Resume NG Ram Tical

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA
TO BE
Significa ser o estar. estar Es un verbo auxiliar. Hace la negaci n a adiendo not negaci not Hace la interrogacin por inversi n. interrogaci inversi Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y tambi tambin con: who, where, how, etc. how,
LENGUA INGLESA
Pedro Civera Coloma 2004
TO BE
Puede contraer con sujetos, demostrativos y tambin con: who, where, how, etc.
PRESENTE
I am/I'm. Yo soy o yo estoy. You are/you're. He is/he's. She is/she's It is/it's.
PASADO
I was. Yo era o yo estaba. You were. He was. She was. It was. We were. You were. They were.
FUTURO
I will/ shall be. Yo ser o yo estar. You will be. He will be. She will be. It will be. We will/ shall be. You will be. They will be.
Im Peter. Peters Thats here. Manoli.
Whos that girl?
We are/we're. You are/you're. They are/they're.
PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO

PRESENTE PASADO FUTURO
CONTRACCIONES
Are not arent. Was wasnt Is not isnt. Were werent not ll. Will not wont . not Shall shant. not
AM IS ARE
WAS WERE
WILL BE
Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.
USOS
Para preguntar la edad. How old are you? I am forty. I am a teacher. He is a socialist. He is a catholic. Formar los continuos.
USOS
tiempos I am writing with a computer. I was swimming yesterday. I will be walking on the beach. La formacin de la voz The book was written pasiva. by Emilio.
Indicar la profesin. La ideologa. El credo religioso.
USOS
Para medidas. I am six feet tall. How big is the town? It is quite big. I am six feet tall. Indica tallas. Con adjetivos.
USOS
I am size 8. I am happy and you are right. Wheres the boy? Whens your birthday? I am right.
Where (Dnde?) What (Qu?) Who (Quin?) Why, (Por qu?) Con ciertas expresiones.
Contrae con demostrativos Thats right. y adverbios.
TO HAVE
Se traduce por tener. Puede ir acompaado de la partcula got. No se produce alteraci n del significado si aparece o no, pero cuando aparece el verbo puede ir contraido. Tampoco se usa en las respuestas breves.
PRESENTE PASADO
I have/l've. To tengo. You have/you've. He has/he's. She has/she's. It has/it's. We have/we've. You have/you've. They have/they've. Have + not contrae en havent. Has + not contrae en hasnt. I had. Yo tuve o yo ten a. You had . He had . She had. It had. We had. You had . They had. Had + not contrae en hadnt.
FUTURO
I will have. Yo tendr. You will have. He will have. She will have. It will have. We will have. You will have. They will have.
USOS
Indicar posesin. I have a white car. Obligacin. I have got a white car. Puede indicar otro tipo de I have breakfast at actividades. 7:45. Ingestin de alimentos tanto slidos como lquidos. Otros. I have a bath and my wife has a shower. Construccin perfectos. de tiempos I have been in New York.
USOS
I have to go to Alicante tomorrow.
Combinado con better You had better buy a indica consejo. new pair of shoes. La contraccin es Youd better. La construccin causativo Im going to have my have, se utiliza cuando hair cut. alguien hace algn servicio para nosotros.
PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO

PRESENTE
HAVE HAS I have He has I had He had I will have She will have
CONTRACCIONES
PASADO
HAD
FUTURO
WILL HAVE
PRESENTE Have not Havent Has not Hasnt
PASADO Had not Hadnt
FUTURO Wil have not Wont have
TO DO
Significa hacer. Es un verbo auxiliar. Hace la negacin aadiendo not Interviene en la formacin de las formas interrogativas y negativas del presente y pasado simple
PRESENTE PASADO
I do. Yo hago. You do. He does. She does. It does. We do. You do. They do. I did. Yo hice. You did . He did. She did. It did. We did. You did . They did.
FUTURO
I will do. Yo har. You will do. He will do. She will do. It will do. We will do. You will do. They will do. Will not do contrae en wont do.
Do not contrae en Did not contrae en dont. didnt. Does not contrae en doesnt.
PRESENTE
Negativas.
PASADO
Otros usos idiomticos.
He doesnt eat meat. I didnt go to the I dont want to go to cinema. the cinema.
USOS
I did the shopping in Carrefour. I do the washing up every night. I never do the cleaning. Sometimes I do the cooking.
Interrogativas. Do you love her?
Did you go to Does he speak England? Valenciano? Habla valenciano? He does running. love He did say what he wanted to say.
Uso enftico.
USOS
Con la expresin Yo tambin. -I like Mara Callas. -So do I.
LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS

Es necesario usarlos para evitar ambigedad. Go to London, no sabramos quin va, podra ser yo, t, nosotros,etc. En castellano no pasa lo mismo. Vamos a Alicante, las desinencias verbales nos sacan de dudas. Est claro que somos nosotros.
Con la expresin tampoco.
Yo I dont smoke. Neither do I.
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES COMPLEMENTO
ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS
PRONOMBRES REFLEXIVOS
I . Yo . You . T. He. l. She. Ella. It. Ello.
Me. A m, me. You. A ti, te. Him. A l, le. Her. A ella, le. It. A ello, le.
My. Mi. Your. Tu. His. Su de l. Her. Su de ella.
Mine. El mo. Yours. El tuyo . His. El suyo. (de l). Hers. El suyo. (de ella).
Myself. Me. Yourself. Te. Himself. Se. Herself. Se. Itself. Se. Ourselves . Nos. Yourselves . Os.
PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y COMPLEMENTO

SUJETO Ella es alta. You are a teacher. COMPLEMENTO Dale esto a ella. This is for you.
It. Su de ello. Its. El suyo. (de ello). Our. Nuestro, Ours. El nuestra. nuestro. Your. Vuestro, vuestra. Their. Su de ellos, su de ellas. Yours. El vuestro.
We. Nosotros o Us. A nosotros, a nosostras. nosotras, nos. You . Vosotros o vosotras. They. Ellos o ellas. You. A vosotros, a vosotras, os. Them . A ellos, a ellas, les.
Theirs. El suyo . Themselves . Se.
PRONOMBRES PERSONALES
I siempre se escribe con mayscula. You se puede traducir por T, Vd, vosotros, vosotras y Vds.You e it tienen la misma forma como sujetos que como complementos. You are young. I love you.
COMPLEMENTOS
No utilizan preposicin delante del objeto indirecto, pero s, si sigue al Objeto Directo. She gave me a kiss. She gave a kiss to me.
DIFERENCIA ENTRE ADJETIVO Y PRONOMBRE

ADJETIVO acompaa al nombre Mi casa es grande. My house is big. PRONOMBRE lo substituye. La ma tambin. Mine is also big.
Acciones que recaen He washes himself sobre el mismo sujeto. every morning. Enfatizan. Pueden ir precedidos de by, en cuyo caso significan yo solo, t solo.. He himself can go. I went to Madrid by myself.
Each other. El uno al They love each other. otro One Another. A todos They gave presents one another. She is the prettiest one. I was the second one in the race.
ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS

SINGULAR THlS este, esta, esto. PLURAL THESE estos, estas. esas,
One.
THAT ese, esa, eso, aquel, THOSE esos, aquella, aquello. aquellos, aquellas.
CONCORDANCIA
This man is my teacher of English. That woman is my wife. These books are interesting. En presentaciones Those girls are from Italy .
USOS
Se usan cuando hablamos por telfono. En ciertas expresiones. This is Peter.
Thats right.
This is Mary, my friend
HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS

AFIRMATIVA There is a car. INTERROGATIVA Is there a car? NEGATIVA There is not a car. a There was not a boy.
HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS

PRESENTE There is. PASADO FUTURO
CONDICIONAL
There was. There will be. There were.
There would be.
There was a boy.
Was boy?
there
There are.
There's.
EJEMPLOS

There is someone waiting for you. There are four biscuits on the plate. Is there anything I can do for you?
SOME, ANY Y NO
Some. Afirmativas. Se traduce por algo, algn, algo de. interrogativas y se espera respuesta afirmativa. Any. Interrogativas y negativas. Se traduce por nada, ningn, algn. No. Afirmativa pero el sentido es negativo. I have some magazines from the library. Do you want some chocolates? Have you any good book to lend me? I havent any money. I have no money.
COMPUESTOS
Something. Algo. Somebody. Alguien. Somewhere . Algn lugar. Anything. Algo, nada. Anybody. Alguien, nadie. Anywhere. Alguna parte, ninguna parte. Anyone. Alguien, nadie. Nothing. Nada. Nobody. Nadie. Nowhere. Ninguna parte. No one. Nadie. Everything. Todo. Everybody. Todos. Everywhere . Todas partes.
EJEMPLOS
I have some magazines from the library. Do you want some chocolates? Have you any good book to lend me? I havent any money. Everyone. Cada uno. I have no money.
Someone. Alguien.
OTROS INDEFINIDOS
All. Hace referencia a ms de dos. Both. Se refiere a dos. Each. Cada. Either. O. All my friends came to my party. Both are 14. Each and every day I sleep siesta. Either you stay here or come with us. Every. Cada.
OTROS INDEFINIDOS
Every day I go running. Neither of them are happy. I neither like coffee nor tea. None wanted coffee.
Neither. Ni. Neithernor Ni..ni. None. Ninguno de los dos.
PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

Who. Quin? Se usa con personas. Whom. A quin? Se usa compaado por preposiciones. Whose De quin? Se usa en la forma posesiva. Who came yesterday?

Which. Qu o Cul? What Qu? Se usa cuando no hay antecedentes. Which is your favourite singer? What do you think of him?
Whom did you speak to? The man with whom you spoke is Pepe. Whose car is this Ford Fiesta?

How. Cmo? How many . Cantos? How much. Cunto? How long. Cunto tiempo ? How far. A qu distancia? How is your mother? How many books do you read a year? How much is that CD? How long will it take to go to Madrid by plane? How far is Elche from Santa Pola?

How fast. A qu velocidad? How often. Con qu frecuencia? Why. Por qu? How fast can you type? How often do you play football? Why was he late?

When. Cundo? Where. Dnde? What kind. Qu clase? When did you go there?
CONTABLES E INCONTABLES
Los nombres se pueden clasificar en contables e incontables. Contables son aqullos que podemos contar con la ayuda de un numeral. Tienen forma de plural y pueden llevar el art culo a/an o the, some, few etc.
One book. Two pencils. Three boys. Four cars.
Where do you live?
What kind of music do you like?
I bought a paper. Give me some paper to write. She has a new iron. This is made of iron. Give me a glass. This is Bohemian glass. I drink coffee. Give me two coffees.
NOMBRES INCONTABLES
Butter. Mantequilla. Chocolate. Chocolate. Coffee. Caf. Cream. Crema . Dirt. Suciedad. Help. Ayuda. News . Noticias. Tea. T Time. Tiempo. Toothpaste Pasta de dientes. Trouble. Problema. Water. Agua.
Homework. Paper. Deberes. Papel. Hope. Esperanza. Hunger. Hambre. Ice. Hielo. Physics. Fsica. Rubbish. Basura. Sand. Arena.
NOMBRES INCONTABLES
Flour. Harina. Food. Comida. Fun. Diversin. Furniture. Mobiliario. Mathemati cs. Matemticas. Milk. Leche. Money. Dinero. Music. Msica. Sky. Cielo . Soap. Jabn. Wine. Vino. Sugar. Azcar. Weather. Tiempo atmosfrico. Work. Trabajo. Silver. Plata. Advice. Consejo.
MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE, A LOT OF

Many. Muchos o muchas. Few. Pocos o pocas. A few. Unos pocos o unas pocas. So Many. Tantos. I have many friends. She has read few books. I have a few good friends. We have so many books .
CONTABLES
So Few. Tan pocos. Too Many. Demasiados. Too Few. Demasiado pocos. He is alone, he has so few friends. Too many cooks spoil the broth. There were too few to start the party. Much. Mucho. Little. Poco. A little Un poco. So Little. Tan poco.
INCONTABLES
I dont drink much coke. He eats little fruit. With a little milk please. He drinks so little water.
INCONTABLES
Too Much. They eat too much Demasiado. ms de meat. lo necesario . Too Little. Demasiado poco. So Much. Tanto. They have too little money. They spend so much money.
A lot of. Mucho, muchos. Lots of. Montones de. Mucho, Mucha. Plenty of. Mucho, muchos. Tiene el matiz de de sobra. We have a lot of books. We drink a lot of water. Lots of people came yesterday. There are plenty of good books in the library. I dont have to hurry, Ive got plenty of time.
PARTITIVOS
A bar of. Una barra de. A bottle of. Una botella de. A can of. Una lata de bebida. A cup of. Una taza de. A bar of chocolate. A bottle of wine. A can of coke. A cup of coffe.
PARTITIVOS
A piece of. Un trozo de, una porcin de. A tin of. Una lata de. A packet of. Una bolsa de. A piece of paper.
A tin of tuna. A packet of crisps.
Un gran nmero de nombres carecen de l, por eso tenemos la misma palabra para masculino y femenino. Teacher. Profesor. Artist. Artista. Doctor. Mdico. Reader. Lector. Student. Estudiante . Musician. Msico. Lawyer. Abogado. Driver. Conductor.
EL GENERO
GENERO
MASCULINOS Father. Padre. Brother. Hermano. Boy. Chico. FEMENINOS Mother. Madre. Sister. Hermana. Daughter. Hija. NEUTROS Flower. Flor. Cat. Gato. Door. Puerta.
MASCULINO Y FEMENINO
A male doctor. Un doctor. Actor. Actor. Bachelor. Soltero. Boy. Chico. Brother. Hermano. A woman doctor. Una doctora. Actress. Actriz. Spinster. Soltera. Girl. Chica. Sister. Hermana.
Bull. Toro. Cock. Gallo. Duke. Duque. Emperor. Emperador. Father. Padre. Cow. Vaca. Hen. Gallina. Duchess. Duquesa. Empress. Emperatriz. Mother. Madre.
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God. Dios. Horse. Caballo. Host. Anfitrin. Husband. Esposo. Lion. Len. Goddess. Diosa. Mare. Yegua. Hostess. Anfitriona. Wife . Esposa. Lioness. Leona.
Lord. Seor. Man. Hombre. Nephew. Sobrino. Poet. Poeta. Prince. Prncipe. Lady. Seora. Woman. Mujer. Niece. Sobrina. Poetess. Poetisa. Princess. Princesa.
Son. Hijo. Steward. Auxiliar de vuelo. Tailor. Sastre. Uncle. To. Waiter. Camarero. Widower. Viudo. Daughter. Hija. Stewardess. Azafata. Dressmaker. Modista. Aunt. Ta. Waitress. Camarera. Widow. Viuda.
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES REGLA GENERAL. A ADIR -S A

SINGULAR Car. Book. Pen. Cars. Books. Pens. PLURAL
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES AADEN -ES ACABADOS EN X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O

SINGULAR Potato Brush. Box. PLURAL Potatoes. Brushes. Boxes.
EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES AADEN -ES ACABADOS EN X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O

Kiss. Pouch. Church Bush. Kisses. Pouches. Churches Bushes
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ACABADAS EN -o de origen extranjero, aaden -s. a

Kilo. Kimono Piano. Tomato. Kilos. Kimonos. Pianos. Tomatoes
ACABADOS EN -y precedida de vocal

Toy Boy. Monkey Toys. Boys. Monkeys
ACABADOS EN -y precedida de consonante.

SINGULAR
CAMBIAN -f o -fe , fe POR -ves. ves

PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
Lady City
Ladies Cities
Wolf. Lobo. Loaf. Barra de pan. Wife. Esposa. Life. Vida.
Wolves. Thief. Ladrn. Loaves. Leaf. Hoja. Wives. Lives.
Thieves. Sheaf. Gavilla. Leaves. Half. Mitad.
Sheaves . Halves.
Shelf. Shelves. Self. Selves. Estanter Uno a. mismo. Knife. Knives. Calf. Calves. Cuchillo. Ternero.
RESTO DE PALABRAS EN -f o -fe AADEN -s.

Safe. Safes. Caja de seguridad. Cliff. Cliffs. Acantilado. Chief. Jefe. Chiefs .
PLURALES IRREGULARES
Man. Hombre. Foot. Pie. Child. Nio. Ox. Buey Men. Feet.
Woman.
Mujer.
Women Geese. Teeth. Mice.
Goose. Ganso. Children. Tooth. Diente. Oxen.

Mouse.
Ratn
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ANIMALES QUE USAN LA MISMA FORMA PARA SINGULAR Y PLURAL

Sheep. Oveja. Salmon Salmn. Mackarel. Caballa. Cod. Bacalao Deer. Ciervo. Carp. Carpa. Partridge Perdz. Duck. Pato. Trout. Trucha. Plaice. Platija. Squid. Calamar.
OTRAS PALABRAS QUE USAN LA MISMA FORMA PARA SINGULAR Y PLURAL
Aircraft. Aeronave.
Spacecraft . Nave espacial.
Hovercraft . Aerodeslizador.
PALABRAS QUE SIEMPRE VAN EN PLURAL

People. Gente. Cattle. Ganado. Police. Policia. Folk. Gente. Thanks Gracias
PALABRAS QUE SIEMPRE VAN EN SINGULAR

Mathematics. Matemticas Politics. Poltica. Gymnastics Gimnasia . Phonetics. Fontica.
Pyjamas. Glasses Pijama. Gafas.
Scissors. Binoculars. Tijeras. Prismticos. Shorts. Pantalones cortos
Trousers. Stairs. Jeans. Pantalones Escaleras vaqueros
PUEDEN IR EN SINGULAR Y PLURAL

Our police is very Our team is the efficient. best. The police are looking for the thief. Our team are wearing the new T-shirts.
PENNY PUEDE TENER DOS PLURALES
I have 4 pennies.
I paid 50 pence.
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PALABRAS COMPUESTAS
Maid of honour. Dama de honor Brother in law. Cuado. Maids of honour.
PALABRAS COMPUESTAS CON man o -woman

Manservant. Policeman Postman Menservants . Policemen Postmen
Brothers in law.
PRONUNCIACION DE LA DESINENCIA DE PLURAL.

/s/. Cats. Cuando los nombres acaban en consonante sorda.. p, t, k, f /z/ Windows. Cuando los nombres acaban en consonante sonora o vocal. b, d, g, v, m, n, l, r, w, j /iz/ Houses. Cuando los nombres acaban en s, z, x, ch, ss, ...
FORMACI FORMACIN DE PALABRAS COMPUESTAS

Adjetivo + nombre. Nombre + nombre. Ing + nombre. Pronombre + nombre. Handful. Toothpaste. Puado. Pasta de dientes.
Washingmachine . Lavadora. Shegoat. Cabra.
FORMACI FORMACIN DE PALABRAS COMPUESTAS

Verbo + nombre. Preposicin + nombre. Breakfast. Overwork. Desayuno. Exceso trabajo. de
FUNCIONES DEL NOMBRE

Sujeto. Predicado. Mara is a teacher. Mara is a sociable woman. I saw a woman there.
Complemento Directo.
Preposicin + verbo.
Income.
Ingresos.
Complemento Indirecto. This present is for that woman.
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SUFIJOS DE NOMBRES
-er. -er. -ee. Personas Employee. -ness. -tion. Nombres Verbos. Pollution. Profesiones Cosas. Baker. -ist. Opener -ism.
SUFIJOS DE NOMBRES
-ance. Nombre. Abundance -tion. Nombre. Education -hood. Nombre. Childhood -ity. Nombre. Ability. -ment. Nombre. Shipment.
Profesiones Ideologas. Nombre. Violinist. Comunism. Hapiness.
SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS O ADVERBIOS.

-al. Practical -ful. Faithful. -ic. Historic. -less. Hopeless. -ive. Exclusive -ous. Industrious
SUFIJOS DE ADJETIVOS O ADVERBIOS.

-ed. Excited -worthy -en. -ant. -ive. Wooden. Irrelevant. Comprehe nsive. -like. -ible.
Trustworthy. Childlike. Sensible.
PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
DisIlDishonest. Illegal. IrIrregular. NonNonsmoker. ImImpolite. UnInInvisible . Anti-
PREFIJOS NEGATIVOS
OverPrePredictabl e. Under SemiSemiprofe ssional. Antibiotic. Overdose
SuperUnthinkabl e
Post-
Supernatu Postpone. Undermine ral.
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GENITIVO SAJN SAJ

Es una construccin especial que se utiliza para indicar posesin. La estructura del genitivo sajn es: Poseedor + s + cosa poseda. Normalmente la utilizamos con personas y rara vez con objetos.
USOS DEL GENITIVO SAJN SAJ

Apstrofo y una s es la Peters bike. regla general. Acabados en s, s lo . Pits car. Plurales irregulares no A mens club. terminados en s o -es siguen la regla general. Ms de un sujeto. My brother and sisters friends.

Algunas expresiones. A days break. Todays paper. The cars engine. Casas y tiendas. I went to my sisters She was at the bakers.

Tiendas, hospitales e iglesias. He goes to his friends. He got married in Sant Louis. I was at the dentists. Los plurales regulares A girls school. acabados en s slo aaden el apstrofo.
EL ART CULO INDETERMINADO

Su traduccin es un, una. Tiene dos formas a y an. A se emplea con palabras que comienzan por sonido consonntico. A n va con las que comienzan por sonido voclico. Las palabras que comienzan por h muda como honest, llevan an. Las palabras que comienzan por semiconsonantes como university llevan a.
ARTCULO INDETERMINADO
A A house. Una casa. A car. Un coche. A university. Una universidad. A uniform. Un uniforme. A union. Un sindicato . A European. Un europeo. AN An apple. Una manzana. An hour. Una hora. A n honest person. Una persona honrada. An honor. Un honor. An umbrella. Un paraguas. A n MP. Un miembro del Parlamento.
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USOS DEL ARTCULO ART INDETERMINADO

Con nmeros y expresiones A hundred. de cantidad. Para indicar el precio de las It is 10 euros a kilo.. cosas. Cuando es la primera vez The woman had a nice que hablamos de un house near the beach. objeto. Cuando la referencia no I want a book but I est clara. dont want an English book.
EL ARTCULO ART INDETERMINADO

Con profesiones, religiones, e ideas polticas. I am a lawyer and he is a nurse. He is a Catholic and I am a Jew. He was a socialist and now he is a conservative. Last week I had a terrible cold.
Con enfermedades.
EL ART CULO DETERMINADO THE

Es parte invariable de la oracin. El, la los y las. Tiene dos pronunciaciones segn vaya precediendo a vocales o consonantes. The girl. The girls. The car. The cars. Ros. Mares.
USOS
The Nile. The Black Sea.
Montaas. Islas. Desiertos.
The Alps. The Canary Islands. The Sahara.
USOS DEL ARTICULO DETERMINADO

Pases en plural. Cosas nicas. The Netherlands. The Universe. The Sun. The Moon. The Earth. Con musicales. instrumentos I play the piano.

Junto a un adjetivo hace The blind. referencia a un colectivo, a un tipo de The rich. personas. The poor. The British. Con los superlativos. Water is in my opinion the best drink.
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Tambin con algunas expresiones. He was in the navy. The police. I went to the Post Office. I went to the cinema last Sunday.

Con fechas se lee pero no se escribe. Bed, class, court, college, church, hospital, market, prison, university, town. Junto a las Republic , Kingdom. 30th November is my birthday. In hospital. In the hospital.
palabras The United Kingdom. State, The Arab Republic .

Con cosas nicas. The moon isnt red. Con contables en The orange is an singular hace referencia excellent fruit. a la totalidad. Con los adjetivos pasa The rich also cry. lo mismo. The blind. Con apellidos. The Barrymore.
NO SE USA
Con das de la semana. I play tennis on Monday. In July I go to San Juan beach. Easter is a great holiday. Italian is very romantic.
Meses.
Estaciones y fiestas. Idiomas.
NO SE USA
Colores. Red is my favourite colour.
NO SE USA
Cuando nos referimos al Wine is good for you. sentido general de algo. The wine from Pinoso is the best. Partes del cuerpo. Wash your hair. Canales hechos por el Suez canal. hombre. Con las palabras bed , He is in bed. school, hospital, prison, college, university.
Deportes, actividades y Swimming is good for juegos. you. Comidas. Lunch, breakfast and supper are the meals of the day. At night.
Expresiones.
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NO SE USA
Con las comidas. I have lunch at home.
BOTH, ALL, NONE, NEITHER, EITHER, EACH, EVERY, NO.

Both. Ambos. Both Peter confetti. and Sarah like
Con ver la tele . Con personas.
I never watch TV. Doctor Ferreira no The doctor Ferreira.
Both.and. Tanto como.
I like both the film and the book.
Both of them. Both of them are happy Ellos dos. Neither. Ninguno. Neither of them came to my Ni. party.

Either....or. Either you come with me or go with O..o. him. Neither....n I like neither coffee nor tea. or. Ni.ni. All. All the students were happy after the Todos. Ms exam. de dos. None. Ninguno. Ms de dos None of my friends wanted to buy my car.

Most. Most of them are from Canada. La mayora, la mayor parte. Each. Each student must buy a dictionary. Cada uno. Every. Every citizen paid the taxes. Todos y cada uno No. Nada. I have no money now.
LOS ADJETIVOS.
Modificar al sustantivo y normalmente le preceden. A red car. Al ser en ingls parte invariable I have a red car. She has a red dress. My daughter wears red shoes.They have red skirts.
USOS
Detrs de los verbos copulativos: be , look, sound, taste, appear, seem, get, feel, stay, fall, etc. Algunos siempre llevan preposicin. She is nice.
I am interested in politics.
Los participios pueden He is tired. hacer las veces de adjetivos. He is tyring.
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EL ADJETIVO
Los que van delante A beautiful song . se llaman atributivos. Los que van detrs se She is alive. llaman predicativos
LA COMPARACIN CON COMPARACI ADJETIVOS

IGUALDAD As... As. Tan como. En los puntos adjetivo. So.....as. No tan como. I am as tall as you are. va el He is not so intelligent as his brother Mike.
LA COMPARACIN CON COMPARACI ADJETIVOS

Los monosiabos y bis labos a aden -er en el monosi er comparativo. Los monos labos acabados en una consonante monos precedida de una nica vocal, duplican la consonante. Como en fat . Fatter. fat. Fatter. Si acaban en -y se sustituye por i . Tall.
LA COMPARACIN
POSITIVO COMPARATIVO Taller. SUPERLATIVO The tallest.
Big.
Bigger .
The biggest.
Happy.
Happier.
The happiest
LA COMPARACIN
POSITIVO Comfortable COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO More comfortable . The most comfortable . -Er.
EL COMPARATIVO
I am taller now. It is more interesting than the film. I am getting fatter and fatter.
More.than.
Comparativo + and + comparativo.
Interesting.
More interesting.
The most interesting.
The + comparativo, the + The richer, the sillier. comparativo.
20
EL SUPERLATIVO
The .....est Con adjetivos de una o dos silabas. The richest people in Elda.
COMPARATIVO DE INFERIORIDAD
Less + adj + than . She is less intelligent than Rose. The least important of all his novels. SUPERLATIVO The least busy.
Se utiliza in para lugares y periodos de tiempo. The + most + adjetivo The most beautiful girl Con los de dos o ms in town. silabas.
The least + adjetivo indican inferioridad. POSITIVO Busy.
COMPARATIVO Less busy.
LOS IRREGULARES
Good. Bueno. Bad. Malo. Little. Poco. Better. Mejor. Worse. Peor. Less. Menos. The best. El mejor The worst. El peor. The least. El menos.
LOS IRREGULARES
Much / Many . Mucho. Far. Lejos. Old. Viejo. More. Ms. Farther. Ms lejos. Elder. Ms viejo. The most. El ms. The farthest. Lo ms lejano. The eldest. El ms viejo.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. AT
Puntos concretos. We stopped at the zoo.
Nombres de He was at a meeting, then actividades at the theatre and later at a de grupo concert and at a lecture, afterwards at a match and finally at the cinema.
Cafs y We'll eat at MacDonald's, in restaurantes San Juan Beach. Sitios donde I was at school and then at se estudia o university later on I worked trabaja. at IBM.
21
Con el nmero I lived at 35 Prncipe de Asturias. de la calle Horas Navidad Pascua I wake up at six. y At Christmas I buy many presents and at Easter I go to the beach. At night. Por la noche. At first sight. A primera vista.
EXPRESIONES CON AT
At sunrise. At noon. Al amanecer Al mediodia At midnight. Al mediodia At this moment. En este momento. At sunset. Al atardecer At last. Al fn.
Expresiones
At present Im reading a novel. He died at the age of 81.
EXPRESIONES CON AT
At the At the At the top. At work. bus-stop. office. En la parte En el En la parada En la oficina. de arriba. trabajo. del autobs. At the station. En la estacin. At least. Al menos. At the bottom. En la parte de abajo.
LAS PREPOSICIONES. ON
Tocando o cercano a una lnea, We have a house on the river. Benidorm is on the coast. Elche is on the road to Murcia. Tocando una superficie. Transportes pblicos, caballos, motos y bicicletas. The keys are on the table. I saw her on the plane/on the train/on the bus.
Con pisos. I live on the second floor.
Expresiones. The train arrived on time. He is on a business trip. The soldier is on duty.
Das.
I study French on Monday. On St. Valentines many people buy diamonds. Pginas.
On page 26 you will find the exercises.
22
LAS PREPOSICIONES. IN
Cuando algo My friends are in the cuartelillo. est dentro de The bottles are in the fridge. algo.
Con grandes islas. We spent the summer in the Canary islands.
Con pases. Con regiones.
I live in Spain. They are in the Sahara.
Partes del cuerpo.
I have a pain in my stomach.
Con coche, taxi y avioneta. Con algunos lugares. I saw him in a new Mercedes.
Partes del da Meses. Aos. I read the paper in the morning. I got married in October. I met my wife in 1982. I go to San Juan beach in summer.
In bed. In hospital.
Nombres de calles.
I lived in Onesimo Redondo street.
Estaciones.
Siglos. In he l9th century people did not wear jeans.
EXPRESIONES CON IN
in a hurry. in love In private In any case in order. in danger In other words
Perodos tiempo.
de Spain was very rich in the Middle Ages.
23
ADVERBIOS
Modificando adverbios. Modificando adjetivos. Modificando frases. He writes quite quickly. It is very cheap. Perhaps they will win.
LA COMPARACION DE LOS ADVERBIOS

POSITIVO Soon. COMPARATIVO SUPERLATIVO Sooner. The soonest.
Quickly.
More quickly. The most quickly.
CLASIFICACI CLASIFICACIN
FRECUEN LUGA MODO CIA R Often. Away. Fast.
Frequently. There. Well.
OJO CON ENOUGH

TIEMPO CON ADJETIVOS CON NOMBRES He has enough money
GRADO
Enough. Yesterday. Very. Almost Hardly Rather Daily. Last week. Tomorrow. He is rich enough
Sometim es. Always. Never.
Near. Here.
Slowly.
Recuerda Rich enough money
ADVERBIOS INTERROGTIVOS
YET, STILL, ALREADY, DURING Y AGO

Yet. Al final en interrogativas y negativas. Con el pretrito perfecto, an, todava. I haven't finished the job yet.
Where. Why.
When.
How.
How far. How often
Which. How long.
Have you seen her yet?
24
STILL
Still. Detrs de to be. Todava. Va entre sujeto y verbo en afirmativas e interrogativas Va detrs sujeto negativas. nfasis My sister is still working . I still love her. Do they still live in Sax?
ALREADY
Already . Va detrs de to be. Already . En posicin final enfatiza. Already . Se coloca entre el auxiliar y el verbo en afirmativas This car is already too old. He has the tickets already. I have already bought the grapes. Have you already bought the books?
del en He still hasnt paid. Da
DURING Y AGO
During. During the summer Indica un per odo de I go to Santa Pola. tiempo dentro de otro. Ago. I went to Elche two Se coloca al final de la days ago. oracin.
EL IMPERATIVO
AFIRMATIVA Infinitivo sin to. Go home. Come here. NEGATIVA Do not + Inf sin to. Dont much. drink too
FORMA ENFTICA Do go home.
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Equivale al presente de indicativo. Se forma con el sujeto ms el infinitivo. La tercera persona del singular, ( he, she, e it) aaden -s o -es. Los verbos que terminan en -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o aaden -es en la tercera persona del singular
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
AFIRMATIVA Sujeto + Inf sin to I play tennis. his He, she, it aaden (s) He kisses o (es) mother. NEGATIVA
Sujeto + do + not + I dont like cocido. Inf sin to. He doesnt love her. We dont smoke. He doesnt cook. Do you love me?
He, She, It usan does. Do + not contrae en dont. Does + not contra en doesnt. INTERROGATIVA Do + S + Inf sin to.
25
USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Indicar hbitos o costumbres. I never go to the university by car.
UOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Para contar historias, cuentos, chistes, acontecimientos deportivos, etc. En el llamado presente histrico. Horarios. Con refranes. A waiter couple. asks a
Para indicar The sun rises verdades everyday. universales. Para planes futuros. The play begins at 8 and ends at 10.30.
Colombus discovers America in 1492. The plane leaves at 7.00. Time flies.
USOS DEL PRESENTE SIMPLE

Always. Never. Occasionally Often.
BE GOING TO
Cuando se tiene I am going to visit my intencin de hacer algo. friend. Para predecir algo. Its going to rain.
Frequently. On Sometimes. Sundays Usually. Seldom. In winter.
Every day.
Con un futuro She is going to get relativamente inmediato. married next Sunday.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + Verbo + Ing. Negativa. Sujeto + Am, Is, Are + Not + Verbo + Ing. Interrogativa Am, Is, Are + . Sujeto + Verbo + Ing. I reading. am
USOS DEL PRESENTE CONTINUO

Acciones en proceso. I am paying my flat. I am reading a good book. Acciones planificadas. I'm playing golf with my friend Eduardo next Sunday.
I am not cooking.
Are you listening to me?
Quejas sobre acciones They are always que se repiten. complaining
26
FORMA ING ACABADOS EN E

Have. Come. Live. Practise. Having. Coming. Living. Practising. Die.
FORMA ING ACABADOS EN

-ie
Dying.
Lie.
Lying.
FORMA ING ACABADOS EN

Y
Try. Study. Play. Buy. Trying. Studying. Playing. Buying.
VERBOS QUE NO SE SUELEN USAR EN LOS TIEMPOS CONTINUOS.

Believe. Consider. Depend. Doubt. Guess. Hope. Feel. Smell. Love. Fear. See. Taste. Appear. Belong to. Have. Like. Forget. Owe.
EL PASADO SIMPLE. Regulares

Afirmativa. Sujeto + Inf sin to + Ed Los acabados en -e solo -d. Sujeto + Did not, + Inf sin to Did + Not contrae en dint. I played chess. I loved her. I didnt out. go
LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES

Afirmativa. S+ 2 columna de I ate the cake. la lista de verbos I bought a new irregulares. house. S+ Did + Not + I didnt eat the Inf . cake. Did you eat the cake?
Negativa.
Negativa.
Interrogativa. Did + S + Inf.
Interrogativa Did + Sujeto + . Inf sin to.
Did you buy the new CD?
27
EL PASADO CONTINUO
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Was, Were + Ing. I was reading Time. I was not sleeping Were they playing chess?
USOS DEL PASADO CONTINUO

Para hablar acerca de I was reading when lo que estaba she came. sucediendo. Cuando dos acciones estaban ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. En descripciones. I was reading a novel while she was watching TV. I was riding a car and then...
Negativa.
Sujeto + Was, Were + Not + Ing. Interrogativa Was, Were + . Sujeto + Ing.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO
Este tiempo hace referencia a acciones ya acabadas Como todos los tiempos perfectos, se forma con el verbo to have y el Participio Pasado.
Afir. Sujeto + Have, Has I have + Participio Pasado. played tennis. Sujeto + Have, Has I have not not + Participio played Pasado. chess. Have, Has + Sujeto Have you + Participio Pasado. played golf?
Neg.
Inter.
USOS DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO

Acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado I have eaten paella. I have visited Paris.
USOS DEL PRESENTE PERFECTO

Con just, indica que la I have just seen my accin ha ocurrido wife. recientemente. Con ever. (alguna vez) Have you ever been to Rome? Con always. Con already . I have always liked the country. We have already finished.
Acciones que se han He has visited Madrid repetido en el pasado. many times.
28
FOR Y SINCE
Suelen acompaar a ste tiempo para referirse a acciones que empezaron en el pasado y que continan hasta el momento presente.
FOR Y SINCE
How long. Se utiliza para How long have you preguntar por la duracin. been wearing glasses? For. Se emplea con perodos de tiempo. Desde hace. Since. Nos remonta a un punto concreto en el pasado. Desde o desde que. I have lived in Elda for 40 years. She has had the same car since 1987. I have been wearing glasses since October.
EL PASADO PERFECTO
Afirmativa. Sujeto + Had + Participio Pasado. I had seen her. I had not gone.
USOS DEL PASADO PERFECTO

Acciones que ocurrieron When I had finished antes que otra. all my work, I went to the swimming pool.
Negativa.
Sujeto + Had not + Participio Pasado. Interrogativa Had + Sujeto . + Participio Pasado
Had she been with you?
EL FUTURO SlMPLE
Afir. Sujeto + Will + Inf sin to. Sujeto + Will not, + Inf sin to. Will + Sujeto + Inf sin to. I will go with you. Ir contigo. I will not pay for that. No pagar eso. Will you marry me? Te casars conmigo?
USOS DEL FUTURO SlMPLE

En sugerencias. En promesas. Shall we go to the cinema? I will buy you the car. I will go with you. I will never do it again.
Neg.
Inter.
Determinaciones. nfasis.
29
USOS DEL FUTURO SlMPLE

Predicciones. Lgicamente, indica acciones que ocurrirn. Con advertencias y condicines. They will win the match. I will buy a Harley next year. If you dont hurry, youll be late.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
Afir. Sujeto + Will be + Inf sin to + Ing. I will be driving to Alicante. I will not be eating there.
Neg.
Sujeto + Will not + Inf sin to + Ing.
Para expresar deseo o Dont drink too much rechazo ante algo. or youll get drunk. Ofrecimientos. I'll help you with your exercises.
Inter.
Will + Sujeto + Be + Will you be Inf + Ing. studying in Elx ?
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Afir. Sujeto + Will have + Participio Pasado. Sujeto + Will have + Not + Participio Pasado. I will have eaten. Afir.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Sujeto + Will have + Participio Pasado. I will have eaten.
Neg
I will not have eaten.
Neg.
Sujeto + Will have + Not I will not + Participio Pasado. have eaten.
Inter
Will + Sujeto + Will Will you have + Participio have eaten? Pasado.
Inter. Will + Sujeto + Will have Will you have + Participio Pasado. eaten?
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
Afir. Sujeto + Would + Inf sin to. I would go with you.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
Afir. Sujeto + Would + Have+ Participio Pasado. Sujeto + Would not/ won't + Have+ Participio Pasado. Would + Sujeto + Have+ Participio Pasado. I would have gone with you. I would not have paid that. Would you have married her?
Neg.
Sujeto + Would not + Inf sin to.
I would not pay that. Would you marry me?
Neg.
Inter. Inter. Would + Sujeto + Inf sin to.
30
EL PRESENTE SIMPLE
Afir . Sujeto + Inf. I live in Elda. 3 p. (He, She, It) aade He kisses her. -s o -es Neg. Sujeto + Dont o Doesnt + Inf Inter. Do o Does + S + Inf? I dont like coffee. She doesnt smoke. Do you love me? Does he go to school? Usos. Acciones habituales. I get up at 7.45. Verdades universales. Snow is cold. Horarios. The match starts at Acciones en el futuro 6.00. sujetas a un horario. The train leaves at 6.00. Otros. Le suelen acompaar: every day , always, usually, often, never, generally , etc.
EL PRESENTE CONTINUO
Afir . Neg. Inter. Usos. S + Be (am, is, are) I am reading. + Ing. S + Be + Not + Ing. She is not smoking. Am, Is, Are + S + Ing? Are you running?
Acciones en proceso I am readind a book. Planes futuros. I am playing tennis Acciones repetidas. tomorrow. He is always talking. Le suelen acompaar: at present, nowadays, now, at the moment, etc.
Otros.
Afir . Neg. S + Have (have o has) + Participio pasado S + Have + Not + Participo pasado. Have o Has + S + Participo pasado? I have played tennis. I have eaten paella. I have not washed the dishes. I have not seen her. Have you been there?
EL PASADO SIMPLE
Afir . Neg. Inter. Usos. I did not play. I did not eat. Did you play? Did you eat? Acciones que I went to Barcelona. ocurrieron en el I was reading the paper pasado. and then it began to A veces acompaa al rain. pasado continuo Le suelen acompaar: last year, yesterday , two days ago etc. S + Vb. Regular + ed S + Vb Irr ( 2Columna). S + Did + Not (didnt) + Inf. Did + S + Inf? I played. I ate.
Inter. Usos.
Acciones acabadas de I have read the book. las que no se dice cuando sucedieron.
Otros. Puede llevar just, for, since, already, yet, etc.
Otros.
EL PASADO CONTINUO
Afir. Neg. S + Be (Was, Were ) I was writing a + Ing. letter. S + Was, Were + Not + Ing I was not writing a letter. Were you writing a letter? I was painting the gate. The girls were smiling. Afir.
EL PRESENTE PERFECTO CONTINUO

S + Have o Has + Been +Ing. I have been learning English for 20 years.
Neg.
Inter. Was, Were + S + Ing? Usos. Acciones en proceso en el pasado. En narraciones. Para descripciones.
S + Have o Has+ I have not been not + Been + Ing. sleeping. Inter. Have o Has + S + Have you been Been + Ing? reading? Usos. Acciones pasadas que todava continan. Otros. For y since le suelen acompaar.
31
EL PASADO PERFECTO
Afir. Neg. Inter. Usos. S + Had + I had gone . Participio Pasado. S + had + Not + I had not gone . Participio Pasado. Had + S + Had she gone? Participio Pasado?. Acciones que ocurrieron antes que otra accin pasada. Le suelen acompaar: when, before, by the time etc. Afir. Neg. Inter. Usos.
EL PASADO PERFECTO CONTINUO

S + Had + Been I had been + Ing. watching TV. S + Had + Not + I had not been Been + Ing. watching TV. Had + S + Been Had she been + Ing?. ironing? Acciones que estaban en proceso antes que otra accin pasada ocurriera.
Otros.
EL FUTURO SIMPLE
Afir. S + Will o Shall + I will go . Inf. Neg. S + Will + Not + I will not go. Inf. Inter. Will + S + Inf? Will she come? Usos. Acciones futuras. Predicciones Otros. Le suelen acompaar: tonight, tomorrow, next year, in a month.
EL FUTURO CONTINUO
Afir. Neg. S + Wil be + Ing S + Will + Not + Be + Ing. I will be reading Valle de Elda. I will not be watching TV. Will you be working?
Inter. Will + S + Be + Ing? Usos.
Acciones futuras en progreso.
EL FUTURO PERFECTO
Afir. Neg. S + Will have + Participio Pasado. I will have arrived at 7.00. I will not have finished. Will she have paid? Afir. Neg. S + Will + Not + Have + Participio Pasado. Inter. Will + S + Have + Participio Pasado?
EL FUTURO PERFECTO CONTINUO

S + Will have + Been + Ing. S + Will + Not + Have + Been + Ing. I will have been working. I will not have been working. Will you have been working?
Inter. Will + S + Have + Been + Ing.
Usos. Acciones acabadas en el futuro.
Usos. Acciones que estarn finalizadas en el futuro.
32
EL CONDICIONAL SIMPLE
Afir. S + Would + Inf. Neg. S + Would + Not + Inf. I would go to London. I would not go to London.
EL CONDICIONAL PERFECTO
Afir. Neg. S + Would + Have + I would have gone Participio Pasado. to London. S + Would + Not + Have + Participio Pasado. I would not have gone to London.
Inter Would + S + Inf? Would you go to . Lisbon? Usos Deseos en el presente o en el futuro. .
Inte. Would + S + Have + Would you have Participio Pasado? gone to Paris? Usos. Lamentos sobre acciones pasadas.
ORACIONES COPULATIVAS
And. He is tall and intelligent. Y. Bothand. They both teach French and Tanto...como. Italian. Moreover. Adems. Likewise. De igual modo. Besides. Adems. It rained a lot, moreover it snowed. I bought a ham; likewise did my neighbour. I have no money, besides I dont want to buy anything else.
ORACIONES DISYUNTIVAS
Or. O. Eitheror. Oo. You can stay or come with us. They are either Italian or Greek.
Neithernor. I neither like Wagner nor the Ni...ni. Rolling Stones.
ORACIONES ADVERSATIVAS
But. Pero. Not onlybut also. No slo...sino tambin. Yet. Aunque. Although. Aunque. I like Verdi but I prefer Puccini. Not only I read Valle de Elda but I also read Vivir en Elda.
ORACIONES CAUSALES
Because. Porque. For. Para. As. Como. I became rich because I saved a lot. She studies for being a lawyer. As I had studied French I could travelled alone. Since they are adults they can go. The recital was cancelled owing to lack of audience.
She is pretty, yet nobody loves her. Although he is rich, he hasnt many friends.
Since. Puesto que. Owing to. Ya que, debido a.
33
ORACIONES FINALES
In order to. Para. So as to. Con el fin de. In case. En el caso de que. Por si. For fear. Por miedo a. In order to be accepted you have to pay first. They voted so as to elect the new President. I have an insurance in case I need it. He eats a lot of oranges for fear of getting a cold.
ORACIONES CONSECUTIVAS
So. Por eso . Therefore. Por lo tanto. He won the pools so he bought a new house.
He has many friends therefore he is never alone. Which is why. He is boring, which is why Esa es la razn por la hes always alone. que. Sothat. I bought a present so that Para que. you liked it.
ORACIONES COMPARATIVAS
As. Como. Asas. Tan como. Soas. No tan como. He is as intelligent as his sister. He is not as honest as his brother. He is not so tall as me.
ORACIONES DE MODO
As. Como. Like. Como. As a pianist she is the best. He eats like a lion.
Similarly. Petrel has nice parks, similarly Del mismo Elda has nice museums. modo.
ORACIONES CONCESIVAS
Although. Aunque. Though. Aunque. Although I prefer to stay I have to go now. Though he is ill, he never complains.
ORACIONES ADVERSATIVAS
However. Sin embargo. No matter. No importa. In spite of. A pesar de . Despite. A pesar de. I liked it, however, I didnt buy it. No matter if you love her, she doent love you. In spite of having lived in France she doesnt speak French. Despite all the efforts he didnt win.
Even though. Even though he is rich he never Incluso. shows off. Even if. Incluso s i. Even if it rains I will go.
34
ORACIONES CONDICIONALES
If. Si. Unless. A menos que If you need me, phone me. Unless you pay you cant come
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
When. Cuando. While. Mientras. Before. Antes. Since. Desde. Whenever. Cada vez que Until. Hasta. When you want to visit us, let us know. While I was in Italy I ate a lot of pasta. Before I worked in Elda, I worked in Crevillente. I have lived here since 1962 Whenever he comes I visit him . Until I found it I was sad.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
Now. Ahora. Once. Una vez. No sonnerthan Apenas. Finally. Finalmente. In short. En breve. Now I am hungry. Once I pay the house I will buy a car. No sooner had they gone than I was asleep. Finally I read the book. In short they will be here.
ORACIONES DE TIEMPO
Where. Donde.
This is the house where we lived until 1996.
Wherever. Dondequiera que.
Wherever she goes she buys some clothes.
ORACIONES DE RELATIVO
Personas. Who. That. Cosas. Which. That. This is the man who came here yesterday. This is the man that came yesterday. This is the book which I bought in Martn Fierro. The house that I sold.
Posesin. Lugar. Whose. Where. The boy whose bike is this is Mike. This is the school where I studied. This is the day when I was born.
Tiempo.
When.
35
Personas. Whom. Why. What. The that. The girl whom I loved. The reason why I bought this is you. And this is what he said. thing This is the thing that we should do.
LOS
Can, could. Poder.
VERBOS MODALES
May, might. Must. Poder. Deber. Need. Necesitar
Would. Dare. Aux.del condicional. Atreverse
Will, shall. Ought to. Auxiliares de futuro Deber.
LOS
VERBOS MODALES
LOS
VERBOS MODALES
Los verbos modales se llaman as al carecer de las mayora de las formas verbales. Se usan para hacer suposiciones, sacar conclusiones, hablar de posibilidades y establecer conjeturas. No tienen todos los tiempos verbales, por ejemplo, must y ought to slo tienen presente. Can, may, dare y need, tienen presente y pasado.
Tienen una nica forma para todas las personas en presente: I can. He can. Van seguidos de Infinitivo sin to.I can ski. He must study. Hacen la negacin y la interrogacin como el verbo to be. Can you ski? No se construyen con to do, to have y to be. Can she go?
LOS
VERBOS MODALES
LOS
VERBOS MODALES
No tienen imperativo, infinitivo, ni participio de presente ni de pasado. No forman tiempos continuos ni perfectos. Tampoco aparecen en formas pasivas. She can swim. He must study everyday .
Usan otros verbos para suplir sus carencias temporales.He was able to go. I had to go alone. Van seguidos de infinitivo sin to, a excepcin de ought to, have to y used to. I used to go to the disco.
36
CAN
Slo se usa en el presente, para el resto se utiliza to be able to. Se puede traducir por poder o saber. I can swim . I know how to swim. l'll be able to go tonight. Will he be able to come in time? I have been able to finish it in time.
CAN
Expresa conocimiento y I can play the violin. capacidad fsica e I can read. intelectual. Posibilidad. I can go with you. Tambien para dar y Can I go with you? recibir permiso. Puede indicar You cant smoke prohibicin en la forma here. negativa. Deduccin negativa. They cant be at home.
CAN
Habilidad. Ofrecimientos. I can swim . Can I help you? Indica habilidad pasado.
COULD
en el I could translate Italian at the age of 9.
Solamente se usa para el She can do it alone. presente de indicativo. Could se usa para el pasado y el condicional. Sugerencias. I could go yesterday. I could go tomorrow. You can come with us. Peticiones formales. Could I go with you?
MAY
Posibilidad. Permiso. Prohibiciones. Especulaciones. Sugerencias. It may rain during the weekend. May I come in ? You may not stay here. He may be in Ital If I may say so I will buy it.
MIGHT
Expresa una It might snow in posibildad ms remota Benidorm but I doubt it. que may. Especulaciones. He might be working in a new book.
37
MUST
Obligacines morales. Consejos. I must visit my friend, he is ill. You must visit the museum, it is one of the best in Spain. He must be out because nobody answers the phone. You must not come here again.
HAVE TO
Obligacin normalmente impuesta. Para indicar costumbres. You have to drive with a helmet. I have to take an aspirin every night. You don't have to stay if you have something to do.
Deduccines.
Prohibiciones.
En negativa, indica que algo no es necesario.
SHOULD, OUGHT TO
Para dar consejos. You should go to the Yemo Cineplex cinemas. You ought to spend more time with them.
WILL
Auxiliar del futuro simple. I will buy a sandwich when I finish this. Predicciones sobre el futuro. Decisiones. Ofrecimientos. Peticiones. It will be sunny. I will buy a new car. I will do it. Will you pass me the salt?
WOULD
Peticiones y ofrecimientos. Hbitos y rutinas en el pasado. Would you like to come with me? In 1998 I would walk a lot.
SHALL
Auxiliar de futuro
I shall go.
Puede expresar cierta We shall never determinacin surrender.
38
USED TO
Hbitos pasado. en el I used to sing in the shower.
NEED
Verbo modal o verbo ordinario. He needs a lot of money to get married. You neednt come tomorrow. Need to indica necesidad. I need to consult a good doctor.
NEED

He needs to have more money to buy this car. Para la forma negativa e interrogativa hay dos opciones: Need you buy so much? Do you need to buy so much? Can.
RESUMEN DE LOS VERBOS MODALES

Habilidades. Peticin de permiso. Imposibilidad. Habilidad en el pasado. Posibilidad. Imposibilidad. Sugerencias. I can swim. Can I come in? He cant go now. He could read Russian. They could be in Tokyo. I couldnt buy the car. You could try next year.
Could.

May. Posibilidad. Permiso. Prohibicin It may rain tomorrow. May I come in? You may not smoke here. It might snow.

Will. Predicciones. Decisiones. Would. Peticiones formales. Acciones pasadas. Preferencias. They will come. I will buy a Harley. Would you marry me? I would play tennis when I was 10. I would rather go to the cinema. Shall I open the window? I shall visit her.
Might.
Posibilidad remota.
Shall.
Peticiones formales. Acciones futuras.
39

Should Ought to. Must. Consejos. You should buy her a diamond. I must study. You must not go with that boy.

May, might Could, + Have + Participio Pasado. Need. Deducciones donde no tenemos mucha seguridad. Necesidad. They may have gone. She could have seen her.
Obligacin. Prohibiciones.
You are going to need a lot of help. You neednt come tomorrow.
Neednt.
Ausencia de necesidad.

Have to. Obligaciones impuestas. Habilidades. You have to drive on the right. He is able to make a cake. They must have bought a new house. They cant have come here this morning.
QUESTION TAGS (COLETILLAS)

Preguntas que sirven para confirmar una suposicin. Tienen dos partes, si la primera es afirmativa, la segunda ser negativa. Las frases con verbos auxiliares o defectivos forman la coletilla con el mismo verbo. Con los dems verbos se usan las partculas do, does, en presente.
Be able to.
Must, cant Deducciones. have + PP.

You are from Petrel, aren't you? You arent from Petrel, are you? She isnt from Sax, is she? He has a Harley, hasn't he? You can swim, can't you?

She couldn't run fast, could she? You study every day, don't you? She plays golf, doesn't she? You don't speak Chinese, do you? She doesn't write very well, does she? You went to Milan, didn't you?
40

En futuro se usa will y won't. They will come tomorrow, won't they? They won't come tomorrow, will they? En condicional se usa would. They would buy it if they could, wouldn't they? She wouldn't buy it, would she?

Recuerda que son como una pila Positivo-negativo Positivo Negativo-positivo Negativo-
SAY Y TELL
Tienen el mismo significado, decir y contar. To tell va con un complemento indirecto. To say solo necesita un complemento directo. I told her your story I told your story to her. I said that I was going to move to Sax.
MAKE Y DO
Comparten el significado de hacer No existen reglas To make tiene el matiz de fabricar.
MAKE Y DO
Everybody makes I always do the ironing. mistakes. He is always making friends. How do you do? I make many telephone calls.
MAKE Y DO
His son is doing badly at university. He does well in his job. I make the beds in the morning.
He makes a lot of I do the cooking. noise. Im going to We do business with make you my last Japan. offer.
Make me a promise. I do the dusting on Tuesday. She is making My sister does the washing coffee. up. She made a fortune in Cuba. She did her hair yesterday.
41
EXCLAMACIONES
What a. Se usa con sustantivos. What a yacht.
EXCLAMACIONES
How. How beautiful. Se usa con adjetivos How fast. y adverbios. Oraciones interrogativas negativas. Isnt he the perfect football player?
Tambin con adjetivos What a pretty girl. What. What pretty girls. Se usa con plurales e What horribe films. incontables. What weather.
PRIMER TIPO SEGUNDO TIPO Acciones probables Acciones en presente o improbables, futuro. situaciones hipotticas. Si llueve me mojo. Si lloviera me mojara. TERCER TIPO Acciones imposibles.
Primer tipo: If + presente + presente. Tambin podemos tener: If + presente + futuro. Segundo tipo: If pasado simple conditional simple. Tercer tipo: If pasado perfecto condicional perfecto. If I eat chocolate, I get fat. If I eat chocolate, I will get fat.
Si hubiera llovido me habra mojado.
+ If I ate chocolate, I + would get fat. + If I had eaten chocolate, + I would have get fat.
OTRAS COMBINACIONES
If + presente modal. + If I finish early I can go. should + imperativo. Should you see her give her my regards. Imperativo + Stop shouting or I will get conjunction + clause angry. Unless se suele We wont go out unless you emplear en lugar de pay. if not. Con imperativo. If you are hungry, eat something
OTRAS COMBINACIONES
Suppose. Suppose you are rich, would you live in a big house? Supposing. Supposing you find a wallet with money, what will you do? As long as. You could go as long as you pay your part. On the condition On the condition that you pay that. you can be with us. Provided. Provided you want it I will give it to you.
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LA VOZ PASIVA
Se usa para resaltar ms la accin que el sujeto. Puede que desconozcamos al autor de la accin o que no nos interese. En ingls se usa mucho ms que en castellano.
FRMULA

CD pasa a Sujeto Se utiliza el verbo To be en el mismo tiempo Aparece el Participio Pasado Yo como pan. El pan es comido
LA VOZ PASIVA T. SIMPLES

ACTIVA I eat bread with olive oil. I ate bread with olive oil. I will eat bread PASIVA Bread with olive oil is eaten. Bread with olive oil was eaten. Bread will be eaten
LA VOZ PASIVA T. CONTINUOS

ACTIVA I am eating bread PASIVA Bread is being eaten
I was eating bread Bread was being eaten I will be eating bread I would be eating bread Bread will be being eaten Bread would be being eaten
I would eat braed Bread would be eaten
LA VOZ PASIVA T. PERFECTOS

ACTIVA I have eaten bread PASIVA Bread has been eaten
LA VOZ PASIVA
by indica el complemento agente. It was done by my mother.
I had eaten bread Bread had been eaten I will have eaten bread I would have eaten bread Bread will have been eaten Bread would have been eaten
43
LA VOZ PASIVA. C INDIRECTO PASIVA.

Con estos verbos se puede usar el complemento indirecto como sujeto. Esto no ocurre en espaol. Give. Dar. Promise. Prometer. Lend. Prestar. Refuse. Negarse a. Offer. Ofrecer. Send. Enviar. Pay. Pagar. Show. Mostrar.
LA VOZ PASIVA. C INDIRECTO PASIVA.

I gave Mary a kiss. Mary was given a kiss. I showed my friend my My friend was house. shown my house.
It is said that he is going to be promoted.
LA VOZ PASIVA. OTROS VERBOS

To know. Saber. To say. Decir . To believe. Creer. To consider. Considerar To think. Pensar.
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO
Para contar lo que dijo alguien. Los verbos suelen ir en pasado. En estilo indirecto la frase suele empezar con un verbo.
It is said that it was stolen It is believed thathe was murdered
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO. VERBOS

Say. Decir Explain. Explicar. Declare. Declarar. Inquire. Solicitar. Point out. Sealar. Tell. Contar. Complain. Quejarse. State. Afirmar. Think. Pensar. Remark. Remarcar. Ask. Preguntar. Warn. Advertir. Announce. Anunciar. Claim. Reclamar Protest. Protestar
CAMBIOS
El tiempo de lo narrado da un salto hacia atrs Las preguntas dejan de serlo. Cambios: en expresiones temporales, en los tiempos verbales y en los pronombres.
44
EL ESTILO INDIRECTO.
Presente Simple. I live in Elda. Presente Continuo. I am reading a book. Pasado Simple. He said he lived in Elda. Pasado Continuo.
I have been working with him. Pasado Simple. I went to London. Pasado Continuo. I was writing a letter. He said he had working with him. Pasado Perfecto. He said he had gone to London. Pasado Perfecto Continuo. He said he had been writing a letter. been
He said he was reading a book. Presente Perfecto Simple. Pasado Perfecto Simple. I have bought a car. Presente Perfecto Continuo. He said he had bought a car. Pasado Perfecto Continuo.
Pasado Perfecto. I had been there. Pasado Perfecto Continuo. I had been waiting for you. Pasado Perfecto. He said he had been there. Pasado Perfecto Continuo. He said he had been waiting for him.
Futuro Simple. I will live in Alicante. Futuro Continuo. I will be singing in a karaoke. Condicional Simple. He said he would live in Alicante. Condicional Continuo. He said he would singing in a karaoke. be
Can. I can swim. Shall. I shall do it. May. It may rain today. Must. Have To. I must study. Could. He said he could swim. Should. He said he should do it. Might. He said it might rain that day. Had To. He said he had to study.
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Now. I am happy now. Today. I am sad today. Then. He said he was happy then. That day.
He said he was sad that day. Yesterday. The day before, The previous day. Yesterday I went He said he had gone to to Madrid. Madrid the previous day.
45
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Tomorrow. The next day. The following day. The day after.
CAMBIOS TEMPORALES
Last week. The previous week. I cooked paella last He said he had week. cooked paella the previous week. A Week Ago. The Week Before. A week ago I played tennis in Almeria. He said he had played tennis in Almera the week before.
I will go to Valencia He said he would go to tomorrow. Valencia the day after. Next week. The following week. Next week I will be He said he would be in in Milan. Milan the following week.
OTROS CAMBIOS
This. I am going to buy this. These. These are my friends. Here. I live here. That. He said he was going to buy that. Those. He said that those were his friends. There. He said he lived there. Go out.
ORDENES
He told us to go out.
Drink the mik .
He ordered me to drink the milk. He invited me to go out.
Go out.
Now. Then. Now I want a coffee. He said that then he wanted a coffee.
SUGERENCIAS
Lets take a taxi. He suggested taking a taxi. He suggested that we should take a taxi.
PREGUNTAS
Where's Mary? How can I go to Elche? Why do you smoke? He asked where Mary was. He asked me how he could go to Elche? He wanted to know why I smoked.
46
PREGUNTAS
What does she do? He asked what she did. When did you go He asked me when to Petrel? I had gone to Petrel.
WHAT IS LIKE
Se utiliza para recabar informacin sobre el aspecto fsico de alguien pues para saber cmo es alguien de carcter usamos how. What is your girlfriend like? She is very pretty.
DESEOS Y QUEJAS
Would like. Wish. Expresa deseos, para su traduccin se debe usar el subjuntivo. I wish I had lived in America. I wish you would be rich. I wish you were quiet.
DESEOS
I would like to go to Paris. I would like you to come with me. I would like a sandwich. Id prefer a coffee. I would prefer to go with you.
Would prefer.
DESEOS
Prefer. I prefer tea to coffee. I prefer swimming to running. I prefer to stay at home. If only she would stop complaining. Id rather not go. Id rather not go now.
EXPRESIONES DE INTERS
Had better. It's time. I had better go to have a drink. It's time to eat. It's time for us to eat. It's time we ate. Its about time he came. He used to drink quite a lot. I used to wear glasses, but now I use contact lenses.
If only.
It's about time. Used to.
Would rather.
47
To be used to. I am used to reading the paper. I have enough money. I am rich enough. She is too old to climb the mountain.
Fairly. Quite. Rather. Pretty. He speaks English fairly well. He speaks English quite well. He speaks English rather well. He speaks English pretty well.
Enough.
Too.
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
El que realiza la accin no es el sujeto sino otra persona. Cortarse el pelo, hacerse un empaste. El sujeto no se hace un empaste ni se corta el pelo, sino que contrata un servicio. I have my hair cut every month. I have my car repaired when it breaks down.
EL CAUSATIVO HAVE
Esta estructura se puede usar en todos los tiempos. En la interrogrativa y negativa utilizan los auxiliares, do, does, did. Se usan los verbos causativos have y get. Did you have your tooth fill? Do you have your carpets cleaned every year?
VERBOS CON PREPOSICN PREPOSIC

Muchos verbos ingleses van acompa ados de preposiciones o adverbios. EJ. To look I'm looking for a new job. I am going to look up a word in the dictionary. We are looking forward to the festivities.
VERBOS CON PREPOSICN

Pueden ser: separables e inseparables. Sern separables si podemos colocar complementos entre el verbo y la preposicin. I am going to put my coat on. I am going to put on my coat. los
48
FINAL
Para cualquier comentario o sugerencia Pedro Civera Coloma direelda@centres.cult.gva.es pcivera@elx.uned.es
49

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RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

Pedro Civera Coloma 2004

Im Peter. Peters Thats here. Manoli.

Whos that girl?

We are/we're. You are/you're. They are/they're.

PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

Indicar la profesin. La ideologa. El credo religioso.

Contrae con demostrativos Thats right. y adverbios.

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

PRESENTE, PASADO Y FUTURO

PRESENTE Have not Havent Has not Hasnt

PASADO Had not Hadnt

FUTURO Wil have not Wont have

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

Interrogativas. Do you love her?

LOS PRONOMBRES Y ADJETIVOS

Con la expresin tampoco.

Yo I dont smoke. Neither do I.

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES SUJETO

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES COMPLEMENTO

I . Yo . You . T. He. l. She. Ella. It. Ello.

My. Mi. Your. Tu. His. Su de l. Her. Su de ella.

PRONOMBRES SUJETO Y COMPLEMENTO

Theirs. El suyo . Themselves . Se.

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

DIFERENCIA ENTRE ADJETIVO Y PRONOMBRE

ADJETIVOS Y PRONOMBRES DEMOSTRATIVOS

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

This is Mary, my friend

HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS

HABER IMPERSONAL. THERE IS

There was. There will be. There were.

There would be.

There was a boy.

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

Neither. Ni. Neithernor Ni..ni. None. Ninguno de los dos.

PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

PRONOMBRES Y PARTICULAS INTERROGATIVAS

Where do you live?

What kind of music do you like?

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

MUCH, MANY, FEW, LITTLE, A LOT OF

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

A tin of tuna. A packet of crisps.

Pedro Civera Coloma Elda 2004.

RESUMEN GRAMATICAL DE LA LENGUA INGLESA Y ESPAOLA

EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES REGLA GENERAL. A ADIR -S A

EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES AADEN -ES ACABADOS EN X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O

EL PLURAL DE LOS NOMBRES AADEN -ES ACABADOS EN X, SS, CH, SH, Z, O