfuqdk\/ vlxku jyif
opfrSm jzpfaewmudk jrifvdkuf&jyD/
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usjyDvdkYvnf; xifw,f/} tJ'DESpfrSmyJ awmrD;avmifovdk
awmfvSefa&;[m ysHUESHYoGm;cJhzl;yg&JU/....
tjcm;aom om"ursm; aqmifygtHh/ &ufpuf

bmpwD; tusOf;axmifMuD;udk rD;&dIU cJhpOfu jyifopfawmfvSefa&; 1789

aom tmPm&Sif tar&duef tpdk;&udk rauseyfojzihf

1860 ckESpfwGif awmifum&dkvdkif;em;e,f cGJxGufcJhjcif; jzpf
onf/ t,fbm;rm? rppyDESihf tjcm;awmifydkif; jynfe,f
rsm;u vkdufyg cGJxGufcJhMuonfh 'dkrDEdkoufa&mufrIaMumihf
jynfwGif;ppf jzpfyGm;&avawmh\/ 1989 ckESpfwGif
bmvifwHwdkif;MuD; jydKvJcJh&onfrSm uGefjrLepfpepfudk
qefYusifMuaom ydkvef? &dkar;eD;,m;? [efa*&D?
csufudkpvdkaA;uD;,m;ESihf blvfa*;&D;,m;EdkifiHrsm;\
awmfvSefa&;vdIif; &dkufcwfcsufrsm;aMumihfyifwnf;/
,ckjzpfyGm;aeaom ta&SUtv,fydkif; tajc
taerSm rwlaom aemufcH ,Ofaus;rIESihf EkdifiHa&;
tcif;tusif;rsm; &Sdaeygonf/ okdYaomfjim;vnf; twdwf
umvrsm;\ jzpfpOfrsm;ESihf qifwlvGef;ayonf[k aumfeJ
wuokdvfrS rsufarSmufacwf tD*spfordkif;ynm&Sif
Zt'fzmrDu qdk\/
tjcm;aom ul;pufwwfonfh awmfvSef
vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;uJhodkYyif ,ckykefuefrIrSmvnf; zdESdyf tkyfcsKyf
aeaom tmPm&SifwdkYtay: rauseyfcsufrsm; wtHk

aEG;aEG; pkaqmif;cJh&onfh vGefcJhaom ESpfrsm;pGmuyif

pwifcJhaMumif; olu&Sif;jyonf/ jrdKY&GmtESHU us,fjyefY
vmawmh\/ tjcm;aom ,Ofaus;rIyHkpHrsm; ajymif;vJ&
jcif;vnf; jrpfzsm;cHcJhonf/ odkYjzihf aysmfp&m
raumif;aom umvrsm;rSm rD;yGm;udk apmihfaeonfESifh
wlawmhonf/ qufwdkuf jydKvJvmaeonfh 'dkrDEdk
jzpfpOfrsm;u &dkufcwfrnfrSm ajrMuD;vufcwfrvGJ/
,ckjzpfpOf\ rD;yGm;rSm 'DZifbmvv,f
avmufu rdrdudk,fudk rD;&dIU cJh&Smaom wleD;&Sm; qEjyorm;
wpfOD;&,fyg/ aemufqufwGJ qEjyrIrsm;u tvsift
jrefyif wleD;&Sm; orwudk xGufajy;ap&onf txdyif/
tdrfeD;csif; EdkifiHrsm;wGifvnf; tvm;wl qEjyyGJrsm;
ul;pufcJhawmhonf/
wpfckwnf;aom qefYusifawmfvSefrIrSonf
ul;pufysHUESHY vmap&eftwGuf t"du aomhcsufum;
]qufoG,fa&;} yifjzpfonf[k zmrDu xyfavmif; &Sif;jy
onf/ 1848 ckESpfwGifrl rsm;rMumao;rDu wDxGifcJhaom
w,fvD*&zf aMu;eef;pepfyifjzpfonf/ yHkESdyf owif;pm
61

rsm;ESihftwl EkdifiHw0Srf; jzpfysufaerIrsm;udk jynfolvl

xktwGuf owif; oJvGefprsm; ay;EkdifcJhavjcif;/
,aeYwGifrl azhpfbGwf? ,lusKUESihf wGpfwm/
tDvufxa&mepfqufoG,fa&;rsm; zsufqD;
cH&aom tcgwGifrl tD*spf qEjyolrsm;onf rlv vuf
a[mif;enf;rsm;jzihf owif; qufcJhjyefonf/ bmvkyf
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awmfvSefvIyf&Sm;rI ul;pufonf[k qdk&m0,f
vlxk\ onf;ajcwGif ]arQmfvifhcsufESihf pdwftiftm;wdkY}
&vdkufjcif;u t"du[k qdk&acsrnf/ rdrdwdkYESihf tajctae
csif; wlnDaom tjcm;wkdif;jynf vlxku awmfvSefykef uef
wdkufyGJ0ifMuavjcif;/ .... xkdYjyifw0.... atmifyGJcH aeMuavjcif;/
]olwdkYvnf; vkyfaqmifEkdifwJh yHkpHygvm;vdkY
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jrifvmMuw,f/} zmrDu qdk\/
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ovdkygyJ/}
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&Sdavonf/ uGrf;usifol? ynm&Sifqdkolrsm;u awmf
vSefa&; rnfonfh tcsdefwGif pwifjzpfay:rnf[k
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ysHUESHYrnf? rnfokdYrnfyHk tqHk;owfrnfwdkYudkvnf;
cefYrSef;&ef rulnDEkdif/ &v'frsm;rSm tHhbeef; jzpf&avh
&Sdonf/ odkYaomf taygif;vuPm aqmifcsifrS aqmif
rnf/ twdwfudk arQmfMunfhjyD; awmfvSefykefuefrI
topfrsm;onf tem*wfwGif jzpfyGm;vmEkdifjcif;ESihf
tat;rda&m*g Adkif;&yfpfuJhodkY ul;puf ysHUESHUEkdifjcif;wdkYudk
wm;jrpf&efvnf; rpGrf;aqmifEkdifMuyg/ zmrDu &Sif;jy
cJhonf/ awmfvSefa&; rnfonf azmfjrLvmr&Sd/
]orkdif;u oifcef;pmudk b,folrS r,lMuyg
bl;/} olu qufajymjyonf/ ]w&m;aom awmfvSefykef
uefrI topf topfawG tjrJwrf; &SdaeygOD;r,f/
qufoG,fa&; rD'D,m topfawGvnf; &SdaerSmyg/
'guawmh vlYraem? vlYobm0yg/ vlxk[m zdESdyf
tkyfcsKyfcH&jyDqdk&ifawmh awmfvSef ykefuefMurSm tao
tcsmygyJ/}
Source: Discovery/ History Channel: Are
Revolutions contagious? by Emily Sohn

62

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axG} (tJav) ]pmtrsKd;rsKd; - o&kyfouef taxGaxG}
[l ckdif;EIdif; nTef;&avmufrnf xifygonf/
a[mMunfh - - - ]eH&Hpm} wJh/
ausmif;ueH&H? tdrfueH&H? pm;aomufqkdifu
eH&H? vrf;xdyfu tkwfeH&H? bkef;BuD;ausmif;u tkwfeH&H?
bk&m; &dSckd;ausmif;u tkwfeH&H? vrf;xdyf qkduum;*dwfu
tkwfeH&H pojzifh wkdwdkxGmxGm zwfp&mawGudk udk,fawmf
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ao;raygufygESifh} wJh/
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qdkum;*dwfteD; eHvdkufwJh csL;csL;apmfawG? csefapmfeD;
wmawG twJGvdkuf? twJGvdkufESifhyg/ (o[mu tjynfh
t0 rajymao;aom tjrnf;oabmav;&,fyg/)
udkif;- aemufpmwpfcku ]ckHpm} yg/ rsm;aom
tm;jzifh tv,fwef;? txufwef;? wuodkvf aumvdyf
odyHwef;rsm; vufujrif;awmfrl wwfMuygonf/ ckHpm
tcsKdUudk wifjy&vQif - - ] 'Dpmudkzwf? udk,fhcspfolrSwf} wJh/
ola&;xm;ykH t&qkdvQif rdef;uav;awGudk
&nfnGef; xm;wm aocsmonf/
]q&mawG i&TD;? wDcs,fawG ESyfcsD;? ZD;xkyf
a&mif;pm;? olwdkYaumif;pm;} wJh/
'guawmh &Sif;ygonf/ ausmif;&dS q&mrsm;rSm
pmoifwmxuf nm0g; NzD;jzef;wmrsm;aeovdk q&m
rawGuvnf; ESyfcsD;usbduJhokdY ZD;xkyfa&mif;? rkefYa&mif;
pm;um tydk0ifaiG &SmaeMujcif;udk qdkdvdk[ef wlygonf/
]wa&;Ekd;aomf tMuHay:? ay:onfhtMuH?

jyeftdyf&ef} wJh/
]'guawmh usaemfwdkY wuodkvfausmif;om;
b0 1980 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;qDu emrnfausmfMum; vlod
rsm;aom tkdif'D,m aumif;onfhf ckHpm uAsmwpfyk'f jzpfyg
onf/
] ausmif;aeaysmf pm;awmfac:&rnf} wJh/
'guawmh ] ausmif;aeaysmf pmawmf&rnf}
[lonfh ausmif;\ ynma&; aqmifyk'fukd jyuf&,fjyKum
ckHpmtjzpf armfuGef; xdk;xm;ykH&ygonf/ ckHpmu0d- ynm&dS
wdkY\ vufu jrif;awmfrlcJhonfrsm;um; ajym rukef
Ekdifacs/
pmrsm;rSm tjrnf;rQom jzpfygonf/ qJ
qdk Budrf;armif;xm;aom ckHpm? npfnrf;aom ckHpmrsm;
vnf; trsm;tjym;&dSygonf/ odkYaomf pmzwfol twGuf
roifhawmfojzifh razmfjyawmhyg/ uJ - - tck tvSnfh
uswmu ] tdrfompm} tvSnfhyg/
oifonf ausmif;wpfausmif;\ tdrfom?
wuodkvf? aumvdyf odyHausmif; wpfckck\ tdrfomxJ
0ifoGm;ygu tESD tdrfompmudk awGU &rSm {uefrvJGyg/
]a&SUwnfhwnfh qufoGm;yg/ b,fbufudk csKd;vdkufyg/
nmbufrSm oiftvdk &dSaom pGefYxkwfrIudk vkyf EkdifygNyD/

a[h--a[h
aetkH;?
aetkH;/ tay:udk armh
MunhfvkdufygtkH;/} (xdkd
tdrfompmukd zwf rdoludk
tqkH;pmom;rSm
okdYwG,fygvdrfhrnf/)
]igajymwJhtwkdif; vkduf
vkyfol[m iaygBuD;} wJh/
ae&mwG i f
tjcm;aom
npfwD;
npfnrf; pum;vkH;rsm;
ESifh tdrfompmrsm;vnf;
&dSao;aomfvnf; roifh
awmfojzifh razmfjy awmh
yg/ qufvuf wifjy&
rnfu-- ]ypfpm} jzpf
ygonf/ usaemfwdkY i,f
i,fwkef;u rlvwef;
ausmif;om;b0rSonf
wuokdvf aumvdyf odyH
ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;
jzpfvmMuonftxd
puLacgufjrm;jzifh ypf&aom ]ypfpm} tokH;jyK cJhMu&
ygonf/ ydk;yef;enf; ig;&m? &dSwfenf; wpfaxmif?
avQmufjyefoHay; - ajcat;0rf;a&mif ig;axmif ac: enf;
wpfaomif;wnf;[laomi,fpOftcg cspfAsL[mrsm;xJu
]ypfpm} onf wpfcef;u@ yg0ifaeygonf/ puLjrm;
ypfpm wpfckrSmawmh--]rif; rcspfvQif ukd,faocsif
onf? &ifckefygoavm cspfolacsm--}wJh/
tjcm;taMumif;t&m ]ypfpm} rsm;xJwGif
aumifav;u aumif;rav;\ tdrfvdyfpmudk trdt&
&,lum pmwkdufrS wqifh pmxnfhaomenf; (ypfpm)
wpfck jzpfygonf/ okdY&mwGif rawmf&aom a,muxD;?
a,mur tygt0if aumifrav;\ tdrfwGif&dSaom
todkif;t0dkif;aygif;pkH\ [efYwm;? ydwfyif? wm;jrpf?
uefYowfrIrsm;aMumifh aumifav;ay;aom arwm
pmonf aumifrav;xHokdY a&muf&dS&ef raocsmvS
ygacs/
xdkYtjyif aeYpOfxGuf owif;pm wpfapmif
apmifESifh oufqdkif&m tmPmykdif tzJGU tpnf; tqifhqifh
(NrdKUe,f? c&kdif? wkdif;? A[kd) xHokdY rdrd\ trnfrSef? ae&yf
63

vdyfpmrSef? &mxl;wm0ef trSef ponfjzifh trSeftwdkif;

azmfjy&ef tcuftcJ &dSojzifh vsKdU 0Suftrnf vsKdU 0Sufvdyf
pm? vsKdU 0Suf &mxl;wm0efwdkYjzifh wdkifMum;pm ay;ykdYMuaom
]ypfpm} trsKd;tpm;vnf; &dSygonf/
a[m-- a[m'Du ] oauFwpm} awGudk
vnf; wpfcsuf Ipm;vSnfhygOD;/ pmom;awG odyfrsm;rsm;
azmfjyp&mrvdkbJ rlv a&;om;xm;wmukd tenf;i,f
jyKjyif vdkufjcif;aMumifh ]jyKjyifpm} [lvnf; ac:a0:Edkif
ygonf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh jrefrmjynf &Jpcef;rsm;wGif awGU
&wwfaom ]vmbfay;&efrvkdyg} qdkMuygpkdY/ oauFw
pmjzifh (0g) jyKjyifpmjzifh jzwfawmufvkdufygrl - ]vmbf
ay;? &efrvdkyg} [l tjzwftawmufESifh zwfIvkdufaomf
jyHK;aphaph jzpfMu&ygonf/ qufvufvnf; &Jpcef;a&SU
qdkif;bkwfaxmif? aus;&GmESifh &yfuGufrsm;wGif odkY
qdkif;bkwf axmifxm;onfudkvnf; jyKjyifpmu tvGwf
ray;ygacs/ qkdif;bkwfxJu rl&if;pmu ]&mZ0wfab;?
ajy;rvGwf} yg/ t&mudkyif jyKjyifpmu0d - ynm&dSdwdkYu
okdY jznfhpGuf jyifqifay;vdkufwmu- ]&mZ0wfab;?
ajy;rvGwf? ay;vQifvGwf} ygwJh/
e0w^etz ppftkyfpkacwfwGifvnf; [kdvrf;
xdyf? 'Dvrf;xdyfrsm;wGif axmifxm;aom 0g'jzefY
qkdif;bkwfrsm;udk jyKjyifu0d - ynm&dSwdkYu pawumuyf
vnf;aumif;? zsufaq;jzifhvnf;aumif; zwfI&ol
taygif;tm; jyHK;aphaph jzpf&atmif pGrf;aqmif jyMuyg\/
]wdwdusus? rSefrSefuefuef? jrefjrefqefqef
vkyf} (ykH^wyfrawmf)
]wdwdusus? rSefrSefuefuef? jrefjrefqefqef
vkyf} (ykH^ tdrfurdef;r)
xdkYtjyif aps;qkdifrsm;wGif awGU &dS&wmudk jyK
jyifpm zefwD;Mu&mrSm-- ],aeY ta~uG;ra&mif;yg} qdk
onfukd
]reufjzef ta~uG;ra&mif;yg} [l wpfrsKd;?
],aeY acG;ra&mif;yg} [l wzkH? ],aeY
ta~uGra&mifyg} [l woG,f? trsKd;rsKd; jc,frIef;wwf
Muygonf/
a[m-- 'DrSmvnf; Munfhprf;ygOD;/ b0'e
vdkvdk bmvkdvdkESifh a&mBudwfum Budwfa&mwmu - - ]b0qdkwm wdkufyJG}
]c,frqdkwm vdkufyJG}
]a,mufzqdkwm zdkufyJG} wJh/
64

wcsKdU PfBuD;&Sif pmjyifu0dwdkYu MuHMuHzef

zefpum;vkH;udk cJGjcrf;um uvdMuykHu-- ]b0udk ykHao
rwGufeJY} qdkonfudk-- ]b0udk ykHao rwGufeJY} wJh/
olajymwmvnf; [kwfwmyJav/ (109 -110) qdkwmu
tvkyfr&dS? tukdifr&dS? vlavvlvGifh yk'fr r[kwfygvm;As/
tJ'gawG NyD;jyefawmh ]tusKd;jyKpm} qdk
wmawGzufudk wpfcgwvSnfh? tawG;e,fcsJU rdjyefyg
onf/ ]tusKd;jyKpmay} qdkjyD; pmBuD;? ayBuD;? usrf;*ef ?
#DumBuD;[k pmIolwdkY rxifrSwfvdkufygESifh/ a[m'Du
tusKd;jyK pmayppfppf? {uefjzpfonfrsm;udk zwfMunfh
MuygOD;/ ]jrufcif;ay: jzwfravQmuf&} (o[mu
yef;jcHrsm;wGif tawGU rsm;ygonf/)
]csD;? wifatmifryg&}
]csD;? ausmfatmifryg&} (a[m'D tusKd; jyKpm
ESpfaMumif;u ukdwifatmifESifh udkausmfatmifudk
a&G;NyD;awmh uefYowfxm;? wm;jrpfxm;ykH &ygonf/)
]udpNyD;vQif a&avmif;yg}/ ] 'kwf? puL rokH;
ygESifh} (pm trsKd;tpm;onf ]tdrfompm} vnf; jzpfovdk ]tusKd;jyKpm} vnf; rnfygonf/)
vrf;xdyfrsm;wGif qkdif;bkwfudk csdwfxm;
wm &dk;oGm;onfxifh/ tdrfaxmifusump (0g) nm;ump
vifr,m; ESpfa,mufxHodkY olYoli,fcsif;rsm; (rD;owf
wyfzJGU 0ifbl;ol? t&ef rD;owfwyfzJGU 0ifrsm;u olwdkY
vifr,m;\ tdyf,mab;wGif pmuyfxm;onfu ]oifh
aMumifhrD;ravmifygapESifh}wJh/]udpNyD;vQif a&avmif;yg}
wJh/ ae&mrSm;NyD; vmcsxm;rdwJh tusKd;jyKpmawG r[kwf
ygvm;/ aumif;a&m/
rnfokdYyif qdkapumrl rnfaom eH&Hpm? ckHpm?
tdrfompm? ypfpm? oauFwpmESifh tusKd;jyKpmrsm;
onfvnf; usaemfwkdY\ avmu wHxGm? vlY&yf&Gmudkum;
BuD;BuD;rm;rm; r[kwfvifhupm; ao;ao;rTm;rTm;tm;jzifh
jyqkdcJhayNyD/ a[m-- usaemfwdkY vrf;xJu jrefrmjynf
om; uav;i,frsm;u &if*dk\ ]b0&xm;} aw;pmom;
udk odkY jyKjyif oDqdkoGm;onfukd usaemf qwfqwf
Mum;vkduf&wmu-- ]'kdYESpfa,muf pD;eif;vmcJh-- b0
qdkum;ay:0,f-- tl; [l; [l; --} ygwJh cifAsm/
b0tarmESifh aomu tylMum;u [m', ES
vkH;? wcPjyKH; EkdifMuygap - - -/
qefwmuavmhpf (acw- t*Fyl)

jrefrm&mZ0ifusrf;
*efrsm;? ausmufpm? aypm?
yk&ydkuf rSwfwrf;awGrSm rGef
vlrsKd; jzpfaMumif; tckdiftrm
azmfjyxm;wJh ]i&refuef;}
qdkwJh yk*Hacwfu ay:xGef;cJh
wJh OjrdKUpm;eJY ywfoufvdkY
ordkif;oDtkd&Dopf wpf&yfudk
tdEd, r[mar'if orkdif;
ynm&Sifrsm;u ydkYpfarmf'ef
enf; eJY wifjyvdkufygw,f/
olwkdYu ]i-&r uef;} qdkwJh
yk*Kdvf[m Mr Rahman
Khan qdkwJh aqmf'Dtma&As
EkdifiHu vma&mufwJh r[m
ar'if tm&yfvlrsKd; wpfOD;
jzpfw,fvkdY 'Dae&mrSm a&;
vdkufwmudk awGU &ygw,f/
olwdkYu (i=Mr, &ref;=
Rahman, uef;= Khan)
qdkjyD;awmh toHxGuf eD;pyfrI
t& t"dyg,f zGifhqkdwm jzpfyg
owJh/
tJ'D oDtkd&Dopf ay:xGufcJhjyD; aemufydkif;rSm
awmh ab*sif; wuodkvfu orkdif; ygarmuawGu
]usefppfom;} [m useftrsKd;tEG,fu qif;oufwJh
w&kwfvlrsKd;jzpfaMumif; w&m;olMuD; aygifcsdef&JU udk,f
&Hawmf usefausmif;udk udk;um;jyD; wifjyvdkufaMumif;
od&yg w,f/
xdkenf;wl ]uH&mZmMuD;? uH&mZmi,f} [m
]uif&mZmMuD;? uif&mZmi,f} qdkwJh ajrmufudk&D;,m;awG
jzpfygw,fvdkY jyHK;,rf; wuodkvfu orkdif; ynm&SifawGu
azmfxkwfvkdufaMumif; od&ygw,f/ olwdkYu ]uiftD
qGef; eJY uif*sKHtD; } wkdYudk om"u xkwfjyygowJh/ olwdkY
oDtkd&Dt& jrefrmtp ajrmufudk&D;,m;u jzpfygowJh/

&efukefwuodkvf orkdif;ynm&SifawGuvnf;
&D;,Jenf;jy ]armif&ifndK} [m bmoufao om"urS
jyp&m rvdkwJh jrefrmvlrsKd; jzpfwJhtaMumif;? tdk bm;rm;&JU
ZeD;[m ]rdacs-tkdbm;rm;} qdkwJh &ckdiftrsKd;orD; wpfOD;
jzpfaMumif;? qdkAD,uf orwa[mif; *kdAmacsmh[m ]udk
Aacsm} qdkwJh tnmom;jzpfaMumif;?
*DwOvD trnf& urmausmf uAsmukd a&;pyf
cJhwJh emrnfausmf uAsmq&mMuD;[m ]&Gmbk&ifw&m ewf
wefckd;} qdkwJh jrefrmqkdif; ynm&SifwpfOD; jzpfwJhtaMumif;?
tD&wf tmPm&Sif ]q'ef[lpdef} [m q'ef qifrif;&JU
trsKd; tEG,fjzpfaMumif; azmfxkwf wifjyvkdufMuw,fvdkY
od&ygw,f/
(tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;rS...)

65

EkdifiHwum
ynma7;
owif;rsm
;
orwopfudk jzKwfcsEkdifcJh jyD; ausmif;awG jyefzGifhMujyD
&ufowywf tawmfMumMum qEjyMucJhNyD;wJh
aemuf wleD;&Sm;EdkifiHw0Srf; ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;
ESihf q&mq&mrrsm;[m pmoifcef;rsm;qD jyefvnf 0if
a&muf aeMuygNyD/ orw beftvDudk jzKwfcsEkdifcJhMuay rJh
wleD;&Sm;jynfopfudk b,fvdk yHkazmfMurvJ qdkwmudk
aqG;aEG; aeMuqJyg/
orwa[mif; beftvD rEIwfxGufcifrSm ol&JU
ynma&;0efBuD;u pmar;yGJ umvtwGif;rSm ausmif;tm;
vHk;udk ydwfzdkY nGefMum;cJhygw,f/
tck 0efBuD;topf cefYtyfNyD;wJhaemuf ausmif;
awGudk jyefzGihfMuwm jzpfygw,f/ tem*wf umvawG
ra&&mao;ayr,fvkdY ausmif;om;awG[m pmar;yGJcef;
udk 0ifa&mufcGihf &&SdMuygNyD/
ynma&;udk tifrwef wefzdk;xm;wJh wleD;&Sm;rSm
qEjyyGJawGrSm yg0ifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awG tm;vHk;[m
pmar;yGJ ajzzdkY jyifaeMuygw,f/

wleD;&Sm;qEjyorm;rsm;

66

ausmif;om;BuD;awGuawmh EkdifiHa&; jyKjyif

ajymif;vJrI tacstwif aqG;aEG;yGJawGrSm yg0ifaeMu
w,f/ vlxktajcjyK tzGJYtpnf;awGuawmh wleD;&Sm;&JU
aemufxyf ajcvSrf;opfawGrSm yg0ifcGihf r&&SdMu ao;ygbl;/
Mum;jzwf orwudkawmh cefYtyfNyD;ygNyD/ a&G;
aumufxm;wmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ t&if beftvD&JU ygwD
u udk,fpm;vS,fawGeJYyJ ygvDrefudk usif;yaew,f/
vlxkuawmh vufrcHygbl;/ 'gayrJh ygvDref a&G;aumufyGJ
awGudk tvsiftjrefawmh rusif;yEkdifao;yg/
twdkfuftcH vIyf&Sm;rIuae tvkyfvufrJh
vli,fxku yg0ifvmcJhMuw,f/ wuf<uvSwJh vli,fxk
&JU tiftm;awG[m qufvuf vIyf&Sm;aeqJyg/ jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;awGtwGuf jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;rIrsm;[m vrf;
ay: qEjyyGJawGudk tpm;xdk;vdkY&aeNyD/ vGwfvwfpGm xkwf
azmf ajymqdkcGifhawGudkvnf; &&Sdxm;NyD/ txl;ojzihf
wuodkvf ausmif;awGrSm vlpkNyD; aqG;aEG;EkdifMuNyD/
Mum;jzwftpdk;&udk vlwkdif;u rBudKufMuao;
ayrJh trwfa[mif;awGudkawmh ESifxkwfxm;NyD;NyD/ e,f
y,ftoD;oD;u uRrf;usifwJh olawGudk 0efBuD;awGtjzpf
cefYxm;NyD;ygNyD/
wnfNidrfrIawmh r&&Sdao;yg/ 'gayrJh vlxk[m
arQmfvifhcsufawGeJY wuf<u vef;qef;aeMuygNyD/ vGwf
vyfpGm ajymqdkcGifh &&Sdxm;wmudk wefzdk;xm;NyD; awmf
vSefa&; orkdif;tarGudk xdrf;odrf;vdkY owdBuD;BuD;eJY
tem*wforkdif;udk a&;cs,fMuygawmhr,f/
Source: Education International
(11 February 2011)

urmYausmif;om;pkHnDyJGawmfwGif a':atmifqef;pkMunf tzGifhrdefYcGef;ajymMum;

awmiftmz&du EdkifiH?
y&Dwdk;&D;,m; NrdKUwGif
usif;yaom 17 Budrf
ajrmuf urmh ausmif;
om;vli,f pHknDyGJ
awmf zGihfyGJodkY 'Drdk
ua&pD acgif;aqmif
a':atmifqef;pk
Munf rS tzGihftrSm
pum; AGD'D,dkzkdifudk ay;ykYdcJhonf/
tzGihfrdefYcGef;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf/
]Nidrf;csrf;a&;? nDnGwfa&;ESihf vlYtzGJYtpnf; jyK
jyif ajymif;vJa&;wdkYrSm ajymif;vJaeonfh urmBuD;\ oGif
jyif vuPmrsm;jzpfaMumif;ESihf usrwdkY[m usrwdkY&JU
urmBuD;udk ajymif;vJvdkaMumif;? vli,frsm;[mvnf;
olwdkY&JU urmBuD;udk ajymif;vJvdkaMumif;? usrwdkYurm
ESihf vli,frsm;u ajymif;vJvdkaom urmBuD;rSm wpfck
wnf;jzpfaMumif;? twGuf vli,frsm;ESihf yl;wGJvkyf
aqmifvdkygaMumif;? Nidfrf;csrf;a&;uJhodkYaom trsm;qdkif pH
wefzdk;twGuf vkyfaqmif&rSm jzpfonfhtwGuf rsKd;quf

uGmjcm;rI r&SdoihfaMumif;/ rdwfaqGrsm;taejzihf yl;aygif;

oifhaMumif;? tjyeftvSef avhvmzkYdvkdaMumif;? jrefrm
EkdifiHudk 'Drkdu&ufwpf vlYtzGJYtpnf; tjzpf ajymif;vJ&mrSm
urmh vli,frsm;\ tultnDudk vdktyfaMumif;? ulnD
ay;Ekdifrnf[k arQmfvifhygaMumif;? qufoG,faqmif
&Guf&ef enf;vrf;rsm; &SmazGEkdifrnf[kvnf; arQmfvifhyg
aMumif;? yxrqHk; arwm&yfcHcsuf jzpfygaMumif;ESihf
tem*wfwGif xyfrH tultnD awmif;rnfjzpfaMumif;?
jrefrmjynftwGuf usrwdkY BudK;pm;aerIwGif awmif;qdk
csufrsm;udk urmhvli,frsm; taejzihf rsufvHk;udkzGihf?
em;udkpGifh xm;apvdkygaMumif;} jzihf urmhvli,frsm;\
nDvmcH tzGihf rdefYcGef;wGif ajymqdkoGm;cJhonf/
'DZifbm 13 &ufrS 21 &ufaeYtxd usif;yjyK
vkyfcJhonfh urmhvli,f nDvmcHwGif EkdifiH 120 rS ausmif;
om; vli,f 2 aomif;ausmf wufa&mufMurnf jzpfonf/
jrefrmEdkifiH ausmif;om;vli,f udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf
ABSL rS &Jabmfausmfoef; wufa&mufcJhaMumif;owif;
&&Sdonf/
Source: WFDY
(12 December 2010)

xdkif; ygvDrefu ausmif;q&mvpm wdk;jrifha&; Oya'ukd twnfjyK

wEdkifiHvHk;&Sd ausmif;q&m
4 odef; twGuf vpmaiG
wdk;jrifhay;a&; Oya'Murf;
udk xkdif;ygvDrefu twnf
jyKvdkufNyD jzpfonf/uefY
uGufrJr&SdbJ rJ 341 - 0
jzihf ausmif;q&m vpmaiG
cHpm;cGihf Oya'jyXmef; vdkuf
jcif;jzpfonf/ ynma&;
xkdif;tajccHynma&;&Hk;csKyfwHqdwf
0efBuD; csifem0ef bGefnm
ud,ufu rwfvwGif pwifjyD; q&mvpm 8 &mcdkifEIef;
wdk;jrihfrnfjzpfaMumif; xkwfazmf ajymqdkvdkufygonf/

tjcm;aom t&yfzuf 0efxrf;rsm;enf;wl {NyDvwGif

vnf; 5 &mckdifEIef; xyfrH wdk;jrihfay;OD;rnfjzpfonf/
ausmif;q&mopf tedrfhqHk; vuf&Sd vpmaiG 7940 bwf
aiGudk 8130 bwf (jrefrmusyfaiG 2 odef; 5 aomif;)
txdwdk; jrihfay;rnfjzpfonf/ vkyfouf&Sd xkdif;ausmif;
q&m wpfOD;taejzihf vuf&Sd0ifaiG 27500 bwfaiGudk
29700 bwf ( usyfaiG 9 odef;) txd wdk;jrihf ay;rnf jzpf
onf/
(18 February 2011)
Source: The Nations

67

tdyfraysmfaom bGJU &rsm;

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i,frsm; bGJY'D*&D ,lvsuf&SdMuonf/ ta&twGufrSm
wdk;vdkYomvmonf/
w&kwf pD;yGm;a&; zGHYNzdK;rIt&SdefEIef; vGefpGmjrefqef
aeaomfjim;vnf; bGJY&vli,ftrsm;pk twGuf tvkyf
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&rsm;rSm vpmenf; atmufajcodrf; tvkyfrsm;udkom
&Muawmhonf/
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tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm; twGuf rdwfqufyGJrsm;udk
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udkvnf; zdwfac: NyD; tvkyftudkif tcGifhtvrf;rsm;t
aMumif; aqG;aEG;aponf/
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&awmhonf/ tvkyf&rS jzpfrnf/ vpmenf; tvkyfrsm;udk
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rdkaumif;rGefaom vpmESihf tvkyfwkdYudk apmifharQmf&if;
pdwfroufromjzihf vkyf&jcif;yif/
bGJY&ump tcsdefrsm;wGif ,m,DtvkyfwdkYudk
0ifvkyfMuonf/ tvkyfoiftjzpf vkyfudkif&if; t
csdefjynfh? tjrJwrf; tvkyf&&Sd&ef arQmfvifhMu&onf/
pDcRrf;wuodkvfrSm w&kwfjynf taemufzuf
wGif tBuD;qHk;jzpfonf/ ,if;wuodkvfrS bGJY& wpf
OD;jzpfol vD,lcsefu odkY &ifzGihfcJhonf/
]usrav nzufawG tdyfraysmfwm tawmf
MumygNyD/ tckrsufarSmuf ypKyefeJY tem*wf taMumif;udk
pOf;pm;vdkufwdkif; pdk;&drfae&wm/ tckxufxdudk tvkyf
ur&ao;bl;/ wuodkvfu bGJY&NyD; bmjzpfvmrSmvJ
rodygbl;&Sif/}
(9 February 2011)

OD;acgif;aemuf uifr&m wyfxm;wJh

ya&mzufqm

ausmif;om;tcsKdUu aemufMuonf/ olwdkY

q&m&JU OD;acgif;aemufzufrSm rsufvHk;awG &Sdaeonf[k/
e,l;a,mcfhrS ya&mfzufqm qdwfzGm;wpfa,muf u
vnf; xdktwdkif; jzpfaeonf/
olYacgif;aemufzuf wnfhwnfhwGif uifr&m
ao;ao; wpfck cGJpdwfwyfxm;onf/
e,l;a,mhcf wuodkvf Tisch tEkynm
ausmif;rS tD&wfEdkifiHzGm; "gwfyHkygarmu Wafaa Bila rSm
olYvkyfief;awG ydkrdkjrefqefapzdkY twGuf tm;vHk;udk
rSwfwrf;wifEdkifr,fh uifr&mi,f wyfqifxm;&onf/
umwmEdkifiH 'dk[mNrdKU jywdkufrS tEkynm ya&mh*suf
wpfcktwGuf tvkyf rtm;vyfatmif vkyfEdkifzdkY OD;acgif;
aemufwGif uifr&m wyfqifxm;jcif; jzpfonf/
olYya&mY*suf aeYpOf vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; twGuf wpf
rdepf "gwfyHkaygif;rsm;pGm &dkuf,lxm;EdkifNyD;? OD;acgif;wGif
wpfESpfwm cGJpdwfwyfxm;jcif; jzpfonf[k qdkonf/
&dkuful;xm;aom &kyfyHkrsm;udk tm&yf tEkynm jywdkuf&Sd
uGefysLwmrsm;odkY csufcsif; vSrf;ydkY ay;Edkifonf[k qdkonf/
vufrt&G,ftpm;&Sd uifr&mudk wdkifwefeD,Hjym;ay:
uyfxm;NyD; OD;acgif; tay:,HvTmxJ xnfhxm;jcif;
jzpfonf/
(3 December 2010)
Source: CNN

68

vuf 2 zuf r&SdawmhayrJh ajcaxmufeJY pma&;oifaewJh oli,fwef;ausmif;om;

w&kwf aus;vufa'orSm MuD;jyif;vm&wJh
b0awG[m Murf;wrf;vGef;vSygw,f/ vuf 2 zufpvHk;
r&SdawmhwJh uav;i,f wpfOD;&JU ae&muae 0ifa&muf
cHpm; Munhfprf;yg/
vGD,efbdk[m tjcm;aom 5 ESpft&G,f uav;
awGvdkygyJ/ oli,fwef;rSm pma&;? pmzwfoifaewmyg/
tjcm;uav;awGeJY rwlwmuawmh ol[m ajcaxmuf eJY
pma&;EkdifzdkYudk MudK;pm;ae&w,f/
]usrwdkYu ol&JU ajcacsmif;av;awGeJY cJwHudk
udkfifwG,fwwfatmifvdkY OD;qHk; avhusihfay;ygw,f/ tp
ydkif;rSmawmh vkyfvdkY r&bl;aygY/} ol&JU q&mru ajymjy
wmyg/ ]'gayrJh vGDu odyfudk ZGJ oefw,fav/ wcsufjyD;
wcsuf? wvHk;jyD;wvHk; jznf;jznf; avhusihfwJholyg/
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avhusihfay;ygw,f/}
touf 3 ESpf t&G,frSm vQyfppf AdkYtm;jyif;xef
vSwJh 0g,mMudK;eJY rawmfwq xdcdkufrdjyD; vuf 2 zuf
pvHk; qHk;&HI;cJh&w,f/
tckawmh ol[m ajcaxmufeJY oGm;wkdufwwf
w,f/ rsufESmopfwwfw,f/ pufbD; pD;wwfaejyD/ ajc
axmufeJYyJ zkef;qufwwfaeygjyD/
0rf;enf;p&m wu,faumif;wmyg/ vGD[m
olY[mol udk,fwkdif vkyfrS&wmyg/ rdbawGu uGm&Sif;

jywfpJxm;olawG/ aq;0g;p&dwfawGtwGuf tarjzpf

olu tdrfeJY ta0;rSm tvkyfqif;&w,f/
tckawmh vGDav;[m tzGm;eJYtwl ae&w,f/
wludkif pm;wJhae&mrSm uGrf;usifaejyD/ ajcacsmif;av;awG
eJY wludkifwwfzdkY avhusifh&wm 2 ywfMumw,fvdkY tzGm;u
jyefajymjyygw,f/
oli,fcsif;awGtMum;rSm vDG[modyfudk a&yef;
pm;aeolyg/ jyD;cJhwJhESpf ausmif;uyGJrSm olY&JU b0Zmwf
aMumif;udk tajccHwJh jyZmwfuGufrSm ol[m plygpwm;
jzpfcJhw,fav/
(17 Feb. 2011)
Source: CCTV

jiif;cHk aqG;aEG;cGihfawG&Sdr,fh uav; ygvDref

uGef*dk'Drdku&ufwpf orwEdkifiHwGif ESpfaygif;
rsm;pGm qufwdkuf jzpfyGm;cJhaom ppfyGJrsm;aMumifh ysufqD;
qHkIH;rIrsm; atmufwGif rcsdwifuJ a0'emtylaygif;rsm;
pGmESifh &Sifoef aeMu&onf/
2003 ckESpfwGif Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJESifh t
oGif ul;ajymif;a&; tpdk;& zGJYpnf;EdkifcJhaomfvnf; wdkif;
jynf ta&SUajrmufzufwGif t"r jyKusifhrIrsm;? owfjzwf
rIrsm;? &efvdkwdkufcdkufaeaom ppfNydKiftkyfpkrsm;pGmu
&efvdk rif;rlaeMuonf/ txdcdkuf tepfemqHk;rSm
uav;i,frsm;yif jzpfonf/
,ck Edk;Mum;wuf~uGaom ausmif;om;rsm;
tkyfpkwpfcku xl;jcm;wJh tpDtpOfwpfck jyKvkyfcJhMu

onf/ uav;rsm; tcGifhta&;twGuf uav;rsm;

udk,fwdkif umuG,frnfh rpf&Sifwpfckudk xdkuav;rsm;u
jyKvkyfcJhonf/
ausmif;rsm;twGif; vdifydkif;qdkif&m t"rjyK
usifhrI? pkef;ua0tjzpf z,fusOf owfrSwfcH&rIuJhodkY
aom jyemrsm;udk uav;rsm;ygvDrefrS tcsif;csif;
aqG;aEG;wdkifyif ajz&Sif;Murnfjzpfonf/ uav;rsm;
ygvDrefusif;yyHkudk EdkifiHwum&kyfoH owif;Xmersm;rS
yHkrSefwdkuf&dkufwifqufzdkY &Sdaeonf/
(18 November 2010)
Soruce: Aljazeera

69

ntdyf&m0if yHkjyifrsm;aMumifh uav;rsm; a0g[m& MuG,f0vmEkdif

i,f&G,faom uav;rsm;tm; ntdyf&m0if

cgeD;wGif yHkjyifZmwfvrf;rsm;udk zwfjyjcif;? ajymjyjcif;wdkY
aMumihf a0g[m&<u,ff0 wdk;wufjcif;ESihf pmvHk;aygif;
pGrf;&nf jrifhrm;jcif;wdkY &&SdapEdkifygonf/
uav;yHkjyifrsm;jzpfonfh Narnia, Lord of
the rings wdkYtygt0if tjcm;aom ntdyf&m0if yHkjyif
Zmwfvrf;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf/
MopaMw;vs tpdk;&tzGJYtwGuf vli,f t
ajymtqdk? bmompum;ESihf qufoG,fa&; tMuHay;
yk*dKvf *sef;*a&mhpfu yHkjyifZmwfvrf;rsm;udk uav;rsm;
tm; ajymjyjcif;jzihf pmvHk;aygif;rSefuefolrsm;jzpfvmap
&ef ausmif;rS avhusihf oifMum; ay;Edkif aMumif;qdkonf/

pmvHk;aygif;owfyHk rSefuefwJhol jzpf

vm&efrSm ydkrdki,f&G,fonfh t&G,fu
yif pwifaMumif; oluajymjy cJhonf/
]i,fi,fuav;wnf;u pwmygyJ/
uav;i,fav;awG[m pum; toH
awGudk Mum;&wJhtcg pmvHk;&JU toH
xGuf yHkudkyg pNyD;awmh owdjyKrdvmMu
wm/ arG;uif;puae touf 5 ESpf
twGif;rSm jzpfwmyg/ rlBudKt&G,faygY/
tJ'DpGrf;&nf[m aemufydkif;ESpfawGrSm
pmvHk;aygif; rSefuefrI twGuf
taxmuftyHhjzpfvmwm/}
rdbrsm;taejzihf uav;i,frsm;
tm; yHkjyif rsm;udk cyfMumMum zwfjy? ajymjyoifhaMumif;?
yav;paw;&Sif;? wDAGDESihf uGefysLwm *drf;rsm;rS a0;ap&ef
tcsdef ,lEkdiforQ MumMum,lNyD; yHkajymjyoifhaMumif;
*a&mhpfu tMuHjyKxm;onf/
&D;'g;'dkif*sufpf r*Zif;rS rdb ESpfaxmifudk
qmaA;jyKvkyf avhvmcJh&mwGif uav;rsm;\ pm
zwfjcif;ESihf pma&;jcif; pGrf;&nfwdk;wufvmap&ef tdrfrS
vHkavmufpGm rulnDMuaMumif; awGY&SdcJhonf/
(26 December 2010)
Courier Mail, Melbourne

tdEd, uav; 10 oef; twGuf tcrJh ynma&;

ynma&;pepf jyifya&mufaeaom uav;
10oef; twGuf tcrJhausmif;wufEdkifa&; tpDtpOf
wpf&yfudk tdEd,0efBuD;csKyf refrdk[efqif;u aMujim
vdkufonf/ ig;ESpf ynmoifMum;a&; twGuf 38
bDvD,Ha':vm tpdk;&twGuf ukefusrnfjzpfNyD;? yPm
rajcvSrf; tjzpf 5.6 bDvD,Ha':vm oHk;pGJoGm;rnf
jzpfonf/ aiGaMu;trsm;pkrSm yk*vduvkyfief;rsm;? jynf
e,frsm;ESifh A[dktpdk;&wdkYrS xnfh0ifoGm;rnfjzpfonf/
rpwmqif;u ]tajccHOya'rSm xnfhoGif;
azmfjyxm;wJh rjzpfrae ynmoifMum;cGifhudk tck
70

vufawGY ptaumifxnfazmfwm jzpfygw,f/ 'gu

uav;awG&JU ynma&;vdktyfcsuf uwdu0wfudk
jznfhqnf;wmjzpfovdk? aumif;rGefwJh tdEd,tem*wf
azmfjyvdkufjcif;jzpfw,f} [k ajymqdkcJhonf/
xdktpDtpOfudk ,leDquf? ,leufpudk?
tdkift,fvftdkESifh urmYbPfwdkYu BudKqdkcJhMuNyD;?
axmifpkESpf yef;wdkifwpfckjzpfaom rlvwef;ynma&;
wpfurmvHk;rS uav;wdkif;&&Sda&; twGuf ulnD&m
a&mufaMumif; azmfjycJhMuonf/
(23 November 2010)
Source:The New York Times

wufMuGwJh pmoifcef;jzpfvmap&ef ydkrdk MudK;pm;MuOD;rnf

xkdif; ausmif;q&mrsm;aeYwGif wuf<uaom
pmoifcef;rsm;jzpfvm&ef ydkrdkBudK;pm; Mu&OD;rnf[k qk&
ausmif;q&mrsm;u ajymMum;vdkufonf/
ESpfpOf Zefe0g&Dv 16 &ufaeYwGif ausmif;
q&mrsm;udk *kPfjyKonfh taejzihf xdkif; ausmif;q&m
rsm;aeY tjzpf owfrSwfxm;&Sdonf/
0ef*Gefaumif;ausmif;rS q&mr oD&dyGefref;*ef?
0wfygerfzefEl0gausmif;rS q&mr ,k0wDewfx&yfESihf
befa&mhzdkifausmif;rS q&m &Sufc&pf[[efwdkYrS ajymif;
vJrI jrefqefaeonfh urmBuD;ESihftwl trDvdkufyg
ajymif;vJEkdif&ef vdktyfaeonfh twGuf pmoifMum;
jcif;enf;vrf;rsm;udk vkdufygajymif;vJ vkyfaqmifcJh
aMumif; ajymjycJhMuonf/
pmoifESpf xl;cRefqk& q&mr ,k0wDrS
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;\ rsufvHk;rsm;xJwGif rdrd
udk,fudk ,HkMunfrIrsm; &Sdaeonfudk awGYjrif&jcif;rSm olr
twGuf taumif;qkH;qkyif jzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyonf/
ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf ausmif;q&mrwm0efudk xrf;aqmif
cJhNyD;aomfvnf; vGefcJhonfh 5 ESpfcefYrS pNyD; pmoif
Mum;jcif;enf;vrf;udk vHk;0 ajymif;vJypfcJhygaMumif;ESihf
xkdokdY ajymif;vJvkyfaqmifMu&ef raMumuf&GHUoifhaMumif;
udk wifjycJhonf/ olronf ,cktcgwGif oifMum;a&;
Mum;cH rmvfwDrD'D,mrsm;udk pmoifcef;twGif toHk;
jyKaeNyDjzpfonf/
]usr&JU ausmif;om;awGu ar;cGef;awG ar;
0HhMuygw,f/ olwdkYtjrifawGudkvnf; yGifhvif;pGm wifjy
EkdifMuw,f/ umwGef;Zmwf&kyfawGeJY wuf<uwJh pmoif
cef; vkyfaqmifcsufawGudk xnfhoGif;vmwJh aemufydkif;
rSm olwdkY[m ydkrdk pdwfyg0ifpm; vmMuawmhw,f/ arQmf vifh
xm;wmxufudk ydkNyD; atmifjrifw,fvdkY usr cHpm; &yg
w,f/ 'DESpf0ufrSm ausmif;om; wa,mufudkrS tjypf
vnf; ay;p&m rvdkcJhygbl;/}
]uav;awGqDuvnf; jyefoifMum; avh
vmMuzdkY q&mrsm;taeeJY vdktyfygw,f/ aEG;axG;wJh?
&if;ESD;wJh qufqHa&; xm;&Sdoifhw,f/ 'grS vGwfvyf
yGifhvif;Mur,f/ pdwfudk zGihfxm;Mur,f/} olru &Sif;jy
cJhonf/
t*Fvdyf q&mjzpfol &Sufc&pfrS ausmif;om;

rsm;twGuf olvnf; ajymif;vJ oifMum;cJhaMumif; ajym

jycJhonf/
vGefcJhaom 2 ESpf umvtxd olonf ysif;p&m
aumif;aom q&mwpfOD;om jzpfcJhaMumif;? zwfpmtkyf
xJrS taMumif;t&mrsm;udkom ?onfra&G; oifMum;
aom aMumihfjzpfaMumif;? qdk;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk
vnf; vGefpGm a'goxGufcJhaMumif; &Sif;jycJhonf/ ,ck
tcgwGifrl olonf ydkrdk wnfNidrfaomq&m wpfOD;
jzpfaeavNyD/ ausmif;om;rsm;tay: em;vnfrI&Sdjcif;ESihf
wuf<uaom pmoifcef;jzpfjcif;wdkYonf taumif;qHk;
&v'frsm;udk &&SdapaMumif; oabmaygufvsuf&Sdonf/
aemufqHk; enf;ynmrsm;jzpfonfh uGefysLwmESihf tif
wmeufwdkYudk pmoifcef;twGif; toHk;jyKMuaMumif;
oli,fcsif;rsm;? taemufwdkfif; ausmif;rsm;rS ausmif;
om;rsm;ESihf qufoG,fMu&ef FACEBOOK udk t
oHk;jyKMuaMumif; ajymjycJhonf/
]uav;awG[m wu,fhudk xl;cRefvmMu
w,f/ ydkNyD;awmhvnf; aysmf&TifaeMuw,f/ vGefcJhwJh 3
vavmufu pNyD;awmh ajymif;vJ vkyfMunfhcJhwmyg/
tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;rS q&mrsm;xHu enf;,lvdkufwmyg/
Teacher TV tpDtpOfuae tjrifopf&&SdcJhw,f/}
]q&mrsm;[m olwdkY&JU tjrifoabxm;rsm;udk
ajymif;vJzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ 'grS ydkaumif;wJh pmoifcef;
jzpfvmr,f/}
(17 January 2011)
Source: The Nation

71

jAdwdefESihf *smrPDwdkYwGif ,Ofaus;rIpHk

pepf ratmifjrif[k 0efMuD;csKyfajym

aygif;pyfzdkY BudK;pm;zdkYawG vdkaeao;aMumif; ajymcJhonf/

a';Apfuifr&Gef;u 1960 jynfh vGefESpf
awGxJu NAdwdefEdkifiHwGif csrSwfxm;wJh udk,fhtpOftvm
&dk;&m wefzdk;rsm;eJY tkyfpktm;vHk; aexdkifa&;rlrSm ,aeY
usHI; aeonf[k qdkonf/ 'gaMumifh vlYtcGifhta&;?
'Drdkua&pD? vlrIaygif;pnf;a&;? Oya'atmufwGif
wef;wl&Sda&;wdkYudk tajcjyKNyD; bHk trsKd;om;0daoo wpf
ck (common identity) ta&;ay: jrifhwifzdkY vdkae
aMumif; ajymqdkcJhonf/
(5 February 2011)
Source: The New York Times & Reuters &
Aljazeera

NAdwdef rmvfwD,Ofaus;rIpepf (multiculturalism) rSm atmifjrifrI r&SdbJ tpGef;a&muf rlqvif

vli,f trsm;tjym;om ay:xGufvmaeaMumif;? 4if;udk
ajz&Sif;zdkYeJY ,Ofaus;rI ya'ompHk taemufwdkif;wefzdk;rsm;
jrifYwifzdkY vdkaeaMumif; 0efBuD;csKyf a';Apfuifr&Gef;u
jyifopfEdkifiH jrL;epfwGif usif;ycJhaom Oa&my vHkjcHKa&;
qdkif&m uGefYz&ifwGif ajymMum;cJhonf/
uifr&Gef;u olYrdefYcGef;wGif ]Oa&myEdkifiHawG
taeeJY jyifyrSm ppfa&;enf;eJY tMurf;zuf0g' ajz&Sif;ae
wmeJYwif rvHkavmufbl;/ usaemfwdkY wdkif;jynfawG
twGif;rSmaum bmawGjzpfaew,f qdkwm Edk;Edk;Mum;Mum;
od&SdzdkY vdkaeNyD/ NAdwdefEdkifiH&JU rmvfwD,Ofaus;rI t,l
tqatmufrSm rwluGJjym;wJh ,Ofaus;rIaygif;pHk yifr
pD;aMumif;xJ yg0ifzdkYxuf oD;jcm; aexdkifcGifh udk,fpDay;
wmawG vkyfcJhMuw,f/ rlqvif vli,fawG[m vlYtzGJY
tpnf;xJ olwdkY yg0ifw,fqdkwJh tjrifrsKd;awG r&SdbJ
jyifya&mufaeovdk cHpm;aeMuw,f/ cGJjcm;qufqHcH&
wJh rlqvifa'oawG[m usaemfwdkY ,Ofaus;rI
wefzdk;awGtay: wefjyefrIawG vkyfvm aew,f/ tJ'D
twdwfu rSm;cJhwJh pmrsufESm trSm;awGudk ydwfypfzdkY
tcsdefwefygNyD} vdkY ajymMum;cJhonf/
NAdwd0efBuD;csLyf&JU rdefYcGef;rSm NyD;cJhwJhESpf *smrPD
0efBuD;csKyf tef*Jvmrwfc,fvf ajymMum;cJhwJh pum;rsKd;
xyfajymqdkjcif;jzpfonf/ rwfc,fvfu *smrPDEdkifiHwGif
rwlnDwJh ,Ofaus;rIrsm;Mum; wif;rmrIawG &SdaeNyD;?
txl;ojzifh EdkifiH&yfjcm;rS a&TUajymif;vmolrsm;rSm ab;
a&mufaeovdk cHpm;ae&aMumif;eJY Oa&my,Ofaus;rIxJ
72

w&kwfausmif;om; [rfbm*gpm;?
tar&duef ausmif;om; aygufpDpm;
2009 -2010 ynmoifESpf pm&if;t&
tar&duef wuodkvfaygif;pHkwGif w&kwfjynfrrS ausmif;
om; 127 ,000 OD; avhvm oif,laeMuonf/ tar&duef
wuodkvfrsm;&Sd EdkifiH&yfjcm; ausmif;om; ta&t
wGufwGif w&kwfausmif;om;u 18.5 &mckdifEIef;jzifh trsm;
qHk;jzpfaeonf/
orw [lusifawmif&JU 0g&Sifwef av;&uf
c&D;pOfwGifvnf; tar&duef wuodkvfawGrSm ynm
oifaewJh
w&kwfausmif;om;rsm;eJY
awGUqHkcJhNyD;
w&kwfjynf tem*wfudk qufvuf o,faqmifoGm;r,fh
olrsm;jzpfaMumif; ajymqdkcJhonf/
2009 ckESpf orwtdkbm;rm;&JU ayusif; c&D;
pOfwGif tar&duef ausmif;om; 100,000 udk w&kwf
wuodkvfrsm;wGif av;ESpfynmoif apvTwfrnf[k ajym
cJhonf/ 2010 ckESpf pm&if;t& w&kwf wuodkvfawGrSm
avhvmaewJh tar&duef ausmif;om; ta&twGufrSm
140,000 OD; txd &Sdaeonf/
tar&duefvli,fawG w&kwfaygufpD pm;vm
NyD;? w&kwfvli,frsm;u [efbm*g pm;aeMuwJh twGuf
EdkifiHBuD; ESpfEdkifiHtMum; a&&SnfwGif wif;rmrI
tvGeftuRHr&SdEdkif[k orw tdktm;rm;u &,farm
ajymqdkcJhonf/
(27 January 2011)
Source:The Economist

y#dyujzpfaewJh xdkif;eJY uarm'D;,m; tmpD,H csmwm qJGjzJaeovm;

vGefcJhwJh ESpfESpfausmfwGif tmpD,H tzGJU0if 10
EdkifiHu ]tmpD,H csmwm} (charter) ac: a'ooabmwl
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a'otzGJY &Sif;vdkYr&? EdkifiHwum jyemrdkY ukvor*
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tifpwDusLUrS ynm&Sif Pavin Chachavalpongpon
u ,ck xkdif;eJY uarm'D,m; jyemu tmpD,H uwdu
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wmyJ[k ajymqdkonf/
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uvyfBuD;wpfck zGifYxm;ovdk jzpfonf/ a'o vlxku
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aysmf&TifzG,f uvyfxJrSm xdkif;eJY uarm'D;,m;tjyif? tp
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uGefjrLepftmPm&Sif ESpfEdkifiH (AD,uferf? vmtdk)?
ppfygvDref jrefrmwdkYvnf; yg0ifMuonf/ wpfEdkifiHeJY
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jzpfatmif zefwD;zdkY a<u;aMumfxm;onf/
1997 ckESpf tmpD,H ESpf 30 ajrmufarG;aeYwGif
73

&nfrSef;csufBuD; wpfck cscJhMuonf/ 2015 wGif wpfOD;

tcsKyftjcm wpfOD; 0ifrpGufzufaom ]a'o uGefjrLe
wDBuD;} jzpfzdkY BudK;pm;Murnf/ NyD;cJhwJh Zefe0g&Dv EdkifiH
jcm;a&; 0efBuD;rsm;tqifh tpnf;a0;wGif 2030 wGif
urmYzvm;udk tdrf&Siftjzpf a'owGif; usif;ya&; avvH
qGJzdkY tqdkjyK aqG;aEG;Muonf/ 0efBuD;tcsKdUu t*Fvef
y&D;rD;,m;vd*f ykHpH q,fEdkifiH abmvHk;uvyfrsm; vkyf&if
aumif;rnf[k tqdkjyKMuonf/ 'l;&if;oD;? oD[dkapY?
um&mtkdaurSonf urmYzvm;eJY y&D;rD;,m;vd*ftxd
tmpD,H aqG;aEG;csufrsm;u a'ovlxktwGuf tm;

wufp&mrsm; jzpfonf/
odkYaomf xkd&nfrSef;csufawG taumift
xnf ay:ray:qdkwmudk vuf&Sd xkdif;eJY uarm'D;,m;
ESpfzuf a&S;a[mif; bk&m;e,fajrvkrIu oufaocHae
onf/ xdkESpfEdkifiHom r[kwf/ tzGJY0if EdkifiHwdkif;u
vG,fvG,f uwdawGay; vufrSwf xdk;cJhMuNyD;?
vkyfcsif&mvkyfEdkifaom ta&SUawmiftm&S uvyfBuD;
jzpfonf[k ynm&Sif Pavin Chachavalpongpon
oHk;oyfygonf/
(13 February 2011)

obm0ywf0ef;usif &mZ0wfrIudk ausmif;om;rsm; pkHprf;axmufvSrf;

]jrpfacsmif; pHkaxmufrsm;} [l trnfay;
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rsm;jzihf a& t&nftaoG;udk ppfaq;Muonf/
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tzGJYudk a*[aA'ynm&Sif p&mewfuef*sefe0epfrS OD;
aqmifzGJYpnf;cJhonf/ tpDtpOfwGif rdrdwdkY &yf&Gma'o
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avhusihf oifMum;ay;jcif; jzpfonf/ a&wGif &Sifoef
aygufa&mufonfh tyifrsm;? wd&pmefrsm;udk MunfhI
avhvmjcif;? &kyfyHkrsm;a&;qGJNyD; tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh
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wifa&; azmifa';&Sif;wdkYu vGefcJhaom 2 ESpfcefYu ulnD
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&mwGif tultnDrsm;pGm jzpfapNyD; &Gmom;rsm;tMum;wGif
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74

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onf/ yxrtkyfpkrSm jrpfacsmif; wpfavQmufwGif trdIuf
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yHkenf;vrf;udk ausmif;om;rsm;tm; avhusihf oifMum;
ay;xm;onf/ jrpfacsmif; usef;rma&;twGuf ouf&Sdrsm;
u nGefjyaerIwdkYudkvnf; oifjyxm;onf/
]'Dvdk vufawGY uGif;qif;vkyfwmu ausmif;
om;awGtaeeJY jrpfacsmif;awGtaMumif;eJY udk,fh &yf&Gm
a'o taMumif;awGudk ydkrdk od&Sd vmapygw,f/} q&mr
wefnmvufultefawmifrS ajymqdkcJhonf/ ]a&xkudk
npfnrf;ap&wJh taMumif;&if;awGudk olwdkY ydkodvm
Muw,f/ jrpfacsmif;awGudk b,fvdk xdef;odrf; umuG,f
&rvJqdkudkvnf; pOf;pm; awG;awmvmMuw,f/}
jrpfpHkaxmuftzGJY0ifjzpfol a,mf0g&D &ufx&D
y&ufu jrpfteD;tem;&Sd tdfrfrsm;ESihfpuf&Hkrsm;rS pGefYypf
ypnf;rsm;? trdIufrsm;aMumihf jrpfa& npfnrf;&aMumif;
avhvmcJh&onf[k ajymjyonf/
]jrpfa& roefYawmhbl;? npfnrf;aeNyDqdk&if a&
toHk;jyKwJh &Gmom;awG&JU usef;rma&;rSm jyem &Sdvm
w,f/} ausmif;oluav;rS ajymqdkcJhjcif;jzpfonf/
(5 December 2010)
Source: BKK Post

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vli,fppfwrf; tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmift& vl
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]*drf;awGupm;wmxuf vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m vlrI
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(Oyrmajym&&if 0DUDZDUV0RXVH+XQW) udk ydkNyD;awmh
upm;vmMuw,f/ usaemfwdkY tzGJYuawmh avhvm
apmihfMunfh aewkef;yg/}
]'gayrJh ydkwdk;vmr,fvdkY jrifrdw,f/ *drf;
upm;vGef;vdkY ausmif;xGufoGm;Mu&wJh uav;awG?
pmar;yJGuswJh uav;awG &SdaeygNyD/ vlrIuGef,ufawG
aMumihfawmhvdkY rajymEkdifao;ygbl;/ apmihfMunhf&OD;
r,f/}
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(6 February 2011)
Source: CNA

75

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wmonfh pufjzihfvnf; uav;i,f xdkifonfhtcsdef
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&Dxufydk wDAGDMunfhjcif;ESihf uGefysLwm aqmhupm;jcif;
wdkYonf pdwfykdif;qdkif&m tcuftcJrsm; ydkrdkjzpfapaMumif;
jzpfonf/ tjcm;aom udk,fvufvIyf&Sm;rIwdkY ESihf
roufqdkif[kvnf; qdkonf/
uav;rsm; wDADGMunfhcsdefudk avsmhcsjcif;onf
uav;\ tem*wf usef;rma&;ESihf pdwfvHkjcHKrIwdkYtwGuf
ta&;BuD;aMumif; axmufjyxm;ygonf/
(24 October 2010)
Source: Hindustani Times

76

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ayguf ausmif;om;rsm; tdyfidkufvGef;wmaMumifh tar&d
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cif; pmoifcsdef &Sdoifhr&Sdoifh tjiif;yGm;vsuf&SdNyD; wurm
vHk;rS q&mrsm;udk AGDtdkatrS azhpfbGwfu wqifh tMuH
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(20 December 2010)
Source: Hindustani Times

77

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jrifuGif;BuD; wpfckvHk;udk ajymif;vJcJhwJh 1988 ckESpf
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81

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NAdwdoQ udkvHbD,m wuodkvfeJY qufoG,fygw,f/
tJ'DrSm ynmqufvuf avhvmNyD;? 1960 tapmydkif; ESpf
rsm; jrefrmEdkifiH ppfwyftmPmodrf;wmeJY ywfoufwJh
a&;om;rIawG vkyfygw,f/ Aeful;Am;rSm EdkifiHa&;odyHeJY
PhD &NyD;? olYpmwrf;acgif;pOfu ]tmPm&Sifpepf&JU Edkif
iHa&;} (The Politics of Authoritarianism: The
State and Political Soldiers of Burma, Indonesia and Thailand) jzpfygw,f/

82

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p0fZeft
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uG,fvGefcJhygw,f/
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&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf ppfaumifpD&JU OuX jzpfvmygw,f/
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wef;rsm;ay:rSm p0fZefu SSA &JU EdkifiHa&; tiftm;jzpfwJh
&Srf;jynfwdk;wufa&;ygwD (SSSPP) rSm t"du
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pmtkyfrSm tydkif; 3 ydkif; ygygw,f/ yxrydkif;rSm
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rsufarSmufacwftxd &Srf;-jrefrm qufqHa&;udk jcHKiHk
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EdkifiHa&;rSm t"du tcef;u yg0ifcJhMuwJh EdkifiHa&;
yk*dKvfrsm;eJY ordkif;qdkif&m jzpf&yfrsm;udk tus,fw0ifh
wifjyxm;ygw,f/
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pmtkyfrSm ryg0ifcJhwJh toHk;0ifwJh ]tu&mpOftnTef;}
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jzpfwJh jynfya&muf vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; owif; jyefMum;
a&;Xme? tD;,l-jrefrm&Hk; wm0efcH p0f[efa,mifa0u
a&;xm;ygw,f/ trSmpmudk Burma; Insurgency
and the Politics of Ethnicity pmtkyfa&;ol rmwif
prpfofu a&;xm;ygw,f/ yxrpmtkyfrSm oHk;EIef;cJhwJh

tpm;? 1989 ckESpfrSm wdkif;jynfemrnf

ajymif;vJcJhwmaMumifh Myanmar vdkYajymif;vJypfwm
awGU&vdkY rlvpmrleJY uGmjcm;csufvdkY jrifrdygw,f/
tcsKdUpmzwfolrsm;uawmh p0fZefu bdef;bk
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&jzpfwm &SdMuygw,f/ odkYaomf p0fZefudk,fwdkifu
cGefqm &efuae vGwfatmif &kef;ajy;ae&csdefrdkY olYt
aMumif; wwfEdkiforQ razmfjycsifwm em;vnfrI ay;
Edkif&ygvdrfhr,f/ 'gayrJh jrefrmEdkifiHa&; '&rfrmudk Mum;ae
avhvmol pmzwfy&dwfowfrsm;twGufawmh pma&;ol
p0fZef&JU avhvmtm;xkwfrI? jzwfoef;rI? aumufcsuf
qGJrIawGtay: oabmxm; uGJvGJEdkifzdkY cufr,fvdkY
xifygw,f/
,ck &efukef&Sd jrefrmacgif;aqmifrsm;eJY awm
wGif; XmecsKyftoD;oD;&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm; tm;vHk;tzdkY
rdrd&nfrSef;csufawGeJY tpGJawGudk jyefvnfpOf;pm;zdkY
tcsdefusNyD jzpfygw,f/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiH&Sd vlxk
awG[m tMurf;zuf EdkifiHa&;axmifacsmufawGatmuf
rSm umv&SnfMumpGm axmifacsmuf ydwfrdaecJhMu
ygw,f/ Arm? &Srf;? rGef? u&if? u&ifeD? ucsif? &cdkif? csif;
pwJhvlrsKd;rsm;[m ppfyGJrsm;eJYtMurf;zufrIrsm;atmufrSm
om;aumifrsm; jzpfae&NyD;? tJ'D tqdk;oHo&mudk
azmufxGufzdkY acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vHk; BudK;pm;MuzdkY
tcdsefus aeNyD jzpfygw,f/ /
Burma

&JEG,frdk;
&nfnTef;pmtkyf/ The Shan of Burma: Memoirs
of a Shan Exile by Chai Tzang Yawnghwe;
Institute of Southeast Asian Studies Publishing,
Singapore
(2010),
ISBN10:9971988623. PriceUS$35.93,276pages.
(Bertil Lintner is a former correspondent with
the Far Eastern Economic Review and the
author of several books on Myanmar. He is
FXUUHQWO\ D ZULWHU ZLWK $VLD 3DFLF 0HGLD
Services.)

83

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89

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90

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91

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Mashal

93

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94

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103

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tmz*efepwef? tD&wf? ZifbmabGpwJh EkdifiHrsm;ESifh
104

acgif;aqmifrsm;tay: tar&duef oHwrefpydkifrsm;&JU rSwf

csufawGu umu,H&Sif EdkifiHrsm;twGuf a'goxGufp&m
rsm; jzpfvmonf/ 0DuDvdcfpfZmwfvrf;u urmYtaumif;
qHk; jzpf&yfrSef pydkif0wKBuD; jzpfvmonf/
tar&dueftaeESifh &SufvHk;uGJ&Hkru olY&JUppf
a&;? EdkifiHa&; zHk;zHk;zdzdudprsm; tck wpfurmvHk; 0uf0ufuGJ
odukefNyD/ tar&duefbPfawG&JU vQKdU0Suf tcsufvufrsm;
rMumrD 0duDvdcfpfu zGifhcsawmhrnfhtwGuf pawmhaps;
rsm; xkd;pdkufusaeonf/ ukvor* taxGaxG twGif;
a&;rI; befuDrGef;crsmvnf; tar&duef oHwrefrsm;pGmu
twif;tyif;aygif;rsm;pGmjzifh pydkif vdkufcHxm;&aom
aMumifh oHwreftvkyfESifh pydkiftvkyf cGJvkyfMuzdkY ajAmif
zGifh arwm&yfcH &awmhonf/
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vmwJhzdkifrsm; wpfzdkifcsif; wpfpcsif; zGMuwmeJY trQ EdkifiH
wpfckcsif;tvdkuf jyemrsm;u rD;cdk; ~uGufavQmuf/
tar&duef tpdk;&uawmh 0DuDvdcfpf wnfaxmifol

*sLvD,ef tufpfqef; (Julian Assange) udk tao

owfcsifaeonf/ 9^11 tMurf;zufrD;arT;ol tdkprm
bifvm'ifNyD;vQif 'kwd,&efolawmfpm&if; oGif;vdkufNyD/
xHk;pHtwdkif; tar&duefwdkYu olwdkYydkif&mEdkif&m EdkifiH
wum&JtzGJY (Interpol) ESifh tufpfqef;udk zrf;0&rf; xkwf
vdkufNyD/ tar&duefBuD; &Suf&rf;&rf; pdwfqdk;NyDqdkawmh
tufpfqef;udk b,fEdkifiHrS tck vufcHrxm;&Jawmh/
0DuDvdcfpfwnfaxmifol zcifBuD; [wfumtufpfqef;
b,fa&mufaeNyDvJ? ol b,folvJ/
*sLvD,ef tufpfqef;
*sLvD,ef tufpfqef;udk MopaMw;vsEdkifiH
jyZmwfvkyfief; vkyfudkifol rdbESpfOD;rS arG;zGm;cJhNyD; ,ck
touf 39 ESpf&SdNyDjzpfonf/ olYtaru tifrwef
Pf&nfjrifhwJh uav;[k olYtaMumif; jyefajymjyonf/
olru 1987 ckESpf? tufpfqef; 16 ESpfom; t&G,fwGif
Commodore 64 uGefysLwmBuD;wpfvHk; 0,fay;vdkuf
onf/ tufpfqef;u olYuGefysLwmtwGuf tifwmeuf
csdwfzdkY modem wpfck0,fNyD;aemuf urmhuGefysLwm
uGef,ufBuD;xJuwqifh ol c&D; pwifygawmhonf/
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arTaESmuf&wm odyf pdwf0ifpm;zdkYaumif;w,f? ykpmawG
tm;BuD;yJ} [k tufpfqif;csfu e,l;a,mcfhum r*Zif;udk
wpfcgu ajymjyzl;onf/ olYrdcifu olYom;udk rnfonfh
bmoma&; MoZmatmufrSmrS rxm;ayr,fh tufpfqef;
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rJvfbkef;wuodkvfwGif ocsFmESifh &lyaA' txl;jyK avh
vmcJhonf/
tufpfqef;u tifrwef rdk;ysHatmif ayGvD
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wpfa,muf&cJhonf/ olESifh qufqHa&; rajyvnfrI
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onf/ tpdk;&awG&JU tm;enf;csufawG trSm;awGudk

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wpfydkif;? *sme,fvpfwpfydkif; ydk;0ifNyD; WikiLeaks udk
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ausmfMum;olrsm;&JU twGif;owif;teYHaygif;pHkudk twd
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tufpfqef;udk trsKd;rsKd; Ncdrf;ajcmufxm;Muonf/
105

tufpfqef;udk cspfol rkef;olrsm;tMum; Asmrsm;

vGefqGJaeMuonf/ olYausmfMum;rItwGuf wdkif;rf r*Zif;
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t"r jyKusifhrItwGuf tufpfqef;udk zrf;0&rf; xkwfvdkuf
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wmydkvfuvnf; vkdufaeNyD/ tm;vHk;uawmh oddaeonf/
tar&duef aemufuG,frSm &Sdaew,fqdkwm/
tufpfqef;&JU cH,lcsufESifh oDtdk&Duawmh &Sif;
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olYtwGuf jyem &Sd&Sd r&Sdxuf? tar&duef
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touftE&m,f pdk;&drfp&mrsm; &Sdaeonf/
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rdkufrJxHkxdkif; 'Hk;a0;olrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkcJhaMumif;udk
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cs,f&Drdk;oJ
&nfnGef;/ CNN, the New York Times
106

,ck&ufydkif; owif;acgif;BuD;rsm;wGif tar

&duefoH&Hk; vQKdU0Suf tpD&ifcHcsufrsm;udk 0DuDvdcfrS
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aeMu&onf/
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aejcif;udk vSpf[ azmfnGef;aeonf/
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awmfwGif tmPma&,Ofu &SdESifhxm;onf/ a&G;aumuf
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tmPmudk csKyfudkifxm;Edkifolonf EdkifiHudk xdef;csKyf
xm;oljzpfonf/ tJ'D armf',fyHkpHatmufrSm wpfOD;csif;
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txdtcdkuf rsm;vmonf/
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vkyfief;rsm;eJY ppfa&;vHkjcHKrI &SdapzdkY yifw*GefwGif pwifcJh
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csif;pDudk tcGifhtmPm tyfESif;awmhr,fqdkwm cefYrSef;
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vkyfwJh vkyfief; yHkpHopfawG wnfaxmifvmMuonf/
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pDeJY atmufajcvlxk wl&mwl&m aygif;pnf; vkyfaqmif
EdkifzdkY wHcg;yGifhvmonf/ wpfOD;csif; aygif;pnf; nDnGwfrI

uGef,ufzGJU &mpkESpfrS 0DuDvdcfpf&JU yg0g

pGrf;tm;rsm;jzifh tpdk;&rsm;udk usm;uef wnfhrwfay; Edkif
rnf/ Oyrm AD,uferfppfyGJuae tar&duef jyef&kyfodrf;zdkY
tar&duefvlxku civil society jzifhwGef;tm;ay;cJhjcif;
rsKd;rsm;pGm jzpfvmrnf/
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tESH urmjzeYf vkyfaqmifvmMuonf/
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ydk; o,fydkuf oGm;cJh&onf/ tck olYuGefysLwmay:rSm
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jyemu tifwmeuf uGef,ufudk xdk;azmufvmrnfh
[wfumwdkY&ef? tifazmfar;&Sif;pepf wpfckvHk; zsufvdk
zsufqD;vkyfrnfh aqmYzf0JAdkif;,yfpfrsm; &efuay:vm
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wu,fawmh urmwpfckvHk; uGef,ufzGJYrIu

tjyKoabmaqmifwJh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh EdkifiHawmf
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tifwmeufudk vlxk ydkifydkifEdkifEdkif toHk;csrSm aMumuf
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ajymif;vJEdkifzdkY 24 em&Dwdkif; vl 10000 ausmf&JU
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107

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vkyfEdkifwm w&kwfordkif;wGif r&Sdao;[k qdkMuonf/
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oHwref todkif;t0dkif;udk pdwftaESmifh,SufawG ay;vdkuf
onf/ vHk;0yGifhvif; jrifomrI&Sda&; (total transparency) qdkwJh t,ltq wpfckudk wifoGif;vmonf/
uGef,ufzGJYurmatmufwGif ]ppfyGJ? oHcif;
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2010 Zefe0g&DvwGif tar&duefEdkif iHjcm;a&;
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uGef,ufzGJYMuzdkY wdkufwGef;cJYonf/ enf;ynmudk tvGJ
roHk;MuzdkYvnf; owday;cJhonf/ odkYaomf olr&nfnGef;
cJhwJh uGef,ufzGJYurmudk tarSmifjcrf; a&mufapr,fh
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118

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References:
Holme, B., & Gardner, J. (2006). E-learning:
concepts and practice. London: Sage
E-Language. (n.d.) Retrieved April 19, 2009
from E-Language Wiki:
http://e-language.wikispaces.com/myths

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Mencius, Book IV
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uRefawmf abmvHk;udk
138

ESpfoufygw,f/ ya&mfzuf&Sife,f
abmvHk; upm;orm;wpfOD; jzpfvm
zdkYu uRefawmf&JU tdyfrufyg/ waeY
us&if Oa&mywdkufrSm upm;csif
ygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk uRefawmf pOf;pm;
vdkufwJh tcgawGrSmawmh uRefawmf
[m tawmfhudk pdwfvIyf&Sm; vmyg
w,f/ uRefawmfh&JU ESvHk;ckefEIef;vnf;
jrefvmawmhw,f/ aps;xJrSm tvkyf
vkyf&r,fvdkY pOf;pm;wJh tcgrSmawmh
tJ'DvdkrsKd; rcHpm;&ygbl;/ 'gayr,fh
uRefawmf xifygw,f/ 'g[m vuf
awGY b0tajc taeeJY arQmfvifhcsuf
tdyfrufawGtMum; jcm;em;csuf jzpf
w,fvdkY/ r[kwfbl;vm;/
uRefawmf csrf;omcsifvdkY?
emrnfMuD;csifvdkY
r[kwf&ygbl;/
taumif;qHk; abmvHk; upm;orm;
awGeJY twlwl upm;csifwmygyJ/ 'gay
r,fhvnf; wu,fvdkY uRefawmfhrSm
om aiGaMu; tajrmuftrsm; &Sdw,f
qdk&if arar? azazwdkYudk jyKpkapmihf
a&SmufEdkifwmayghaemf/ olwdkY vdkcsif
cJhorQt&mawG tm;vHk;udk uRef awmf
0,fay;Ekdifr,f/ olwdkY tvkyfvnf;
xyfvkyfp&m rvdkawmhbl;/ jrdKUxJrSm
uRefawmfh tr0rf;uGJ vlpD tem;rSm
olwdkYtwGuf tdrfwpfvHk; 0,fay;csif
w,f/ olr&JU tazu tJ'Du
&Hk;wpf&Hk;rSm tvkyfvkyfygw,f/ olrSm
tdfrfMuD; wpfvHk;&SdjyD; a&mifpHkumv
wDADG? uGefysLwmeJY w,fvDzkef;wdkY
vnf; &SdMuygw,f/ aemufjyD;awmh
olYrSm um;wpfpD;awmif &Sdao;w,f/
arar? azazwdkYrSmu tJ'gawG wpf
ckrS r&Sdygbl;/
uRefawmf ausmif;u abm
vHk;toif;rSm upm;ygw,f/ uRef
awmfwdkY toif;udk usm;opfawG vdkY

ac: Muw,f/ usm;opfawG[m tif

rwef MuHhckdifoefpGrf;Muw,f? tajy;
jref Muw,f r[kwfvm;/ uRefawmf
wdkY toif;vnf; tJ'DvdkygyJ/ uRef
awmf *dk;tvHk; 20 oGif;jyD;jyD/ yGJ&moD
w0ufyJ &Sdao;w,f/ uRefawmf
upm;wJh tcgwkdif;rSm azazu tjrJ
wrf; vm tm;ay; ygw,f/
rpwmu&def;vdkY ac:wJh vl
wpfa,mufvnf;yJ uRefawmfh upm;
yGJudk pjyD;awmh vmMunfhw,f/ olu
abmvHk;toif; udk,fpm;vS,f wpf
OD;yg/ urmw0Srf;vHk;rSm &SdMuwJh
toif;MuD;awG twGuf abmvHk;
orm;awGudk &SmazGay;&wJh olyg/
azazeJY rpwmu&def;wdkY pum;ajym
aeMuwmudk uRefawmf jrifygw,f/
olwdkY bmajymaeMuwmvJqdkwm
udkawmh rodyg/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmf
[m xl;cRefwJh abmvHk; upm;orm;
vdkY azazu olYudk ajymjyvdrfhr,fvdkY
arQmfvihfw,fAsm/ rpwmu&def;[m
'DrSmaum? EkdifiHjcm;rSmyg abmvHk;
oifwef;ausmif;awG trsm;MuD;udk
ydkifwJh olaX;MuD; wpfOD;yg/ vli,f
abmvHk; upm;orm;awGudk avh
usihf oifwef;ay;wJh ae&mawGyg/
Oa&my wpfae&mrSmvnf; olY oif
wef;ausmif;&Sdygw,f/ tJ'Dae&mudk
taumif;qHk; vli,f abmvHk; upm;
orm;awGudk olydkYw,fvdkY uRefawmf
Mum;zl;ygw,f/ uRefawmfhtdyfruf eJY
ydkeD;vmjyDvdkYawmh xifrdygw,f/
rpwmu&def;[m uRefawmfudk pdwf
0ifpm;jyD; ol&JU oifwef;ausmif; wpf
ausmif; ausmif;udk ydkYcsif ydkYvdrfhr,f/
tJ'guawmh uRefawmf&JU arQmfvihf
csuf tdyfrufyg/

]] ... 'g[m vuf

awGYb0tajctaeeJY
arQmfvihfcsuf tdyfruf
awGtMum; jcm;em;csuf
jzpfw,fvdkY /
r[kwfbl;vm;/

}}

|A1 at0rf; abmvHk;oifwef; ausmif;rS z&uf'D\

rdbrsm;xHodkY ay;pm
arv 5 &uf
cifrif&ygaom rdbrsm;cifAsm;?
uRefawmfh&JU emrnfu rpwm u&def;jzpfyg
w,f/ at0rf; abmvHk;oifwef;ausmif;&JU 'g&dkufwm
jzpfygw,f/ urmay:rSm tatmifjrifqHk;aom oifwef;
ausmif; wpfausmif;yg/ uRefawmfwdkY[m tjrJwrf;vdkvdk
i,f&G,fjyD; xl;cRefwJh abmvHk;orm;awGudk &SmazG
ygw,f/ olwdkY&JU ya&mfzuf&Sife,f abmvHk;upm;zddkY arQmf
vihfcsuf tdyfrufawG atmifjrifzdkYtwGuf tultnD
ay;EkdifatmifvdkYyg/
vlMuD;rif;&JU om;[m tJ'DarQmfvifhcsuf tdyf
rufudk &&Sd ykdifqkdifEkdifw,fvdkY uRefawmf ,HkMunfwJh
twGuf tckvdk pma&;&jcif; jzpfygw,f/ jyD;cJhwJhvu
olupm;aewmudk uRefawmf apmihfMunfhaecJhwmyg/
rSefuefwJh avhusihfrI&r,fqdk&if ol[m wpfaeYrSm
Oa&myu emrnfMuD; toif;rSm upm;Ekdifr,fvdkY uRef
awmf ,HkMunfygw,f/
vlMuD;rif;&JU om;[m arG;&myg abmvHk;
tm;upm; xl;cRefolyg/ olb,favmuftxd aumif;
aumif; upm;Ekdifw,f qdkwmudk urmudk jyor,fh
tcGihfta&; &Sdoifhygw,f/ jyD;awmhvnf; vlMuD;rif;
odxm;wJhtwkdif; ya&mfzuf&Sife,f abmvHk;upm;
orm;awG[m 0ifaiG trsm;MuD;udk &Muwmyg/ 'Dpm&,f?
vlMuD;rif;&JU om;tem*wf&,fudk aus;Zl;jyKjyD; tao
tcsm pOf;pm;ay;yg/

atmufrSmygwJh rdkbdkif;zkef;eHygwfrSm uRefawmf

eJY qufoG,fEdkifygw,f/ odyfrMumcifrSm vlMuD;rif;eJY
awGYqHkaqG;aEG;zdkY uRefawmf apmihfaeygw,f/
&if;ESD;cifrifvsuf
tD;u&def;
'g&dkufwm
|z&uf'DxHrS nDr0rf;uGJjzpfol vlpDxHay;pm
ZGefv 10 &uf
cspf&wJh nDrav; vlpD?
tudkav t&rf;udk pdwfvIyf&Sm;aewmyg/
rpwmu&def;eJY olY&JU abmvHk;oifwef; ausmif;u tudkY
udk pdwf0ifpm;vdkYwJhAsm/ 'DaeY usm;opfabmvHk;
toif;avhusihf aewkef; ola&mufvmjyD; olY&JU oifwef;
ausmif;awGtaMumif; ajymjyawmhwmyJ/ 'DEdkifiHrSmaum?
Oa&myrSmyg olYqDrSm tvkyf vkyfaeMuwJhvlawG &mausmf
&Sdw,f/ t&rf;ta&;MuD;wJh vlawGudk olodw,f/ tudk
tMudKufqHk; abmvHk; tm;upm;orm;awGudk ar;Munhf
awmh olY&JU oli,fcsif;awGu trsm;pkygyJ/ tudkeJY
ywfoufjyD; azaz? ararwdkYqDudk pma&;xm;jyD;jyDvdkY
ajymjyw,f/ olwdkYu tudkYudk tJ'g rajymjyao;wm
xl;qef;aew,f/ bmbJjzpfjzpf olu aemufxyfpm
wpfapmif tudkYudk ay;jyD; tdrfjyefa&mufwJhtcg rdb
awGudk ay;ay;zdkY ajymcJhw,f/
tudk tjyif;txef avhusihfr,fqdk&if ESpf
tenf;i,ftwGif;rSmyJ Oa&myu xdyfwef; abmvHk;

139

toif;&JU tm;upm;orm;wpfOD; jzpfEdkifw,fvdkYvnf;

ajymw,f/ nDrav; pOf;pm; Munfhprf;ygOD;/ tudkav/
xdyfwef; emrnfausmf abmvHk;orm;MuD;wJhvm;/
tudkY tdyfrufawGxJu twkdif;yJa[h/ tudkawmh t&rf;
udk pdwfvIyf&Sm;aewm/ 'Dpmudk azaz? arar wdkYudk ay;zdkY
udk rapmifhEdkfifatmifygyJ/ tudk tm;tukef ajy;xnfh
vdkufwm usm;opfudkawmif rD avmufyg w,f/
tukdu pmudk azazhay;awmh ol cyfjrefjref
zwfcJhw,f/ jyD;awmh ararhudk ay;w,f/ olwdkY uawmh
odyf pdwfvIyf&Sm;yHk r&bl;uG,f/ araru azazhudk
jyHK;jycJhygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tjyHK;MuD;awmh r[kwfbl;/
azazu pm&Gufay:rSm udef;uPef;awG csa&;awmh
w,f/ jyD;awmh arareJY aqG;aEG;p&m udpav;awG&SdvdkY
qdkjyD; tudkYudk tcef;xJoGm;aezdkY ajymcJhw,f/
|A1 at0rf; abmvHk;oifwef;ausmif;rS z&uf'D\
rdbrsm;xHodkY ay;pm
ZGefv 8 &uf
cifrif&ygaom rdbrsm;cifAsm;
'Dreufcif; uRefawmfhudk w,fvDzkef;ac:wJh
twGuf aus;Zl;wifygw,f/ z&uf'DeJY ywfoufvdkY
vlMuD;rif;wdkY&JU qHk;jzwfcsufudk Mum;od&awmh uRef awmf
pdwfysufrdygw,f/
'g[m vlMuD;rif;wdkYom;twGuf MuD;rm;vSwJh
tcGihfta&;wpf&yfyg/ ol[m tifrwef xl;cRefvSwJh
abmvHk; upm;orm;wpfOD;yg/ jyD;awmh vlMuD;rif;wdkY
uvnf; olYtwGuf taumif;qHk; jzpfapcsifMuwmudk
uRefawmf odygw,f/ uRefawmfh tultnDeJY qdk&ifawmh
upm;enf; ordkif;rSm tMuD;us,fqHk;aom abmvHk;
orm; wpfOD; jzpfvmrSm/ ol&JU arQmfvifhcsuf tdyfruf
twkdif; qufavQmufrSmudk vlMuD;rif;wdkYu wu,fyJ
[efYwm;csifvdkYvm;/
uRefawmfwdkY 0efaqmifrItwGuf awmif;wJh
aiGaMu;yrmPeJY ywfoufvdkY vlMuD;rif;wdkY pdk;&drfrI
&SdMuw,fqdkwmudk uRefawmf em;vnfygw,f/ ,l&dkaiG
oHk;axmif[m ywfpydkYc? ADZmc eJY av,mOf vufrSwfc
awGtwGuftjyif Oa&mya&mufwJhtcgrSm a[mfw,f
cef;cawG twGufyg/ uRefawmfwdkY oifwef;ausmif;
wpfckckrSm wpfESpfpm oifMum;p&dwfeJY aexkdifp&dwfawG
140

vnf; ygygw,f/ 'DtzGJ Y&JU 'g&dkufwmtaeeJY uRefawmf

ulnDwmeJY tMuHay;c twGufvnf; ygwmayghAsm/
vlMuD;rif;&JUom; tem*wftwGuf 'DaiGudk
oHk;zdkYtwGuf oihfawmfw,fqdkwmudk oabmwlr,fvdkY
uRefawmf ,HkMunfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh vlMuD;rif;wdkY
pdk;&drfaewkef;yJqdk&if uRefawmfwkdY 0efaqmifrIawG
tay:rSm aysmf&Tif auseyfaeMuwJh rdbawGqDu pmawG
udk yl;wGJ ay;ydkY tyfygw,f/
vlMuD;rif;wdkY[m om;udk odyfcspfMuwm uRef
awmfodygw,f/ uRefawmfhtay:rSm ,HkMunfzdkYtwGuf
ajymcsifygw,f/ 'grSom olYudk taumif;qHk; abmvHk;
orm;jzpfatmif ulnDEkdifrSmyg/
cifrifvsuf
tD;u&def;
'g&dkufwm
||z&uf'DxHrS tr0rf;uGJ vlpDodkYay;pmrsm;
ZGefv 17 &uf
cifrif&wJh nDrav;vlpD
tJ'Dpmudk ay;vdkufuwnf;u azaz?
ararwdkY&JU tjyKtrl[m xl;qef;vm awmhw,f/ wpfcg
wpfav tjyeftvSef atmf[pfaeMuwm Mum;&w,f/
'gayr,fh tudk tcef;xJudk 0ifoGm;wmeJY &yfypf
vdkufMuw,f/ tJ'Daemuf tudk tdrfpmvkyf&if;
tvkyf&Iyfaewmudk apmihfjyD;awmh olwdkY wD;wdk; aqG;aEG;
Mujyefw,f/
raeYnu tr&JU taz tfdrftxd um;armif;
vmjyD; azaz? ararwdkYeJY aiGaMu; taMumif; ajymqdk
Muwmudk Mum;vdkufw,f/ tr&JU tazu tudkY rdb
awGudk ,l&dkaiG oHk;axmifavmuf MudK;pm;&Smay;r,fvdkY
ajymwmaocsmygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tudkf jzpfcsifwm
rSm;vm; rodbl;/ tawmfhudk rsm;wJh aiGyg/ r[kwfbl;
vm;[if/ olYoifwef;ausmif;udk tudk wufEdkfifzkdY
rpwmu&def;udk aiGtcsKdU ay;&r,f xifw,faemf/ 'gay
rJh ,l&dkaxmifeJY csDjyD;awmhvnf; rjzpfEkdifygbl;? [kwfvm;
[if/ [ifhtif;/ tudk vkyfwm rSm;aewm aocsmw,f/
z&uf'D

Zlvdkif 15 &uf
cifrif&wJh nDrav;vlpD
tudkY&JU arG;aeYyGJrSm wu,fhudk aysmfcJhwm/
nDrav; vmwm aus;Zl;yg/ uRefawmf abmvHk;upm;
r,fh tdyfrufudk vlawGtrsm;MuD;yJ 'Davmuftxd pdwf
0ifpm; Muvdrfhr,fvdkY rxifcJhrdbl;/ &GmrSm&SdwJh vlwkdif;u
tudkY oifwef;p&dwftwGuf azaz? ararwdkYudk aiGay;
MuyHkyJ/ 'DaiGawG[m tudkY b0rSm &ufa&mvSwJh vuf
aqmifudk &&Sdwmyg/ tudk aoaocsmcsm vlwkdif;udk
aus;Zl; pum;ajymcJhwm/ 'gayr,fh nDrav;&JU tazudk
t&m&m pDpOfay;wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifvkdufwmAsm/
vlwdkif;udk tudkf jyefay;rSmyg/ tudk uwday; ygw,f/
tudk odw,f/ odudk odaewmyg/ wpfaeY aomtcgrSm
tudk[m atmifjrifwJh abmvHk; upm;orm;wpfOD;
jzpfvm&r,f/
z&uf'D

Mo*kwfv 25 &uf
cifrif&wJh vlpD
wu,fyJaemf/ tudkY&JU tMuD;rm;qHk;
pGefYpm;rIc&D;uawmh aemuftywfqdk pjyD/ tudk rapmihf
Ekdifavmufatmifyg/ tif;../ wu,fawmhvnf; tudk
av enf;enf; aMumufaerdw,f/ t&ifwkef;u tudkf
ta0;qHk; oGm;zl; wmqdkvdkY
nDrwdkYjrdKU txdyJ/ 'gaMumihf
tjcm;EkdifiH wpfckudk av
,mOfeJY oGm;&r,f qdkawmh
aMumufvefYp&m vdk vdk/
raeYnu arar
ajymjyygw,f/ topfwpfck
ckudk vkyfwJh tcgawGrSm
pdk;&drfrI jzpfwm[m yHkrSef
obm0ygyJwJh/ jyD;awmh
arar[m tudkY&JU qHyif
awGudk i,fi,fwkef;u vdk
rsKd; zGzGav; oyfay;aecJh yg
w,f/ olr tudkYudk
zufxm;awmh
ararh

]] .. olY&JU arQmfvifhcsuf tdyfruftwkdif;

qufavQmufrSmudk vlMuD;rif;wdkYu
wu,fyJ [efYwm;csifvdkYvm;/

}}

wudk,fvHk; wkefaevdkufwm/ araru csrf;vdkYqdkjyD;

ajymayr,fh ararrsufESmudk Munfhawmh idkaewmav/
arar tudkU udk vGrf;aerSmyg/ tudkuvnf; ararhudk
vGrf;aerSmygyJ/ nDrwdkY tm;vHk;udk t&rf;vGrf;aerSm/
nDrtaMumif;udk rMumcP pOf;pm;aerSmyg/
rpwmu&def;u ol tvkyfawG rsm;aevdkY
tudkeJYtwl c&D; roGm;Edkifbl;vdkYawmh ajymygw,f/
'gayrJh olY&JU vl,Hkwpfa,mufu tudkeJYtwl c&D;
xGufay;r,fwJh/ oifwef;ausmif;udk vdkufydkYay;r,f vdkY
ajymw,f/ tudk[m emrnfMuD; wpfa,muf jzpfaejyD
vdkYawmif cHpm;aerdw,f/
cspfwJh
(tudk) z&uf'D

141

urm (2)
|z&uf'DxHrS ol\ rdbrsm;xHodkY ay;aom ydkYpu'f
pufwifbm 3 &uf

cspf&wJh arareJY azaz

tck uRefawmf a&mufjyD/ c&D;u t&rf;&SnfvSw,f/ uRefawmfvnf;
odyfyifyef;aejyD/ 'gayr,fh tifrwef pdwfvIyf&Sm;p&m aumif;wm/ [dkw,fudk
wupDeJY oGm;wJh c&D;u tHhMozdkY aumif;vdkufwmvGefa&m/ jrdKUxJrSm &SdwJh
taqmuftODwkdif;udk rD;awG xGef;xm;vdkufMuwm tHhbeef; rsufvSnfhyGJvdkyJ/
om;&JU [dkw,fcef;u aumif;vdkufwm/ udk,fydkiftdrfomeJY bmeJY/
a&csKd;uefxJu a&aEG;aEG;rSm pdrfaejyD;&if oufawmifhoufom &SdvSwJh
arGU&may: wuftdyfvdkufr,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'gawG rvkyfcif 'Du'fuav;udk
a&;jyD; pmwdkufaowmxJ xnfhrSmyg/ rpwmu&def;&JU oli,fcsif;u ydkYpu'f
awGeJY wHqdwfacgif;awG 0,fvmay;ygw,f/ rdom;pkeJY oli,fcsif; awGqDudk
pma&;jyD; uRefawmf aumif;aumif;rGefrGef a&mufaMumif;ajymzdkY olu rSmcJh
w,fav/ oifwef;ausmif;rSm tpnf;ta0;&SdvdkY olxGufoGm;jyD/
reufjzefrSm om;twGuf ta&;MuD;wJhaeYjzpfvdkY 'Dn aumif;aumif;
tem;,l tdyfpufzdkYrSmcJhw,f/
cspfwJhom;
z&uf'D

142

|z&uf'DrS nDr 0rf;uGJ vlpDxHodkY ay;pm

pufwifbm 4 &uf
nDrav; vlpD
tck nDrav;udk ajymjyr,fh[mudk wjcm;b,folYudkrS jyefrajymjy&bl;aemf/ tcktudk
awmh tMuD;tus,f 'kua&mufaejyD/
rpwmu&def;&JU oli,fcsif;u jyefrvmbl;/ olb,fudk oGm;rSef;vnf; rodbl;/ b,fvdk
qufoG,f&rSef;vnf; rodbl;/ olY&JU w,fvDzkef;eHygwfvnf; r&Sdbl;/ olY&JU aemufqHk;emrnf wpfvHk;yJ
odwm/ ol emrnf trSm;wpfckay;cJhw,fvdkY xifw,f/
nDrav; vlpDa&... rpwmu&def;[m 'kp&dkuform;wpfOD;vdkY tudk xifw,f/ tudk wdkY
rdom;pk&JU aiGawGudk ,ljyD;awmh xGufajy;oGm;jyDvdkYvnf; tudk pdk;&drfaewm/ at0rf; abmvHk;
oifwef;ausmif;[m wu,f&Sd? r&Sdraocsmawmhbl;/ ol tudkwdkYudk vdrfnmcJhw,fvdkY pOf;pm;
pjyKjyD/
'DaeY wpfaeYvHk; rpwmu&def;&JU oli,fcsif;udk apmihfaecJhw,f/ [dkw,frefae*smuvnf;
'Dnxyfwnf;cdkzdkY aiGay;&ifay;? ray;Edkif&if xGufoGm;zdkYudk ajymaejyD/ tudkqDrSm aiG b,fvdk&SdrSmvJ/
tckawmh jrdKU MuD;tvnfrSm wpfa,mufwnf;/ b,fudkoGm;vdkY bmvkyf&rSef; rodawmhbl;/ wpfb0
vHk; tckavmuf wpfcgrS raMumufcJhzl;bl;/ 'DtaMumufw&m;udk wpfa,mufa,mufeJY rQa0
csifw,f/ nDrav;u pdwfcdkifckdif xm;jyD; 'DvsKdU 0Sufcsuf raygufMum; apeJYaemf/
tjcm;vlawG awGU rSmpdk;vdkY nDrav;qDudk ydkYpfu'fawmh ydkYvdkY rjzpfbl;/ 'geJY [dkw,fu
rxGufvmcif pm&GufeJY pmtdwfawmif;,ljyD;awmh tcka&;vdkufwm/ ajymcsif&ifawmh nDrav;
azazeJY ararwdkYudkawmh tudkYqDu pm&w,f qdkwmavmufyJ ajymyg/ 'gayr,fh bmawG jzpfaew,f
qdkwmudkawmh vHk;0 rajymygeJYuG,f/
pOf;pm;zdkYawmh tcsdefvdkw,f/ odyfrMumcif nDrav;qD pmxyfa&;ygr,f/
cspfwJh
tudk z&uf'D

143

abmvHk; tm;upm;[m tE&m,f&SdwJh

upm;enf; wpfckyg/
x&DAm ab;Pf (owif;axmuf)
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147

arQmfpifwHwm; aq;&HkMuD;rS tD;ar;vf/

Date: February 6th
From: Hospital Child Support
To: Trevor Baynham
Subject: Patient information

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