Q FR 1349666910

TP ON BU CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM
TRNG TRUNG HC BCVT V CNTT MIN NI

........................................

BI GING
NGUN IN THNG TIN
(Dng cho h Trung cp TVT)

Bin son: Bi Tun Ngc

THI NGUYN 2010
LI NI U

V N P T

Ngun in trong vin thng gi vai tr quan trng i vi s hot ng ca cc
thit b trong i trm. Vic nghin cu tm hiu v ngun in s gip cho cng tc vn
hnh khai thc cng nh khc phc s c em li hiu qu, gp phn m bo s lm
vic n nh ca mng li.
p ng c nhu cu thc t sn xut cng nh nhu cu v hc tp ca hc
sinh v ging dy ca gio vin trong nh trng, ti bin son cun bi ging
NGUN IN THNG TIN da theo cng chng trnh ca: TP ON BU
CHNH VIN THNG VIT NAM ban hnh.
y l cun bi ging chuyn v ngun in dng cho cc thit b vin thng, tch
hp c l thuyt v thc hnh. Ni dung gm bn bi:
Bi 1: Tng quan v h thng ngun trong trm vin thng
Bi 2: Ngun in mt chiu
Bi 3: Ngun in xoay chiu
Bi 4: Cc t ngun
Sau mi bi l mt s cu hi, bi tp gip h thng ho kin thc hc.
Hy vng rng, cun sch ny phn no gip cho vic ging dy, hc tp cng nh
tham kho c thun li hn.
Mc d su tm v tng hp nhiu ti liu c lin quan trong qu trnh bin
son, song khng trnh khi nhng thiu s. V vy mong nhn c nhng kin ng
gp xy dng ca bn b v ng nghip ti liu ny c hon thin hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n !

Tc gi bin son

Bi Tun Ngc

MC LC

Li ni u
Trang

Bi 1: TNG QUAN V H THNG CP NGUN CHO TRM
VIN THNG

9
1. Yu cu ca h thng cp ngun cho trm vin thng 9
1.1. tin cy 9
1.2. n nh 9
1.3. Hiu sut cao 10
1.4. Gn nh 10
2.1 . Phng thc cp ngun c in li quc gia 10
2.2 . Phng thc cp ngun khng c in li quc gia 11
Cu hi n tp 13
Bi 2: NGUN IN MT CHIU 14
1. c quy axit 14
1.1. Khi nim 14
1.2. Cu to 14
1.3. Nguyn l lm vic 15
1.4. Cc i lng c trng ca cquy 16
1.5. Cc chng ngi ca cquy axit 16
1.6. Bo dng cquy axit 17
1.7. u ni cquy 19
2. Pin mt tri 23
2.1. Cu to 23
2.2. Nguyn l hot ng 24
2.3. S tng ng 25
2.4. c trng Vn Ampe 25
2.5. u ni pin mt tri 25
2.6. Bo dng pin mt tri 28
3. H thng nn in v chnh lu 28
3.1. Mch chnh lu na chu k 28
3.2. Mch chnh lu c chu k 30
3.3. Mch chnh lu cu 32
3.4. Mch chnh lu bi p 34
3.5. Mch chnh lu ba pha 36
Cu hi n tp 42
Bi 3: NGUN IN XOAY CHIU 43
1. ng c t trong 43
1.1. Vai tr 43
1.2. Cc tham s 43
1.3. Cc h thng chnh 44
1.4. Nguyn tc hot ng 54
1.5. Nhn bit cc h thng ca ng c t trong 57
1.6. Bo dng ng c t trong 61
2. My pht in ng b ba pha 64
2.1. Khi nim 64
2.2. Cu to 64
2.3. Nguyn l hot ng 65
2.4. Bo dng my pht in ng b ba pha 66
2.5. Vn hnh t my n pht in 67
Cu hi n tp 70
Bi 4: CC T NGUN 71
1. S khi ca h thng cp ngun 71
1.1. S khi 71
1.2. Nguyn l lm vic 73
1.3. Cc thnh phn thit b ch yu 74
2. Mt s thit b cp ngun s dng trong trm vin thng 81
2.1. T ngun Lorain 300 81
2.2. T ngun VPRS 400 84
3. Vn hnh t ngun 86
4. Bo dng t ngun 87
4.1. Bo dng thng xuyn
87
4.2. Bo dng nh k
87
Cu hi n tp 88
Ti liu tham kho 89

9
Bi 1: TNG QUAN V H THNG CP NGUN
CHO TRM VIN THNG

Mc tiu ca bi:
Hc xong bi ny hc sinh s c kh nng trnh by ng cc yu cu i vi h
thng cp ngun cho trm vin thng, cc phng thc cp ngun cho trm vin thng.
2. Yu cu ca h thng cp ngun cho trm vin thng
H thng cung cp in cho thit b vin thng c v tr quan trng nht v c th
c xem nh l tri tim ca thit b.
Trong nhng nm gn y, lnh vc vin thng pht trin nhanh chng, ng dng
nhiu cng ngh tin tin, hu ht cc thit b vin thng, mng li vin thng u l
cc thit b cng ngh cao. Do yu cu i vi h thng cung cp ngun li cng phi
c quan tm hn, v hot ng ca h thng ngun khng m bo c th s lm cho
thng tin b dn on, in p ra ca ngun khng n nh hoc qu ln s lm gim cht
lng thng tin v thm ch gy hng cc thit b.
V vy, h thng cung cp in vin thng v c bn phi m bo tin cy, n
nh, hiu sut cao, ngoi ra phi m bo tnh gn nh.
1.1. tin cy
m bo thng tin thng sut, ngoi vic nng cao tin cy ca thit b vin
thng, cn cn phi nng cao tnh lin tc ca h thng ngun. Thng thng, h thng
ngun phi cung cp in cho nhiu thit b, v vy khi h thng ngun gp s c s nh
hng rt ln n tnh lin tc ca thng tin.
Cc quc gia c ngnh vin thng pht trin u coi tin cy trong cung cp in
l yu cu quan trng i vi h thng ngun. Nhng nm gn y, do k thut vi in t
v k thut my tnh c ng dng nhiu trong thit b vin thng, khi ngun b gin
on, c th lm mt thng tin. ng thi, do dung lng thit b vin thng ang tng
rt nhanh, khi ngun b gin on s gy nh hng rt ln. V d: Mt trm in thoi
c dung lng khong hai n ba vn thu bao tr ln, khi ngun b mt s gy tn tht
kinh t to ln v nh hng nghim trng n an ninh quc gia.
m bo tin cy cao cn phi cung cp in theo phng php kt hp,
nhng thit b vin thng do ngun xoay chiu cung cp in u phi s dng ngun
xoay chiu lin tc. Trong h thng cung cp in mt chiu, cn s dng phng thc
cung cp in mc song song b chnh lu v c quy. Ngoi ra, cn cn phi nng cao
tin cy ca cc b ngun. Cc b chnh lu tin tin hin nay u mc song song nhiu
b chnh lu nu c b chnh lu no gp s c s khng nh hng n vic cung cp
in. Hin nay, thi gian khng xy ra s c bnh qun ca cc b ngun tin tin l hai
mi nm.
1.2. n nh
Cc thit b vin thng u yu cu in p n nh, khng c vt qu phm vi
bin ng cho php. in p ngun qu cao s gy tn hi cho cc linh kin in t trong
thit b vin thng. Ngc li, nu in p ngun qu thp, thit b vin thng s khng
10
~
=
TBK
=
~

~
BA
TBCM
1
2
AC1
BBD1
DC
AQ
BBD2
AC2
TBVT
TBP
ng vng AC
Hnh 1.1: S h thng cp ngun c in li
F
th hot ng bnh thng. Ngoi ra, nhiu trong in p ngun mt chiu cng phi nh
hn gi tr cho php, nu khng s nh hng nghim trng n cht lng thng tin.
Khi ngun in cung cp cho thit b vin thng c s t bin ca in p s gy
nh hng ln n thit b vin thng, v vy cc thit b vin thng ni chung u phi
do ngun n p cung cp.
1.3. Hiu sut cao
Cng vi vic tng dung lng ca thit b vin thng, ti ca h thng ngun cng
khng ngng tng ln. tit kim in nng, cn phi nng cao hiu sut ca ngun.
Bin php tit kim ch yu l s dng b ngun c hiu sut cao, trc y, cc
thit b vin thng thng s dng b chnh iu khin pha c hiu sut tng i thp
(<70%), my bin p tn hao ln. Nhng b ngun bin i dao ng iu ho c th t
hiu sut ti 90% tr ln, v vy b ngun ny ang ngy cng ph bin.
1.4. Gn nh
Cng vi s pht trin v ng dng ca mch t hp, thit b vin thng ang pht
trin theo hng gim thiu kch thc, tch hp ho. thch hp vi s pht trin ny,
cc b ngun cng phi nh gn, tch hp. Ngoi ra, cc thit b thng tin di ng v cc
thit b vin thng trong hng khng v tr cng cn cc b ngun c th tch nh, trng
lng nh. lm c iu , cc b chuyn i vi di tn rng c s dng rng
ri trong cc n p t hp, cc my bin p. Nhng nm gn y, b ng ngt dao ng
iu ho c tn s vi trm kHz v kch thc v cng nh ang c ng dng nhiu
trong thit b vin thng.
3. Cc phng thc cp ngun cho trm vin thng
Phng thc cp ngun cho trm vin thng phi m bo c yu cu v n
nh v tnh lin tc. Do , ngi ta thng dng h thng cp ngun t hp. H thng
cp ngun t hp c chia lm hai loi, l h thng cp ngun c in li v h
thng cp ngun khng c in li.
2.3 . Phng thc cp ngun c in li quc gia
i vi cc h thng thng tin t ni gn ng dy in lc th phng n ti
u l s dng in li lm ngun cung cp chnh, ng thi kt hp vi ngun d
phng l dng t my pht in v t c quy (Hnh 1.1).

11
~
=
TBK
=
~

~
DC1
BBD1
DC2
AQ
BBD2
AC2
TBVT
TBP
ng vng AC
PMT
~
=
AC1
~
AC3
TBXLCS
i t chn
FG
F
BBD3
Hnh 1.2: S h thng cp ngun khng c in li
BA: my bin p
F: t my pht in
AQ: t c quy
TBCM: thit b chuyn mch
TBK: thit b iu khin
BB1: b bin i in p xoay chiu/mt chiu
BB2: b bin i in p mt chiu / xoay chiu
TBVT: thit b vin thng
TBP: thit b ph
H thng ny c nhn nng lng in t hai ngun. Ngun cung cp chnh l
ngun in li, ngun d phng l t my pht in v t c quy. s dng kt hp
hai ngun cung cp ny, ngi ta dng thit b chuyn mch (c th iu khin bng tay
hoc t ng). Khi chuyn mch v tr 1, h thng nhn nng lng t in li cung
cp. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, nu v mt l do no in li gp s c ngng cung
cp in th chuyn mch s chuyn sang v tr 2, lc ny my pht s tip tc cp ngun
cho h thng.
Trong qu trnh h thng s dng mt trong hai ngun cung cp ni trn th c quy
c np m. Khi c hai ngun ny ng thi ngng cung cp th c quy s cung cp
in cho h thng.
2.4 . Phng thc cp ngun khng c in li quc gia
i vi cc trm vin thng t nhng ni khng c ng dy in li i qua
nh: rng, ni, hi o, ... thng t chc h thng cp ngun nh sau:

F: t my pht in
FG: my pht in sc gi
PMT: pin mt tri
12
AQ: t c quy
TBK: thit b iu khin
TBXLCS: thit b x l cng sut
BB1, BB3: b bin i in p xoay chiu/mt chiu
BB2: b bin i in p mt chiu/xoay chiu
TBVT: thit b vin thng
TBP: thit b ph
H thng ny s dng my pht in bng sc gi, pin mt tri, c quy v t my
pht in. Mc ch ca h thng ny l li dng cc u im ca tng ngun ring r
nhm em li hiu qu kinh t cao v li dng trit iu kin a l ti ni t trm, b
xung v h tr cho nhau (Hnh 1.2).
- Pin mt tri gm cc modul u ni tip v song song t cng sut yu cu v
phi hp vi cc ngun nng lng khc trong h thng. Khi c nng, pin mt tri bo
m vic cung cp nng lng, nu d tha nng lng s np cho c quy.
- My pht in bng sc gi khng trc tip cp ngun cho thit b trong trm m
ch lm nhim v np in cho c quy.
- T my pht in s cung cp cho trm vin thng v np cho c quy khi cc
ngun ni trn ngng cung cp.
S hot ng ca h thng nh sau:
Bnh thng, pin mt tri v my pht in bng sc gi cng vi c quy phi hp
cp ngun cho trm cn t my pht in lm nhim v d phng. Do cng sut ca pin
mt tri v my pht in bng sc gi c cng sut nh v n nh khng cao nn
phi thng qua thit b x l cng sut trc khi cp cho h thng, nng lng d s
c np cho c quy. Trong thi gian nng lng nng, gi khng cung cp th c quy
s cp ngun, nu tnh trng ny ko di, c quy phng ti mc ti thiu cho php th t
my pht in s pht in cp ngun cho h thng, ng thi np in cho c quy.
Trn y l hai phng thc cp ngun t hp hin nay ang v s c dng ph
bin. Tuy nhin, tu tnh hnh c th ca tng khu vc t trm vin thng m ngi ta
c th kt hp sao cho va m bo yu cu k thut, va m bo tnh kinh t.

13
CU HI N TP
1. H thng cp ngun cho trm vin thng cn phi c yu cu c bn nh th no?
Ti sao?
2. Trnh by phng thc cp ngun c in li?
3. Trnh by phng thc cp ngun khng c in li?

14
Bi 2: NGUN IN MT CHIU

Mc tiu ca bi:
Hc xong bi ny, hc sinh s c kh nng:
- Trnh by ng cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cquy axit, pin mt tri, cc h
thng chnh lu.
- Bo dng v u ni c t cquy.
- Bo dng, u ni pin mt tri.

1. c quy axit
1.1. Khi nim
c quy c kh nng 2 chiu (bin in nng thnh ha nng ri bin ha nng thnh
in nng) v c th thc hin nhiu chu k bin i nh vy gi l chu k np in,
phng in ca c quy nn s dng c lu di.
Lc u, c quy c u vo ngun in mt chiu bin i in nng thnh
ha nng (qu trnh tch in), sau c quy tr thnh ngun in c kh nng cung cp
in nng cho ti (qu trnh phng in).
c quy l ngun in ha hc c tnh cht thun nghch, va l ngun in (khi
phng in) va l thit b dng in (khi np in).
1.2. Cu to
V c bn c quy gm: v, bn cc v dung dch in phn (Hnh 2.1).
- V c quy lm nhim v cha cc cc bn,
dung dch in phn, cc tm cch v li bo v. V
c quy thng lm bng nha cng polivinin hay
polietylen. V thng c dng hnh hp ch nht
hoc hnh vung v c chia lm nhiu ngn ty
theo yu cu mc in p s dng, thng l 3 ngn
hoc 6 ngn, di y ngn c cc g nh cc
tm cc ng thi to nn cc rnh cha cc bt
ch t bn cc ri xung trong qu trnh lm vic
trnh gy ngn mch cc bn cc. Pha trn cc ngn
c np y, mi np c l rt dung dch v c nt
xoy.
- Bn cc: bn cc ca c quy axit l nhng tm
khung xng ch hnh mt li, l hp kim ch 94% v antimon 6% tng cng
ca khung mt li. Khung xng ch lm bn cc dng dy hn khung xng ch lm
bn cc m. Bn cc dng c bao ph bt xit ch PbO
2
(c mu nu) cn bn cc
m c bao ph bt ch Pb (c mu xm).
tng dung lng c quy, ngi ta dng nhiu bn cc cng loi u chung thnh
mt nhm to thnh nhm bn cc dng v nhm bn cc m, mi nhm ny u a
ra mt cc chung v c nh du cc (+) v cc (-) ca c quy. Cc bn cc c ci
Hnh 2.1: Cu to c quy Axit

V
Bn cc
Dung dch
in phn
dd
H
2
SO
4

Cc -
(Pb)

Cc +
(PbO)

15
xen k nhau, gia chng c tm cch in xp v tt c c t chc chn trong v c
cha dung dch in phn.
- Dung dch in phn c nhim v cng vi cc bn cc to nn cc phn ng ha
hc thc hin chuyn ha nng lng t in nng thnh ha nng (khi c quy np
in) v t ha nng thnh in nng (khi c quy phng in). Dung dch in phn l
axit sulfuaric H
2
SO
4
pha vi nc ct c t trng 1,18g/cm
3
n 1,26g/cm
3
.
1.3. Nguyn l lm vic
- Qu trnh phng in:
Khi ni 2 cc ca c quy np no vi ph ti th c
quy s cho dng in qua ph ti gi l c quy phng in
(Hnh 2.2). mch ngoi, dng in s i t cc dng
qua ti sang cc m cn trong dung dch, SO
4
--
trong dung
dch s dch chuyn v pha cc m tc dng vi Pb to
thnh PbSO
4
gii phng ra in t, cn H
+
trong dung
dch s dch chuyn v pha cc dng

tc dng vi PbO
2

nhn thm in t to thnh PbSO
4
.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng ha hc nh sau:
+ cc m:
Pb + SO
4
--
PbSO
4
+ 2e
+ cc dng:
PbO
2
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
SO
4
+ 2e PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
+ Phn ng ha hc ca qu trnh phng in din ra nh sau:
Pb

+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ PbO
2
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + PbSO
4

(-) (dung dch) (+) (-) (dung dch) (+)
T phng trnh, ta thy khi phng in c 2 cc dng v m u chuyn ho
thnh ch sulfat PbSO
4
cn dung dch chuyn ho dn thnh nc. iu ny s lm cho
sc in ng ca c quy b gim dn.
- Qu trnh np in:
Khi c quy ht in, phc hi sc in ng v
dung lng ca c quy th phi np in cho c quy bng
cch ni cc cc ca c quy vi cc cc cng tn ca
ngun in mt chiu (Hnh 2.3).
Khi s xut hin dng in np (i
n
) i t cc (+)
my np n cc (+) c quy v cc (-) ca c quy n cc
(-) my np. Lc ny ion dng H
+
i theo chiu dng in
v cc (-) ca c quy, cn ion SO
4
--

i

ngc chiu dng v
cc (+) c quy.
+ Ti cc dng, SO
4
--
s oxy ha PbSO
4
theo phn
ng:
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + SO
4
--
PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ 2e
i
p

-
+
H
2
SO
4

Hnh 2.2: c quy phng in
i
n

+
+ -
-
Hnh 2.3: c quy np in
=
H
2
SO
4

16
+ Ti cc m, ion dng H
+
tc dng vi PbSO
4
theo phn ng:
2H
+
+ PbSO
4
+ 2e H
2
SO
4
+ Pb
+ Phn ng ha hc ca qu trnh np in din ra nh sau:
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O + PbSO
4
PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ Pb
(+) (dung dch) (-) (+) (dung dch) (-)
T phng trnh trn ta thy rng:
Trc khi np in c hai cc u l ch sunfat (PbSO
4
), khi np in th cc dng
tr thnh ch ixit (PbO
2
), cc m tr thnh ch nguyn cht (Pb) nng dung dch
tng v trong c quy hnh thnh sc in ng. Cui qu trnh np, sc in ng ca c
quy c th ln n 2,6V n 2,7V, ng thi c bt kh thot ra (hin tng c quy si)
lc ny ta cn kt thc qu trnh np, nu tip tc np th dng in ch c tc dng phn
tch nc thnh H
2
v O
2
bay hi, hao tn nng lng v gim tui th c quy.
1.4. Cc i lng c trng ca cquy
1.4.1. Dung lng
Dung lng ca bnh c quy (Q) thng c tnh bng ampe gi (AH). AH l tch
s gia dng in phng vi thi gian phng in. Dung lng ny thay i tu theo
nhiu iu kin nh dng in phng, nhit cht in phn, t trng ca dung dch, v
in th cui cng sau khi phng.
1.4.2. Sc in ng
Sc in ng ca ngun in mt chiu l in p o c gic 2 u cc ca c
quy khi h mch. n v ca sc in ng l Vol.
V d: Ta c b ngun u ghp 4 bnh c quy loi 12V, m ta o c in p gia
2 u cc ca b ngun l 48 Vol th sc in ng ca b ngun l E=48Vol.
1.4.3. Dng phng nh mc
Dng phng nh mc l dng in phng ca c quy qua ti c gi tr bng mt
phn mi dung lng ca c quy.
I
pm
=
1
Q
10

1.4.4. Cng sut
L i lng c xc nh bng tch ca sc in ng ca c quy vi dng in
qua .
P= EI
Trong : P l cng sut ca c quy
E l sc in ng ca c quy
I l dng mt chiu chy qua c quy
1.5. Cc chng ngi ca cquy axit
- c quy axit thng c khi lng nng do cc bn cc c lm bng ch. Ngoi
ra, nu c quy phng ti di mc in p cui qu su hoc khng s dng trong mt
17
thi gian di s lm cho cc bn cc b sulfat ho su dn n dung lng c quy b gim
v vic phc hi dung lng l kh khn. (Gi tr in p cui l 1,7V)
- Khi c quy c np in no, nu ta vn tip tc np th dung dch in phn s
si mnh lit, iu ny c th lm cho cc bn cc b cong vnh hoc cht hu hiu trn
cc bn cc s b ri rng xung. y cung l mt nguyn nhn dn n gim dung
lng ca c quy.
1.6. Bo dng cquy axit
thc hin ni dung ny, cn chun b cc thit b, vt t sau:
- c quy Axit loi 12V/135Ah 1 bnh
- My np c quy loi 60V DC c iu chnh 1 my cng sut 1000W
- ng h vn nng 1 ci
- Km vn nng v c l 10/12 1 b
- Dy cp cp ngun DC 5m
- Axit H
2
SO
4
m c t trng 1,83g/cm
3
5l
- Nc ct nguyn cht 20 lit
- B m k 2 ci
- Nhit k 1 ci
- Ca thy tinh hoc ca nha khong 1,5l 2 ci
- Phu thy tinh 1 ci
- Gi lau 3 ci
- Dng c bo h (Knh, khu trang, qun o bo h, o bt, ng, gng tay cao su,
m bo h).
1.6.1. S dng c quy
Trong qu trnh s dng c quy phi tun theo cc quy nh sau:
- Khi phng in:
+ c quy phi c np in trc khi dng.
+ Khng nn c quy phng vi dng qu nh ko di.
+ Khng nn cho c quy phng vi dng qu ln, trng hp cn thit nh khi
ng my th mi ln ch nn phng trong vng 3 n 5 giy v mi ln phng cch nhau
30 giy.
+ Khng cho c quy phng di in p cui qu su.
- S dng c quy khi np in:
+ Cho d c quy phng trong trng hp no th mi thng phi c np thng
mt ln c quy khi b sulfat ha v c 6 thng mt ln phi cho c quy phng mt ln
vi sut phng 10 gi.
+ Khi u ni tip cc c quy phi m bo cng dung lng
+ Khi u song song cc c quy phi m bo cng dung lng, cng in p
18
+ Khi u hn hp th phi m bo cc nhnh c cng dung lng,cng in p
+ Khng c thng xuyn np in qu mc cho c quy v dung dch si bt
nhiu s lm ri rng cht hu hiu, lm gim dung lng v tui th ca c quy.
1.6.2. Np in
Qu trnh np in cho c quy c nh hng rt nhiu n tui th ca c quy. Ty
theo mc ch yu cu m ngi ta chia ra lm nhiu ch np in khc nhau.
* Np in ln u:
Ch tin hnh i vi c quy axit vi mc ch phn cc cho c quy v np dung
lng u tin cho c quy, tui th v cht lng ca c quy ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht
lng np ln u, qu trnh np ln u c thc hin nh sau:
- c quy mi mua v cn bc b tm bng dnh bo v, sau dng phu thy tinh
v ca nhc in dch vo c quy, in dch phi m bo t trng trong khong 1,20
n 1,25 g/cm
3
ty theo loi c quy c nh hay di ng. Mc in dch phi cao hn cc
tm cc bn l 1,5 n 2 cm. Sau yn tnh trong khong 3 n 4 gi cht in
dch ngm su vo trong cc cc bn, lc ny t trng in dch c th gim xung, l
hin tng bnh thng khng cn iu chnh. Sau , ta thc hin np in nh sau:
- Bc 1: u c quy vi my np chc chn, ng cc tnh ri cp ngun ph hp
cho my np.
- Bc 2: iu chnh dng in np theo ch dn ca nh ch to hoc c th iu
chnh bng 7% dung lng nh mc ca c quy (I
n
= 7%Q).
Thi gian np phi ko di khong 16 n 18 gi lin tc. Trong qu trnh np, nu
thy dung dch b cn th b sung nc ct, nu nhit dung dch tng ti 40
0
C th ta c
th gim dng np i mt na, ng thi lm mt cho c quy cho ti khi no nhit
dung dch gim xung, ta li tng dng in np ln.
* Np in thng (np nh k):
Np in thng phc hi dung lng cho c quy, thng c p dng trong
mt s trng hp nh: c quy sau khi phng ht dung lng quy nh (thng l
75% dung lng nh mc), c quy phng khng lin tc khong mt tun, hoc c quy
khng s dng trong vng mt thng. Khi , quy trnh np thc hin nh sau:
- Bc 1: Kim tra v iu chnh mc dung dch in phn, nu cn b sung th
phi dng nc ct.
- Bc 2: u c quy vi my np chc chn, ng cc tnh ri cp ngun ph hp
cho my np.
- Bc 3: iu chnh dng in np theo ch dn ca nh ch to hoc c th iu
chnh bng 10% dung lng nh mc ca c quy (I
n
= 10%Q). Qu trnh ny cng phi
thc hin lin tc.
Khi no thy dung dch in phn trong cc ngn si u th c khong 20 n 30
pht th tin hnh o kim tra t trng ca dung dch v in p ca c quy mt ln. Nu
qua 2 n 3 ln o m thy t trng ca dung dch in phn n nh, in p trn mi
ngn t 2,6V n 2,7V th chng t c quy no v dng qu trnh np.
* Np qu mc:
19
y l hnh thc ko di thi gian np, trong qu trnh np khng c dng np
qu ln, in p khng c qu cao. Hnh thc ny thng c p dng trong mt s
trng hp sau: c quy phng di mc in p cui, c quy phng ht dung lng
v c thi gian qu lu cha np li, c quy thng xuyn phng vi dng ln qu
mc.
Quy trnh ny c chia thnh hai giai on v c hai cch thc hin.
- Cch 1:
+ Giai on u: Thc hin nh ch np in thng.
+ Giai on sau: Khi kt thc np thng, vn tip tc np cho c quy nhng lc
ny phi gim dng np i mt na v duy tr trong khong 2 n 4 gi.
- Cch 2:
+ Giai on u: Np in nh ch np thng.
+ Giai on sau: Khi kt thc np thng th dng np 1 gi, sau li np 1 gi
vi dng np I
n
=Q/10 cho n khi dung dch si u li dng np 1 gi. Sau li tip
tc np nh trn, c tip tc nh th 3 n 4 ln cho n lc h c np l dung dch li
si th c. Kim tra t trng dung dch, in p v mc mc dch li ln na trc khi
ngng np ri sau tho c quy ra.

1.7. u ni cquy
thc hin ni dung ny, cn chun b cc thit b, vt t sau:
- c quy Axit loi 12V/135Ah 8 bnh
- ng h vn nng 2 ci
- Km vn nng v c l 10/12 2 b
- Dy u ni 2x4 5m
- Gi lau 3 ci
to ra b ngun c in p v dung lng (dng in phng) theo yu cu cn
phi u ni cc bnh c quy vi nhau. C ba phng php u ni: ni tip, song song
v hn hp. Vic u ni c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- Bc 1: Chun b
T yu cu thc t v thng s ca bnh c quy, a ra c phng php u ni
v tnh s lng bnh c quy cn s dng.
Chun b s lng c quy cn u ni, cu ni, dy u ngun, ng h vol k
mt chiu DC, c l v km vn nng.
- Bc 2: Thc hin u ni
- u ni tip:
Mc ch to ra b ngun c in p ln hn in p trn cc c quy thnh phn.
Phng php thc hin:
+ Xp t c quy ln gi theo mc ch u ni.
20
+ Dng cu ni cc (-) ca c quy ny vi cc (+) ca c quy kia hoc ngc li.
C nh vy n c quy cui cng, hai cc cn li trn c quy u tin v c quy cui
cng l hai cc ca b ngun (Hnh 2.4).

iu kin u ni tip l cc c quy phi cng dung lng: Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= ... = Q
n

Cng thc tnh ton khi ni tip:
in p tng ca b ngun: U
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ... + U
n
=
n
i
i=1
U
= nU
i
Dung lng ca b ngun: Q
= Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= ... = Q
n
= Q
i
Dng in phng nh mc ca b ngun: I
p
= Q
/10
Ni tr trong ca b ngun: R
0
= r
01
+ r
02
+ r
03
+ r
0n
=
n
0i
i=1
r

Trong : n l s bnh c quy mc ni tip.
- u song song:
Mc ch to nn b ngun c dung lng phng ln hn c quy thnh phn.
Phng php thc hin:
+ Xp t c quy ln gi theo mc ch u ni.

+ Dng cu ni: Ni chung cc m (-) ca tt c c quy vi vi nhau, cc dng
(+) ca cc c quy vi nhau (Hnh 2.6). Cc m chung v dng chung chnh l hai cc
ca b ngun.
iu kin u song l cc c quy phi c cng in p v cng dung lng:
U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= ... = U
m

+

Hnh 2.4: u ni tip c quy
+

+

+

-
-

-

-

-

+

U
1
U
2

U
3
U
n

U
= U
i
Hnh 2.5: S nguyn l u ni tip

Hnh 2.6: u song song c quy
-

+

+

+

-
-

-

+

+

-

U
m U
3
U
2
U
1
U

=U
i
Hnh 2.7: S nguyn l u song song
+
-

21
U

Hnh 2.9: S nguyn l u hn hp
U
1
U
2
U
3
U
n

1
2
3
m
Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= ... = Q
m
Cng thc tnh ton:
in p b ngun: U
= U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= ... = U
m
= U
j
Dung lng ca b ngun: Q
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ ... + Q
m
=
n
j
j=1
U

= mQ
j
Dng in phng ca b ngun: I
p
= Q
/10
0
= r
01
/m = r
02
/m = r
03
/m = ... = r
0n
/m = r
0j
/m
Trong m s nhnh song song ca b ngun.
- u hn hp:
Mc ch l to ra b ngun c in p v dung lng ln hn in p v dung
lng ca c quy thnh phn.
Phng php thc hin:
- u ni tip c quy thnh tng nhnh c in p theo yu cu.
- u song song cc nhnh li thnh c dung lng theo yu cu (Hnh2.8).
S c quy mc ni tip trn mt nhnh l n v s nhnh u song song l m.
iu kin l cc c quy phi c cng in p v cng dung lng:
U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= ... = U
n
Q
1
= Q
2
= Q
3
= ... = Q
n

Cng thc tnh ton:
in p b ngun:
U

= U
n1
= U
n2
= U
n3
= ... = U
nm
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ... + U
n
=
n
i
i=1
U

= nU
i
= U
ni
Dung lng ca b ngun:
Q
= Q
n1
+ Q
n2
+ Q
n3
+ ... + Q
nm
= Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ ... + Q
m
=
n
j
j=1
Q
= mQ
j
= mQ
nj
Dng in phng nh mc ca b ngun:
I

= Q
/10
Ni tr ca b ngun:
0
0
nr
R
m
=
Trong :
U
ni
l in p trn nhnh th i.
Q
nj
l dung lng trn nhnh th j.
r
0
l in tr trong ca c quy.
- Bc 3: Ni ti
u ni cc cc ca c quy vi cc cc
cng tn ca ti ph hp. m bo tip xc ti
22
cc v tr u ni phi chc chn.

- Bc 4: Nhn xt
Sau mi phng php u ni, tin hnh kim tra:
+ o in p ca tng c quy.
+ o in p ca tng nhnh.
+ o in p ca b ngun.
+ o dng phng ca tng nhnh.
+ o dng phng ca b ngun.
+ Kt lun.
Hnh 2.8: u hn hp c quy
+

-
+

-
+

-
+

-

+

-
+

-
+

-
+

-

+

-
+

-
+

-
+

-

+

-
+

-
+

-
+

-

+

-

U

23
Bn dn n
Bn dn p
in cc mt trn
in cc mt di
Lp tip gip
Hnh 2.10: Cu to pin mt tri
2. Pin mt tri
2.1. Cu to
V c bn, c th ni pin mt tri c cu to bi 3 thnh phn sau (Hnh 2.10):
mt ghp bn dn p-n, in cc v lp chng phn x.

- Mt ghp bn dn p-n: S dng tinh th Silic (Si), y l thnh phn chnh ca pin,
thng c din tch b mt rng v c lp n cc mng nh sng c th chuyn qua
ti mt tip gip.
- in cc: dn in ra ph ti th trn mi mt ghp p-n phi c cc in cc.
Vt liu lm in cc phi va c dn in tt, va c bm dnh tt vo cht bn
dn, bi th, in cc thng c ch to gm ba lp: Titan (Ti), Paladi (Pe) v bc
(Ag).
+ Lp Titan: L lp trong cng, tip xc trc tip vi cht bn dn v Titan bm
dnh rt tt vi Si.
+ Lp bc: L lp v tr ngoi cng c tnh dn in tt v d hn ni.
+ Lp Paladi: L lp gia ca in cc c tc dng ngn cch gia lp Titan v
bc, v nu hai lp ny tip xc trc tip th chng s phn ng ho hc vi nhau gy
hng in cc.
to s lin kt tt gia cc lp ca in cc th sau khi ch to, ngi ta phi
trong nhit t 500
0
C n 600
0
C. Ngoi ra, i vi in cc mt trn ca pin cn phi
m bo hi ho gia vn che sng v in tr ca in cc. Thng thng in cc
c to di dng mt li c che khng qu 10% din tch mt pin.
- Lp chng phn x: Trong qu trnh lm vic, nu s phn x nh sng cng nhiu
s lm cho hiu sut ca pin cng gim. V vy, chng phn x cho pin th phi ph
mt hoc hai lp SiO
2
hay TiO
2
ngoi pin.
Do sc in ng ca pin mt tri nh (khong 0,5V) nn khi ch to phi u ni
nhiu pin vi nhau thnh dng tm (cn gi l modul pin mt tri). V pin phi lm vic
ngoi tri nn bo v v tng tui th ca pin th mt trn ca cc tm pin phi c
ph mt lp cht do trong sut, thng l: Polyvinyl butirat (PVB) hoc Etylen Vinyl
axetat (EVA) v trn cng l tm thu tinh.

24
2.2. Nguyn l hot ng
phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca pin mt tri, phi xt trn s nguyn l
(Hnh 2.11). Nh bit, khi cho hai cht bn dn p v n tip xc vi nhau th in t t
bn dn n s khuch tn sang bn dn p, cn l trng ca bn dn p s khuch tn mt
cch tng i sang bn dn n. Kt qu l min tip gip ca bn dn n tch in dng
cn min tip gip ca bn dn p tch in m. Trong min tip gip hnh thnh mt in
trng (gi l in trng tip xc - E
tx
) v do c mt in p tip gip (cn gi l
in p tip xc - U
tx
). Lc u, in trng tip gip tng nhanh, nhng khi ln s
ngn cn s khuch tn ca cc in t v l trng qua min tip gip (trng thi cn
bng ng).

Do cc ht dn khuch tn sang cc pha i din nn min tip gip, nng cc
ht dn l rt nh hay c th ni in tr ca min tip gip iu kin bnh thng l rt
ln. in trng E
tx
v in p U
tx
ch tn ti trong min tip gip, v th trong iu kin
bnh thng, nu ni cc u bn dn n v p vi nhau bng mt dy dn th trong dy vn
khng c dng in chy qua.
By gi, nu chiu nh sng vo b mt lp tip gip th cc in t v l trng
quang s nhn c nng lng v tr thnh cc ht dn t do. Cc ht dn ny c E
tx

gia tc v cc pha i din (l trng v pha bn dn p cn in t v pha bn dn n).
Kt qu l to ra mt sc in ng gi l sc in ng quang in. Nu ni cc u bn
dn n v p vi mt ph ti th s c dng in chy qua. Sc in ng ny ph thuc
vo bn cht cc cht bn dn, vo nhit min tip gip, vo bc sng v cng
nh sng. Hin tng xut hin sc in ng quang in khi chiu nh sng vo tip
gip p-n c gi l hiu ng ni quang in.
Nh vy, mt tip gip p-n khi c chiu nh sng c th tr thnh mt ngun
in cho ra mt cng sut hu ch. Hiu ng ni quang in trn cc tip gip p-n
chuyn ho quang nng thnh in nng c gi l pin quang in. Nu s dng pin
quang in chuyn ho bc x mt tri thnh in nng th pin c gi l pin mt
tri.

E
tx
n p
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
n p
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
nh sng
A
V
- +
R
a)
b)
Hnh 2.11: S nguyn l pin mt tri
a) Khi cha c nh sng chiu
b) Khi c nh sng chiu
25
<
<

I
D
I
S
D

R
S
r
0
I

U
+
-
Hnh 2.12: S tng ng ca pin mt tri
j
I(A)
U(V)
I
n

U
h
0

I
max

U
max

P
max

Hnh 2.13
2.3. S tng ng
- Khi chiu nh sng vo pin mt tri s sinh ra mt dng quang in. V vy, trc
ht, pin mt tri c th xem tng ng nh mt ngun dng (j).
- Lp tip gip bn dn p-n c tnh chnh lu tng ng nh mt i t (D).
- c trng cho dng r qua lp tip gip p-n tng ng nh in tr Sun (R
s
).
- c trng cho in tr ca cc lp bn dn p-n, cc in cc, ... l mt in tr ni
tip trong mch c th coi nh in tr trong ca pin mt tri (r
0
).

2.4. c trng Vn Ampe
c tuyn Vn Ampe ca pin mt
tri c dng nh sau:
Trong :
I
n
: Dng in ngn mch
U
h
: in p h mch
I
max
, U
max
: L dng in, in p m
ti ti tiu th mt cng sut cc i v
ti pin lm vic vi cng sut cc i.
2.5. u ni pin mt tri Thi gian: 2h
to ra b ngun c in p v cng sut theo yu cu cn phi u ni cc modul
pin mt tri vi nhau. Tng t nh u ni c quy cng c ba phng php u ni: ni
tip, song song v hn hp. Vic u ni c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- Bc 1: Chun b
T yu cu thc t v thng s ca cc modul pin, a ra c phng php u
ni v tnh s lng modul cn s dng.
Chun b s lng modul cn u ni, cu ni, dy u ngun, ng h vol k
mt chiu DC, tuc - n vt, c - l v km vn nng.
- Bc 2: Thc hin u ni gia cc modul
- u ni tip:
Mc ch to ra b ngun c in p ln hn in p trn mi modul thnh phn.
Phng php thc hin:
+ Xp t cc modul ln gi theo mc ch u ni.
26
+ Dng cu ni cc (-) ca modul ny vi cc (+) ca modul kia hoc ngc li.
C nh vy n modul cui cng, hai cc cn li trn modul u tin v modul cui cng
l hai cc ca b ngun (Hnh 2.14).

Cng thc tnh ton khi ni tip:
in p tng ca b ngun: U
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ... + U
n
=
n
i
i=1
U

Dng in cp cho ti ca b ngun: I

= I
1
= I
2
= I
3
= ... = I
n

Cng sut ca c b: P
= U
=
n
i
i=1
IU
=
n
i
i=1
P

0
= r
01
+ r
02
+ r
03
+ r
0n
= r
0i
Trong : n l s modul mc ni tip.
- u song song:
Mc ch to nn b ngun c kh nng p ng vi dng qua ti ln.
Phng php thc hin:
+ Xp t modul ln gi theo mc
ch u ni.
+ Dng cu ni: Ni chung cc m (-)
ca tt c modul vi vi nhau, cc dng (+)
ca cc modul vi nhau (Hnh 2.15). Cc m
chung v dng chung chnh l hai cc ca
b ngun.
iu kin u song l cc modul phi c cng in p:
U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= ... = U
m

Cng thc tnh ton:
in p b ngun: U
= U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= ... = U
m
= U
j

Dng cp cho ti ca c b: I
= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+...+ I
m
=
m
j
j=1
I

Cng sut ca c b: P
= U
=
m
j
j=1
UI
=
m
j
j=1
P

0
= r
01
/m = r
02
/m = r
03
/m = ... = r
0n
/m = r
0j
/m
U
1
U
2

U
3
U
n

U

Hnh 2.14: S nguyn l u ni tip

U
m U
3
U
2
U
1
U

=U
i
Hnh 2.15: S nguyn l u song song
+
-

27
Trong m s nhnh song song ca b ngun.
Nh vy, cng sut ca b ngun trong c hai trng hp trn l nh nhau.
- u hn hp:
Mc ch l to ra b ngun va c in
p ln hn in p modul thnh phn v c kh
nng p ng c dng ti ln.
Phng php thc hin (Hnh 2.16):
- u ni tip modul thnh tng nhnh c
in p theo yu cu.
- u song song cc nhnh li theo yu
cu dng cp cho ti (Hnh2.16).
S modul mc ni tip trn mt nhnh l n
v s nhnh u song song l m.
iu kin l cc modul phi c cng in p:
U
1
= U
2
= U
3
= ... = U
n
Cng thc tnh ton:
in p b ngun:
U

= U
n1
= U
n2
= U
n3
= ... = U
nm
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ... + U
n
=
n
i
i=1
U
= U
ni
Dng in phng nh mc ca b ngun:
I

= I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+...+ I
m
=
m
j
j=1
I

Cng sut ca b ngun:
P
= U
I

=
n m
j
i
i=1 j=1
U I

=
n m
ij
i=1 j=1
P

Ni tr ca b ngun:
0
0
nr
R
m
=
Trong :
U
ni
l in p trn nhnh th i.
r
0
l ni tr ca mi modul.
- Bc 3: Ni ti
Sau khi u ni ngun song, ni cc cc ca ngun vi cc cc cng tn ca ti ph
hp. m bo tip xc tt ti cc v tr u ni.
- Bc 4: Nhn xt
Sau mi phng php u ni, tin hnh kim tra:
+ o in p ca tng modul.
U

Hnh 2.16: S nguyn l u hn hp
U
1
U
2
U
3
U
n

1
2
3
m
28
D
R
t
u
v~ U
r
A
B
+
-
(-)
(+)
u
v
U
r
t

t

0

2
0

2
a)
b)
Hnh 2.17: Mch chnh lu na chu k
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin in p vo, ra
+
-
+ o in p ca tng nhnh.
+ o in p ca b ngun.
+ o dng phng ca tng nhnh.
+ o dng phng ca b ngun.
+ Kt lun.
2.6. Bo dng pin mt tri
- Gi cho dn pin lun sch s, khng c bi, ct, l cy,... che ph ln b mt pin.
V nu mt dn pin b che ph ti mt v tr no th s c hin tng nung nng cc b
lm h hng pin, ng thi lm gim kh nng bc x nh sng mt tri ti pin.
- Pha trc mt pin phi c li bo v, trnh trng hp mt knh ca pin b v do
va p vi vt cng. V nu mt knh b v hoc nt th nc s xm nhp vo trong
modul c th dn ti ngn mch gy hng pin.
- Gi dn pin phi m bo vng chc (chu c bo cp 12).
- H thng chng st phi tin cy bo v v c o kim tra trc mi ma
ma bo.
3. H thng nn in v chnh lu
3.1. Mch chnh lu na chu k
3.1.1. S nguyn l
Mch chnh lu na chu k c s nguyn l nh hnh 2.17a.
Trong :
u
v~
l in p xoay chiu u vo.
U
r
l in p u ra (in p trn ph ti).
D l it lm nhim v bin dng in xoay chiu thnh dng in mt chiu.
R
t
l ph ti.

29
3.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic
Gi s in p vo l xoay chiu hnh sin (Hnh 2.17b).
- Ti thi im ban u (t = 0): in p u
v
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k
dng. Dng in v in p trn ti lc ny cng bng 0.
- T thi im t = 0 n t = : in p u
v
na chu k dng. Gi s in th ca
ngun tng ng vi thi im l dng im A v m im B. i t D c
phn cc thun nn dn dng, dng in trong mch s chy t A qua D qua R
t
v B
khp kn mch. Ti c dng in i qua nn sinh ra in p trn ti (U
r
) khi c dng
ca in p vo.
- Ti thi im t = : in p u
v
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k m. Dng
in v in p trn ti lc ny cng bng 0.
- T thi im t = n t = 2: in p u
v
na chu k m. in th ca ngun
tng ng vi thi im ny s ngc li so vi trc, tc l dng im B v m
im A. i t D b phn cc ngc nn kho li, mch ngoi khng c dng in chy
qua. Khng c dng in i qua ti nn in p trn ti (U
r
) thi im ny bng khng.
- Ti thi im t = 2: in p u
v
= 0 v li bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng.
Dng in v in p trn ti lc ny cng bng 0.
Do in p vo c tnh chu k, nn t thi im t = 2 tr i, in p u
v
chuyn
sang na chu k dng v mch lm vic hon ton lp li.
Nh vy, qua phn tch hn mt chu k in p ngun, ta xy dng c gin
dng in p ra nh hnh 2.17b.
- Thc hnh:
+ Chun b :
- B chnh lu na chu k c sn
- ng h vn nng
- ng h o dng in
- My hin sng
- in tr ti nh mc
+ Quan st dng ca in p vo ra v xc nh gi tr ca chng:
Bc 1: u in p xoay chiu nh mc u
m
ti u vo b chnh lu.
Bc 2: Bt my hin sng.
Bc 3: o dng in p u vo b chnh lu bng my hin sng v xc nh
bin nh ca in p.
Bc 4: o dng in p u ra b chnh lu khi khng c ti thun tr v khi c
ti thun tr nh mc v xc nh bin nh ca in p
Bc 5: u ti dung khng vo (u t lc ngun).
Bc 6: Quan st dng in p u ra b chnh lu khi c ti dung khng v xc
nh bin nh ca in p.
Bc 7: Rt ra nhn xt v kt lun.
30
+ Xc nh gi tr ca dng in vo, ra:
Bc1: u in p xoay chiu nh mc u
m
vo u vo b chnh lu.
Bc 2: Dng ng h o dng (Ampe k AC) o dng in u vo b chnh lu
khi c ti thun tr.
Bc 3: Dng ng h o dng (Ampe k DC) o dng in u ra b chnh lu
khi c ti thun tr
Bc 4: u thm b lc in dung vo trc ti.
Bc 5: o dng in u ra b chnh lu.
Bc 6: Rt ra nhn xt v kt lun
3.2. Mch chnh lu c chu k
3.2.1. S nguyn l
Mch chnh lu c chu k c s nguyn l nh hnh 2.18a.
Trong :
BA l my bin p c nhim v bin in p ca li in thnh in p ra theo yu
cu s dng. BA phi c hai u ra gia phn cc cho cc i t.
u
v1~
l in p s cp my bin p.
U
v2~
l in p th cp my bin p.
U
r
l in p ra trn ti.
i t D
1
, D
2
lm

nhim v chnh lu.
R
t
l ph ti.
v2~
dng. Dng in v in p trn ti cng bng 0.

R
t

D
1
D
2
BA
a
b
c
u
v1~
U
r
u
v
U
r
t

t

0

2
0

2
+
-
(+)
(-)
Hnh 2.18: Mch chnh lu c chu k
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin in p vo, ra
a)
b)
u
v2~
31
v2~
na chu k dng, gi s im a c
in th dng nht, in th im c m nht, in th im b m hn im a v
dng hn im c. Khi , it D
1
c phn cc thun nn dn dng, it D
2
b phn
cc ngc nn kho. Dng in chy trong mch khp kn theo ng t im a qua D
1

qua R
t
v im b, in p ra trn ti l U
r
c dng ca u
v2~
(Hnh 2.18b).
v2~
in v in p trn ti cng bng 0.
v2~
na chu k m, lc ny in th c
chiu ngc li so vi lc trc nn im a c in th m nht, in th im c dng
nht, in th im b m hn im c v dng hn im a. Khi , it D
2
c
phn cc thun nn dn dng, it D
1
b phn cc ngc nn kho. Dng in chy trong
mch khp kn theo ng t im c qua D
2
qua R
t
v im b. Nh vy, cc tnh ca in
p ngun lc ny i du so vi trc nhng chiu dng in i qua ti vn c chiu
khng i nn in p ra trn ti l U
r
c dng o ca u
v2~
(Hnh 2.18b).
v2~
= 0 v li bt u chuyn sang na chu k
v2~
chuyn
- Thc hnh:
+ Chun b :
- B chnh lu c chu k c sn
- ng h vn nng
- ng h o dng in
- My hin sng
- in tr ti nh mc
m
ti u vo b chnh lu.
bin nh ca in p.
nh bin nh ca in p.
32
m
vo u vo b chnh lu.
khi c ti thun tr.
khi c ti thun tr
3.3. Mch chnh lu cu
3.3.1. S nguyn l
Mch chnh lu kiu cu cng chnh lu c chu k, cc it c mc theo kiu cu
nh hnh 2.19a.
Trong :
u
v~
l in p vo
U
r
l in p ra trn ti
i t D
1
, D
2
, D
3
, D
4
l cc van chnh lu
R
t
l ph ti

v
v
ngun tng ng vi thi im l dng im a v m im b. i t D
1
v D
2

c phn cc thun nn dn dng, cn D
3
v D
4
b phn cc ngc nn kho. Dng
D
3
D
4 D
1
D
2
R
t
Hnh 2.19: Mch chnh lu kiu cu
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin in p vo, ra
b
a
u
v~
U
r
+
-
(+)
(-)
u
v
U
r
t

t

0

2
0

2
a)
b)
33
in trong mch s chy t a qua D
1
qua R
t
qua D
2
v b khp kn mch. Ti c dng in
i qua nn sinh ra in p trn ti (U
r
) khi c dng ca in p vo.
v
in v in p trn ti lc ny cng bng 0.
v
na chu k m. in th ca ngun
tng ng vi thi im ny s ngc li so vi trc, tc l dng im b v m
im a. i t D
1
v D
2
b phn cc ngc nn kho li, D
3
v D
4
c phn cc thun
nn dn dng. Dng in trong mch s chy t b qua D
3
qua R
t
qua D
4
v a khp kn
mch. Ta thy, cc tnh ca in p ngun lc ny i du so vi trc nhng chiu
dng in i qua ti vn c chiu khng i nn in p ra trn ti l U
r
c dng o ca
u
v~
(Hnh 2.19b).
v
= 0 v li bt u chuyn sang na chu k dng.
Dng in v in p trn ti lc ny cng bng 0.
v
chuyn
- Thc hnh:
+ Chun b :
- B chnh lu kiu cu c sn
- ng h vn nng
- ng h o dng in
- My hin sng
- in tr ti nh mc
m
ti u vo b chnh lu.
bin nh ca in p.
nh bin nh ca in p.
m
vo u vo b chnh lu.
khi c ti thun tr.
34
u
v~
b
R
t
+
-
(+)
(-)
a
D
1
D
2
C
1
C
2
U
r
+
-
+
+
-
-
u
v
U
C1
t

t

0

2
0

a)
3 4
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
U
Cmax
U
Cmin
t

0

t

0

t
'
1
t
'
2
t
'
3
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4

t
'
1
t
'
2
t
'
3
U
C2
U
r
U
Cmax
U
Cmin
b)
Hnh 2.20: Mch chnh bi p
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin in p vo, ra
U
vC1
U
vC2
khi c ti thun tr
3.4. Mch chnh lu bi p
3.4.1. S nguyn l
Mun nng cao in p ra trn ti khi in p th cp ca bin p c nh, ngi ta
dng mch chnh lu kiu bi p, sau y ta s xt mch chnh lu bi p (cn gi l
mch chnh lu nhn i in p - Hnh 2.20a).

Trong :
u
v~
l in p vo.
U
r
l in p ra trn ph ti.
D
1
, D
2
l cc i t dn dng np cho t C
1
, C
2
.
C
1
, C
2
l hai t mc ni tip a in p ra
ph ti.
R
t
l ph ti.
Gi s in p vo l xoay chiu hnh sin.
Xt qu trnh lm vic ca t C
1
:
v
dng. in p trn t C
1
lc ny cng bng 0.
- T thi im t = 0 tr i, in p u
v
ngun tng ng vi thi im l dng im a v m im b. i t D
1
c
phn cc thun nn dn dng, cn D
2
b phn cc ngc nn kho. Dng in trong
35
mch s chy t a qua D
1
qua C
1
v b khp kn mch. Nh vy thi im ny t C
1

c np nn U
C1
s tng dn t 0 n gi tr cc i (U
Cmax
).
- n thi im t = t
1
, in p U
C1
= U
Cmax
, u
v
= U
Cmax
v bt u c xu th gim
xung, nn t thi im ny tr i, t C
1
bt u phng. in p U
C1
s gim dn t U
Cmax
xung U
Cmin
.
- n thi im t = t
2
, in p U
C1
= U
Cmin
, u
v
= U
Cmin
v bt u c xu th tng ln,
nn t thi im ny tr i, t C
1
li bt u c np. in p U
C1
s tng dn t

U
Cmin
ln U
Cmax
.
- n thi im t = t
3
, in p U
C1
= U
Cmax
, u
v
= U
Cmax
v bt u c xu th gim
1
li bt u phng. in p U
C1
s gim dn t
U
Cmax
xung U
Cmin
.
Do in p vo c tnh chu k, nn t thi im t = t
3
tr i, qu trnh phng, np
ca t C
1
hon ton lp li.
Xt qu trnh lm vic ca t C
2
:
v
= 0 v bt u chuyn sang na chu k m. in p trn
t C
2
lc ny cng bng 0.
- T thi im t = tr i, in p u
v
na chu k m. in th ca ngun tng
ng vi thi im ny s ngc li so vi thi im trc, ngha l m im a v
dng im b. i t D
2
c phn cc thun nn dn dng, cn D
1
b phn cc ngc
nn kho. Dng in trong mch s chy t b qua C
2
qua D
2
v a khp kn mch. Nh
vy thi im ny, t C
2
c np nn U
C2
s tng dn t 0 n gi tr cc i (U
Cmax
).
- n thi im t = t
'
1
, in p U
C2
= U
Cmax
, u
v
= U
Cmax
v bt u c xu th gim
2
bt u phng. in p U
C2
s gim dn t U
Cmax
xung U
Cmin
.
- n thi im t = t
'
2
, in p U
C2
= U
Cmin
, u
v
= U
Cmin
v bt u c xu th tng ln,
nn t thi im ny tr i, t C
2
li bt u c np. in p U
C2
s tng dn t

U
Cmin
ln U
Cmax
.
- n thi im t = t
'
3
, in p U
C2
= U
Cmax
, u
v
= U
Cmax
v bt u c xu th gim
2
li bt u phng. in p U
C2
s gim dn t
U
Cmax
xung U
Cmin
.
Do in p vo c tnh chu k, nn t thi im t = t
'
3
tr i, qu trnh phng, np
ca t C
2
hon ton lp li.
Nh vy, trong qu trnh mch lm vic, t C
1
v C
2
thay nhau phng np v tr
thnh hai ngun in mt chiu u ni tip. Do ph ti R
t
ni song song vi C
1
v C
2
,
nn in p trn ti U
r
= U
C1
+ U
C2
= 2U
C
. Ta thy in p tch trn hai t bng 2 ln in
p tch trn mi t, dy cn ch rng D
1
v D
2
ch lm nhim v np in cho C
1
v
C
2
theo du quy nh ch khng a trc tip dng in mt chiu ra ti.
Qua phn tch hn mt chu k in p ngun, ta xy dng c gin dng in
p ra nh hnh 2.20b.
Nu C
1
v C
2
cng ln th dng in ra ti cng bng phng hn v in p cng t
gn ti U
vCmax
.
- Thc hnh:
36
+ Chun b :
- B chnh lu bi p c sn
- ng h vn nng
- ng h o dng in
- My hin sng
- in tr ti nh mc
m
ti u vo b chnh lu.
bin nh ca in p.
nh bin nh ca in p.
m
vo u vo b chnh lu.
khi c ti thun tr.
khi c ti thun tr
3.5. Mch chnh lu ba pha
3.5.1. Mch chnh lu 3 pha kiu tia
- S nguyn l:
S nguyn l nh hnh 2.21a, trong gm mt my bin p 3 pha (BA), cc
cun dy pha s cp c th u sao hay tam gic, cc cun dy th cp u sao, i t D
1
,
D
2
v D
3
l cc van chnh lu. in p u
v3f
l in p vo xoay chiu 3 pha, U
r
l in p
ra trn ph ti R
t
.
- Nguyn l lm vic:
Ti thi im bt k, trong mch lun c mt it c phn cc thun, i t ny
c ni vi pha c in p dng nht ti thi im , cn cc it khc phn cc
ngc.
37

Gi s in p vo l xoay chiu 3 pha (Hnh 2.21b).
+ T thi im t = t
1
n t = t
2
: in p pha aO dng nht nn D
1
phn cc
thun, cc i t cn li phn cc ngc. Dng in trong mch s chy t a qua D
1
qua R
t

v O. in p ra trn ti c dng ca u
aO
.
+ T thi im t = t
2
n t = t
3
: in p pha bO dng nht nn D
2
phn cc
thun, cc i t cn li phn cc ngc. Dng in trong mch s chy t b qua D
2
qua R
t

aO
.
+ T thi im t = t
3
n t = t
4
: in p pha cO dng nht nn D
3
phn cc
thun, cc i t cn li phn cc ngc. Dng in trong mch s chy t c qua D
3
qua R
t

cO
.
Do in p vo c tnh chu k nn t thi im t = t
4
tr i, mch lm vic hon
ton lp li. T iu ny cng c th suy ra rng t thi im t = 0 n t = t
1
, in p trn
ti c dng u
cO
.
Hnh 2.21: Mch chnh ba pha kiu tia
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin in p vo, ra
u
v3f
b
+
a
D
1
D
3
D
2
R
t
U
r
-
A

B

C

c
O
u
v
U
r
t

t

0

2
0

t
2
t
3
b)
t
1
t
4
t
5
a)

BA

u
aO u
bO
u
cO
u
aO u
bO
u
cO
u
cO
u
aO
38
Nh vy, trong mt chu k ca in p ngun, 3 it thay nhau dn dng, mi
it s m 1/3 chu k v kho 2/3 chu k cn li v kt qu ta s c in p ra mt
chiu tng i bng phng nh hnh 2.21b.
- Thc hnh:
+ Chun b :
- B chnh lu 3 pha kiu tia c sn
- ng h vn nng
- ng h o dng in
- My hin sng
- in tr ti nh mc
Bc 1: u in p xoay chiu nh mc U
m
ti u vo b chnh lu.
bin nh ca in p.
nh bin nh ca in p.
Bc1: u in p xoay chiu nh mc U
m
vo u vo b chnh lu.
khi c ti thun tr.
khi c ti thun tr
3.5.2. Mch chnh lu 3 pha kiu cu
- S nguyn l:
S nguyn l nh hnh 2.22a, trong gm mt my bin p 3 pha (BA), cc
cun dy pha s cp c th u sao hay tam gic, cc cun dy th cp u sao, i t D
1
,
D
3
v D
5
l cc van chnh lu nhm katt chung, i t D
2
, D
4
, D
6
l cc van chnh lu
nhm ant chung. in p u
v3f
l in p vo xoay chiu 3 pha, U
r
l in p ra trn ph
ti, R
t
l ph ti.

39

- Nguyn l lm vic:
Ti thi im bt k, trong mch lun c hai i t c phn cc thun, mi i t
ny thuc mt nhm van. i t nhm katt chung c ni vi pha c in p dng
nht ti thi im , cn i t nhm att chung c ni vi pha c in p m nht
ti thi im . Cc it cn phn cc ngc.
Gi s in p vo l xoay chiu 3 pha (Hnh 2.22b).
+ T thi im t = t
1
n t = t
2
1
phn cc
thun, in p pha bO m nht nn D
4
phn cc thun. Cc i t cn li phn cc ngc.
Dng in trong mch s chy t a qua D
1
qua R
t
qua D
4
v b. in p ra trn ti c dng
ca u
ab
.
+ T thi im t = t
2
n t = t
3
1
vn phn cc
thun, in p pha cO m nht nn D
6
Hnh 2.22: Mch chnh ba pha kiu tia
a) S nguyn l
b) Gin in p vo, ra
u
v3f b
+
a
D
1
R
t
U
r
-
A

B

C

O
a)

BA

D
2
D
3
D
4
c
D
5
D
6
u
v
U
r
t

t

0

2
0

t
2
t
3
t
1
t
4
t
5
u
aO u
bO
u
cO
u
ab
u
ac
u
bc
u
ba
u
ca
u
cb
u
ab
u
ac
u
cb
b)

t
6
t
7
t
8
t
9
40
1
qua R
t
qua D
6
v c. in p ra trn ti c dng
ca u
ac
.
+ T thi im t = t
3
n t = t
4
3
phn cc
thun, in p pha cO m nht nn D
6
Dng in trong mch s chy t b qua D
3
qua R
t
qua D
6
v c. in p ra trn ti c dng
ca u
bc
.
+ T thi im t = t
4
n t = t
5
3
phn cc
thun, in p pha aO m nht nn D
2
Dng in trong mch s chy t b qua D
3
qua R
t
qua D
2
v a. in p ra trn ti c dng
ca u
ba
.
+ T thi im t = t
5
n t = t
6
5
phn cc
thun, in p pha aO m nht nn D
2
Dng in trong mch s chy t c qua D
5
qua R
t
qua D
2
v a. in p ra trn ti c dng
ca u
ca
.
+ T thi im t = t
6
n t = t
7
5
phn cc
4
Dng in trong mch s chy t c qua D
5
qua R
t
qua D
4
ca u
cb
.
+ T thi im t = t
7
n t = t
8
1
phn cc
4
1
qua R
t
qua D
4
ca u
ab
.
Do in p vo c tnh chu k nn t thi im t = t
8
tr i, mch lm vic hon
ton lp li. T iu ny cng c th suy ra rng t thi im t = 0 n t = t
1
, in p trn
ti c dng u
cb
.
Vy, sau hn mt chu k ca in p ngun, in p ra trn ti l in p mt chiu
nh hnh 2.22b.
Nhn vo hnh v in p ra sau chnh lu thy rng, in p trn ti bng phng
hn mch chnh lu 3 pha kiu tia.
- Thc hnh:
+ Chun b :
- B chnh lu 3 pha kiu cu c sn
- ng h vn nng
- ng h o dng in
- My hin sng
- in tr ti nh mc
Bc 1: u in p xoay chiu nh mc U
m
ti u vo b chnh lu.
41
bin nh ca in p.
nh bin nh ca in p.
Bc1: u in p xoay chiu nh mc U
m
vo u vo b chnh lu.
khi c ti thun tr.
khi c ti thun tr

42
CU HI N TP
1. Nguyn l lm vic v rt ra u khuyt im ca mch chnh lu na chu k?
2. c im lm vic v rt ra u khuyt im ca mch chnh lu c chu k?
3. Nguyn tc lm vic, u khuyt im ca mch 3 pha kiu tia?
4. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch 3 pha kiu tia?
5. Nguyn tc lm vic, u khuyt im ca mch 3 pha kiu cu?
6. Nguyn l lm vic ca mch 3 pha kiu cu?

43

Bi 3: NGUN IN XOAY CHIU

Mc tiu ca bi:
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, hc sinh s c kh nng:
- Trnh by ng cu to, nguyn l hot ng ca ng c t trong, my pht in
ng b ba pha.
- Vn hnh, bo dng c t my n pht in.

1. ng c t trong
1.1. Vai tr
ng c t trong l ng c bin nhit nng thnh c nng, nhit nng y c
sinh ra l do s t chy nhin liu hay hn hp kh ngay trong xi lanh ca ng c, nhit
nng chuyn thnh c nng thng qua h thng trc khuu thanh chuyn, lm cho trc
c quay. C nng ca ng c t trong c ng dng vo rt nhiu cc lnh vc nh:
truyn ng cho t, xe my, .... Ngoi ra mt trong nhng ng dng quan trong khc
ca ng c t trong, l dng lm ng c s cp truyn ng cho my pht trong t
my pht in. Trong lnh vc Vin thng, m bo thng tin khng b gin on th
ngoi vic s dng mt ngun cung cp chnh, cn phi c cc ngun d phng, m mt
trong nhng ngun d phng khng th thiu chnh l t my pht in.
1.2. Cc tham s
- im cht ca piston: L cc v tr tt cng ca piston m y piston i hng
chuyn ng.
+ im cht trn: L im cht m piston cch xa nht tam vng quay ca trc
khuu, k hiu l
ct
+ im cht di: L im cht m piston gn nht tm vng quay ca trc
khuu, k hiu l
cd
+ Hnh trnh ca piston: L khong cch chuyn dch ca piston gia 2 im cht
(
ct
,
cd
) c gi tr bng 2 ln bn knh quay ca trc khuu v tng ng vi gc quay
ca trc khuu l 180
0
, hnh trnh ca piston k hiu l S.
S = 2R (cm)
Trong R l bn knh vng quay trc khuu (trc c). S hnh trnh ca piston
c gi l s k lm vic ca ng c.
- Bung chy v dung tch bung chy: Khng gian c gii hn bi np my, xi
lanh v nh piston khi piston im cht trn c gi l bung chy. Th tch ca
khng gian c gi l th tch bung chy, k hiu l V
C
(n v l cm
3
).
- Dung tch ton phn ca xi lanh: L th tch khong trng gii hn bi np my,
thnh xi lanh v nh piston khi piston im cht di, k hiu l V
a
( n v l cm
3
)
- Dung tch lm vic ca ng c l hiu s gia dung tch ton phn ca xi lanh v
dung tch bung chy, k hiu l V
h
.
44
V
h
= V
a
- V
c
(cm
3
)
Ngoi ra, V
h
cn c xc nh bng cng thc:
2
3
( )
4
h
D
V S cm
t
=
Trong :
D l ng knh xi lanh tnh bng cm.
S l hnh trnh ca piston tnh bng cm.
Do dung tch ton phn ca xi lanh cn c tnh nh sau:
V
a
= V
h
+ V
c

- T s nn ca ng c: L t s gia dung tch ton phn v dung tch bung
chy, k hiu l c.
1
a h c h
c c c
V V V V
V V V
c
+
= = = +
T s nn cng ln tc l kh hn hp b nn cng nhiu, khi b t chy th p lc
nn vo nh piston cng ln. Do cng sut ca ng c cng cao. V th nng cao
cng sut cho ng c t trong th phi nng cao t s nn. Nhng khng th nng cao
t s nn qu mc v khi nhit cng tng cao s lm cho hn hp kh (nhin liu v
khng kh) t bc chy.
1.3. Cc h thng chnh
1.3.1. H thng trc khuu, thanh truyn
H thng trc khuu, thanh truyn c nhim v bin nhit nng bun chy ca
ng c thnh c nng trn trc khuu. Cu to ca h thng gm: Thn my, c cu
truyn lc.

Hnh 3.1: Thn my
1. Np xylanh
2. Khi xylanh
3. Cacte trn
4. Cc te di
45

- Thn my: Cn gi l thn ng c bao gm cc b phn c nh c chc nng che
chn hoc l ni lp t cc b phn khc ca ng c. Cc b phn c bn ca b khung
ng c bao gm: Np xylanh, xylanh, lt xylanh, cacte.
+ Np xylanh: L chi tit y kn khng gian cng tc ca ng c t pha trn,
thng c c bng gang hoc hp kim nhm. Trong c lp t mt s b phn
nh: xupap, n gnh xupap, vi phun, buji, ng gp kh np, ng gp kh thi, van khi
ng, v.v.
Np xylanh c th c ch to thnh mt khi (np xylanh chung), hoc c ch
to ring cho mi xylanh (np xylanh ring).
+ Xylanh: Cc xylanh ca ng c nhiu xylanh thng c ch to bng gang,
hp kim nhm, hoc c hn t cc tm thp thnh mt khi (khi xylanh). Mt trn v
mt di ca khi xylanh c mi phng lp vi np xylanh v cacte. Vch ca
xylanh c doa nhn (mt gng).
i vi ng c c lm mt bng khng kh, khi xylanh c gn thm cc tm
tn nhit.
i vi ng c c lm mt bng nc, khi xylanh c cc khoang cha nc
lm mt.
a)
b)
Hnh 3.2: Np xylanh
a) Np xylanh chung
b) Np xylanh ring
46
+ Lt xylanh: L b phn c chc nng dn hng piston v cng vi mt di ca np
xylanh v nh piston to nn khng gian cng tc ca xylanh. Lt xylanh c ch to
ring v lp vo khi xylanh.
Lt xylanh kh: khng tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt.
Lt xylanh t: tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt. Phn di ca lt xylanh c
cc vng cao su ngn cn nc lt xung cacte.
+ Cacte: l b phn bao bc, ni lp t cc b phn chuyn ng ch yu ca
ng c.
Phn trn cacte (cacte trn) lp t khi xylanh, trc khuu, trc cam, ...
Phn di cacte (cacte di, cacte nht) c chc nng y kn khng gian trong
ng c t bn di. Ni y cha du bi trn.
ng c nh v trung bnh, cacte v khi xylanh c c lin (thn ng c).
ng c ln, cacte di va l ni cha du bi trn va l ni lp t trc khuu
v cc b phn lin quan.
Hnh 3.3: Thn ng c v lt xylanh
a) Lt xylanh c lin
b) Lt xylanh kh
c) Lt xylanh t
d) m cao su kn nc
a)
b) c) d)
Hnh 3.4: C cu truyn lc
1. Piston, 2. Thanh truyn
2. Trc khuu, 4. i trng
47
- C cu truyn lc
H thng truyn lc c chc nng tip nhn p lc kh trong xy lanh ri truyn cho
h tiu th v bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc
khuu.
Cc b phn chnh: piston, thanh truyn, trc khuu, bnh .
Cc b phn lin quan: xecmang, cht piston, bc lt c chnh, bc lt c bin, ...
+ Piston l b phn chuyn ng trong lng xy lanh. N tip nhn p lc ca mi
cht cng tc ri truyn cho trc khuu qua trung gian l thanh truyn. Ngoi ra, n cn
c tc dng nh mt bm trong vic np, nn, y kh thi ra khi khng gian cng tc
ca ng c.
Piston c th c lm t gang, hp kim nhm, thp. Cc phn c bn gm: nh,
thn, rnh xecmang, cht piston, gn chu lc.
- nh piston c hnh dng a dng tu thuc vo c im t chc qu trnh
chy, qu trnh np - x.
- Thn piston c chc nng dn hng cho piston v chu lc ngang khi piston
chuyn ng.
- Rnh xecmang l ni lp t cc xecmang. C rnh xecmang du v rnh
xecmang kh.
Rnh xecmang kh c b tr pha trn cht piston.
Rnh xecmang du pha di xecmng kh, c th trn hoc di cht piston.
Hnh 3.5: Piston
1. nh piston, 2. Rnh xecmang,
3. Thn piston, 4. cht piston
48
- Xecmang kh c chc nng lm kn bung t v dn nhit t nh piston ra
thnh xy lanh. Trn nh piston c t 2 - 4 xecmang kh. Xecmang pha trn cng l
xecmang la, mt ngoi c m crom.
- Xecmang du c chc nng san u du bi trn ln mt gng xy lanh v
gt du bi trn t mt gng xy lanh v cacte du. Trn nh piston c t 1 - 2 xecmang
du, c b tr pha di xecmang kh.

- Cht piston l chi tit lin kt piston vi thanh truyn. C 3 phng n lin kt
nh sau:
Phng n 1: cht piston c c nh vi thanh truyn v chuyn ng tng i
vi piston.
Phng n 2: cht piston c c nh vi piston v chuyn ng tng i vi
thanh truyn.
Phng n 3: cht piston chuyn ng tng i vi c thanh truyn v piston.
+ Thanh truyn l b phn trung gian lin kt piston vi trc khuu v cho php
bin chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston thnh chuyn ng quay ca trc khuu.
Thanh truyn thng c rn hoc dp bng thp gm ba phn: u to, u nh,
thn.
Hnh 3.6: Tc dng lm kn
bung t ca xecmang kh
Hnh 3.7: Hin tng
xecmang bm du ln
bung t (a, b) v tc
dng gt du ca
xecmang (c)
49
Hnh 3.8: Cc chi tit ca nhm thanh truyn
1. u nh, 2. Thn, 3. u to, 4. Np, 5. Bc c bin, 6. Bulon thanh truyn,
7. Bc cht piston
+ Trc khuu l b phn c chc nng tip nhn ton b p lc kh trong xy lanh
ri truyn cho cc h tiu th, h tiu th bn trong (trc cam, cc bm du, bm nc,
v.v.), h tiu th bn ngoi (chn vt, my pht in, ....).

Trc khuu c rn hoc c t thp bao gm cc b phn: c chnh (lp trong
chnh ca ng c), c bin (lp vi u to ca thanh truyn), m khuu (lin kt c
chnh v c bin), cc i trng ( cn bng lc qun tnh).

Hnh 3.9: Trc khuu
a) Trc khuu b) Bnh c) Khuu trc
1. C chnh, 2. M khuu, 3. L dn du, 4. C bin
c)
50
Hnh 3.10: C cu phn phi kh ca ng c 2 k (a) v ca ng c 4 k (b)
1. Trc cam, 2. Con i, 3. a y, 4. n gnh, 5. Xupap

1.3.2. H thng phn phi kh
- C cu phn phi kh:
C cu phn phi kh c chc nng iu khin qu trnh np kh mi vo khng
gian cng tc ca xy lanh, thi kh thi ra khi ng c.

Hu ht ng c 4 k hin nay c c cu phn phi kh kiu xupap.
i vi ng c 2 k, khng nht thit phi c xupap, chc nng iu khin qu
trnh np x c m nhim bi piston, ca np, ca x.
- Xupap l mt loi van c
trng ca ng c t trong, c chc
nng ng m ng ng np, x.
Trong qu trnh hot ng ca
ng c, xupap thi chu nhit
thng xuyn ca kh thi 600 - 700
( C). Nn xupap thi c ch to
t thp hp kim cht lng cao.
1.3.3. H thng nhin liu
H thng nhin liu c nhim
v cung cp y nhin liu cho
ng c lm vic theo yu cu di
dng ho kh v sau thi kh chy
ra ngoi.
- H thng nhin liu ca ng
c Xng:
Hnh 3.11: Xupap c gn thm vt liu chu nhit v
lm mt bng sodium nng chy
51
Cc b phn c bn ca h thng nhin liu ng c Diesel nh sau:
+ Bnh lc nhin liu: Lm nhim v lc sch nc v tp cht c ln trong xng
trnh lm my kh khi ng v h hng ng ng dn nhin liu.
+ Bm nhin liu: c dng bm nhin liu n b ho kh, bo m
nhin liu cho ng c lm vic.
+ Ch ho kh: C nhim v to thnh ho kh (xng v khng kh) di dng
sng m cung cp vo xylanh cho ng c k np.
- H thng nhin liu ca ng c Diesel:
H thng nhin liu c
chc nng lc sch nhin
liu v cung cp cho bung
t ca ng c.
Cc b phn c bn ca
h thng nhin liu ng c
Diesel nh sau:
+ Thng nhin liu:
Bao gm thng nhin liu
hng ngy v thng nhin
liu d tr.
+ Bm thp p: C
chc nng ht nhin liu t
bnh cha hng ngy cung
cp cho bm cao p. H
thng nhin liu c th c
hoc khng c bm thp p.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1. Thng xng, 2. ng dn, 3. Bnh lc, 4. Bm, 5. Ch ho kh,
6. Bu lc gi, 7. ng np, 8. ng x, 9. ng tiu m

Hnh 3.12: H thng nhin liu ng c xng
1.Thng nhin liu, 2.Bm thp p, 3.Lc nhin liu,
4.Bm cao p, 5.ng cao p, 6.Vi phun,
7.B iu tc, 8.B iu chnh gc phun sm,
9.ng thp p, 10.ng hi du
Hnh 3.13: H thng nhin liu ng c diesel
52
+ Lc nhin liu: Lc sch nhin liu trc khi a n bm cao p.
+ ng dn nhin liu: C ng dn thp p v ng dn cao p.
+ Bm cao p: Nn nhin liu c p sut rt cao (100 - 1500 bar) ri y n vi
phun. Bm cao p cn c chc nng iu chnh lng nhin liu cp vo bung t (chc
nng nh lng), nh thi im bt u v kt thc qu trnh phun nhin liu (chc
nng nh thi).
+ Vi phun nhin liu: C cu trc tia nhin liu ph hp vi phng php t chc
qu trnh chy.
1.3.4. H thng bi trn
H thng bi trn c chc nng lc, cung cp du n cc b mt chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau nhm lm gim lc ma st v hao mn.
Cc phng php bi trn: hi du, vung to du, p sut.
a s ng c
t trong hin nay
c trang b h
thng bi trn di
p sut. H thng
ny dng bm du
nn du n p sut
1.5 - 8 bar, ri cung
cp vo mch du
chnh ca ng c, t
mch du chnh du
c chuyn n cc
b mt cn bi trn:
c chnh, c bin trc
khuu, cam, mt
gng xy lanh, v.v.

Hnh 3.14: Bi trn
bng cch vung to
1. Cacte du 2. Lc th 3, 10. Bm du bi trn
4. Lc tinh 5. Bnh lm mt du 6. Mch du chnh
7. p k du 8. Van iu p 9. Van an ton,

Hnh 3.15: H thng bi trn tun hon cacte t (a) v cacte kh (b)
53
1. Lc 3. Bnh lm mt du bi trn
2. Bm lm mt ng c 4. ng nc lm mt ra khi ng c

Hnh 3.16: H thng lm mt tun hon

1.3.5. H thng lm mt
H thng lm mt c chc nng gii nhit t cc chi tit nng ca ng c (piston,
xy lanh, np xy lanh, xupap, v.v.) chng khng b qu ti v nhit. H thng bi trn
cn c chc nng th hai l duy tr nhit ca du bi trn trong mt phm vi nht nh
m bo cc ch tiu k thut ca du bi trn. Hai phng php lm mt ph bin l
lm mt bng khng kh v lm mt bng nc.
- Phng php lm mt bng khng kh: Phng php ny to ra xung quanh
xylanh mt lung khng kh thu nhit, mun tng b mt to nhit th mt ngoi ca
khi ng c phi lm cc ng gn ni ln gi l cnh tn nhit. H thng lm mt
khng kh c hai loi l lm mt t nhin (li dng s lu thng khng kh khi ng c di
chuyn) v lm mt cng bc (dng qut gi).
- Phng php lm mt bng nc:

Mi cht lm mt l cht c vai tr trung gian trong vic truyn nhit t cc chi tit
nng ca ng c ra ngoi (Hnh 3.16). Mi cht lm mt c th l du, nc, khng kh,
hoc l mt dung dch c bit.
1.3.6. H thng iu tc
H thng iu tc c nhim v iu chnh tc ng c bng cch thay i lng
nhin liu hoc ho kh vo xylanh cho ph hp vi ti ca ng c. C h thng iu tc
mt tc , hai tc , nhiu tc .
1.3.7. H thng khi ng
54
H thng khi ng lm nhim v m my, lm cho ng c chuyn t trng thi
ngh sang trng thi lm vic bng cch dng ngoi lc tc ng quay trc khuu ca
ng c vi vng.
Tc nh nht ca trc khuu c th khi ng c ng c c gi l tc
khi ng, k hiu l
k
.
- ng c xng:
k
= 40 n 50 vng/pht.
- ng c diesel = 100 n 300 vng/pht.
Nng lng sinh ra lc tc dng vo trc khuu khi ng ng c c th l
nhn cng hoc in.
- Khi ng nhn cng: L phng php s dng sc ngi tc dng lc ln tay
quay, cn p hoc dy mm c g sn trn u trc ng c cho n khi nghe thy
ting n ca ng c. Phng php ny ch s dng c cho nhng ng c c cng
sut nh, cn i vi ng c cng sut trung bnh v ln th ch c phng php khi
ng in mi p ng c.
- Khi ng in: L phng php s dng ng c in mt chiu ly ngun t c
quy ko trc ng c quay cho n khi ng c hot ng.
1.4. Nguyn tc hot ng
1.4.1. ng c xng bn k

Trong mt chu trnh lm vic ca ng c gm 4 hnh trnh chuyn ng ln,
xung ca piston trong xylanh tng ng vi 4 k: np, nn, n v x.
- K np: Piston i t im cht trn (
ct
) xung im cht di, xupap np m,
xupap x ng, p sut trong xi lanh gim, ha kh s np y vo xi lanh qua xupap np.
Hnh 3.17: S cu
to ng c xng 4 k
Buji
ct
cd
1
Ch ho kh
55
Np

im cht trn

im cht di

X
N
Nn

Hnh 3.18: th phn phi kh l thuyt

Khi piston xung ti im cht di (
cd
) th kt thc l np, trc ng c quay c
180
0

- K nn: Piston i t im cht di (
cd
) ln im cht trn (
ct
) th c 2 xupap
u ng ha kh trong xi lanh b nn li lm cho p sut v nhit tng dn, cui k
nn: p sut c th t ti 35kg/cm
2
, nhit tng t 650 n 700
0
C. Khi piston ln n
im cht trn th kt thc k nn, trc ng c quay thm c 180
0
.
- K n (k sinh cng): Cui k nn khi piston dch chuyn ln gn ti im cht
trn (
ct
) th buji bt tia la in t chy ha kh bung t, ha kh chy gy nn p
sut v nhit cao tc dng vo nh piston y piston i xung thng qua thanh truyn
trc khuu (trc c) sinh cng, khi piston xung di im cht di th kt thc k
n, trc ng c quay thm c 180
0
. k ny, c xupap np v x u ng p sut
ca hnh trnh ny c th t t 45 n 50 kg/cm
2
v nhit c th t ti 2000
0
n
2200
0
C.
- K x: Pt tng i t im cht di ln im cht trn, xupap np ng xupap x
m, kh chy qua xupap x x ra ngoi, khi piston ln ti im cht trn (
ct
) th kt thc
k x, trc ng c quay thm c 180
0
v hnh trnh mi li bt u.
Nh vy, mt chu trnh lm vic ca ng c trc khuu (trc c) quay c 2
vng (720
0
), th phn phi kh l thuyt nh hnh 3.18.

- Trong thc t, nng cao cng sut cho ng c th phi np c nhiu ha kh
vo xi lanh ca ng c, mun vy th ngi ta phi cho xupap np m sm mt gc
1
o
v ng mun hn mt gc
2
o nn hnh trnh np thc t s l: 180
0
+
1 2
o o + ln hn
hnh trnh l thuyt (ch c 180
0
).
Mt khc, mun np c nhiu ha kh vo xi lanh th phi x tht sch kh chy
trong xi lanh ra ngoi, v vy ngi ta phi cho xu-pp x m sm mt gc
3
o v ng
56
mun mt gc
4
o , hnh trnh x thc t s l: 180
0
+
3 4
o o + (ln hn hnh trnh x l
thuyt).

Ngoi ra t chy ht ho kh, ngi ta cho bugi nh la sm mt gc . th
phn phi kh ca ng c 4 k xng nh hnh 3.19.
1.4.2. ng c diesel bn k

Np
Nn
N
X
im cht trn
im cht di
o
1

o
2
o
3
o
4
Hnh 3.19: th phn phi kh
Hnh 3.20: S cu to
ng c diesel 4 k
ct
cd
57
Trong mt chu trnh lm vic ca ng c gm 4 hnh trnh chuyn ng ln,
xung ca piston trong xylanh tng ng vi 4 k: np, nn, n v x.
- K np: Piston i t im cht trn (
ct
) xung im cht di, xupap np m,
xupap x ng, p sut trong xi lanh gim, khng kh c lc sch s np y vo xi
lanh qua xupap np. Khi piston xung ti im cht di (
cd
) th kt thc l np, trc
ng c quay c 180
0

- K nn: Piston i t im cht di (
cd
) ln im cht trn (
ct
) th c 2 xupap
u ng, khng kh trong xi lanh b nn li lm cho p sut v nhit tng dn, cui k
nn: p sut c th t ti 40 n 50kg/cm
2
, nhit tng n 900
0
C. Khi piston ln n
im cht trn th kt thc k nn, trc ng c quay thm c 180
0
.
- K n (k sinh cng): Cui k nn khi piston dch chuyn ln ti gn im cht
trn (
ct
) th bm cao p bm du diesel vo xylanh thng qua kim phu cao p di dng
sng m. Du diesel gp khng kh nng, p sut cao t bc chy, ha kh chy gy nn
p sut v nhit cao tc dng vo nh piston y piston i xung thng qua thanh
truyn trc khuu (trc c) sinh cng, khi piston xung di im cht di th kt
thc k n, trc ng c quay thm c 180
0
. k ny, c xupap np v x u ng p
sut ca hnh trnh ny c th t t 60 n 80 kg/cm
2
v nhit c th t ti 2200
0
C.
- K x: Pt tng i t im cht di ln im cht trn, xupap np ng xupap x
m, kh chy qua xupap x x ra ngoi, khi piston ln ti im cht trn (
ct
) th kt thc
k x, trc ng c quay thm c 180
0
v hnh trnh mi li bt u.
Cng tng t nh ng c xng 4 k, mun tng cng sut ca ng c th xupap
np phi m sm mt gc
1
v ng mun mt gc
2
, cn xupap x phi m sm mt
gc
3
v ng mun mt gc
4
. ng thi vi phun cao p cng phi phun nhin liu
sm mt gc . th phn phi kh l thuyt v thc t tng t nh ng c xng 4
k.
1.5. Nhn bit cc h thng ca ng c t trong
Trong phm vi chng trnh, ni dung ny s tp trung gii thiu cc b phn ca
ng c t trong trong mt s t my pht in.
1.5.1. My Kubota
My pht in Kubota do Nht Bn sn xut c ng c s cp l ng c t trong
s dng nhin liu l xng hoc diesel.
- T my pht in 10kVA: ng c s cp l ng c diesel 4 k, khi ng bng
nhn cng (bng tay quay) lm mt bng nc, cng sut 11,8kW. S hiu ER 1400-GE
(Hnh 3.21).
Cc b phn bn ngoi gm:
1. Kt nc lm mt 7. Bnh xe 13. Bnh lc du
2. Bu lc khng kh 8. Khung 14. Tay quay khi ng
3. Cn iu chnh tc 9. Thng cha nhin liu
4. Cn gim p 10. Hp iu khin
5. Trc khi ng 11. My pht in
6. Gi t my 12. Kho nhin liu
58
Hnh 3.21: Hnh nh bn ngoi t my Kubota 10KVA

.

- T my pht in 1,5kVA: ng c s cp l ng c xng 4 k, khi ng bng
nhn cng (bng dy mm), lm mt bng khng kh t nhin. S hiu AE 18A3 (Hnh
3.22).

Hnh 3.22: Hnh nh bn ngoi t my Kubota 1,5KVA
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
59
Hnh 3.23: Hnh dng bn ngoi t my EXT 35/45 DH1
1. Thng cha nhin liu
2. Kho nhin liu
3. Kho in
4. Thc kim tra du bi trn
5. Dy mm khi ng
6. Bu lc khng kh
7. Khung
1.5.2. My Honda 50kVA
Ton b my c t trong mt hp chng n. ng c s cp c khi ng
in, lm mt bng nc. S hiu EXT 35/45 DH1 (Hnh 3.23).

1. Bng iu khin 5. Bnh d tr 9. Bnh lc du
2. Thng cha nhin liu 6. Kt nc lm mt 10. Cc lng cn
3. Bu lc du 7. ng c 11. c quy
4. Bnh lc nhin liu 8. Thc kim tra du 12. My pht chnh

60
Hnh 3.24: Mt s chi tit bn trong my EXT 35/45 DH1

1.5.3. My ELEMAX.SH 6500 DX cng sut 6kVA
ng c s cp l ng c xng 4 k, mt xylanh, kiu GX390, khi ng bng
nhn cng (bng dy mm) do hng Honda ca Nht sn xut (Hnh 3.25).

Hnh 3.25: T my pht in ELEMAX
61
1. Thc kim tra du bi trn
2. c x du bi trn 10. Cng tc xoay chiu
3. S seri ng c (SH 1700DX, SH 2600DX)
4. Kha in ng c 11. n bo
5. Dy khi ng 12. Cu ch mch mt chiu
6. Bu lc gi 13. Cc ni t
7. Kha nhin liu 14. Cc ni dy mt chiu
8. Cn iu chnh ho kh 15. Cng tc xoay chiu
9. cm in xoay chiu (SH 3500DX, SH 5000DX, SH 6500DX)
1.6. Bo dng ng c t trong
1.6.1. Bo dng thng xuyn
Bo dng thng xuyn l cng vic m ngi cng nhn vn hnh phi lm hng
ngy. Ngoi gi chy my, phi thc hin ch kim tra v bo dng nh sau:
- Kim tra lng du bi trn: Mc du phi nm trong khong gia vch ti a v
ti thiu trn thc kim tra. Nu lng du thiu (di mc ti thiu) phi b sung, nu
tha (trn mc ti a) th phi x bt.
- Kim tra nc lm mt (nu c): i vi ng c lm mt bng nc, vic kim
tra lng nc l vic lm quan trng, v nu lng nc qu t c th s gy nng my
trong qu trnh lm vic, thm ch b my dn n chy hoc v my. Do , nc lm
mt phi m bo lun y, nu thiu phi b sung. Vic kim tra c th thng qua c
cu ch th hoc kim tra trc tip bng cch m np kt nc (khi my trng thi
dng). Phi s dng nc sch lm mt, tt nht l dng nc ct, khng c s
dng nc sng hoc nc ma.
- Kim tra nhin liu: Vic ny c th thc hin thng qua c cu ch th hoc trc
tip, nu thy cn phi b sung. Nn thng xuyn bnh trng thi y nhin liu
mt trong ca bnh c bo qun (khng b han g). Khi b sung nhin liu phi lau sch
xung quanh ming bnh cha bi bn khng c kh nng xm nhp vo trong bnh.
- Kim tra chc chn, kn ca cc loi ng ni, vi dn nhin liu, bi trn,
lm mt (c th thc hin bng my hoc bng mt thng cn c vo cc du hiu bn
ngoi), nu thy hin tng r r phi khc phc hoc thay th.
- Kim tra cc ai c, bulon bn ngoi my v xit cht li nu thy cn thit.
- Kim tra mc dung dch, in p, tip xc ca c quy v dy dn (nu c).
1.6.2. Bo dng nh k
Bc 1: Xc nh danh mc cc chi tit, cc b phn ca ng c cn bo dng
i vi mi loi ng c, trong hng dn s dng bao gi cng c danh mc bo
dng ring. Thng thng cn c vo s gi chy my xc nh cc chi tit, b phn
cn bo dng nh: Sau 50 gi u tin, sau 100 gi, sau 250 gi, sau 400 gi v sau 100
gi tr ln.
- Sau 50 gi u tin: Thay du bi trn v lc du.
- Sau 100 gi: Kim tra v sinh bu lc gi, ng nhin liu/ln.
62
Hnh : 3.26
- Sau 250 gi: Thay du bi trn/ln.
- Sau 400 gi: Kim tra mc dung dch c quy, kim tra v sinh vi phun, ch ha
kh/ln.
- Sau 500 gi: Kim tra bo dng cc chi tit bu lc gi, thay lc du cho ng
c, kim tra v sinh kt nc/ln.
- Sau 1000 gi: o kim tra p sut nn ca ng c, kim tra iu chnh khe h
xupap, v sinh thng nhin liu/ln.
- Sau 2000 gi: Thay nc lm mt/ln.
Bc 2: Bo dng cc chi tit cho ng c
- Thay du bi trn: Cng vic ny thc hin sau 50 gi u v 250 gi chy my.
Dng c c th l c-l hoc tup. Trnh t nh sau:
+ Vn c x du x du vo vt cha (chu, thng,..) n khi ht.
+ Vn c x du tr li v tr u, rt du mi vo theo lng quy nh.
+ Kim tra li mc du bng thc thm du, khi ng ng c vi pht.
+ Kim tra r r, nu thy c hin tng phi khc phc ngay.
+ Dng ng c t 10 n 20 pht, nu thy lng du thiu phi b sung.
- Thay lc du: Cng vic thay lc du cho ng c sau 50 gi u tin v sau mi
500 tip theo. Trnh t cng vic nh sau (Hnh 3.26):

+ Tho lc du, vn hp lc du bng tay ngc chiu kim ng h.
+ a hp mi vo
+ Vn li nh v tr ban u, khi vng m tip xc vi b mt ca giong th
xit cht thm t 1/4 n 1 vng na.
+ Chy th kim tra, nu r r phi khc phc ngay.
- Bo dng cc lc nhin liu: Thc hin sau 100 v 500 gi chy my, trnh t nh sau
(Hnh 3.27):
+ Vn kha nhin liu v v tr ng.
+ Tho vng hm, ly cc lc ra.
63

+ Ra sch cc lc v cc chi tit bng xng (i vi ng c xng) hoc du
diesel (i vi ng c diesel).
+ Lp li nh v tr ban u.
- Bo dng bu lc gi: Thc hin sau 500 gi chy my, trnh t cng vic nh
sau:
+ Tho cc chi tit bu lc gi, lau sch cc chi tit, thi sch bi bn bng kh.
Nu bu lc gi qu bn phi dng cht ty ra kt hp vi nc ra.
+ Sau khi bu lc gi sch cn phi lau kh trc khi lp tr li.
- Kim tra vi phun: Trn thc, t c nhiu phng php kim tra vi phun, tuy
nhin trong iu kin sn xut c th kim tra bng phng php th cng nh sau (Hnh
3.28):

+ y du vo vi phun.
+ u vi phun vo t giy trng.
+ y thanh rng n rng cui cng.
Hnh 3.27
Hnh 3.28
64
Hnh 3.29: S my pht in 3 pha
Hnh 3.30: Cu to stato
V
Li thp
Dy qun
+ Dng bn tay n mnh l xo cn y piston.
+ Xem hnh dng du phun trn mt giy xc nh tnh trng ca vi phun. Nu
vi phun b tc th phi tho ri tng chi tit, ra bng du diesel, co sch mui trn
ming vi phun, dng u kim thp c ng knh bng ng knh l phun soi mui
trong l phun
+ Ra li bng du diesel, lau kh ri lp li.
2. My pht in ng b ba pha
2.1. Khi nim
My in ng b l my in t quay, c tc quay ca roto bng tc quay
ca t trng v khng i.
n = 60f/p
Trong :
n: Tc quay ca roto (vng/pht)
p: S i cc
f: Tn s ngun xoay chiu
Theo nguyn l thun nghch, my in ng b c th dng lm my pht in hay
ng c in, nhng thng thng c dng lm my pht v c cu to phc tp v t
tin.
2.2. Cu to
V c bn, my pht in ng b gm c hai phn (Hnh 3.29): Stato (cn gi l
phn tnh hay phn ng) v roto (cn gi l phn quay hay phn cm).

2.2.1. Stato
Stato ca my in ng b c cu
to gm cc b phn sau:
- V: c bao bc bn ngoi li
thp, dng bo v cc b phn bn
trong ca my. V my thng c c
bng gang hoc hp kim nhm.
- Li thp: gm nhiu l thp k
thut in mng, dp nh hnh ri p cch
65
Hnh 3.32: Roto cc li
Mt cc t

Mt trong stato

Lng sc khuyt
Dy qun kch t
in li vi nhau thnh khi tr, pha trong c phay cc rnh t dy qun (Hnh 3.30)
- Dy qun: gm c ba cun dy thng c lm bng ng c ph sn cch in,
cc cun dy ny t lch nhau mt gc 120
0
trong khng gian, u thnh hnh sao (Y)
hay tam gic ().
2.2.2. Roto
Roto ca my pht in ng b l mt nam chm in, gm c:
- Cc t: c lm t nhiu l thp k thut in mng, dp nh hnh ri ghp cch
in vi nhau thnh hnh tr, bn ngoi c phay cc rnh t dy qun.
- Dy qun: c lm bng ng, c ph sn cch in. Dy qun c qun xung
quanh cc t, cho dng in mt chiu i qua (dng in kch t).
Tu thuc vo hnh dng m ngi ta phn roto lm hai loi: roto cc li v roto
cc n.
- Cc my in ng b roto cc n hin i thng ch to vi s cc 2p = 2, tc
quay ca rto l 3000 vg/ph.
hn ch lc ly tm, ng knh D ca rto khng vt qu 1,1 1,15 m.
tng cng sut, ngi ta tng chiu di l ca rto. Chiu di ti a ca rto vo khong
6,5 m.
- My in ng b cc li thng c tc quay thp, ng knh rto D c th ti 15
m, chiu di l nh. T l l/D = 0,15 0,2.

2.3. Nguyn l hot ng
Khi ng c s cp ko rto my pht quay vi tc nh mc, ng thi cho
dng in mt chiu vo dy qun rto (dy qun kch thch), rto tr thnh nam chm
in. Khi roto quay, t trng ca rto qut qua cc thanh dn ca dy qun stato lm t
thng trong cc thanh dn bin thin sinh ra sc in ng cm ng trong cc cun dy
stato. V chiu ca t thng qua cc thanh dn thay i ty theo v tr ca roto trong qu
trnh roto quay nn sc in ng trn cc cun dy stato l xoay chiu.
Tn s ca sc in ng cm ng l: f = pn/60
Trong : n l tc quay ca rto, p l s i cc ca my.
Gi tr hiu dng ca s... cm ng trong mi pha ca dy qun stato l:
E = 4,44fW.k
dq
.
m

Hnh 3.31: Roto cc n

66

n
a)
b)

n
Hnh 3.33: S nguyn l ca my in ng b ba pha.
a) u hnh sao - Y; b) u tam gic -
X
C
Z
B
Y
X
B
Y
C
Z
A
A
Trong :
m
- t thong cc i trong khe h di mt cc t
W - s vng dy ca mi pha dy qun phn ng
k
dq
- h s dy qun.

Khi dy qun phn ng ca my c ni vi ti bn ngoi, s xut hin dng in
ba pha i xng lch nhau v thi gian l 120
0
in chy trong dy qun ba pha (t lch
nhau trong khng gian mt gc 120
0
in) s sinh ra t trng quay vi tc bng tc
quay rto, v vy my c gi l my in ng b.
2.4. Bo dng my pht in ng b ba pha
2.4.1. Bo dng thng xuyn
Cng vic bo dng thng xuyn my in ng b l: phi thng xuyn lau
chi sch s bn ngoi my in ng b, khng c bi bn v nc bn vo.
- Thng xuyn kim tra v b sung du m bi trn, trong qu trnh my lm vic
phi thng xuyn kim tra cc bulng bt cht nh bulng b my, dy tip t
2.4.2. Bo dng nh k
Phi nh thi gian tin hnh bo dng theo tng cp, thng thng 3 thng 1
k bo dng cp 1, ni dung ca bo dng cp 1 gm:
- Lau chi sch s bn ngoi my in, kim tra in tr cch in ca b dy, nu
in tr cch in b m th ta phi sy li b dy.
- Thi sch bi bn trong my, xit cht bulng, m c chn my, np my v
khp ni trc, xit li bulng, bt cht dy tip t, xit cht cc m c bt dy hp cc
u dy ca my, b phn chi than v cc u dy ni vo chi than.
- Lau chi vnh ng, chi than, mi li chi than, cng v iu chnh li lc p ca
l xo gi chi than c n nh, tip xc tt.
- Kim tra v thay th m vng bi nu cn.
Vi my pht in ng b th sau 4000 gi lm vic ta tin hnh bo dng cp 2,
ni dung bo dng cp 2 cng bao gm cc cng vic nh bo dng cp 1 v thm cc
cng vic sau:
67
- Kim tra bi, bc , nu bc hoc vng bi b gi, b v th phi thay bc
hay vng bi mi. Thay ton b du m mi, o in tr cch in v sn sy li b dy
nu thy cn thit
My in ng b sau khi bo dng xong (bo dng nh k) th phi kim tra li
nh gi cht lng khi bo dng, cng vic kim tra c tin hnh nh sau:
Bc 1: Kim tra vng bi xem c b gi, b lch tm hay khng bng cch dng tay
quay th roto.
Bc 2: Kim tra thng mch ca cun dy bng ng h vn nng.
Bc 3: Kim tra in tr cch in
2.5. Vn hnh t my n pht in
2.5.1. Kim tra trc khi ng
- Kim tra du bi trn:
Trc khi khi ng phi kim tra du bi trn. Mc du phi nm trong khong
gia ca hai vch ti a v ti thiu ca thc kim tra. Nu thiu phi b xung, nu tha
phi x bt ra.
Khi kim tra du cn phi kim tra xem du cn sch khng, nu khng m
bo th phi thay du mi.
- Kim tra nc lm mt (nu c):
i vi nhng ng c khng c b phn bo mc nc lm mt th phi tho np
bnh cha ra kim tra. Nu nc lm mt mc thp th phi b xung. Khi b xung,
tt nht l dng nc ct, khng c s dng nc ma hoc nc sng.
- Kim tra nhin liu:
Kim tra nhin liu bng cch nhn vo b hin th mc nhin liu, nu cn th phi
b xung.
Khi b xung nhin liu cn ch lm sch bi bn xung quanh ch rt nhin liu.
- Kim tra dy cua-roa (nu c):
i vi nhng ng c cng sut va v ln, vic kim tra dy cua-roa l rt cn
thit. Nu dy b chng phi iu chnh li khong cch hai trc my pht - ng c. Nu
dy c biu hin dn, nt phi thay ngay.
- Kim tra c quy (nu c):
i vi nhng t my pht khi ng in phi ch kim tra c quy trc khi vn
hnh (mc dung dch in phn, cc tnh, ...)
- Kim tra kho nhin liu:
Trc khi vn hnh cn a kho nhin liu t v tr ng sang v tr m.
- Kim tra dy ni, vi dn:
Kim tra ng dy xem c xc v hay khng, nhng v tr tip xc c chc chn
hay khng, nu c th phi khc phc ngay.
Kim tra tt c cc ng, vi dn, nu pht hin c nguy c r r, h hng phi sa
cha hoc thay th ngay.
68
- Kim tra bng iu khin:
Trc khi khi ng, tt c cc cng tc, cu dao hoc p t mt phi v tr tt
(OFF).
- Kim tra xit cht ca cc c vt:
2.5.2. Khi ng v vn hnh
- Khi ng nhn cng:
i vi nhng ng c cng sut nh thng p dng phng php khi ng bng
nhn cng nh: tay quay, dy mm, cn p,...
Trc khi khi ng cn la cho trc khuu ca ng c vo ng tm nn (v tr
m tay quay, cn p hay dy mm c cm gic nng nht).
- Khi ng in:
i vi ng c khi ng in (thng di dng nt n), ta ch c php n nt
trong khong thi gian 3 n 5 giy. Nu ng c khng chy phi ch 20 n 30 giy
sau mi c khi ng li. Khng nn khi ng qu 3 ln trnh hai c quy. Nu sau
3 ln khi ng m ng c khng chy th phi dng li tm hiu nguyn nhn khc
phc.
Ch :
Khi khi ng nhn cng, i vi ng c c b phn gim p th trong qu trnh
khi ng cn lu n nt gim p cho n khi tc ng c ln mi c nh ra.
i vi ng c khi ng in th khi ng c hot ng ri th khng c vn
kho hay n nt khi ng na.
Sau khi khi ng, cn kim tra cc thng s: p lc du, nhit nc lm mt, ...
qua cc h thng ch th.
- iu chnh tn s v in p ca my pht:
Sau khi my chy, cn o kim tra tn s v in p ca my pht xem t tiu
chun hay cha
Tn s in p vi tc khng ti phi t khong 50,2Hz, nu cha t phi tng
tc ng c.
Nu in p ca my pht cha t phi iu chnh bin tr t yu cu.
- ng ti:
Sau khi iu chnh tn s in p ca my pht n nh, ta ng p t mt sang v tr
m (ON) cp ngun cho ti.
Quan st ng h o dng (nu c). i vi t my pht ba pha, cn o c dng v
in p trn ba pha. Nu c s mt cn bng gia cc pha th phi iu chnh ti cho ph
hp.
Trong qa trnh chy my, cng nhn vn hnh khng c ri khi v tr t my.
Phi thng xuyn kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca my thng qua ng h, n bo. Khi
nghe thy ting ku l phi kim tra tm hiu nguyn nhn, trong trng hp cn thit c
th dng my khc phc
2.5.3. Dng ng c
69
Khi mun dng my ta phi lm tun t cc thao tc :
- Chuyn p t mt, cu dao, cng tc v v tr tt (OFF)
- Gim dn tc ng c
- Vn kho ng c v v tr tt (OFF)
- Kho ng nhin liu vo ng c
- Lau chi bo qun my
- Ghi li tnh trng hot ng ca ng c vo s giao ca hoc bo co li tnh trng
k thut my cho ngi qun l.

70
CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by vai tr v cc tham s ca ng c t trong?
2. Nu cng dng ca cc h thng chnh ca ng c xng?
3. Nu cng dng ca cc h thng chnh ca ng c diezel?
4. Phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca ng c xng?
5. Phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca ng c diezel?
6. Trnh by cu to ca my pht in ng b 3 pha?
7. Phn tch nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b 3 pha?
8. Nu quy trnh vn hnh t my pht in?
9. Nu quy trnh bo dng ng c t trong?
10. Nu quy trnh bo dng my pht in?

71
Bi 4: CC T NGUN

Mc tiu ca bi:
Sau khi hc xong bi ny, hc sinh s c kh nng:
- Nhn bit c cc loi t ngun.
- Nm c nguyn l lm vic cc loi t ngun.
- Vn hnh, bo dng cc loi t ngun.
1. S khi ca h thng cp ngun
1.1. S khi
Thit b ngun in c nhim v to ra nng lng in cn thit cung cp cho
cc thit b vin thng lm vic. Thng thng ngun nng lng to ra l ngun in
mt chiu ly t mng in xoay chiu (in li, my n) hay t ngun mt chiu khc
(accu).
1.1.1. S khi cung cp ngun DC cho i trm vin thng (Hnh 4.1):
- AC panel: Bng u vo in p AC. C hai u vo t li in quc gia hay t
my pht in.
- T phn phi AC: Nhn in p AC 3 pha (1 pha) t AC panel cp cho my nn
v b Inverter.
- Rectifier: Bin i in p 3 pha (1 pha) thnh in p 48V DC cp cho i trm
v np cho Battery.
- T phn phi in p DC (-48VDC). Nhn in p t my nn cung cp ti cc
gi my trong i trm. Mi gi my li c cc cu ch bo v v cp ngun ring.
- Battery: Thng thng, mi t gm 24 bnh, mi bnh 2V (1680A) dng cung cp
cho i trm v b Inverter.
- My pht 3pha (1pha): Cung cp AC 3 pha (1 pha) cho h thng ngun nu mt
in li.
- Inverter: Bin i in p 48VDC thnh 220V AC cung cp cho cc thit b iu
khin nh: n chiu sng, h thng my tnh, my in, mn hnh

AC
panel

T phn
phi AC

My nn
Rectifier
T phn phi
DC mch iu
khin np
ACCU
B bin i
DC/AC
Inverter
Accu/Battery
My pht
AC3 pha
AC 3
pha
AC

3
pha
AC

3
pha
48V
DC 48VDC
220VDC
Hoc v
AC/AC
AC 1 pha
220V
Hnh 4.1: S khi cp ngun mt chiu cho i trm vin thng
72

Qua s cung cp in DC cho i trm, ta thy:
Nu trm vin thng mt ton b in p DC ti u ra ca t phn phi DC th cc
thit b s ngng mi hot ng, mt lin lc hon ton. Lc ny ta cn x l nh sau:
- Ct ngun xoay chiu u vo.
- Kim tra li ton b cu ch cp ngun cho cc thit b, gi my. Nu c cu ch
no t th cn phi kim tra tm nguyn nhn khc phc v thay cu ch ng dng danh
nh, kim tra o th tng bc ngc t pha tng i ra t phn phi DC.
- Nu h thng cu ch DC cho cc gi my tt cn kim tra li h thng cung cp
ngun DC d phng (h thng c quy): kim tra cc thng s in, cc thng s vt l
xem c quy c b v hay b hng hay lng cc cu ni hay khng? Nu c s c xy ra th
tin hnh thay th vi ng cc tr s yu cu theo tiu chun ca thit b tiu th v theo
tiu chun ca ngnh ra.
- Kim tra li ton b h thng my nn, t phn phi AC, my pht in, b i
in DC/AC xem c h hng g khng? Nu khng ta tin hnh ct ton b h thng
ngun DC cung cp cho tng i, cp li ngun xoay chiu AC 3 pha (1 pha) u vo,
kim tra li ch hot ng ca my nn, bt cng tc aptomat cp ngun DC ra np
th c quy, kim tra li cc thng s k thut cn thit.
- Sau khi h thng np c in cho c quy, hot ng bnh thng ta tin hnh
ng cc aptomat cp ngun DC cho i trm ti cc t phn phi DC khi phc li
trng thi hot ng bnh thng cho trm.
1.1.2. S khi cung cp ngun AC cho h thng tng i (Hnh 4.2):
+ My bin p: Cung cp in xoay chiu 220VAC 3 pha cho h thng in.
+ Aptomat cp ngun chnh: Cung cp ngun, bo v h thng in nu c cc t
bin v dng (qu dng danh nh Aptomat s nhy).
+ Thit b ct lc st: Ct lc dng st khng cho lm nh hng ti thit b.
+ My pht 3 pha: Cung cp AC 3 pha nu AC li b mt.
+ Cu dao 3 pha 2 ng: Cu dao o chiu cung cp ngun (li hay my n) cho
AC Distributor.
+ AC Distributor: Cung cp AC cho Rectifier, inverter, bo v qu p s cp cho
tng i.

in li
quc
gia

My
bin p
Aptomat
cp ngun
chnh
Cu dao 3
pha 2 ng
AC
Distributor
AC
3 pha
(1 pha)
AC
3 pha
(1 pha)
48VDC
Rectifier
AC
3 pha

My pht
in 3 pha
(300KVA)

(250KVA)

(400A)

Hnh 4.2: S khi ca ht thng cung cp ngun in AC
73
Nu tng i trm b mt ngun AC th:
- Cn kim tra xem u vo t phn phi AC c in p khng? Nu c m khng
thy AC cp vo Rectifier cn kim tra li cc aptomat cp AC cho Rectifier. Nu bnh
thng th kim tra li hoc my pht.
- Kim tra my pht in (trong trng hp chy my pht) xem c a in p vo
cu dao 3 pha 2 ng khng? Nu khng c cn kim tra li my pht xem c h hng g
khng?
- Kim tra xem u vo thit b ct lc st xem c in p vo hay khng. Nu c
m u ra ca thit b ct lc st khng c th kim tra li thit b ct lc st (thng
thng trong thit b ct lc st c 1 aptomat cp ngun cho thit b hot ng).
Nu u vo ca thit b ct lc st bnh thng th: Kim tra aptomat cp ngun
chnh xem c vn g khng? Thng thng aptomat ny u chung cho nhiu thit b
nn c th v l do no gy qu ti lm nhy aptomat ny.
- Khi phn phi ngun xoay chiu: C nhim v phn phi in xoay chiu cho
cc khi chnh lu, khi nghch lu, h thng chiu sng, iu ha v mt s thit b
khc. Ngun in ny l ngun xoay chiu ba pha bn dy, mt pha cp cho khi chnh
lu, mt pha cp cho khi nghch lu, pha cn li cp cho h thng chiu sng, iu ha
v cc thit b dng ngun xoay chiu khc.
- Khi chnh lu: C nhim v bin i ngun in xoay chiu thnh mt chiu lin
tc, n nh, bng phng. Phn n nh in p v dng in ca khi dng h thng
chuyn mch tn s cao. tng kh nng cp dng cho ti, trong khi ny c th dng
ti bn ngn chnh lu mc song song vi nhau.
- Khi iu khin: C nhim v chuyn i cc ch np in cho c quy, gim
st v cnh bo tnh trng hot ng ca cc khi chc nng cng nh trng thi ca c
quy, m bo cp in lin tc cho tng i k c khi mt in li v in my pht d
phng.
- Khi c quy: Gm hai t c quy c np ng thi, mt t c np dng bo
dng, nhm kia c np dng th ni cp in trc tip cho b nghch lu.
- Khi phn phn phi in mt chiu: C nhim v phn phi ngun in mt
chiu -48V cho cc card ngun trn cc ngn ca tng i to ra ngun n nh 12V
v 5V cp ngun nui IC.
- Khi nghch lu: C nhim v bin i ngun mt chiu thnh ngun xoay chiu
cp in cho cc thit b vo, ra, phng trng hp h thng ngun in li gp s
c.
1.2. Nguyn l lm vic
- Trng thi bnh thng: Ngun xoay chiu c cp t khi phn phi ngun in
xoay chiu ti khi chnh lu, khi nghch lu, h thng chiu sng v iu ha khng
kh. Khi chnh lu thc hin bin i AC/DC to ra ngun in mt chiu n nh cung
cp cho tng i hoc viba v np cho c quy. in p u ra ca b ngun chnh lu
khong 51,6V n 52,08V.
- Khi ngun cung cp c s c: m cnh bo c kch hot, n LED mt
trc ca b chnh lu s sng, b chnh lu khng th cp ngun mt chiu cho ti. Lc
ny, c quy s cung cp ngun cho ton b h thng. Khi nghch lu c thc hin
74
chc nng bin i DC/AC to ra ngun xoay chiu cung cp cho cc thit b vo,
chiu sng, iu ha,...
- Khi ngun cung cp c khi phc: B chnh lu s t ng hot ng tr li
cung cp dng np cho c quy phng in trc . Dng in np cho c quy s c
b iu khin np t ng iu chnh dng np ph hp vi cc ch np, in p np
khong t 54V n 57,6V. Khi c quy c np y (np no), b iu khin s t
ng chuyn i sang ch np m th ni (float charge), in p np khong t
51,6V n 52,08V, cc n LED cnh bo li tr li trng thi bnh thng.
Trong qu trnh lm vic, nu in p phng ca c quy cao hoc thp hn nh mc
th b theo di t iu khin mt chiu s kch hot m thanh cnh bo khn cp. Khi
, phi kim tra li c quy.
1.3. Cc thnh phn thit b ch yu
1.3.1. T phn phi in xoay chiu (AC distribution rack)
- Thng s k thut:
+ in p xoay chiu u vo: 208V 10% hoc 380V 10%
+ S pha: 1 pha hoc 3 pha
+ Dng in tiu th ti a: vi trm Ampe
+ in tr cch in: 10M
+ Trng lng: hng trm kilogram
- S mt my:
ACDR
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(3)
(7)
(1): ng h o tn s
(2): ng h o in p
(3): Chuyn mch o in p
(4): Cng tc ba pha
(5): Cng tc mt pha
(6): ng h o dng in AC
(7): Cng tc d phng
Hnh 4.3: S mt my t phn phi in xoay chiu
75
- Chc nng: T phn phi in AC nhn ngun xoay chiu ba pha 208V hoc
380V t li in ri cung cp cho cc ngn chnh lu (t 1 n 8 ngn) qua cc cng tc
ba pha NBF (No Fuse circuit Breaker), ng thi cn cung cp ngun theo di in p
vo cho khi iu khin mt chiu.
1.3.2. T chnh lu
- Thng s k thut:
+ Phm vi bin i in p vo: 208V 10% hoc 380V 10%
+ Phm vi bin i tn s ngun u vo: 47Hz n 63Hz
+ in p khng cn bng gia cc pha: ln nht l 5%
+ in p ra: 48V (cc dng ni t)
+ n nh in p ra: 5%
+ Phm vi bin i in p khi np in:
- Np m: T 48VDC n 54VDC
- Np tng cng: T 52VDC n 56VDC
+ Dng in ti a: hng trm Ampe
+ in tr cch in: 10M
- S khi ca t chnh lu:
+ Mch vo: Bao gm cu ch v b lc nhiu cng nghip trn c ba pha ca
ngun ba pha u vo (cp t t phn phi xoay chiu).
+ B chnh lu: Mi ngn ngun bao gm bn b chnh lu mc theo kiu cu ba
pha, c tc dng bin i ngun xoay chiu ba pha thnh mt chiu.
+ B lc: Bao gm cun cm v t in c lp sau b chnh lu lc nhng
thnh phn sng hi pht sinh ngun u vo hoc trn ph ti.
Khi
iu khin
Mch
iu khin
Mch
bin i
tn s cao
B
chnh lu
mt pha
Mch vo
B chnh
lu ba pha
Mch lc
Mch lc
cui
AC
380V
DC
48V
Hnh 4.4: S khi t chnh lu
76
+ B bin i tn s cao: Bao gm hai transitor trng kt hp vi mch iu
khin ngt ngun mt chiu sau chnh lu vi tn s 30Hz.
+ Khi iu khin: Nhn tn hiu iu khin in p iu khin t u vo v u
ra ca b ngun iu chn rng xung cho ph hp, ng thi lm nhim v theo di
v thng bo li ca b ngun.
+ Khi chnh lu v lc ngun cui: C nhim v nng cao cht lng (san
phng) ngun mt chiu sau chnh lu cp cho ph ti.
- S mt my:
(1): ng h o dng in mt chiu u ra (DC output)
(2): n cnh bo li ngun xoay chiu u vo (AF - AC input fail)
(3): n bo np tng cng cho c quy (EQ - Equalized charging)
(4): n bo np m cho c quy (FL - Floating charging)
(5): Cc vt iu chnh in p v dng in khi np tng cng cho c quy
(6): Cng tc ngun chnh (Main power)
(7): n bo ngn chnh lu hot ng bnh thng
(8): n bo ngn chnh lu b li
(9): Cng tc ngun ca mi ngng chnh lu
(10): Bng ghi cc chc nng bo li, s c
- AF: Li ngun xoay chiu u vo (AC input fail)
- OC: Qu dng (Over current)
- OV: Qu p (Over volt)
- UV: in p thp (Under volt)
- UV
1
n UV
4
: Cc ngn chnh lu t 1 n 4 b li
(11): Cc n bo li ln lt: AF, OC, OV, UV
1
, UV
2
, UV
3
, UV
4,

(12): Cng tc chn ch np m hay tng cng
(13): Cng tc n bo

77
Hnh 4.5: S mt t chnh lu RECTIFIER

1.3.3. T iu khin mt chiu
- Cc ch tiu k thut
+ in p s dng: - 48V
+ Dng in ln nht: hng trm Ampe
+ in tr cch in: 10MO
- Chc nng:
+ T iu khin mt chiu m bo cung cp ngun mt chiu khng gin on
ca t chnh lu v ca c qui cho ti.
+ C th iu khin hot ng t mt n tm ngn chnh lu lm vic song song.
+ C kh nng theo di dng np ca c qui. N thc hin chc nng np b sung
trong cc trng hp sau:
- Khi dng np ca c qui vt qu gi tr nh trc.
- Sau khong thi gian t mt n ba thng
- Khi hot ng ch nhn cng
Trn t iu khin mt chiu c cc mch cnh bo theo di v thng bo tnh trng
lm vic bt thng ca t chnh lu, in p ra cao hoc thp, c qui phng qua dng,
gim st ngun xoay chiu vo v cnh bo hng cu ch.

78
- S dt my:

* Cc n bo s c:
- T R
1
n R
8
l n bo s c ca cc ngn chnh lu.
- OV: n bo in cao p
- UV: n bo in p thp
- BC: n bo c qui tnh trng nguy cp (Emergency Battery).
- LF: n bo hng cu ch ti (Load fuse)
- HF: n bo cu ch c qui hng (Battery fuse)

* Gii thch chc nng cc phm trn b np t ng (Hnh 4.7)
Hnh 4.6: T iu khin mt chiu
(1): ng h o in p mt chiu (DC)
(2): ng h o dng c quy
(3): ng h o dng ti
(4): n cnh bo s c
(5): B np t ng
Hnh 4.7: Mt trc ca b np t ng
79
(1): ng h o dng in ra
(2): n ch th, cnh bo
(3): Cng tc cnh bo ON/OFF
Hnh 4.8: S mt trc t phn phi mt chiu
- AU/MANU: chuyn i trng thi T ng/Nhn cng.
- EQ/FL: Thay i trng thi np in Tng cng/Nhn cng.
- Alarm: Bt tt cnh bo li t chnh lu (Rectifier fail alarm on/off)
- Enter: Kt thc thay i tham s (End of change parameter).
- BEC: Dng np cui cng ca c qui (Dung lng x (5I10mA/A.h) (Battery End
Current).
- BVC: in p np c qui (Battery Charge Volt 51I56V)
- PCT: Chu k np in cho c qui (Period Charge Time) t 30I90 ngy.
- BCT: Thi gian np in cho c qui (Battery Charge ) 1I5 gi
- BCC: Dng np tng cng (Battery Charging Condition)Dung lng x
(5I10mA/A.h).
- EQC, FLC: hai phm ny dng giois hn dng ca cc b chnh lu
(EQualized Current, Floating Current).
- EQV, FLV: Dng t in p np in tng cng v np m (EQualized
Voltage, FloatingVoltage).
- Ad: Tham s np b sung (charge parameter)
- PCTP: Thay i chuy k np b sung (Period Charge Time Passage).
- LOCK: Khng thay i c tham s (Parameter change disable).
1.3.4. T phn phi mt chiu
- in p s dng: -48V
- Dng in ln nht: hng ngn A
- in tr cch in: 10MO
- Trng lng: hng trm Kg

80
- Chc nng:
T phn phi in mt chiu c dng khi ti ca ngun phn b vt qu kh
nng phn b ca t iu khin mt chiu, n dng cho vic phn b ngun gn h thng
khi m h thng chuyn mch uwocj dt xa h thng cp ngun. v vy t phn phi
ngun in mt chiu ny khng i hi phi c mch in chc nng iu khin song
song cho b chnh lu, t ng np in v theo di bin p.
- S mt trc t phn phi in mt chiu: (Hnh 4.8)
1.3.5. T nghch lu (Inverter)
- Cc c tnh k thut:
+ in p xoay chiu vo: 380V
Tn s: 50 3Hz
S pha: 1 pha
+ in p mt chiu vo: -48V
+ in p xoay chiu ra: 220V 3%
+ Tn s: 50 3Hz
+ T l mo u ra (in p hoc dng in): Max 5%
+ in p nhiu: Max 2mV
+ in tr cch in: Min 5MO
+ Hiu sut: Min 70%
+ S mt trc t nghch lu: Hnh 4.9
* Trong hnh 4.9, cc n bo li ln lt l:
- AF: Li ngun xoay chiu (AC fail)
- DF: Li ngun mt chiu (DC fail)
- OV: Bo in p cao
- OC: Bo dng in cao (Over curent).
- IE: bo b nghch lu khn cp lm vic (Inverter emergency)
- UV: Bo in p thp.
- RF: Li t nghch lu (Rack fail)
* Cng tc:
(4) Cng tc bt tt cnh bo (Alarm on/off)
(5) Cng tc chn ch nhn cng t ng (Auto/manual)
* Cc kha chuyn mch:
(1) AC input: ngun xoay chiu vo.
(2) Main Inverter: B nghch lu chnh.
(3) Emergency Inverter: B nghch lu chnh.
(4): (5); (6); (7) AC out put 1; 2; 3; 4: in p xoay chiu ra 1; 2; 3; 4.
81

- Chc nng ca t nghch lu:
T nghch lu s dng hai ngun vo c lp l ngun AC v ngun DC khi lm
vic vi li in xoay chiu th n s dng ngun vo AC cung cp cho ti xoay
chiu (My tnh, my in, n chiu sng, thit b vo ra). Trong trng hp ngun Ac
c s c th n s dng ngun vo DC thc hin bin i DC/AC to ra dng in xoay
chiu n nh cung cp ti in lin tc cho ti.
T nghch lu c tnh d phng cao, ty thuc tnh hnh thc hin v mc cp
thit khi s dng c th chn ch t ng hoc nhn cng, chn b nghch lu chnh
hoc khn cp.
Thit b iu khin cnh bo trong t nghch lu lun gim st li ngun xoay chiu,
in p cao hoc thp hn so vi mc danh nh. Bnh thng th b nghch lu chnh
lm vic, nu in p vt qu tr s cho php th b nghch lu chnh ngng hot ng,
b nghch lu khn cp s lm vic. Khi lm vic ch khn cp th in p u ra
c n nh rt nhanh chng (ch sau 15 giy), lc ny n IE sng v mch cnh bo
c kch hot.
2. Mt s thit b cp ngun s dng trong trm vin thng
2.1. T ngun Lorain 300
(1): ng h o dng in xoay chiu ra
(2): ng h o tn s
(3): ng h o in p xoay chiu ra
(4): Cng tc cnh bo
(5): Cng tc chn ch nhn cng/t ng
(6): n bo li
(7): Kho chuyn mch
Hnh 4.9: Mt trc t nghch lu
82

Cc khi chc nng chnh ca h thng ngun AC/DC Lorain 300 dng cho BTS:
2.1.1. H thng ngun
- Rectifier lorain 48/50A max 6 ci
- Khi iu khin v hin th cnh bo
- Panel cc cu ch v ci cnh bo
2.1.2. T acqui
2V-256Ah/3Ah/440Ah.
2.1.3. Rectifier lorain 48/50A
Cc k hiu, hin th v iu khin ca rectifier lorain 300:
1- cp in AC u vo v in DC ra ti v accu.
2- Cc nt iu khin:
- Rec volt: u o in p DC ra ca rec.
- Rec cur:u o dng DC ra ca rec.
- Current Limmit: nt chnh gii hn dng ca rec.
- Fload, EQ: nt chnh dng in p fload, EQ.
- Test: Nt test rec chnh gii hn dng ca rec.
3- Cc hin th:
AC on; Open SNS; RFA; fan fail; rec cur.
2.1.4. Khi iu khin v hin th cnh bo
Cc k hiu, hin th v iu khin ca khi control panel lorain 300:

Cc khi chc nng chnh ca h thng ngun
AC/DC lorain 300 dng cho BTS
1- Rectifier LORAIN 48/50A max 06 ci
2-Khi iu khin v hin th cnh bo
3-Panel cc cu ch v ci cnh bo.

Hnh 4.10:H thng ngun LORAIN 300

83
1- S1, S2: Cng tc ba trng thi
chuyn gia cc ch np b (OFF-
Auto-Manual); chuyn gia cc ch
o (dng- p).
2- Cc nt iu khin:
- INC, DEC: tng gim cc gi tr
t ngng.
- SEL: Chn cc ch
- ACO: Tt chung cnh bo trn
t ngun
3- Cc hin th:
- Mn hin th cc gi tr o.
- Cc LED hin th: MN,
MJ,HVA1,HVA2,LVA1,LVA2,SET,EQ
,SET,ACO.

2.1.5. Panel cc cu ch v ci cnh bo:
1- Alarm Panel. 2- AUD ALARM. 3- L.V.DISC. 4- HVSD.
5- Inhibit Lamp. 6- RB1-3. 7- RB4-6. 8- RB7-9.
9- CBA-FA. 10- AUD/Alarm. 11- Speace puls.
2.1.6. B tr pha trong t ngun
- Bng ng dng ngun.
- Bng ng m ngun.
- Cc CB cp ngun cho ti.
- Cng tc t.
- Bng role u cnh bo a v OMC (LV, HV, MN, MJ).

- Bng ng dng ngun
- Bng ng m ngun
- Cc CB cp ngun cho ti
- Cng tc t
- Tm u cnh bo a v OMC
(LV, HV, MN, MJ)
Hnh 4.11: Khi iu khin v hin th cnh bo
.Hnh 4.12: B tr pha trong t ngun
84
2.1.7. Tm rle cnh bo
Cc cnh bo u ni v OMC
1 - AC 2 - RECi 3 - HVA2 4 - LVA2
2.2. T ngun VPRS 400
2.2.1. Cc khi chc nng chnh ca t ngun VPRS-400
1- RectifierDRM-550 max 08 ci.
2- Khi iu khin v hin th cnh bo CPRC.
3- Bng phn phi AC.
4- Bng phn phi DC.
2.2.2. Cc c tnh u vo
- in p u vo danh nh: 1|3W 220Vac/ 3|
4W 380Vac.
- in p lm vic: 165V ~ 275V.
- Tn s lm vic: 47 Hz ~ 63Hz.
- Dng khi ng: thp hn 50A (vi mi ngn
chnh lu).
- Hiu sut: 88% hoc ln hn (ti 25% ~ 100%
ti).
- H s cng sut: Ln hn 96% (ti 25% ~ 100% ti).
2.2.3. Cc c tnh u ra
- in p u ra danh nh : - 54.5V 0.2V (ti 50% tai).
- Di in p u ra : -44.0V ~ -59.0V.
- Dng tai MAX: 600A (50A x 12 ngn).
- n nh in p u ra khi in p u vo v tai thay i: 1.0% (0.54V hoc
nh hn).
- Gii hn dng tai: 40% ~ 110%.
- Bo v qu p u ra: Chnh lu ngng hot ng khi in p ra t -59.0V ~ -
60.0V.
- Bo v in p c quy thp: 42.0V 0.2V.
- in p nhiu u ra: -250mV hoc thp hn.
2.2.4. Cc k hiu, hin th v iu chnh ca rectifier VPRS 400
1- CB cp in AC u vo - in DC ra ti v c quy (Standby/Operation Switch).
2- Cc nt iu chnh:
VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT VR : chnh in p DC ra ca rec.
3- Cc hin th:
Power on; Standby; Alarm
Hnh 4.13: T ngun VPRS 400
85

2.2.5. Cc k hiu, hin th v iu khin ca VPRC 400
1- CB
- POWER : Cng tc cp ngun cho VPRC 400
- SOUND ALARM: Bt- tt ci cnh bo
2- Cc nt iu khin:
- DISPLAY, EDT, ENTER, UP, DOWN, ALARM, V SEL, A SEL.
3- Cc hin th:
- Mn hin th cc gi tr o, cnh bo.
- Cc LED hin th:
Monitor, Rec (Tx, Rx ), ACV, DCV, LDA, BTA.
2.2.6. B tr pha trong t ngun
Bng ng dng ngun.
Bng ng m ngun.
Cc CB cp ngun cho ti.
Cc CB cp ngun cho REC.
Cng tc t.
Chng st AC.
Khi CPRC.
2.2.7. Tm rle cnh bo (Cc cnh bo a ra)
RECF - Cnh bo ngn chnh lu.
Hnh 4.14: Cc k hiu, hin th v iu chnh ca rectifier VPRS 400
86

DCF - Cnh bo in p u ra (OV, UV).
ACF - Cnh bo in p u vo.
BF - Cnh bo c quy.
INVF - Cnh bo cho INVERTER.
CTRLF - Cnh bo ngn iu khin.
3. Vn hnh t ngun
vn hnh c t ngun ta tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
Bc 1: Nhn bit t ngun, ni dung ca vic nhn bit t ngun bao gm cc
cng vic sau:
- Tm hiu cu to mt my, bao gm cc nt iu khin, nm iu chnh, ng h
o in p v dng in, cc n ch th, cnh bo.
- Tm hiu s khi v chc nng ca tng khi.
- Tm hiu cc thng s k thut ca t ngun.
Bc 2: Kim tra t ngun trc khi a vo vn hnh, cng vic kim tra bao gm:
- Kim tra c kh: Kim tra cc khi linh kin, cc u ni, gic cm, cc ng h
o, n bo, cng tc xem c tut, hng, nt, v khng, c tip xc tt khng.
- Kim tra nhng ci t trn mch t iu khin xem c ng vi yu cu t hng
khng? (theo yu cu ca ti).
Bc 3: Bt cng tc ACIN v DC OUT v v tr OFF.
Bc 4: u ti vo dy dn trn li ra DC OUT theo nguyn tc dy dng ni
trc v u c quy (nu c).
Bc 5: Cp in vo my v bt cng tc AC IN kim tra tnh trng lm vic
bnh thng ca my bng cch quan st cc n ch th, cnh bo, nu c s c th phi
kim tra v x l ri mi a my vo lm vic.

LVD SWTICH
Open: ct
ACCU
Normal: ng
87
Bc 6: Bt cng tc DC OUT v v tr ON cp in cho ti, ch nu c
thit b ti cng s dng in th khng nn bt cng tc cp cho cc thit b cng mt
lc, m bt dn tng thit b trnh gy qu ti t ngt, sau kim tra xem dng tiu
th ca ph ti xem c vt qu dng in nh mc ca t ngun khng, nu c th phi
gim bt ti khng quan trng bo v t ngun khng b qu ti.
Bc 7: Gim st s hot ng ca t ngun.
Trong qu trnh t ngun lm vic, ngi vn hnh phi thng xuyn theo di s
hot ng ca t bng cch gim st cc n ch th, cnh bo v cc thit b bo v
bit c tnh trng vn hnh ca t ngun.
Bc 8: X l s c thng thng ca t ngun.
Mi khi xut hin cc li hay s c ca t ngun ta phi kim tra cc ch th cnh
bo, cng tc, cu ch xc nh s b v hin tng, nguyn nhn, sau tin hnh x
l theo hng dn ca nh sn xut.
4. Bo dng t ngun
4.1. Bo dng thng xuyn
- Phi thng xuyn lau chi sch s bn ngoi t ngun, cc mt ng h o, n
bo bng gi lau mm.
- Khng bi bn bm hay bt kn cc l thng gi bn di, pha sau, hai bn
sn v trn nc t ngun.
- Phi thng xuyn kim tra pht nhit bn trong my c bin php x l kp
thi.
4.2. Bo dng nh k
- Hng thng, hng qu phi kim tra, xit cht cc cc u dy, cc gic cm, dy
tip mt
- Phi nh k ht bi cho my, khng bi bn hay xc cn trng bm trn cc
mch in t.
- Phi nh k kim tra cc t ho ca b lc xem c b nt v khng kp thi
thay th.

88
CU HI N TP
1. V s khi v nu chc nng ca tng khi ca h thng ngun cp cho i
trm vin thng?
2. Trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca h thng cp ngun cho trm vin thng?
3. Nu tnh nng k thut ca mt s t ngun v gii thch cc linh kin, chi tit b
tr trn cc t ?
4. Trnh by quy trnh vn hnh t ngun?
5. Nu quy trnh bo dng t ngun?

89
TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Ngun in cho cc thit b vin thng. Bi Thanh Giang, Nguyn Trng Thnh.
NXB Bu in 2002.
[2] Ngun in thng tin. L Quang V. NXB Bu in 2003.
[3]
[4] K thut bin i. Trn Xun Minh - i hc k thut cng nghip Thi Nguyn.

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