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Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien: OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics For 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA)
Forschungszentrum Telekommunikation Wien: OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics For 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA)
Outline
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References
Motorola, Long Term Evolution (LTE): Overview of LTE Air-Interface, Technical White Paper, 2007 Rohde&Schwarz, UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) Technology Introduction, 2007. Freescale, Overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution Physical Layer, 2007. 3GPP TS 36.2111, Physical Channels and Modulation (Rel. 8), March, 2008. H. G. Myung, J. Lim, and D. J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA for Uplink Wireless Transmission, IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazin, pp. 30-38, September, 2006. U. Sorger, I. De Broeck, and M. Schnell, Interleaved FDMA - A New Spread Spectrum Multiple-Access Scheme, Proc. IEEE ICC 98, Atlanta, GA, pp-1013-1017, June, 1998. T. Zemen and C. F. Mecklenbrauker, Time-Variant Channel Estimation using Discrete Prolate Spheroidal Sequences, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 53, no. 9, September 2005, pp. 3597-3607.
Thomas Zemen OFDMA/SC-FDMA Basics for 3GPP LTE (E-UTRA) April 24, 2008 3/37
v velocity
1 ej2f1 t (t 1 )
2 ej2f2 t (t 2 )
L number of paths
h(t, ) =
=0
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ej2f t (t )
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d[1]
d[2]
d[3]
d[4]
d[5]
d[6]
d[0]
d[7]
...
...
0 fq f q+1
fq = q/(NTC )
q {0, . . . , N 1} Subcarrier index
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symbols (BPSK)
*(+1)
modulated subcarriers
t
2*f
*(-1)
3*f
*(+1)
T S
TS OFDM symbol duration. A copy of the signal tail (length TG ) is inserted at the beginning of each OFDM symbol. Absorbs multipath components.
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d[0]
...
y[0]
q subcarrier index
g[q] n[q]
...
d[q]
y[q]
...
d[N-1]
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...
...
y[N-1]
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...
OFDMA (I)
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OFDMA (II)
Time division multiple access (TDMA)
frequency user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4 user 5 user 6
frequency diversity
time
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OFDMA (II)
Frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
frequency user 1 user 2 user 3 user 4 user 5 user 6
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OFDMA (III)
Time-variant frequency-selective channel
frequency
frequency diversity
OFDMA (III)
Time-frequency pattern
frequency
frequency diversity
At cell boundaries the signal to interference ratio (SIR) is approx. 0 dB due to frequency reuse 1 DS-CDMA uses soft handover at the cell boundary OFDM based air interface allows soft frequency reuse for users at the cell boundary
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b- s Su rier r ca
po w er de ns ity
BS 2
subcarr ier
MS 22
BS 1
Pow er de n
MS 21
sity
MS 11
MS 31
MS 12
MS 32
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s ca ubrr ie r
Po
y sit en rd we
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LTE Uplink
Power consumption in user equipment (UE) terminals is limited by battery OFDM requires large dynamic range due to high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) Linear power ampliers with wide dynamic range have bad efciency Single carrier/Frequecy division multiple access (SC/FDMA) used for the uplink in LTE
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SC/FDMA
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Processing Steps
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PAPR comparison
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Conclusions - Part I
OFDM enables wireless communication in frequency selective channels Channel equalization in the frequency domain Low complexity implementation - fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms Time and frequency diversity can be exploited SC/FDMA is OFDM with precoding PAPR of SC/FDMA is 2dB smaller compared to OFDMA
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Outline
Part I - OFDMA and SC/FDMA Basics Part II - Time-variant channel estimation for OFDM
Signal model Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences Reduced-rank channel estimation Mean square error (MSE) sensitivity to velocity of user equipment
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Basis Expansion
D1
gm,q
i=0
i,q ui,m
for
m {0, . . . , M 1} ,
DM
gm,q channel coefcient for subcarrier q at time m ui,m basis function i,q expansion coefcient
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|um |2 |um |2
m=0 m=
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Slepian Sequences
0.15
0.1
0.05
M = 256 block length 1/TS = 49 ks1 symbol rate vmax = 100 km/h velocity fC = 2 GHz carrier
u0[m] u1[m] u [m] 2 u [m] 3 u4[m] 50 100 150 200 250
0.05
0.1
D = 5 dimensions
0.15
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ym,q =
i=0
ym,q C , received symbol on subcarrier q at discrete time m zm,q C , additive noise i,q C , basis expansion coefcient
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ym,q =
i=0
Time multiplexed pilot and data symbols, dm = bm + pm (pilots are known at the receiver side). bm {1 j}/ 2 for m P and bm = 0 for m P / pm = {1 j}/ 2 for m P and pm = 0 for m P / P= J pilot symbols i M M + J 2J | i {0, . . . , J 1}
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... omitting q
Basis function vector f m = Coefcient estimates = G 1
mP
u0,m . . . uD1,m
RD ,
ym pm f m
flfH . l
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MSEM =
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1 M
M1
2 E |gm gm |
m=0 April 24, 2008 36/37
Conclusions - Part II
Detailed channel information at receiver side difcult to acquire Discrete prolate spheroidal sequences describe the subspace of band-limited sequences Reduced-rank channel description using DPS sequences allows for simple UE algorithm Mean-square error (MSE) is practically independent of user velocity
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