S pht trin v tng lai ca Wi-Fi Ngun:quantrimang.com Qun tr mng Cng ngh Wi-Fi xut hin ln u vo nm 1997.

. Ngy nay cng ngh ny c pht trin rt mnh v hin ang chun 802.11n. Trong lot bi ny chng ti s gii thiu cho cc bn mt s kin thc c bn v cng ngh ny, song song vi l mt phc tho vn tt v s pht trin ca n.

Gii thiu Chun 802.11 l chun c s dng cho cng ngh Wi-Fi bt u t nm 1997 do Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) ban b. Theo thi gian chun ny c pht v ngy nay chng ta ang c phin bn 802.11n. Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Chng ta hy bt u vi gii thiu vn tt v IEEE l g. IEEE l mt t chc khoa hc ngh nghip c xy dng nhm mc ch h tr cc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc, thc y s pht trin khoa hc cng ngh trong cc lnh vc in t, vin thng, cng ngh thng tin, khoa hc my tnh. Vin ny gm c nhiu k s in v in t (nhiu ngi c bng cp cao ang lm vic ti cc trng i hc danh ting trn ton th gii), c th ni h l cc chuyn gia trong tng lnh vc. T chc cc chun ny ra i xut pht t s cn thit cn c cc chun c chp thun rng ri bo m kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b trn ton th gii. y chnh l mt trong nhng nhim v kh khn nht ca IEEE, bo m s chp thun rng ri; mt nhim v m h khng phi lc no cng thc hin c. Cc chun c cng b bi IEEE bao gm tt c cc lnh vc k thut in t c lin quan n mng my tnh. Khi c ai phn tch cc chun, mt iu quan trng cn phi nh rng hiu sut thng khng phi l mc tiu thit k ca cc chun. Trong thc t, cc chun c th khng

c hon ho. Mc d vy, nh chng ti gi trn, mt chun ch c gi tr nu n c chp thun rng ri; mc tiu ny chnh l si ch xuyn sut qu trnh thit k cc chun. Tiu ban ca IEEE m lot bi vit ny gii thiu v l tiu ban LAN/MAN. Tiu ban ny c ch nh b nh danh 802, v vy mi mt chun c quyt nh bi tiu ban ny s bt u vi b nh danh 802. Ch s 11 trong 802.11 c ngha chun c lin quan n s iu bin trong khng gian; v vy tt c cc chun 802.11 s c cng b bi tiu ban 802 v s dng s iu bin trong khng gian. Bn s thng thy ch s 802.11 v nhiu chun khc cho ch c vit cng vi thi gian pha sau b ch nh, chng hn nh 802.11-1997. Thi gian c ghi ny chnh l thi im cng b chun. Khi a ra mt chun, tiu ban s cng b nhng cp nht mi nht v thi gian ny s thay i theo cng b gn nht. Thm vo bn cng s thng thy cc b nh danh c miu t cng vi mt ch ci in thng, chng hn nh 802.11b. y cc ch ci in thng ch th s sa i i vi chun c cng b ban u. Trong trng hp 802.11, ch ci in thng c gn cho nhng sa i c ph chun nhm tr gip cng ngh 802.11c c tc ln hn, phm vi rng hn, tin cy tt hn, hoc s kt hp c ba yu t trn. 802.11-1997 Chun c cng b u tin cho Wi-Fi l 802.11-1997, y l chun c cng b vo nm 1997. Cc bn cn phi nh rng khi chng ti ni IEEE khng phi lc no cng thnh cng trong mc tiu chp thun rng ri? y l mt trng hp nh vy. Chun ban u nhn c rt t s tha nhn. Mt phn l do tc bit thp ca n ch khong 1 hoc 2MB/s. Tc bit thc s ph thuc vo lin kt vt l c s dng truyn ti d liu. Chun 802.111997 cho php ba cng ngh khc nhau c th s dng: 1. Hng ngoi: Cng ngh cung cp thng lng 1 MB/s 2. Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum: Cng ngh cung cp thng lng 1 hoc 2 MB/s. 3. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum: Cng ngh cng cung cp thng lng 1 hoc 2 MB/s. T l chp thun thp i vi chun cng ngh ny l do mt phn tc bit thp, tuy nhin n cng c mt phn l s t ca cng ngh. Vo nm 1997, vic thit k cc b thu v pht c yu cu s dng chun 802.11-1997 kh t tnh trn u cc my tnh, c bit l cc my tnh laptop, do kh nng di ng ca chng yu cu cn phi c cng ngh Wi-Fi). Tuy nhin v sau ny,

chun 802.11 c cp nht vo nm 1999 vi cc b nh danh a v b nhn c s ng thun nhiu hn. Mc d 802.11a v 802.11b u c pht hnh ng thi vo nm 1999 nhng ch c 802.11b c chp thun mt cch rng ri. 802.11a v 802.11b 802.11a l mt chun c ci thin t 802.11-1997. Trong khi 802.11-1997 ch c th truyn ti d liu vi tc 2MB/s th 802.11a c th truyn ti d liu vi tc 54 MB/s. Vic tng tc truyn ti d liu ny l do s dng tn s 5GHz thay cho tn s 2.4GHz c s dng trong 802.11-1997 ( tn s c s dng cho cc ty chn Frequency Hoping Spread Spectrum v the Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum; khng c ty chn hng ngoi). Ngoi vic tng v tc , mt u im khc trong vic s dng tn s 5GHz l khng c nhiu thit b s dng tn s ny, v vy kh nng xuyn nhiu gia cc thit b s gim. Mc d vy vic s dng bng tn 5GHz cng c mt nhc im ln. Do tn s 5GHz s dng sng ngn (tn s c t l ngc vi bc sng; chnh v vy tn s cng cao th bc sng s cng ngn) nn k thut ny c phm vi ph sng km hn v tn hiu b cn tr nhiu hn bi nhng vt cn nh cc bc tng; thm ch khng c nhiu bc tng nhng nu tn hiu truyn trong khng gian c nhiu i tng (bn v gh,) cng tn hiu b suy gim rt nhanh. 802.11b tha hng Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum t chun 802.11-1997 ban u, cng vi tn s hot ng 2.4 GHz. Vic tip tc s dng tn s 2.4 GHz c c u im v nhc im. u im y l tn s ny khng b iu chnh li v v vy gi thnh chi ph sn xut s r hn. Tuy nhin nhc im l c nhiu thit s dng s dng tn s ny (in thoi ko di, cc b kim tra tr nh), tt c chng u c th xuyn nhiu ln nhau. Thay i ch yu trong 802.11b l tc d liu ti a. Tc d liu ti a ca 802.11b t khong 11MB/s, con s c th so snh vi tc Ethernet truyn thng nhng nm 1999 v 2000. Vi tc ny, nhiu khch hng c th s dng Wi-Fi, tha hng tt c nhng u im v kh nng di ng m khng b cc nhc im v tc . Cng vi vic gim c nh k gi thnh trong cng ngh lm cho cng ngh 802.11b c s chp thun mt cch rng ri. 802.11g Khi tc Ethernet tng, iu ny tc ng n chun 802.11. Vo nm 2003, IEEE ph duyt chun 802.11g. Chun 802.11g ny hot ng tn s 2.4 GHz, ging nh 802.11b v 802.11-1997, nhng n s dng k thut

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) c s dng bi 802.11a. K thut OFDM ny cho php 802.11g hot ng tc 54 MB/s; mt s tng ng k v tc so vi 802.11b l 11 MB/s. Ging nh 802.11b, 802.11g cng c chp thun mt cch rng ri cho c khch hng v doanh nghip. 802.11n 802.11n l chun mi nht hin nay, chun ny va c ph chun vo thng 9 va qua. 802.11n s dng mt cng ngh mi tng tc d liu l Multiple Input / Multiple Output (MI-MO). Chng ti s gii thiu su cho cc bn v chun 802.11n trong phn tip theo ca lot bi ny, tuy nhin cc bn c th on ngay t MI-MO rng 802.11n s lm vic vi nhiu b thu pht v iu ny cho php n tng c tc d liu. Trong phn hai ny, chng ti s gii thiu cho cc bn cch m tng la CentOS v cu hnh cc im truy cp (AP). Sau s l phn phi file CA n tt c cc my tnh v cu hnh chng vi cc thit lp thm nh v m ha. Cui cng l thit lp SQL bn c th lu tr cc thng tin AP v thng tin ngi dng trong mt c s d liu thay v cc file vn bn. M tng la CentOS c tng la nh km c kch hot mt cch mc nh. lu lng RADIUS n c FreeRADIUS, bn phi m cc cng m n s dng. Kch System > Administration > Security Level and Firewall. Sau kch mi tn m rng phn Other Ports. Thm cc cng UDP 1812 v 1813 sau kch Apply. Khi ng li my ch load cc thit lp mi Nu bn thc hin nhng thay i v cu hnh trong khi FreeRADIUS ang hot ng, khi bn phi khi ng li my ch nhng thay i ca bn c hiu lc. stop my ch, hy vo ca s terminal v nhn Ctrl + C. Sau nh '/usr/sbin/radiusd -X' ln na (hoc nhn phm mi tn hng ln) bt u qu trnh khi ng li. Nu bn ang m mt ca s terminal mi, bn phi nh 'su' trc chy ch root. Lc ny my ch s chy v chun b chp nhn cc yu cu thm nh t pha ngi dng Wi-Fi. Khi mng m ha ca bn hot ng, bn c th b qua 'X' bt u FreeRADIUS m khng cn vic g ri. My ch s lm vic trong ch

background v bn c th tham chiu n cc file bn ghi v vic gii thch d liu. Cu hnh cc AP y cng l lc bn c th cu hnh cc AP. Sau khi thit lp chng s dng m ha WPA (TKIP) hay WPA2 (AES) Enterprise, bn phi nhp vo cc thit lp RADIUS. Nhng thit lp ny bao gm a ch IP ca my FreeRADIUS, cng (1812), v nhng b mt m bn nh ngha cho AP no . Hu ht cc AP u h tr vic gii thch lu cc thng tin session. Nu bn cn gii thch, bn phi nhp vo cc thng tin chi tit tng t ca my ch vi cng 1813. Ci t file CA trn tt c cc my tnh Mc d giao thc thm nh PEAP khng yu cu cc chng ch my khch, tuy nhin bn vn phi ci t mt chng ch cho Certificate Authority (CA) trn mi mt my tnh. iu ny l v chng ta s s dng chng ch t k cho my ch thay cho vic mua mt chng ch k t mt CA m Windows c th nhn din, chng hn nh VeriSign hoc GoDaddy. Bn cn copy file etc/raddb/certs/ca.dervo tt c cc my tnh. Bn c th copy n vo USB v thc hin paste vo mi mt my tnh. copy, bn hy m mt terminal mi v nh "su" vo ch root, hoc s dng mt ch ang tn ti no , v chy mt lnh copy, chng hn nh "cp /etc/raddb/certs/ca.der /newlocation/certs". Mo: tm ra ng dn n thit b, chng hn nh USB, kch Places > Computer, m thit b v kch chut phi vo bt c file no trn thit b , sau chn Properties v copy ly gi tr Location. Lc ny, trn mi my tnh Windows, kch chut phi vo file chng ch v chn Install Certificate. Sau t n vo kho lu tr Trusted Root Certification Authorities. Trn hp thoi xc nhn, chn Yes ci t. Cu hnh cc my tnh vi cc thit lp thm nh v m ha Trn cc mng WEP v WPA/WPA2-personal, bn ch chn mng v s c nhc nh v key. Mc d vic kt ni n cc mng m ha doanh nghip gp nhiu phc tp trong vic cu hnh hn nhng khi cu hnh, bn c th kt ni mt cch n gin vi mng bng cch nhp vo username v password, thm ch bn c th lu nhng thng tin ny khng phi nhp n nhiu ln.

Nu cha c mt profile no khng tn ti trong mng, bn cn to mt profile mi. Sau cu hnh cc thit lp. Nh rng, bn ang s dng m ha WPA (TKIP) hoc WPA2 (AES) Enterprise vi thm nh PEAP. Trong hp thoi cc thuc tnh ca PEAP, bn cn chn hp l ha chng ch my ch v chn chng ch mnh import. Thm vo bn c th nhp a ch IP ca my ch s dng khi hp l ha. Sau bo m rng bn s dng phng php Password (EAP-MSCHAP v2). Kch nt Configure bo m thit lp (Automatically use my Windows logon name and password) trn hp thoi khng c kim. Cn lu rng, ln u bn kt ni mng, hp thoi Validate Server Certificate s xut hin, i khi n c th n ng sau cc ca s khc. Khi hy kch Ok chp nhn chng ch v tip tc kt ni. Thit lp SQL cho ngi dng v tra cu AP Nu bn c mt s lng ln ngi dng v cc AP, hoc bn thay i cc thng tin chi tit ca h hay ca cc AP mt cch thng xuyn, khi bn c th s dng mt c s d liu lu cc thng tin thay cho cc file vn bn. Bn c th ci t v cu hnh my ch ca mnh hoc s dng mt my ch c host trc, chng hn t mt nh cung cp website. Bng cch no trong hai cch trn, bn cng phi ci t gi phn mm FreeRADIUS MySQL (freeradius2-mysql). Lc ny bn cn load cu trc c s d liu mc nh vo my ch c s d liu. Nu ang chy my ch ca bn trong CentOS, bn hy chy lnh "mysql uroot -prootpass radius < /etc/raddb/sql/mysql/schema.sql" t mt Terminal. Nu s dng mt my ch t xa hoc my ch c host t mt nh cung cp, khi bn hy chy "gedit" vi mt root Terminal v s dng Text Editor m etc/raddb/sql/mysql/schema.sql. Sau copy v paste cc lnh SQL vo my ch chy chng. Nu bn mun s dng SQL cho cc thng tin chi tit ca AP, hy load file etc/raddb/sql/mysql/nas.sql vo c s d liu ca bn. Bn cn chnh sa cc file cu hnh FreeRADIUS mch bo my ch s dng SQL. T root Text Editor,, m etc/raddb/radiusd.conf v khng comment dng "$INCLUDE sql.conf". M etc/raddb/sites-enabled/inner-tunnel v khng comment "sql" t phn Authorize. Lc ny FreeRADIUS s s dng cc file v SQL. Bn cn cung cp cho FreeRADIUS kt ni c s d liu v cc thng tin chi tit v ng nhp. T trnh son tho gc, m etc/raddb/sql.conf. Sau bo m

cho database = 'mysql'. Nu ang s dng mt c s d liu t xa hoc mt c s d liu c cu hnh sn, hy nhp vo a ch my ch. Bo m bn nhp vo Username v Password cho my ch ca mnh. Vi gi tr radius_db value, nhp vo tn c s d liu. Nu ang s dng SQL cho cc thng tin chi tit ca AP, khng comment "readclients = yes". Cui cng, chn cc hng vo bng nh ngha cc ti khon ngi dng. nh dng tng t nh nh dng i vi file ngi dng: username attribute op value egeier Cleartext-Password := pass123 y l mt v d v nhng g bn c th chn vo bng cho cc thng tin v AP nu kch hot n: nasname shortname type secret 192.168.0.1 private-network-1 other testing123 Khc phc s c Cn lu rng trong khi thit lp my ch hoc sau khi to nhng thay i, hy s dng ch g ri thy c hnh ng ca my ch. Nu bn gp phi cc vn v ng nhp hoc kt ni, hy kim tra mt cch cn thn v phn g ri v phn tch nhng thay i c thc hin gn y. Trong phn hai ca lot bi ny, chng ti s tip tc gii thiu cho cc bn v trng thi hin hnh ca cng ngh Wi-Fi, 802.11n. Gii thiu Trong phn trc ca lot bi ny, chng ti bt u gii thiu v Vin cc k s in v in t - Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) v m t s pht trin ca cng ngh Wi-Fi. Trong phn hai ny, chng ti s gii thiu cng ngh Wi-Fi trong hnh th gn y nht, c bit n vi chun 802.11n. MIMO S cch tn mi trong 802.11n chnh l s xut hin ca anten Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) trong cc chun Wi-Fi. Cc cu hnh anten Wi-Fi trc ch s dng cng ngh Single Input Single Output (SISO). Nh tn gi ca n, MIMO c ngha rng c nhiu anten thu cng nh nhiu anten pht d liu. MIMO l mt trong ba cu hnh chung c s dng cho cng ngh a anten. Cc cu hnh ny, nh th hin trong hnh 1 l:

1. Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) Mt u vo, nhiu u ra 2. Multiple Input Single Output (MISO) Nhiu u vo, mt u ra 3. Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra

Hnh 1: Cc cu hnh anten khc nhau Cng ngh MIMO c rt nhiu li ch i vi ngi dng. u tin l trng hp c nhiu ngi dng cng truy cp vo cng mt ti nguyn Wi-Fi. Cho v d, trong vn phng ca bn c th c mt nt Wi-Fi t phng ch, bn v cc ng nghip ca mnh c th kt ni n nt ny khi ung cafe sng trong gi ngh gii lao . Trc khi c chun 802.11n, nu c nhiu ngi dng cng truy cp vo mt nt 802.11n, lc ny hiu sut truy cp s b gim mt cch ng k. Cn vi cng ngh mi ny, mi anten c th c gn cho mt ngi dng v tt c ngi dng (gi nh rng s lng ngi dng nh hn hoc bng s anten) s khng nhn thy s gim v tc truy cp. S phn b ca anten

MIMO cng c nhiu li ch khi ch c mt ngi dng. Chng ta hy quay tr li kch bn phng ch ca vn phng. Lc ny cho rng ch c mt ngi dng ang truy cp vo nt Wi-Fi. Mc d mt trong s cc ng nghip ca bn ang s dng in thoi di ng blackberry ca h th vn c mt lng sng ngn ang c pht ra, hay thm ch c ai ang s dng in thoi khng dy. y l mt vn c i vi Wi-Fi. N l tnh hung m trong ch c mt ngi s dng Wi-Fi nhng li rt kh khn trong vic nhn tn hiu v c qu nhiu tp m trong mi trng (tp m in t trng). MIMO c th trung ha s xuyn nhiu ny bng cch gi i cng mt tn hiu n cng ngi dng nhng trn nhiu anten. Ngi dng nhn cc tn hiu ny c th so snh mt trong cc tn hiu vi nhau, sau quyt nh xem tn hiu no l thc (tn hiu trc khi b xuyn nhiu). Phng php cho vic m s xuyn nhiu tn hiu ny c gi l phn b anten. C 5 cch chung thc hin s phn b ny. Phn b theo khng gian Khi mt ng dng s dng mt anten phn b theo khng gian th trm gc phi c nhiu anten, cc anten ny c t tch bit nhau v mt vt l. Thng thng cc anten ny s c cng cc c tnh. Khong cch gia cc anten c th bt k. Nhng thng th khong cch ny tng ng vi di bc sng ca tn hiu c pht i. Trong mt s trng hp khc, anten c th c t cch nhau n vo dm. y l lc phn b anten thng c s dng nht l bn s thy trong cc trm gc Wi-Fi 802.11n. Phn b theo kiu dng S phn b theo kiu mu thng c s dng nht vi cc anten nh hng. Trong lc phn b anten ny, nhiu anten nh hng s c t gn vi anten c kiu mu bc x khc. Lc ny c th cung cp hiu sut tt hn khi em so vi cc lc ang s dng mt anten a hng. Phn b theo phn cc S phn b theo phn cc gm c mt cp (hoc nhiu cp) anten, mi cp c mt phn cc i din. V cc tn hiu c pht t mt trong cc anten ny c phn cc i din din nn s xuyn nhiu bi cc tn hiu cng s khc. Chnh v vy b thu s c kh nng nhn tn hiu tt hn, hoc ti thiu b thu c th s dng c hai tn hiu xy dng li s truyn pht ban u. Phn b theo mng thch nghi

Mng thch nghi gm c mt mng cc anten c th thay i cc kiu phn cc ca chng mt cch d dng. Kiu anten ny rt t v yu cu rt nhiu s iu khin, v iu ny cng lm cho gi thnh ca chng t ln. Vi l do ny, kiu anten ny hu nh kh ph hp vi cng ngh Wi-Fi. Phn b thu/pht S phn b thu/pht c th xut hin khi mt trm gc c mt anten pht v mt anten khc thu. Khng c nhiu u im v thu pht trong lc ny, mc d vy n c th tit kim c nhiu chi ph v khng cn b ghp song cng duplexer. Cc li ch trong tng lai trn chng ti cp rng MIMO s em li nhiu li ch n ngi dng. Nhng nhng li ch k trn vn cha , MIMO vn c nhiu li ch khc. Dirty Paper Coding Mt cng ngh m chng ti cm thy rt th v l cng ngh mang tn Dirty Paper Coding (DPC). V c bn DPC l mt vn ton hc v c lin quan n vic m ha cc tn hiu trc khi truyn ti. Trc khi gii thch v DPC l g, hy cho php chng ti gii thch cng ngh ny s gii quyt vn g. Chng ta hy quay tr li kch bn phng ch ca vn phng , ni ang c bn v mt s ng nghip ca bn ang truy cp vo trm gc. Nh ti gii thch trc, MIMO cho php mi anten c gn cho mi mt ngi dng mi ngi dng s s dng anten trm gc ca ring mnh. Tuy nhin iu ny lm cho cc tn hiu s xuyn nhiu ln nhau v lm gim phm vi truyn ti. Lc ny DPC c nhim v s gii quyt vn . V c bn, thuyt DPC cho chng ta hiu rng, nu bn bit c hai tn hiu ang c pht th bn s bit s xuyn nhiu v c th thay i cc tn hiu b nhn s nhn c tn hiu d nh. iu ny nghe c v n gin nhng trong thc t li khng din ra nh vy. l v nu bn thay i mt trong s cc tn hiu th nhiu cng thay i, t yu cu bn thay i tn hiu khc, v li tip tc lm thay i nhiu. V vy vi cc tn hiu phc tp ang c pht trn trm gc Wi-Fi, s rt kh tnh ton nhng thay i c yu cu cho DPC. Thm ch cn kh hn thc hin nhanh ngi dng khng thy s chm tr. a ngun cho mt ngi dng a ngun cho mt ngi dng (MSSU) c ngha rng trong trng hp ny ch c mt ngi dng kt ni n mt trm gc MIMO. Lc ny, thay v mi mt

anten pht i mt bn copy d liu ging nhau, d liu c th c phn chia v mi mt anten c th pht i mt phn d liu ri sau c th lp rp li bi b nhn. Theo l thuyt ca phng php ny, ngi dng c th nhn cng mt s lng d liu trong phn na thi gian.