CHAPTER 8 : SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT

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Support Systems in Animals

Support system in humans and animals is called SKELETON or SKELETAL SYSTEM

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FUNCTIONS OF ENDOSKELETON

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FUNCTIONS OF EXOSKELETON

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HUMAN SUPPO RT SYSTE M

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Animal support system

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Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals

Entire weight is supported by its endoskeleton. Skeletal system : bigger and stronger than that of the aquatic animal vertebrate system. Big land animals : Strong and big Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles to support their body weight Four-legged animals : Backbone either curve upwards or 9/24/12

Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals

Pectoral Girdle

Pelvic Girdle

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Support System of Land Vertebrate Animals

Birds : Have hollow bones and air spaces inside so that the body is lighter. Advantages of hollow bones :

Lighter Requires less calcium and phosphorous for its formation.

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Support System of Aquatic Vertebrate Animals Examples : Whales, dolphins Smaller and lighter endoskeleton than land vertebrates. Pectoral and pelvic support that is smaller and lighter.
Most
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of body weight is supported by buoyancy of the water.

Support System of Aquatic Vertebrate Animals The buoyancy of the water allows the size of the aquatic vertebrate animals to be bigger that land vertebrate animals.

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COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

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COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES

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SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR INVERTEBRATES

Invertebrates are animals that do not have a backbone. Its body is supported by : External skeletal system (exoskeleton)

Body fluids (hydrostatic skeletons)

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EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES
Exoskeleton consists of a layer of hard skin or shell. Examples of invertebrates with hard outer skin : Crabs, spiders, prawns and scorpions. Examples of invertebrates with hard shell : Snails, mussels
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EXOSKELETON OF INVERTEBRATES
For insects, the exoskeleton is called cuticle. Cuticle is made of chitin (hard and impermeable to water) Cuticle prevent the insects from growing.

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HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS OF INVERTEBRATES

Leeches, worms and octopus do not have exoskeleton. Their bodies are soft. Use the body fluid (also known as hydrostatic skeleton system) as support system. The body fluids exert a pressureon their body walls to form a hydrostatic skeleton.
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COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

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COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN LAND AND AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS

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Support system of plants are different based on the type of plant.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Woody Plants
Examples: rubber tree, durian tree, rambutan tree, and teak tree. Supported by woody tissues. Woody tissues dense, hard on tree trunk. - made up of xylem tissues. Most of the woody plants are tall.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Woody Plants Also supported by special structures :

Buttress

roots Clasping roots

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Buttress Roots
Examples: durian trees, casuarina trees, and yellow flame trees. Occurs at the base of the trunk where the main roots branch off at the ground surface and enter the soil.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Buttress Roots

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

CLASPING ROOTS
Examples : money plant, certain wild orchid. Enable a plant to climb by growing around and clasping its support.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

CLASPING Roots

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Non-woody Plants
Examples: roses, bougainvillea. Supported by turgid cells.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Non-Woody Plants Also supported by special structures :

Thorns Tendrils Prop

Roots (Adventitious Roots)

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

PROP Roots

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COMPARISON OF THE SUPPORT SYSTEMS IN HERBACEOUS AND WOODY PLANTS

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Aquatic Plants
Examples: yam, water lily and lotus. Supported by water buoyancy. Have soft stems that have air space and their leaves broad with stomata on the surface. Aquatic plants that live in the water have fine leaves.

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

Aquatic Plants

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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LAND PLANTS

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