Ngt mch trong h thng in

Bin tp bi:
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
Ngt mch trong h thng in

Bin tp bi:
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng

Cc tc gi:
PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
unknown

Phin bn trc tuyn:

http://voer.edu.vn/c/1487bf21
MC LC

1. Chng 1
1.1. Khi nim v qu trnh qu in t
2. Chng 2
2.1. Cc ch dn khi tnh ton ngn mch
3. Chng 3
3.1. Qu trnh qu trong mch in n gin
4. Chng 4
4.1. Tnh trng ngn mch duy tr
5. Chng 5
5.1. Qu trnh qu trong my in
6. Chng 6
6.1. Cc phng php tnh ton ngn mch
7. Chng 7
7.1. Ngn mch khng i xng
Tham gia ng gp

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Chng 1
Khi nim v qu trnh qu in t
Khi nim chung

Ch ca h thng in thay i t ngt s lm pht sinh qu trnh qu in t,

trong qu trnh pht sinh do ngn mch l nguy him nht. tnh chn cc thit b
in v bo v rle cn phi xt n qu trnh qu khi:

- ngn mch.

- ngn mch km theo t dy.

- ct ngn mch bng my ct in.

Khi xy ra ngn mch, tng tr ca h thng in gim, lm dng in tng ln, in

p gim xung. Nu khng nhanh chng c lp im ngn mch th h thng s chuyn
sang ch ngn mch duy tr (xc lp).

T lc xy ra ngn mch cho n khi ct n ra, trong h thng in xy ra qu trnh qu

lm thay i dng v p. Dng trong qu trnh qu thng gm 2 thnh phn: chu
k v khng chu k. Trng hp h thng c ng dy truyn ti in p t 330 KV
tr ln th trong dng ngn mch ngoi thnh phn tn s c bn cn cc thnh phn
sng hi bc cao. Nu ng dy c t b dc s c thm thnh phn sng hi bc thp.

Nhim v ca mn hc ngn mch l nghin cu din tin ca qu trnh ngn mch

trong h thng in, ng thi xt n cc phng php thc dng tnh ton ngn mch.

Cc nh ngha c bn

Ngn mch: l mt loi s c xy ra trong h thng in do hin tng chm

chp gia cc pha khng thuc ch lm vic bnh thng.

- Trong h thng c trung tnh ni t (hay 4 dy) chm chp mt pha hay nhiu pha vi
t (hay vi dy trung tnh) cng c gi l ngn mch.

- Trong h thng c trung tnh cch in hay ni t qua thit b b, hin tng chm
chp mt pha vi t c gi l chm t. Dng chm t ch yu l do in dung cc
pha vi t.

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 Ngn mch gin tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian, gm in tr
do h quang in v in tr ca cc phn t khc trn ng i ca dng in
t pha ny n pha khc hoc t pha n t.

in tr h quang in thay i theo thi gian, thng rt phc tp v kh xc nh

chnh xc. Theo thc nghim:

trong : I - dng ngn mch [A]

l - chiu di h quang in [m]

Ngn mch trc tip: l ngn mch qua mt in tr trung gian rt b, c th b

qua (cn c gi l ngn mch kim loi).
Ngn mch i xng: l dng ngn mch vn duy tr c h thng dng, p 3
pha tnh trng i xng.
Ngn mch khng i xng: l dng ngn mch lm cho h thng dng, p 3
pha mt i xng.

- Khng i xng ngang: khi s c xy ra ti mt im, m tng tr cc pha ti im

nh nhau.

- Khng i xng dc: khi s c xy ra m tng tr cc pha ti mt im khng nh

nhau.

S c phc tp: l hin tng xut hin nhiu dng ngn mch khng i xng
ngang, dc trong h thng in.

V d: t dy km theo chm t, chm t hai pha ti hai im khc nhau trong h

thng c trung tnh cch t.

Bng 1.1: K hiu v xc xut xy ra cc dng ngn mch

dngngn mch hnh vquy c k hiu xc sutxy ra %

3 pha N(3) 5

2 pha N(2) 10

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2 pha-t N(1,1) 20

1 pha N(1) 65

Nguyn nhn v hu qu ca ngn mch

1. Nguyn nhn:

- Cch in ca cc thit b gi ci, h hng.

- Qu in p.

- Cc ngu nhin khc, thao tc nhm hoc do c d tnh trc...

2. Hu qu:

- Pht nng: dng ngn mch rt ln so vi dng nh mc lm cho cc phn t c dng

ngn mch i qua nng qu mc cho php d vi mt thi gian rt ngn.

- Tng lc in ng: ng lc in t gia cc dy dn c gi tr ln thi gian u ca

ngn mch c th ph hng thit b.

- in p gim v mt i xng: lm nh hng n ph ti, in p gim 30 n 40%

trong vng mt giy lm ng c in c th ngng quay, sn xut nh tr, c th lm
hng sn phm.

- Gy nhiu i vi ng dy thng tin gn do dng th t khng sinh ra khi ngn

mch chm t.

- Gy mt n nh: khi khng cch ly kp thi phn t b ngn mch, h thng c th

mt n nh v tan r, y l hu qu trm trng nht.

Mc ch tnh ton ngn mch v yu cu i vi chng

Khi thit k v vn hnh cc h thng in, nhm gii quyt nhiu vn k thut yu
cu tin hnh hng lot cc tnh ton s b, trong c tnh ton ngn mch.

Tnh ton ngn mch thng l nhng tnh ton dng, p lc xy ra ngn mch ti mt
s im hay mt s nhnh ca s ang xt. Ty thuc mc ch tnh ton m cc i

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lng trn c th c tnh mt thi im no hay din bin ca chng trong sut
c qu trnh qu . Nhng tnh ton nh vy cn thit gii quyt cc vn sau:

- So snh, nh gi, chn la s ni in.

- Chn cc kh c, dy dn, thit b in.

- Thit k v chnh nh cc loi bo v.

- Nghin cu ph ti, phn tch s c, xc nh phn b dng...

Trong h thng in phc tp, vic tnh ton ngn mch mt cch chnh xc rt kh
khn. Do vy ty thuc yu cu tnh ton m trong thc t thng dng cc phng
php thc nghim, gn ng vi cc iu kin u khc nhau tnh ton ngn mch.

Chng hn tnh chn my ct in, theo iu kin lm vic ca n khi ngn mch
cn phi xc nh dng ngn mch ln nht c th c. Mun vy, ngi ta gi thit rng
ngn mch xy ra lc h thng in c s lng my pht lm vic nhiu nht, dng
ngn mch gy nn dng ln nht, ngn mch l trc tip, ngn mch xy ra ngay ti
u cc my ct ...

gii quyt cc vn lin quan n vic chn la v chnh nh thit b bo v rle

thng phi tm dng ngn mch nh nht. Lc y tt nhin cn phi s dng nhng
iu kin tnh ton hon ton khc vi nhng iu kin nu trn.

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Chng 2
Cc ch dn khi tnh ton ngn mch
Nhng gi thit c bn:

Khi xy ra ngn mch s cn bng cng sut t in, c in b ph hoi, trong h thng
in ng thi xy ra nhiu yu t lm cc thng s bin thin mnh v nh hng tng
h nhau. Nu k n tt c nhng yu t nh hng, th vic tnh ton ngn mch s rt
kh khn. Do , trong thc t ngi ta a ra nhng gi thit nhm n gin ha vn
c th tnh ton.

Mi phng php tnh ton ngn mch u c nhng gi thit ring ca n. y ta ch

nu ra cc gi thit c bn chung cho vic tnh ton ngn mch.

1. Mch t khng bo ha: gi thit ny s lm cho phng php phn tch v tnh
ton ngn mch n gin rt nhiu, v mch in tr thnh tuyn tnh v c th
dng nguyn l xp chng phn tch qu trnh.
2. B qua dng in t ha ca my bin p: ngoi tr trng hp my bin p 3
pha 3 tr ni Yo/Yo.
3. H thng in 3 pha l i xng: s mt i xng ch xy ra i vi tng phn
t ring bit khi n b h hng hoc do c c d tnh.
4. B qua dung dn ca ng dy: gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, ngoi tr
trng hp tnh ton ng dy cao p ti in i cc xa th mi xt n dung
dn ca ng dy.
5. B qua in tr tc dng: ngha l s tnh ton c tnh cht thun khng. Gi
thit ny dng c khi ngn mch xy ra cc b phn in p cao, ngoi tr
khi bt buc phi xt n in tr ca h quang in ti ch ngn mch hoc
khi tnh ton ngn mch trn ng dy cp di hay ng dy trn khng tit
din b. Ngoi ra lc tnh hng s thi gian tt dn ca dng in khng chu k
cng cn phi tnh n in tr tc dng.
6. Xt n ph ti mt cch gn ng: ty thuc giai on cn xt trong qu trnh
qu c th xem gn ng tt c ph ti nh l mt tng tr khng i tp
trung ti mt nt chung.
7. Cc my pht in ng b khng c dao ng cng sut: ngha l gc lch
pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in gi nguyn khng i trong qu
trnh ngn mch. Nu gc lch pha gia sc in ng ca cc my pht in
tng ln th dng trong nhnh s c gim xung, s dng gi thit ny s lm
cho vic tnh ton n gin hn v tr s dng in ti ch ngn mch l ln
nht. Gi thit ny khng gy sai s ln, nht l khi tnh ton trong giai on
u ca qu trnh qu (0,1 ? 0,2 sec).

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H n v tng i:

Bt k mt i lng vt l no cng c th biu din trong h n v c tn hoc trong

h n v tng i. Tr s trong n v tng i ca mt i lng vt l no l
t s gia n vi mt i lng vt l khc cng th nguyn c chn lm n v o
lng. i lng vt l chn lm n v o lng c gi i lng c bn.

Nh vy, mun biu din cc i lng trong n v tng i trc ht cn chn cc

i lng c bn. Khi tnh ton i vi h thng in 3 pha ngi ta dng cc i lng
c bn sau:

Scb : cng sut c bn 3 pha.

Ucb : in p dy c bn.

Icb : dng in c bn.

Zcb : tng tr pha c bn.

tcb : thi gian c bn.

cb : tc gc c bn.

Xt v ngha vt l, cc i lng c bn ny c lin h vi nhau qua cc biu thc

sau:

Do ta ch c th chn ty mt s i lng c bn, cc i lng c bn cn li

c tnh t cc biu thc trn. Thng thng chn trc Scb , Ucb v cb .

Khi chn cc i lng c bn th cc i lng trong n v tng i c tnh t

cc i lng thc nh sau:

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E*(cb) c l E tng i c bn (tc l sc in ng E trong h n v tng i vi
lng c bn l Ucb). Sau ny khi ngha r rng v s dng quen thuc th c th
b du (*) v (cb).

Mt s tnh cht ca h n v tng i:

1. Cc i lng c bn dng lm n v o lng cho cc i lng ton phn

cng ng thi dng cho cc thnh phn ca chng.

V d: Scb dng lm n v o lng chung cho S, P, Q; Zcb - cho Z, R, X.

1. Trong n v tng i in p pha v in p dy bng nhau, cng sut 3 pha

v cng sut 1 pha cng bng nhau.
2. Mt i lng thc c th c gi tr trong n v tng i khc nhau ty thuc
vo lng c bn v ngc li cng mt gi tr trong n v tng i c th
tng ng vi nhiu i lng thc khc nhau.
3. Thng tham s ca cc thit b c cho trong n v tng i vi lng c
bn l nh mc ca chng (Sm, Um, Im). Lc :

1. i lng trong n v tng i c th c biu din theo phn trm, v d

nh khng in, my bin p...

Tnh i i lng trong h n v tng i:

Mt i lng trong n v tng i l A*(cb1) vi lng c bn l Acb1 c th tnh i

thnh A*(cb2) tng ng vi lng c bn l Acb2 theo biu thc sau:

At = A*(cb1) * Acb1 = A*(cb2) * Acb2

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V d, cho E*(cb1) , Z*(cb1) ng vi cc lng c bn (Scb1, Ucb1, Icb1) cn tnh i
sang h n v tng i ng vi cc lng c bn (Scb2, Ucb2, Icb2):

Nu tnh i cc tham s ng vi lng nh mc (Sm, Um, Im) thnh gi tr ng vi

lng c bn (Scb, Ucb, Icb) th:

Khi chn Ucb = Um ta c cc biu thc n gin sau:

Chn cc i lng c bn:

Thc t tr s nh mc ca cc thit b cng mt cp in p cng khng ging nhau.

Tuy nhin, s khc nhau khng nhiu (trong khong 10%), v d in p nh mc
ca my pht in l 11KV, my bin p - 10,5KV, khng in - 10KV. Do trong
tnh ton gn ng ta c th xem in p nh mc Um ca cc thit b cng mt cp
in p l nh nhau v bng gi tr trung bnh Utb ca cp in p . Theo qui c c
cc Utb sau [KV]:

500; 330; 230; 154; 115; 37; 20; 15,75; 13,8; 10,5; 6,3; 3,15; 0,525

Khi tnh ton gn ng ngi ta chn Ucb = Um = Utb, ring i vi khng in nn

tnh chnh xc vi lng nh mc ca n v gi tr in khng ca khng in chim
phn ln trong in khng tng ca s , nht l i vi nhng trng hp khng in
lm vic in p khc vi cp in p nh mc ca n (v d, khng in 10KV lm
vic cp 6KV).

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Ni chung cc i lng c bn nn chn sao cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin, tin
li. i vi Scb nn chn nhng s trn (chng hn nh 100, 200, 1000MVA,...) hoc
i khi chn bng tng cng sut nh mc ca s .

Trong h n v tng i, mt i lng vt l ny cng c th biu din bng mt i

lng vt l khc c cng tr s tng i. V d nu chn b lm lng c bn th khi
*(b) = 1 ta c:

Cch thnh lp s thay th:

S thay th l s cho php th cc mch lin h nhau bi t trng bng mt mch

in tng ng bng cch qui i tham s ca cc phn t cc cp in p khc
nhau v mt cp c chn lm c s. Cc tham s ca s thay th c th xc nh
trong h n v c tn hoc h n v tng i, ng thi c th tnh gn ng hoc
tnh chnh xc.

1. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn:

Hnh 2.1 : S mng in c nhiu cp in p

Xt mng in c nhiu cp in p khc nhau (hnh 2.1) c ni vi nhau bng n my

bin p c t s bin p k1, k2, ...... kn. Chn mt on ty lm on c s, v d on
u tin. Tham s ca tt c cc on cn li s c tnh qui i v on c s.

Sc in ng, in p, dng in v tng tr ca on th n c qui i v on c

s theo cc biu thc sau:

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Cc t s bin p k trong nhng biu thc trn ly bng t s bin p lc khng ti. Cc
thnh phn trong tch cc t s bin p k ch ly ca nhng my bin p nm gia on
xt v on c s, chiu ca t s bin p k ly t on c s n on cn xt.

Trong nhng biu thc qui i trn, nu cc i lng cho trc trong n v tng i
th phi tnh i v n v c tn. V d, cho Z*(m) th:

(2.4)

2. Qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn:

Vic qui i gn ng c thc hin da trn gi thit l xem in p nh mc ca

cc phn t trn cng mt cp in p l nh nhau v bng tr s in p trung bnh ca
cp . Tc l:

Nh vy:

Do ta s c cc biu thc qui i n gin hn:

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Tng t:

Nu cc phn t c tng tr cho trc trong n v tng i, th tnh i gn ng v

n v c tn theo biu thc (2.4) trong thay Um = Utb.

3. Qui i chnh xc trong h n v tng i:

Tng ng vi php qui i chnh xc trong h n v c tn ta cng c th dng trong

h n v tng i bng cch sau khi qui i v on c s trong n v c tn, chn
cc lng c bn ca on c s v tnh i v n v tng i. Tuy nhin phng
php ny t c s dng, ngi ta thc hin ph bin hn trnh t qui i nh sau:

Chn on c s v cc lng c bn Scb , Ucbcs ca on c s.

Tnh lng c bn ca cc on khc thng qua cc t s bin p k1, k2, ......
kn. Cng sut c bn Scb chn l khng i i vi tt c cc on. Cc
lng c bn Ucbn v Icbn ca on th n c tnh nh sau:

Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i vi lng

c bn ca on :
Nu tham s cho trong n v c tn th dng cc biu thc tnh i t h n
v c tn sang h n v tng i. V d:

Nu tham s cho trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l nh mc hay mt

lng c bn no th dng cc biu thc tnh i h n v tng i. V d:

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4. Qui i gn ng trong h n v tng i:

Tng t nh qui i gn ng trong h n v c tn, ta xem k l t s bin p trung

bnh, do vy vic tnh ton s n gin hn. Trnh t qui i nh sau:

Chn cng sut c bn Scb chung cho tt c cc on.

Trn mi on ly Um = Utb ca cp in p tng ng.
Tnh i tham s ca cc phn t mi on sang n v tng i theo cc
biu thc gn ng.

5. Mt s im cn lu :

- chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton khng ph thuc vo h n v s dng m ch ph

thuc vo phng php tnh chnh xc hay gn ng.

- Khi tnh ton trong h n v c tn th kt qu tnh c l gi tr ng vi on c s

chn. Mun tm gi tr thc on cn xt phi qui i ngc li.

V d: Dng tm c on c s l Ics = In q. Dng thc on th n l:

In = (k1. k2 ...... kn) In q

- Khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i th kt qu tnh c l trong n v tng

i, mun tm gi tr thc mt on no ch cn nhn kt qu tnh c vi lng
c bn ca on .

V d: Dng tnh c l I*n. Dng thc on th n l:

Bng 2.1: Tm tt mt s biu thc tnh ton tham s ca cc phn t

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Ch :

i vi my bin p 3 cun dy th cc tham s tra c l in p ngn mch gia cc

cun dy: uN I-II% , uN I-III% , uN II-III% , ta phi tnh uN% ca tng cun dy v sau
tnh in khng ca tng cun dy theo cc biu thc trong bng 2.1 i vi my bin
p 2 cun dy. in p ngn mch uN% ca tng cun dy c tnh nh sau:

uN I% = 0,5 (uN I-II% + uN I-III% - uN II-III%)

uN II% = uN I-II% - uN I%

uN III% = uN I-III% - uN I%

Bin i s thay th

Cc php bin i s thay th c s dng trong tnh ton ngn mch nhm mc
ch bin i nhng s thay th phc tp ca h thng in thnh mt s n gin
nht tin li cho vic tnh ton, cn gi l s ti gin. S ti gin c th bao gm
mt hoc mt s nhnh ni trc tip t ngun sc in ng ng tr E? n im ngn
mch thng qua mt in khng ng tr X?.

1. Nhnh ng tr:

Php bin i ny c dng ghp song song cc nhnh c ngun hoc khng ngun
thnh mt nhnh tng ng. Xt s thay th (hnh 2.2a) gm c n nhnh ni chung
vo mt im M, mi nhnh gm c 1 ngun sc in ng Ek ni vi 1 in khng Xk,
ta c th bin i n thnh s ti gin (hnh 2.2b) bng cc biu thc sau:

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trong : Yk = 1/ Xk l in dn ca nhnh th k.

Khi s ch c 2 nhnh th:

Khi E1 = E2 = .............. = En = E th Et = E.

Hnh 2.2 : Php bin i dng nhnh ng tr

2. Bin i Y - :

Bin i s thay th c dng hnh sao gm 3 nhnh (hnh 2.3a) thnh tam gic (hnh
2.3b) theo cc biu thc sau:

Ngc li, bin i s c dng hnh tam gic sao thnh hnh sao dng cc biu thc
sau:

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Hnh 2.3 : Bin i Y -

Bin i Y - cng c th p dng c khi cc nt c ngun, lc c th ng dng

tnh cht ng th tch ra hay nhp chung cc nt c ngun (v d nh trn hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4 : Tch / nhp cc nt c ngun

3. Bin i sao - li:

S thay th hnh sao (hnh 2.5a) c th bin i thnh li (hnh 2.5b). in khng
gia 2 nh m v n ca li c tnh nh sau:

Xmn = Xm . Xn .Y

trong : Xm , Xn l in khng ca nhnh th m v n trong hnh sao.

Y l tng in dn ca tt c cc nhnh hnh sao.

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Hnh 2.5 : Bin i sao - li

Php bin i ny s dng tin li trong tnh ton ngn

mch khi c mt nt l im ngn mch v tt c cc nt
cn li l cc nt ngun. Nu cc ngun l ng th th
in khng tng h gia cc ngun c th b qua, lc
s s tr nn rt n gin. V d, t s li hnh
2.5b khi cc nt 1, 2, 3, 4 c ngun ng th v nt 5 l
im ngn mch ta c th n gin thnh s trn hnh
2.6.
Hnh 2.6 : Ap dng bin
i sao-li

4. Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch:

Nu ngn mch trc tip 3 pha ti im nt c ni mt s nhnh (v d, hnh 2.7) , th c

th tch ring cc nhnh ny ra khi vn gi u mi nhnh cng ngn mch nh vy.
S nhn c lc ny khng c mch vng s d dng bin i. Tnh dng trong mi
nhnh khi cho ngn mch ch trn mt nhnh, cc nhnh ngn mch khc xem nh ph
ti c sc in ng bng khng. Dng qua im ngn mch l tng cc dng tnh
cc nhnh ngn mch ring r.

Phng php ny thng dng khi cn tnh dng trong mt nhnh ngn mch no .

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Hnh 2.7 : Tch ring cc nhnh ti im ngn mch

5. Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s :

Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s ta c th ghp chung cc nhnh mt cch n

gin hn hoc c th b bt mt s nhnh m dng ngn mch khng i qua (hnh 2.8).

Hnh 2.8 : Li dng tnh cht i xng ca s

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6. S dng h s phn b dng:

H s phn b dng l h s c trng cho phn tham gia ca mi ngun vo dng ngn
mch vi gi thit l cc ngun c sc in ng bng nhau v khng c ph ti.

Dng h s phn b dng tnh tng tr tng h gia cc ngun v im ngn mch,
a s v dng rt n gin gm cc ngun ni vi im ngn mch qua tng tr
tng h:

trong : Z - tng tr ng tr ca ton s i vi im ngn mch.

Ck- h s phn b dng ca nhnh th k.

H s phn b dng c th tm c bng m hnh, thc nghim hoc gii tch. Phng
php gii tch c thc hin bng cch cho dng qua im ngn mch bng n v v
coi rng cc sc in ng bng nhau. Dng tm c trong cc nhnh s l tr s ca
cc h s phn b dng C1, C2, ..... , Ck tng ng vi cc nhnh .

Hnh 2.9 : S xc nh h s phn b dng

V d, cho s trn hnh 2.9a trong cc sc in ng bng nhau, khng c ph ti

v cho dng ngn mch IN= 1. Sau khi bin i s v t iu kin cn bng th ta c:

IN. Xt = C1. X1 = C2. X2 = C3. X3

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Cng sut ngn mch

Cng sut ngn mch SNt vo thi im t l i lng qui c c tnh theo dng ngn
mch INt vo thi im t trong qu trnh qu v in p trung bnh Utb ca on tnh
dng ngn mch:

Cng sut ngn mch dng chn hay kim tra my ct, lc t l thi im m cc
tip im chnh ca my ct m ra. Cng sut ny phi b hn cng sut c trng cho
kh nng ct ca my ct hay cn gi l cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct:

Ngoi ra, khi bit cng sut ngn mch SNH (hoc dng ngn mch INH) do h thng
cung cp cho im ngn mch c th tnh c in khng ca h thng i vi im
ngn mch:

khi tnh ton trong h n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb v Ucb = Utb th:

20/83
Chng 3
Qu trnh qu trong mch in n gin
Ngn mch 3 pha trong mch in n gin:

Xt mch in 3 pha i xng n gin (hnh 3.1) bao gm in tr, in cm tp trung

v khng c my bin p.

Qui c mch in c cung cp t ngun cng sut v cng ln (ngha l in p

u cc ngun in khng i v bin v tn s).

Hnh 3.1 : S mch in 3 pha n gin

Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, mch in tch thnh 2 phn c lp: mch pha khng
ngun v mch pha c ngun.

1. Mch pha khng ngun:

V mch i xng, ta c th tch ra mt pha kho st. Phng trnh vi phn vit cho
mt pha l:

Gii ra ta c:

T iu kin u (t=0): i0 = i0+ , ta c: C = i0

21/83
Nh vy:

Dng in trong mch pha khng ngun s tt dn cho n lc nng lng tch ly
trong in cm L tiu tn ht trn r.

2. Mch pha c ngun:

Gi thit in p pha A ca ngun l:

u = uA = Umsin(t+)

Dng trong mch in trc ngn mch l:

Lc xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta c phng trnh vi phn vit cho mt pha:

Gii phng trnh i vi pha A ta c:

Dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn: thnh phn th 1 l dng chu k cng bc c bin
khng i:

Thnh phn th 2 l dng t do phi chu k tt dn vi hng s thi gian:

22/83
T iu kin u: i0 = i0+ = ick0+ + itd0+ , ta c:

C = itd0+ = i0 - ick0+ = Imsin( - ) - Ickmsin( - N)

Hnh 3.2 : th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch

Trn hnh 3.2 l th vct dng v p vo thi im u ngn mch trong UA, UB,
UC, IA, IB, IC l p v dng trc khi xy ra ngn mch, cn IckA, IckB, IckC l dng chu
k cng bc sau khi xy ra ngn mch. T th, ta c nhng nhn xt sau:

itd0+ bng hnh chiu ca vct ( im i ckm ) ln trc thi gian t.

ty thuc vo m itd0+ c th cc i hoc bng 0.
itd0+ ph thuc vo tnh trng mch in trc ngn mch; itd0+ t gi tr ln
nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung, ri n mch in trc
ngn mch l khng ti v itd0+ b nht lc mch in trc ngn mch c tnh
in cm.

Thc t him khi mch in trc ngn mch c tnh in dung v ng thi thng c
N 90o , do vy trong tnh ton iu kin c tnh trng ngn mch nguy him nht
l:

1. mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti.

2. p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0 hoc 180o).

Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn v cc thnh phn ca n:

23/83
1. Thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch:

- Nu ngun c cng sut v cng ln hoc ngn mch xa my pht (Um = const.), th:

Trong trng hp ny, bin dng chu k khng thay i theo thi gian v bng dng
ngn mch duy tr (xc lp).

- Nu ngn mch gn, trong my pht cng xy ra qu trnh qu in t, sc in

ng v c in khng ca my pht cng thay i, do bin ca dng chu k thay
i gim dn theo thi gian n tr s xc lp (hnh 3.3).

Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k thi im t l:

trong : Et - sc in ng hiu dng ca my pht thi im t

ZN- tng tr ngn mch (trong mng in p cao c th coi ZN xN)

24/83
Hnh 3.3 : th bin thin dng in trong qu trnh qu

Tr hiu dng ca dng chu k trong chu k u tin sau khi xy ra ngn mch gi l
dng siu qu ban u:

trong : E- sc in ng siu qu ban u ca my pht.

xd - in khng siu qu ca my pht.

xng - in khng bn ngoi t u cc my pht n im ngn mch.

2. Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch:

Thnh phn t do ca dng ngn mch cn gi l thnh phn phi chu k, tt dn theo
hng s thi gian Ta ca mch:

Vi:

25/83
Khi tnh ton vi iu kin nguy him nht, ta c:

1. mch in trc ngn mch l khng ti: Im sin( - ) = 0

2. p tc thi lc ngn mch bng 0 ( = 0) v N 90o .

th:

Tr hiu dng ca dng t do thi im t c ly bng tr s tc thi ca n ti thi

im : Itdt = itdt

3. Dng ngn mch xung kch:

Dng ngn mch xung kch ixk l tr s tc thi ca dng ngn mch trong qu trnh qu
. ng vi iu kin nguy him nht, dng ngn mch xung kch xut hin vo khong
1/2 chu k sau khi ngn mch, tc l vo thi im t = T/2 = 0,01sec (i vi mng in
c tn s f = 50Hz).

ixk = ick0,01 + itd0,01

trong : ick0,01 Ickm0+

Vy:

vi kxk : h s xung kch ca dng ngn mch, ty thuc vo Ta m kxk c gi tr khc

nhau trong khong 1 kxk 2.

Tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn thi im t c tnh nh sau:

26/83
Tng ng, tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch xung kch l:

Ngn mch 3 pha trong mch c my bin p:

Hnh 3.4 : S mch in c my bin p

Gi thit in p ngun khng i pht (Um = const.) v mch t ca my bin p khng

bo ha. Khi xy ra ngn mch 3 pha, ta lp phng trnh vi phn cho mt pha nh sau
(tt c cc tham s ca my bin p c qui i v cng mt pha):

27/83
trong : RB = R1 + R2 : l in tr ca my bin p.

LB = L1 + L2 - 2M = (L1 - M) + (L2 - M) : l in cm ca my bin p.

Phng trnh trn ging nh phng trnh ca mch in n gin kho st mc

I trc y. Do vy trong qu trnh qu khi b qua dng t ha, my bin p c th
c thay th bng in tr v in cm tnh ton nh mch in thng thng.

28/83
Chng 4
Tnh trng ngn mch duy tr
Tnh trng ngn mch duy tr l mt giai on ca qu trnh ngn mch khi tt c cc
thnh phn dng t do pht sinh ra ti thi im ban u ca ngn mch tt ht v
khi hon ton kt thc vic tng dng kch t do tc dng ca cc thit b TK.

Thng s tnh ton ca ngun v ph ti:

Cc thng s c bn ca my in ng b trong tnh trng ngn mch i xng duy tr

l in khng khng bo ha ng b dc trc xd v ngang trc xq.

Thay cho xd ngi ta c th dng mt i lng l t s ngn mch TN, chnh l

dng duy tr tnh trong n v tng i khi ngn mch 3 pha u cc my in vi
dng kch t tng i If = 1:

Xut pht t iu kin ngn mch u cc my in ta c:

trong : C - sc in ng bo ha tng i ca my in khi If = 1.

Trung bnh c th ly cc tr s nh sau:

- i vi my pht turbine hi: C = 1,2 v TN = 0,7

- i vi my pht turbine nc: C = 1,06 v TN = 1,1

i vi my in cc li, in khng ng b ngang trc xq rt t ph thuc vo s bo

ha, thc t c th coi n l khng i v bng:

xq 0.6xd

Trong tnh ton gn ng coi: xd =1/TN

29/83
i vi my in c TK, thng s c trng l dng kch t gii hn Ifgh, khi dng
kch t kiu my in th tr s tng i ca Ifgh = (3?5).

nh hng ca ph ti v TK:

1. nh hng ca ph ti:

Ph ti mt mt lm cho my pht mang ti trc ngn mch, nn trong tnh trng ngn
mch duy tr my pht c dng kch t ln hn so vi my pht lm vic ch khng
ti. Mt khc, khi c ph ti ni vo mng, n c th lm thay i ng k tr s v s
phn b dng trong s mng.

V d trn s hnh 4.1, ta thy ph ti ni song song vi

nhnh ngn mch nn n lm gim in khng ngoi ca my
pht, do vy lm tng dng trong my pht, lm gim in p
u cc my pht v gim dng in ti ch ngn mch. Ngn
mch cng xa th nh hng ca ph ti cng ln, ngc li
khi ngn mch ngay ti u cc my pht th ph ti khng c
tc dng trong tnh trng ngn mch duy tr.

Hnh 4.1

Nu ph ti bao gm cc h tiu th tnh c tng tr khng i th vic tnh ton tng

tr ca ph ti khng kh khn g. Tuy nhin cc ph ti cng nghip a s l cc ng
c khng ng b c tng tr ph thuc rt nhiu vo trt. trt li ph thuc
in p t vo ng c, m trong tnh trng s c th in p li l mt hm ca dng
in phi tm. Bi v cc quan h tng h ny l khng tuyn tnh nn vic gii mt bi
ton nh vy gp nhiu kh khn.

Trong mt h thng in phc tp, thc t l khng th tnh ton ph ti mt cch chnh
xc. n gin ta thay ph ti bng mt tng tr khng i:

xPT = 1,2

2. nh hng ca TK:

Khi ngn mch, TK lm tng dng kch t ca my pht v tr s dng, p ca my

pht s lun lun ln hn so vi khi khng c TK. Mc tng ph thuc vo v tr
im ngn mch v cc thng s chnh ca my pht.

30/83
Thc vy, khi ngn mch xa, khi phc in p n tr s nh mc ch cn tng dng
kch t ln mt t, nhng khi ngn mch cng gn th cn phi tng dng kch t ln
cng hn.

Nhng dng kch t ch c th tng n mt tr s gii hn Ifgh no tng ng vi

khi ngn mch sau mt in khng ti hn Xth.

Khi xN Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v dng ngn mch
l:

trong : Eqgh - sc in ng tng ng vi dng kch t gii hn Ifgh. Trong n v

tng i th: Eqgh* = Ifgh*

Khi xN Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi in p nh mc v:

Khi xN = Xth th:

Trong n v tng i, chn Ucb = Um th:

v dng ngn mch l:

Bng 4.1: CC QUAN H C TRNG CHO TRNG THI CA MY PHT C

TK

31/83
32/83
Chng 5
Qu trnh qu trong my in
Khi nim chung:

Qu trnh qu trong my in xy ra phc tp hn trong my bin p hay cc thit

b tnh khc do tnh cht chuyn ng ca n. Do vy nu k n tt c cc yu t nh
hng th vic nghin cu s v cng kh khn v phc tp. n gin ngi ta a
ra nhiu gi thit gn cho my in mt s tnh cht l tng ha. D nhin kt qu s
c sai s, nhng so snh vi cc s liu thc nghim thng sai s nm trong phm vi
cho php.

Vic nghin cu vo thi im u ca qu trnh qu da

trn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng i v n gin
ch xt trn mt pha ca my in, cc cun dy stato v rto
xem nh ch c mt vng dy, lc t thng ? trong mch t
cng chnh l t thng mc vng ?.Qui c chn h trc ta
trong my in nh sau (hnh 5.1):

Hnh 5.1

? Cc trc ta d, q gi theo dc trc v ngang trc ca rto.

? Thnh phn dc trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn cng chiu

vi sc t ng ca cun kch t.

? Thnh phn ngang trc ca dng stato dng khi sc t ng do n to nn chm 90o
so vi sc t ng ca cun kch t.

Cc loi t thng trong my in:

? T thng ton phn ca cun kch t:

33/83
trong : Xf - in khng ca cun kch t.

- T thng hu ch:

trong : Xad - in khng h cm gia cc cun dy stato v rto, c gi l in

khng phn ng phn ng dc trc.

- T thng tn:

trong : Xf - in khng tn ca cun kch t.

Nh vy:

H s tn ca cun kch t:

? T thng phn ng:

Hnh 5.2

34/83
? T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun kch t: (ch c theo trc dc)

? T thng tng hp mc vng vi cun stato:

- dc trc:

- ngang trc:

? T thng k h khng kh dc trc:

? T thng cun cn:

Sc in ng v in khng qu :

Sc in ng v in khng qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in

khng c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch.

Khi ngn mch, t thng ?ad tng t ngt mt lng ?ado+ (hnh 5.3). Theo nh lut
Lenx, tng ?ado+ s lm cho ?f tng ln mt lng ?fo+ sao cho tng t thng mc
vng l khng i.

35/83
Do ?f tng nn ?f cng tng mt lng t l v:

v t thng k h khng kh cng gim xung v:

iu ny chng t ?d, ?d v sc in ng Eq, E tng ng ca my pht thay i t

bin vo thi im u ca ngn mch nn khng th s dng cc tham s ny thay
th cho my pht vo thi im u ca ngn mch.

Hnh 5.3

c trng cho my pht trong tnh ton ta s dng t thng khng t bin lc ngn
mch l ?f, trong phn xem nh mc vng vi cun dy stato l:

?d c gi l t thng qu dc trc.

36/83
T thng mc vng ny ng vi sc in ng Eq c gi l sc in ng qu :

xd c gi l in khng qu dc trc.

i vi my pht khng c cun cn ngang trc, t

thng phn ng phn ng ngang trc ?aq trong qu
trnh qu c th t bin. S t bin ca t thng
ny c th xem nh l in p ri do dng Iq trn
in khng xq, ngha l:Ed = 0 ; xq = xqTm li,
nu my in khng c cun cn th thi im u
ngn mch c th thay th bng Eq v xd.Dng qu
thi im u ngn mch ch c thnh phn dc
trc:

Hnh 5.4

trong : xng - in khng t u cc my in n im ngn mch.

Sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

Sc in ng v in khng siu qu l nhng tham s c trng cho my pht in

c cun cn vo thi im u ca qu trnh ngn mch.

37/83
Xt mt my in c cc cun cn dc trc v ngang trc, gi thit cun kch t v cun
cn dc trc l nh nhau nn c 2 u lin h vi cun dy stato bi t thng h cm
chung ?ad c xc nh bi Xad.

Khi c mt lng tng t ngt t thng ?ad, rto s c thay i tng ng t thng
ca cun kch t ?f v ca cun cn dc trc ?1d sao cho tng t thng mc vng
khng i, do vy:

T (5.3) thy rng lng tng Id to ra 2 cun kch t v cun cn dc cc dng in

tng cng chiu nhng ln t l nghch in khng tn ca chng.

Thay th phn ng ca 2 cun dy rto ti thi im u ca ngn mch bng phn

ng ca mt cun dy tng ng dc trc c dng bng:

v in khng tn Xrd vi iu kin vn tha mn nguyn l t thng mc vng khng

i, tc l:

Nh vy in khng tn ca cun dy tng ng vi cun kch t v cun cn dc

bng in khng tn ca 2 cun dy ny ghp song song.

38/83
 tm in khng c trng cho my in theo trc dc thi im u ca ngn mch,
ta thc hin tnh ton tng t nh mc III (i vi my in khng c cun cn) trong
thay cun kch t c Xf bng cun dy tng ng c Xrd v ta cng tm c:

xd c gi l in khng siu qu dc trc.

Tng t cho trc ngang, ta cng c in khng siu qu ngang trc:

Cc sc in ng tng ng vi cc in khng trn

c gi l sc in ng siu qu ngang trc Eq
v dc trc Ed, chng c gi tr khng t bin vo

thi im u ngn mch. trong

:Uqo, Udo, Iqo, Ido - p v dng trc ngn mch.

- sc in ng siu qu ton phn.

Hnh 5.5

Vy my pht thi im u ngn mch c th c trng bng sc in ng siu qu

v in khng siu qu .

Gi tr dng siu qu dc trc v ngang trc tng ng l:

39/83
V dng siu qu ton phn l:

Trong tnh ton thc dng gn ng xem xd = xq ta c:

ngha vt l ca cc in khng:

T cc biu thc tnh ton in khng ta thy: xd < xd < xd

V mt vt l iu c gii thch nh sau: Trong ch bnh thng t thng to

bi dng stato gm mt phn mc vng theo ng tn t, cn phn chnh i ngang k
h khng kh khp vng qua cc cc v thn rto. V t tr ch yu l k h khng
kh c t dn ad nh (hnh 5.6a), t cm ln; do vy tng ng vi in khng xd.

Khi t thng stato thay i t ngt, trong cun kch t s c dng cm ng to nn t

thng ngc hng vi t thng stato, v vy c th xem nh mt phn t thng stato b
y ra ngoi i theo ng tn t ca cun kch t c t dn f (hnh 5.6b). Nh vy t
thng stato phi i qua mt tng t dn ln, t cm s nh hn v s c: xd < xd

Hnh 5.6

Rto cng c nhiu mch vng kn, t thng stato cng kh xm nhp vo rto. Trng
hp gii hn, khi t thng hon ton khng th i vo rto, ngha l ch i theo ng

40/83
tn t ca cun dy stato c t dn , in khng ca stato lc chnh l in khng
tn X, tng ng vi trng hp xd nh nht c th c.

i vi cc my in khng c cun cn, bn thn rto cng c tc dng nh cun cn

nn c th xem: xd = (0,75?0,9) xd

Qua trnh qu trong my in khng cun cn:

n gin trc tin ta kho st cc my in khng c thit b TK. Gi thit ngn

mch ti u cc ca my in, mch in xem nh thun khng, dng ngn mch ch
c theo trc dc.

Khi xy ra ngn mch, thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch s thay i t bin.
tng l:

trong : Ido - dng lm vic trc ngn mch.

Ido+ - dng qu ti thi im u ngn mch.

t thng mc vng khng i, dng kch t If cn phi tng mt lng:

Do cun kch t c in tr rf nn tr s ny s suy gim theo hng s thi gian Td ca

cun kch t v If chnh l tr s ban u ca thnh phn t do khng chu k iftd ca
dng kch t (hnh 5.7):

Dng iftd to nn sc in ng Eq trong cun dy stato v lm xut hin thnh phn

t do chu k ick trong dng stato vi tr hiu dng ban u l:

41/83
Id = IN : dng ngn mch xc lp ng vi sc in ng ng b ngang trc Eq do
dng kch t cng bc Ifo = If to ra.

Nh vy, thnh phn chu k c bn ca dng ngn mch gm 2 thnh phn:

t do chu k ick do dng t do ca cun kch t iftd sinh ra v do cng tt dn

theo hng s thi gian Td.

chu k cng bc ick do dng kch t cng bc Ifo = If to ra.

ick = ick + ick gi l dng ngn mch qu v c tr hiu dng ban u l Ido+.

Do dng chu k tng so vi trc khi ngn mch nn trong cun dy stato xut hin
thnh phn t do khng chu k itd sao cho dng ngn mch ton phn thi im u
ngn mch l khng t bin. Dng ny tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta ca mch
stato:

Dng itd to t thng ng yn i vi stato, do s cm ng sang rto thnh phn t

do chu k ifck trong dng kch t. V dng kch t if thi im u ngn mch khng
t bin nn tr s ban u ca cc thnh phn trong dng kch t phi tha mn: ifcko+
= -iftdo+ = -If

Dng ifck tt dn theo hng s thi gian Ta v dng itd stato sinh ra n tt dn theo
hng s thi gian Ta.

Dng ifck sinh ra t trng p mch rto nn c th phn ra thnh 2 t trng quay
ngc chiu nhau:

- T trng quay ngc chiu vi rto (-) s ng yn so vi stato nn khng cm ng

sang stato.

- T trng quay cng chiu vi rto (+) s quay vi tc 2 so vi stato v cm

ng sang stato to nn dng t do chu k ick(2) c tn s 2. Dng ny tt dn theo
hng s thi gian Ta.

Tm li:

Dng trong cun dy stato l:

42/83
iN = ick + ick - itd - ick(2) = ick - itd - ick(2)

Dng trong cun dy kch t l:

if = Ifo + iftd - ifck

Qu trnh qu trong my in c cun cn:

Khi t thng phn ng phn ng thay i, trong cun cn cng cm ng nn mt dng

t do khng chu k tng t nh trong cun kch t. Dng ny li tc dng ln cun dy
stato v cun cn trong qu trnh qu .

1. Dng trong cun dy stato:

Ngoi cc thnh phn dng in ging nh my in khng cun cn, trong cun dy
stato ca my in c cun cn cn bao gm:

Thnh phn siu qu t do dc trc ick do dng t do trong cun cn dc trc

sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Td ca cun cn dc trc. Nh vy
thnh phn chu k dc trc gm:

ick = ick + ick + ick = ick + ick

ick gi l dng ngn mch siu qu dc trc, c tr hiu dng ban u l:

Do Td b nn dng trong cun cn v dng ick tt nhanh hn dng ick do cun

kch t sinh ra.

Thnh phn siu qu t do ngang trc iq do dng t do trong cun cn ngang trc
sinh ra, do n tt dn theo hng s thi gian Tq ca cun cn ngang trc v c tr
hiu dng ban u l:

Vy dng ngn mch ton phn ca my in c cun cn:

iN = ick + ick + ick + iq - itd - ick(2)

43/83
Tr hiu dng ca dng siu qu ban u l:

Trong tnh ton gn ng, khi coi xd = xq th:

2. Dng trong cun kch t:

Vn gm cc thnh phn nh my in khng cun cn nhng thnh phn t do khng

chu k c khc do nh hng ca cun cn.

iftd = iftd(KCC) - if

iftd(KCC): thnh phn t do khng chu k xut hin trong my in khng cun cn.

if : thnh phn t do khng chu k do nh hng ca cun cn, tt theo hng s thi
gian Td.

3. Dng trong cun cn:

Trong ch lm vic bnh thng hoc khi ngn mch duy tr, qua cun cn khng c
dng in. Trong qu trnh qu , cun cn dc trc xut hin dng t do khng chu
k tt dn theo 2 hng s thi gian Td v Td. ng thi di tc dng ca dng t do
trong cun dy stato, cun cn s c thnh phn chu k i1dck tt dn theo hng s thi
gian Ta sao cho dng trong cun cn khng t bin.

i1d = i1dtd + i1dck

Trong cun cn ngang trc cng xut hin cc thnh phn dng tng t.

i vi my pht turbine hi khng c cun cn, li thp cng c xem nh c tc

dng tng t cun cn. Do vy trong qa trnh qu , din bin dng trong cun dy
stato v rto c dng ging nh i vi cc my in c cun cn. V trong tnh ton
vn dng nhng tham s siu qu thay th ti thi im u ngn mch.

Cc hng s thi gian tt dn:

Do trong mch c in tr tc dng nn cc thnh phn dng t do s tt dn vi hng

s thi gian T = L/r. Trong h n v tng i th:

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1. Hng s thi gian ca cun dy stato:

trong : X2 - in khng th t nghch ca my in

Nu ngn mch cch my in mt on c tng tr Z = r + jx th:

.2. Hng s thi gian ca cun kch t:

Khi my pht khng ti:

Khi ngn mch ngay ti u cc my pht:

C th chng minh c rng:

trong : Xf - in khng ca cun kch t khi ni tt cun dy stato.

Nu ngn mch cch my pht mt on c in khng bng x th:

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3. Hng s thi gian ca cun cn:

Hng s thi gian ca cun cn dc Td v cun cn ngang Tq cng ph thuc vo

khong cch n im ngn mch. C th ly cc tr s trung bnh nh sau: - My pht
turbine hi: Td Tq 0,1 sec.

- My pht turbine nc: Td Tq 0,05 sec.

nh hng ca TK v ph ti n qu trnh ngn mch:

1. nh hng ca TK:

Ti thi im u ca ngn mch, v t thng mc vng vi cc cun dy l khng i

nn thit b TK khng c nh hng. iu cho php tnh ton cc tham s thi
im u ca ngn mch (chng hn nh Io, Eo, ixk) ging nh i vi cc my in
khng c TK.

Trong khong thi gian tip theo ca qu trnh qu , TK lm tng dng kch t v
do lm tng cc thnh phn dng trong cun dy stato v cun cn dc. Qu trnh
ny din ra chm, do vy thc t n ch lm thay i sc in ng quay ca stato v
thnh phn chu k ca dng stato. Thnh phn khng chu k v sng iu ha bc 2
stato vn ging nh khi khng c TK.

i vi cun cn dc, dng sinh ra trong n l do sc in ng bin p, sc in ng

ny nh v dng kch t if thay i chm. Do vy dng t do c b gim xung nhng
khng ng k.

2. nh hng ca ph ti:

nh hng ca ph ti thi im u ca ngn mch ph thuc vo in p d ti

im ni ph ti, tc ph thuc vo in khng xN t ph ti cho n im ngn mch.

Khi xN < 0,4: ph ti xem nh ngun cung cp lm tng dng ngn mch.

Khi xN > 0,4: ph ti tiu th dng in lm gim dng ngn mch.

Khi xN = 0 th dng ph ti chim khong 25% dng ngn mch.

Trong tnh ton thc t, cc ph ti c gp chung thnh ph ti tng hp mt im

ca h thng in v c thay th gn ng bng:

XPT = 0,35 v EPT = 0,8

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Ch k n mt cch ring r cc ng c c ln v c thay th nh sau:

- Cc ng c ng b c cu to ging nh my pht. thi im u ca ngn mch,

ng c ang quay theo qun tnh xem nh vn cn tc ng b nn c th thay th
bng cc tham s ging nh i vi my pht l Eo v xd.

- Cc ng c khng ng b vi h s trt b xem nh l ng c ng b khng c

cun kch t, cng c thay th bng sc in ng v in khng siu qu :

trong : I*mm - dng m my ca ng c.

Uo, Io, o - tham s ca ng c trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

47/83
Chng 6
Cc phng php tnh ton ngn mch
Khi nim chung:

Phng php tnh dng ngn mch bng cch gii h phng trnh vi phn i hi nhiu
cng sc, mc d chnh xc nhng ngay c tnh mt s n gin khi lng tnh
ton cng kh cng knh, bc phng trnh tng nhanh theo s my in c trong s
. Ngoi ra cn c nhng vn lm phc tp thm qu trnh tnh ton nh: dao ng
cng sut, dng t do trong cc my in nh hng nhau, tc dng ca thit b t ng
iu chnh kch t (TK), tham s d trc v ngang trc khc nhau.... Do , trong thc
t thng dng cc phng php thc dng cho php tnh ton n gin hn.

Ngoi cc gi thit c bn nu trc y, cn c thm nhng gi thit sau:

Qui lut bin thin thnh phn chu k ca dng ngn mch trong s c mt
my pht tng t nh trong s c nhiu my pht.
Vic xt n thnh phn khng chu k ca dng ngn mch trong tt c cc
trng hp c th tin hnh mt cch gn ng.
Rto ca cc my in ng b l i xng do khng cn phn bit sc in
ng, in p, dng in theo cc trc v c th b qua thnh phn chu k 2.

Ty mc ch tnh ton c th s dng cc phng php khc nhau vi sai s khng

c vt qu phm vi cho php 5% i vi tr s ban u v 10?15% cc thi
im khc.

Phng php giI tch:

1. Tnh dng siu qu ban u:

Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:

a) Lp s thay th, tnh ton qui i tham s ca cc phn t trong h n v c tn

hay n v tng i:

- My pht: thay th bng Eo v X = xd = xq, i vi my pht khng c cun cn

xem rto nh cun cn t nhin, tc l cng dng cc thng s siu qa tnh ton
vi xd = (0,75?0,9) xd.

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Sc in ng Eo c tnh theo cng thc gn ng vi gi thit my pht lm vic
ch nh mc trc khi ngn mch:

Nu my pht lm vic ch khng ti trc khi ngn mch th Eo = UF.

- ng c v my b ng b c tnh nh my pht.

- ng c khng ng b v ph ti tng hp thay th bng:

v: Eo Uo - IoXsino

trong : X*N - in khng ngn mch (lc ng c b hm).

I*mm - dng m my ca ng c.

Uo, Io, sino - c ly tnh trng trc ngn mch.

Khi khng c s liu cn thit c th tra bng sau:

THIT B X E o
My pht turbine hi 0,125 1,08
My pht turbine nc c cun cn 0,2 1,13
My pht turbine nc khng cun cn 0,27 1,18
ng c ng b 0,2 1,1
My b ng b 0,2 1,2
ng c khng ng b 0,2 0,9
Ph ti tng hp 0,35 0,8

b) Tnh ton: Bin i s thnh dng n gin gm mt hay nhiu nhnh ni trc
tip t ngun n im ngn mch (hnh 6.1), t tnh c dng siu qu ban u
theo biu thc sau:

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 c) Ch : Trong thc t, vic tnh ton dng siu
qu ban u thng ch xt n nhng ph ti ni trc
tip vo im ngn mch.
Hnh 6.1

2. Tnh dng ngn mch i vi ngun cng sut v cng ln:

Trong tnh ton n gin s b hay trong mng c ngun cng sut v cng ln th thnh
phn chu k ca dng ngn mch l khng i v c tnh nh sau:

trong : Utb - in p trung bnh ca on c im ngn mch.

X - in khng gia ngun v im ngn mch qui v on c im ngn mch.

Trong h n v tng i vi lng c bn l Scb v Ucb = Utb th:

Vi :

Trong tnh ton thc dng, vic xt n cc h thng thng l gn ng.

Nu bit tr s dng siu qa ban u Io hoc cng sut SN khi ngn

mch 3 pha ti mt nt bt k trong h thng (hnh 6.2), th c th xc nh
in khng XH ca h thng i vi im nt ny:

hay

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(6.1)

Nu khng bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch, c th xc nh in khng XH

gn ng t cng sut ct nh mc ca my ct dng ct cng sut ngn
mch (hnh 6.3), tc l trong cc biu thc (6.1) trn dng ICm v SCm
thay cho Io v SN.

Hnh 6.2
Hnh 6.3

Nu ti nt ang xt cn c nh my in a phng (hnh 6.3) th phi gim

bt lng IF, SF do nh my in ny cung cp, tc l trong cc biu thc
(6.1) trn dng (ICm- IF) v (SCm- SF) thay cho Io v SN.
Trng hp c mt s h thng lin lc vi nhau qua mt s im nt, nu
bit dng hay cng sut ngn mch mi im nt, cng c th xc nh c
in khng XH ca h thng. V d, trn hnh 6.4 ta c:

t , khi bit IM, IN v XMN c th tnh c XH1 v XH2.

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Hnh 6.4

3. Tnh dng xung kch:

a) i vi mng c cng sut v cng ln:

Io = Ick = I

lc :

a) i vi mng c cng sut hu hn:

trong cc biu thc trn, kxk l h s xung kch, ph thuc vo hng s thi gian Ta=L/
r. Khi xt ring nh hng ca cc ng c v ph ti tng hp th:

vi: I - dng siu qu ban u do ng c hay ph ti cung cp.

kxk - h s xung kch ca ng c hay ph ti tng hp.

Trung bnh c th ly gi tr nh sau:

Ngn mch ti thanh gp in p my pht hoc u cao p ca my bin p

tng: kxk = 1,9
Ngn mch cc thit b cao p xa my pht: kxk = 1,8
Ngn mch pha th cp ca cc trm h p (S<1000KVA): kxk = 1,3
i vi ng c khng ng b, suy gim ca cc thnh phn dng chu k
v t do do n cung cp cho im ngn mch l gn nh nhau, c th ly: -
ng c c ln : kxk = 1,8

- ng c c 100?200KW: kxk = 1,5?1,6

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- ng c c b v ph ti tng hp: kxk = 1

4. Tnh dng ngn mch duy tr:

Cc phn t c thay th bi cc tham s ging nh ch lm vic bnh thng ca

h thng in.

a) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht khng c TK:

- My pht c thay bng Eq v xd vi Eq* = If*. Nu cha bit dng kch t If th c

th tnh Eq t ch lm vic ca my pht trc khi xy ra ngn mch:

- Ph ti tp trung ti cc nt c thay bng: xPT = 1,2 v EPT = 0

- Lp s thay th v bin i tm dng ngn mch:

a) i vi h thng in bao gm cc my pht c TK:

Trng hp mch n gin ch c mt my pht th tnh trng lm vic ca my pht

khi ngn mch duy tr c th c xc nh bng cch so snh in khng ngn mch
XN vi Xth:

hay khi Ucb = Um th:

Nu XN > Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc v c thay bng Eqgh v

xd vi: Eqgh* = Ifgh*

Nu XN < Xth th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn v c thay bng
Um v XF = 0.

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Trng hp mch phc tp c nhiu ngun lin kt nh hng nhau thng khng th
s dng ch tiu nu trn xc nh tnh trng lm vic ca cc my pht. Do phi
dng phng php gn ng nh sau:

- Ty thuc vo v tr ca my pht i vi im ngn mch, gi thit trc tnh trng

lm vic ca my pht.

- Lp s thay th v tin hnh tnh ton dng ngn mch IN.

- Kim tra li gi thit bng cch tnh ngc li tm dng IF do mi my pht cung
cp cho im ngn mch v so snh vi Ith ca tng my pht.

Nu IF > Ith th my pht lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn.

Nu IF < Ith th my pht lm vic trng thi nh mc.

i vi nhng my pht gi thit lm vic trng thi kch t gii hn cng c th

kim tra theo in p u cc my pht (UF < Um)

Nu gi thit ng xem nh bi ton gii xong. Nu gi thit sai mt my pht no

cn phi thay i trng thi ca n v tnh ton li.

- Nhng im cn lu :

Ph ti lm tng tng dn so vi im ngn mch, v vy nu b qua nh hng

ca ph ti th kt qu tnh ton c th c sai s ln, ch b qua nh hng ca
ph ti khi xt n ngn mch ngay u cc my pht.
Ph ti cng c th nh hng n tnh trng lm vic ca my pht trong iu
kin ngn mch, do vy cn phi xt n chng khi gi thit.
Nu trong h thng c my pht khng c TK th thay th n bng Eq v xd.

5. Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn:

my ct lm vic m bo cn chn SCm v ICm ca n sao cho vo thi im ct

t ta c: SCm > SNt v ICm > INt

Do cn xc nh tr hiu dng ca dng ngn mch ton phn vo thi im t:

54/83
trong , Ickt tnh ton bng gii tch rt phc tp, thng tra theo ng cong tnh ton,
cn Itdt c tnh bng biu thc sau:

Thc t n gin dng cng thc gn ng sau:

INt = t.Io

t : h s tnh ton, gi tr trung bnh ca n c th ly nh sau:

khi t = 0,05sec: t = 1,1

khi t = 0,1 sec: t = 1

khi t 0,2 sec: c th xem INt Ickt v hu nh thnh phn t do tt ht.

Phng php ng cong tnh ton:

1. ng cong tnh ton:

ng cong tnh ton l ng cong biu din tr s tng i ca thnh phn chu k
trong dng ngn mch ti nhng thi im ty ca qu trnh qu ph thuc vo mt
in khng - in khng tnh ton x*tt = xd + xN.

I*ckt = f(x*tt , t)

Hnh 6.5

ng cong c xy dng theo s n gin nh hnh 6.5, trong coi rng trc
ngn mch my pht lm vic vi ph ti nh mc v ph ti khng i trong sut
qu trnh ngn mch, nhnh b ngn mch 3 pha ti im N c in khng xN khng
mang ti trc khi xy ra ngn mch.

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Cho xN cc gi tr khc nhau, theo cc biu thc bit hoc bng m hnh tnh Ick ti
im ngn mch cc thi im khc nhau. T kt qu tnh c, xy dng h ng
cong I*ckt = f(x*tt , t). Cc tham s u tnh trong n v tng i vi lng c bn l
nh mc ca my pht: Ucb = Utb v Scb = SmF.

Thc t c 2 loi ng cong tnh ton khc nhau cho 2 loi my pht: turbine hi v
turbine nc

Cc c im ca ng cong tnh ton nh sau:

Khi xtt cng ln (ngn mch cng xa) th s bin thin ca bin dng in chu k
theo thi gian cng t. Khi xtt > 3 c th xem Ickt = Io.

Khi xtt cng tng ln th s khc bit v dng gia 2 loi my pht cng nh v khi xtt
> 1 th ng cong tnh ton ca 2 loi my pht hu nh trng nhau.

ng cong tnh ton tng ng vi cc thi im khc nhau c th ct nhau. iu

ny l do tc dng ca thit b TK lm tng dng ngn mch sau khi qua mt tr s cc
tiu no . Cc ng cong tnh ton b gii hn bi ng cong I*ck = 1/x*N do phi
tha mn iu kin Ickt Um/xN.

Nu hng s thi gian Tfo ca my pht khc vi Tfotc ca my pht tiu chun th cn
hiu chnh thi gian t ng cong tnh ton thnh:

i vi my pht turbine hi: Tfotc= 7sec, my pht turbine nc: Tfotc= 5sec.

ng cong tnh ton c v vi my pht c ph ti nh mc, do trng hp

my pht khng c ph ti u cc th tr s dng in tm c I*ck phi hiu chnh
thnh:

2. Phng php tnh ton:

2.1. Tnh ton theo mt bin i :

Tnh ton theo mt bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo bin i chung. Phng php ny
s dng khi khong cch gia cc my pht n im ngn mch gn nh nhau, lc

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s tt dn ca thnh phn chu k trong dng ngn mch ca cc my pht l gn nh
nhau, cho nn c th nhp chung tt c cc my pht thnh mt my pht ng tr c
cng sut tng tnh ton. Trnh t tnh ton nh sau:

Lp s thay th trong n v tng i theo php qui i gn ng (vi cc lng

c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb):

- in khng ca my pht ly bng xd.

- khng cn t bt k sc in ng no trong s .

- ph ti c th b i, tr trng hp nhng ng c c ln ni trc tip vo im ngn

mch th tnh ton nh my pht c cng cng sut.

Bin i s thay th, a n v dng n gin nht tnh in khng ng tr x*

ca s i vi im ngn mch.

Tnh i v in khng tnh ton:

trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht.

T in khng tnh ton x*tt v thi im t cn xt, tra ng cong tnh ton (hnh 6.6)
s tm c I*ckt. Tnh i v n v c tn (nu cn) vi lng c bn lc ny l Sm
v Utb:

Mt s im cn lu :

- Khi x*tt > 3 th dng chu k khng thay i v bng: I*ck = 1/x*tt.

- Nu cc my pht khc loi th dng ng cong tnh ton ca my pht c cng sut
ln, gn im ngn mch.

- Nu r < x/3 th khng th b qua in tr tc dng v phi tnh ton Z, sau dng
Ztt thay v xtt.

2.2. Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i :

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Tnh ton theo nhiu bin i cn gi l tnh ton theo nhng bin i ring bit. Phng
php ny s dng khi trong s khong cch t cc my pht n im ngn mch
khc nhau nhiu, nht l khi c ngun cng sut v cng ln, lc phi k n s thay
i dng in ring r ca tng my pht hay tng nhm my pht. Trnh t tnh ton
nh sau:

Lp s thay th, tham s ca cc phn t c tnh ton gn ng trong h n v

tng i (vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb).

Da vo s xc nh nhm cc my pht c th nhp chung, h thng cng sut v

cng ln phi tch ring ra.

Dng cc php bin i a s v dng tng nhnh c lp ni vi im ngn

mch.

Tnh ton vi tng nhnh ring r theo phng php bin i chung. Cng sut c bn
tnh x*tt l tng cng sut cc my pht trn mi nhnh.

Tra theo ng cong tnh ton ti thi im ang xt tm ra dng I*ckti trn mi nhnh
ring bit.

Tnh dng tng trong h n v c tn:

Ickt = I*ckti.Imi

Nhnh c h thng cng sut v cng tch ring ra v tnh trc tip dng ngn mch do
n cung cp:

trong : x*NH(cb) - in khng tng h gia h thng v im ngn mch tnh trong
h n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb.

Thng thng trong tnh ton s dng 2 n 3 nhnh bin i c lp.

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Chng 7
Ngn mch khng i xng
Khai nim chung:

Ngoi ngn mch 3 pha i xng, trong h thng in cn c th xy ra ngn mch

khng i xng bao gm cc dng ngn mch 1 pha, ngn mch 2 pha, ngn mch 2 pha
chm t. Khi h thng vct dng, p 3 pha khng cn i xng na.

i vi my pht, khi trong cun dy stato c dng khng i xng s xut hin t
trng p mch, t sinh ra mt lot sng hi bc cao cm ng gia rto v stato:
sng bc l stato s cm ng sang rto sng bc chn v ngc li. Bin cc sng
ny ph thuc vo s i xng ca rto, rto cng i xng th bin cc sng cng
b. Do thc t i vi my pht turbine hi v turbine nc c cc cun cn dc trc
v ngang trc, cc sng hi bc cao c bin rt nh, c th b qua v trong tnh ton
ngn mch ta ch xt n sng tn s c bn.

Tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng mt cch trc tip bng cc h phng trnh vi
phn da trn nhng nh lut Kirchoff v Ohm rt phc tp, do ngi ta thng
dng phng php thnh phn i xng. Ni dung ca phng php ny l chuyn mt
ngn mch khng i xng thnh ngn mch 3 pha i xng gi tng ri dng cc
phng php bit gii n.

Phng php thnh phn i xng:

Phng php ny da trn nguyn tc Fortesene - Stokvis. Mt h thng 3 vct

khng i xng bt k (hnh 7.1) c th phn tch thnh 3 h thng vct i xng:

- H thng vct th t thun : Fa1, Fb1,Fc1

- H thng vct th t nghch: Fa2, Fb2,Fc2

- H thng vct th t khng : Fa0, Fb0,Fc0

Theo iu kin phn tch ta c:

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Fa = Fa1+Fa2+Fa0

Fb = Fb1+Fb2+Fb0

Fc = Fc1+Fc2+Fc0

Hnh 7.1

Dng ton t pha

ta c:

v ngc li:

Khi Fa+Fb+Fc=3F0=0 th h thng 3 vct l cn bng.

H s khng cn bng: b0 = F0/F1

H s khng i xng: b2 = F2/F1

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H thng vct th t thun v th th nghch l i xng v cn bng, h thng vct
th t khng l i xng v khng cn bng.

Mt vi tnh cht ca cc thnh phn i xng trong h thng in 3 pha:

Trong mch 3 pha - 3 dy, h thng dng in dy l cn bng.

Dng i trong t (hay trong dy trung tnh) bng tng hnh hc dng cc pha, do
bng 3 ln dng th t khng.

H thng in p dy khng c thnh phn th t khng.

Gia in p dy v in p pha ca cc thnh phn th t thun v th th nghch

cng c quan h

C th lc c cc thnh phn th t.

Cc phng trnh c bn ca thnh phn i xng:

Quan h gia cc i lng dng, p, tng tr ca cc thnh phn i xng cng tun
theo nh lut Ohm:

trong : X1, X2, X0 - in khng th t thun, nghch v khng ca mch.

Khi ngn mch khng i xng ta xem tnh trng mch nh l xp chng ca cc mch
tng ng vi cc thnh phn i xng tun theo nhng phng trnh c bn sau:

trong : UN1, UN2, UN0, IN1, IN2, IN0 - cc thnh phn th t ca dng v p ti im
ngn mch.

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Nhim v tnh ton ngn mch khng i xng l tnh c cc thnh phn i xng t
cc phng trnh c bn v iu kin ngn mch, t tm ra cc i lng ton phn.

Cc tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t:

Tham s ca cc phn t l c trng cho phn ng khi c dng, p qua chng. Do

tham s thnh phn th t ca cc phn t l phn ng khi c h thng dng, p th t
thun, nghch v khng tc dng ln chng.

- Tham s th t thun ca cc phn t l cc tham s trong ch i xng bnh thng

bit.

- i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t ng yn nh my bin p, ng dy ... th

in khng khng ph thuc vo th t pha, tc l in khng th t thun v th t
nghch ging nhau (X2 = X1). i vi nhng phn t c ngu hp t quay th X2 X1.
in khng th t khng th ni chung l X0 X2, X1, tr trng hp mch khng c
ngu hp t th X0 = X2 = X1.

1. My in ng b:

- in khng th t nghch X2 l phn ng ca my in do dng th t nghch to t

trng quay ngc vi vn tc 2 so vi rto. Tr s ca X2 ty thuc i xng ca
my in, thng ghi trong l lch my. Trong tnh ton gn ng c th ly:

? My in khng cun cn: X2 = 1,45xd

? My in c cun cn: X2 = 1,22xd

- in khng th t khng Xo c trng cho t thng tn ca dng th t khng: Xo =

(0,15 ? 0,6)xd

X1 thay i trong qu trnh ngn mch nhng X2 v Xo nu khng xt n bo ha th

c th xem l khng i. Tnh ton gn ng c th ly gi tr trung bnh trong bng 7.1.

Bng 7.1:

Loi my in X2 Xo
My pht turbine hi < 200MW 0,15 0,05
My pht turbine hi 200MW 0,22 0,05
My pht turbine nc c cun cn 0,25 0,07

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My pht turbine nc khng cun cn 0,45 0,07
My b v ng c ng b c ln 0,24 0,08

2. Ph ti tng hp:

Ph ti tng hp ch yu l ng c khng ng b nn c th ly mt ng c khng

ng b ng tr thay th cho ton b ph ti tnh ton.

- in khng th t nghch X2 ng vi t thng th t nghch c trt (2-s), lc s=1

(tc ng c b hm) th X2 b nht, l trng hp nguy him nht c tnh ton
trong thc t:

X2 = X2(s=1) = XN

trong : XN - in khng ngn mch ca ng c vi X*N = 1/I*mm

Tnh ton gn ng ly: X2 = X = 0,35

- Hu ht cc ng c c trung tnh cch in vi t nn khng c dng th t khng

i qua chng. Do vy khng cn tm Xo ca cc ng c (tc Xo ).

3. Khng in:

Khng in l phn t ng yn, lin lc v t yu nn:

Xo X 1 = X 2

4. My bin p:

My bin p c X1 = X2, cn Xo ph thuc vo t ni dy. T ni dy ch c th cho

dng th th khng chy qun trong cun dy m khng ra ngoi li in. T ni dy
Y cho dng th th khng i qua cun dy ch khi trung tnh ni t.

Ni Yo / :(hnh 7.2)

xo >> xII

Xo = xI + xII =X1

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Hnh 7.2

Ni Yo / Yo :(hnh 7.3)

Xo ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

Hnh 7.3

Ni Yo / Y :(hnh 7.4)

Xo = xI + xo

Hnh 7.4

i vi my bin p 2 cun dy gm 3 my bin p 1 pha hoc i vi my bin p 3

pha 4 tr hay 5 tr th xo = , i vi my bin p 3 pha 3 tr th xo = 0,3 ? 1.

i vi my bin p 3 cun dy thng c 1 cun dy ni v vy c th b qua xo

Ni Yo / /Y :(hnh 7.5)

Xo = xI + xII

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Hnh 7.5

Ni Yo / /Yo :(hnh 7.6)

Xo ty thuc vo ch lm vic ca im trung tnh li in.

Hnh 7.6

Ni Yo / / :(hnh 7.7)

Xo = xI + (xII // xIII)

Hnh 7.7

5. ng dy:

1. ng dy trn khng :

X2 = X1

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 Xo ph thuc ng i ca dng th th khng, ngha l ph thuc vo s phn b ca
chng trong t, trong dy trung tnh, trong nhng mch ni t song song (dy chng
st). H cm gia cc pha lm gim X1, X2 nhng lm tng Xo.

- i vi ng dy n 3 pha (1 l): Xo > X1

- i vi ng dy kp 3 pha (2 l), Xo ca mt l ln hn in khng th t khng

Xo ca ng dy n 3 pha do c h cm gia 2 mch song song:

Xo = Xo + XI-IIo

trong : XI-IIo - in khng th t khng h cm gia 2 l.

in khng tng ng ca 1 pha ng dy kp l:

Xo = Xo/2 = (Xo + XI-IIo)/2

- Anh hng ca dy chng st:

Dy chng st thng c ni t mi ct to thnh nhng mch vng kn cho dng

cm ng i qua khi c dng th t khng trong cc pha (i vi dng th t thun v
dng th t nghch khng c cm ng v tng t thng mc vng do chng to nn bng
khng).

Chnh h cm gia dy chng st v cc pha lm gim Xo ca ng dy, h cm ny

ph thuc vo vt liu, s lng v s b tr ca dy chng st. Trong tnh ton gn
ng c th ly tr s trung bnh trong bng 7.2.

Bng 7.2:

Tnh cht ng dy t s X o /X 1
ng dy n khng c dy chng st 3,5
ng dy n c dy chng st bng thp 3
ng dy n c dy chng st dn in tt 2
ng dy kp khng c dy chng st 5,5
ng dy kp c dy chng st bng thp 4,7
ng dy kp c dy chng st dn in tt 3

2. ng dy cp :

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V cp thng c ni t 2 u v nhiu im trung gian (hp ni cp), do to
thnh ng i i vi dng th t khng, v cp c nh hng tng t nh dy chng
st ca ng dy trn khng. Gi tr ro, Xo ca dy cp thay i trong phm vi rng.
Trong tnh ton gn ng, vi cp 3 li c th xem:

ro 10r1

Xo (3,5 ? 4,6)X1

S Cc thnh phn th t:

1. S th t thun v th t nghch:

S th t thun l s dng tnh ton ch i xng. Ty thuc vo phng

php v thi im tnh ton, cc my pht v cc phn t khc c thay th bng sc
in ng v in khng tng ng.

S th t nghch v s th t thun c cu trc tng t nhau v ng i ca

dng th t nghch v dng th t thun l nh nhau. im khc bit ca s th t
nghch so vi s th t thun l:

- cc ngun sc in ng bng khng.

- cc in khng th t nghch khng thay i, khng ph thuc vo dng ngn mch v

thi im tnh ton.

Ta gi:

im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im ni tt c cc trung tnh my

pht v ph ti, l im c th in bng khng.

im cui ca s th t thun v th t nghch l im s c.

in p gia im cui v im u ca s th t thun v th t nghch tng

ng l in p ngn mch th t thun v th t nghch.

2. S th t khng:

ng i ca dng th t khng rt khc vi dng th t thun v th t nghch. S

th t khng ph thuc rt nhiu vo cch ni dy ca my bin p v ch ni t
im trung tnh ca h thng in.

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Mun thnh lp s th t khng cn bt u t im ngn mch, coi rng c 3 pha
ti im nhp chung v c in p l UNo. S th t khng ch bao gm cc phn
t m dng th t khng c th i qua. Tng tr ni t cc im trung tnh cn nhn 3,
v s th t khng c lp cho 1 pha trong khi qua tng tr ni t c dng th t
khng ca c 3 pha.

Tnh ton cc dng ngn mch c bn:

Qui c:

- Coi pha A l pha c bit ( trong iu kin khc 2 pha cn li).

- Xt ngn mch ngay ti u nhnh r ca phn t v chiu dng ca dng in l t

cc pha n im ngn mch.

Theo iu kin phn tch h thng vct khng i xng, ta c:

v cc phng trnh c bn:

(7.1)(7.2)(7.3)

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1. Ngn mch 2 pha:

Xt ngn mch gia 2 pha B, C (hnh 7.8). iu kin ngn

mch l: Thay vo cc phng

trnh th t:
Hnh 7.8

Gii cc phng trnh t (7.1) n (7.9) ta c:

Nh vy:

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Hnh 7.9

2. Ngn mch 1 pha:

Xt ngn mch 1 pha pha A (hnh 7.10). iu kin ngn

mch l: Thay vo phng trnh

th t dng:
Hnh 7.10

T phng trnh th t p ta c:

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V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) ? (7.3) ta c:

Nh vy:

Dng ti ch ngn mch, cng l dng i qua t I:

Ap ti ch ngn mch:

Hnh 7.11

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3. Ngn mch 2 pha chm t:

Xt ngn mch 2 pha B, C chm t (hnh 7.12). iu kin

ngn mch l: Thay vo phng

trnh th t p:
Hnh 7.12

T (7.14) ta c:

V t cc phng trnh c bn (7.1) ? (7.3) ta c:

Nh vy:

T cc phng trnh c bn v (7.17) ta c:

Do :

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Dng ti ch ngn mch:

Dng i qua t I l:

p ti im ngn mch:

Hnh 7.13

Bng 7.3: TM TT BIU THC I VI CC DNG NGN MCH

73/83
Qui tc ng tr th t thun:

Qua bng 7.3 thy rng cc thnh phn i xng ca dng v p t l vi dng th t
thun ch ngn mch, do vy nhim v tnh ton mt dng ngn mch khng i xng
bt k trc ht l tm dng th t thun ch ngn mch. tnh ton ngi ta a ra
qui tc ng tr th t thun nh sau:

Dng th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng i xng bt k c tnh nh l

dng ngn mch 3 pha mt im xa hn im ngn mch thc s mt in khng ph
X(n). Tr s ca X(n) khng ph thuc vo tham s ca s th t thun m ch ph
thuc vo X2 v Xo.

trong , m(n), X(n) ty thuc vo dng ngn mch c tnh theo bng 7.4.

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Nh vy cc phng php tnh ton, cng thc s dng cho ngn mch 3 pha i xng
u c th dng tnh ton thnh phn th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch khng
i xng bt k.

S thay th phc hp:

S thay th phc hp l s trong bao gm cc s th t ni vi nhau tha

mn iu kin quan h gia cc thnh phn dng in v in p ti im ngn mch.

Dng th t ti im ngn mch hay trong mt phn t no l dng trong s th

t tng ng. Ap th t l hiu th gia im ang xt v im u ca s th t
tng ng.

Ngn mch 2 pha:

Hnh 7.14

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 Hnh 7.16 Ngn
Hnh 7.15 mch 2 pha - t:
Ngn mch 1 pha:

S phc hp rt thun tin khi cn nghin cu cc thnh phn dng v p ti mt

phn t hoc mt nhnh no , nht l khi dng m hnh tnh ton, v n cho php o
trc tip kt qu ngay trn m hnh.

S dng phng php ng cong tnh ton:

Bng qui tc ng tr th t thun ta c th s dng ng cong tnh ton tm dng

th t thun ca mt dng ngn mch bt k v t tnh c dng ngn mch.

1. Dng mt bin i:

Lp cc s th t thun, th t nghch, th t khng; tnh X1, X2, Xo ca s

i vi im ngn mch tnh ton trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb
= Utb.

Tnh in khng ph X(n) ty theo dng ngn mch v t tm c in khng

tnh ton X*tt:

76/83
trong : Sm - tng cng sut nh mc ca tt c cc my pht c trong s .

Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh ton

X*tt c dng th t thun I(n)*N1t.

Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:

trong : Im - dng nh mc tng tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh dng ngn

mch.

2. Dng nhiu bin i:

Lp cc s th t nghch, th t khng tnh X2, Xo ca s i vi im

ngn mch trong n v tng i vi cc lng c bn Scb, Ucb = Utb.

Tnh in khng ph X(n) ty theo dng ngn mch.

Lp s th t thun v t thm in khng ph X(n) vo im ngn mch, xem

nh ngn mch 3 pha sau in khng ny.

Dng cc php bin i, tch ring tng nhnh i vi im ngn mch gi tng
tnh in khng Xi ca tng nhnh.

Tnh in khng tnh ton ca tng nhnh:

trong : Smi - tng cng sut nh mc ca cc my pht ghp chung trong nhnh
th i.

Tra ng cong tnh ton ti thi im t cn xt tng ng vi in khng tnh ton

X*tti c dng th t thun I(n)*N1ti ca nhnh th i.

Tnh dng ngn mch ton phn trong n v c tn:

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trong : k - s nhnh tch ring ca s thay th.

Imi - dng nh mc tng ca nhnh th i tng ng vi cp in p cn tnh dng

ngn mch.

MT S IM LU :

- Nu c h thng cng sut v cng ln th phi tch n thnh mt nhnh ring, sau khi
thm X(n) dng cc php bin i tnh in khng tng h gia h thng v im
ngn mch X*HN v tnh ring dng do h thng cung cp:

- V phng php ng cong tnh ton s dng cch tnh gn ng nn c th xem X2

X1 m khng cn lp s th t nghch.

- Do cch im ngn mch gi tng thm mt in khng ph X(n) nn s khc bit

gia cc ngun t hn. V vy thng dng 1 hoc 2 bin i chung l m bo
chnh xc yu cu, ch tch ring nhng nhnh cn thit.

S bin i ca dng v p qua my bin p:

Qua my bin p, dng v p thay i c v tr s ln gc pha. Thng t ni dy ca

my bin p c gi theo ch s ca kim ng h:

trong : N - ch s ca kim ng h.

Nh vy c th s dng h s bin i phc:

78/83
vi

l t s bin p khng ti.

k1 chnh l h s bin i ca in p th t thun v n c xc nh trong ch bnh

thng, i xng.

T ta c biu thc bin i dng th t thun da vo quan h:

Dng v p th t thun bin i qua my bin p vi cng mt gc pha nh nhau

(hnh 7.17).

Hnh 7.18

Tng t, dng v p th t nghch bin i qua my bin p cng vi cng mt gc

pha (hnh 7.18) ca h s bin i phc k2 lin hip vi k1.

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 Dng v p th t khng bin i qua my bin p (nu c th c) hoc cng pha
hoc lch pha nhau 180o.

Xt mt s trng hp sau:

- Trng hp my bin p ni Y/Y-12 hay /-12 (tc N=12), cc vct dng v p 2

pha trng pha nhau, ngha l h thng vct xem nh khng lch pha khi bin i qua
my bin p.

Khi N=6, h thng vct 2 pha ca my bin p s lch nhau 180o.

i vi my bin p ni Yo/Yo cn tnh n s bin i ca thnh phn dng v p th

t khng.

- Trng hp thng dng nht my bin p ni Y/-11, khi bin i t pha Y qua pha
th h thng vct th t thun s quay mt gc 30o ngc chiu kim ng h.

Mt s lu :

- Dng trong cun dy ni ca my bin p c th c thnh phn th t khng, nhng

dng dy v p dy khng c thnh phn ny.

- Trong h n v tng i th t s bin p k = 1, do h thng vct 2 pha ca

my bin p c ln bng nhau, ch khc nhau v gc pha.

80/83
Tham gia ng gp
Ti liu: Ngt mch trong h thng in
Bin tp bi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
URL: http://voer.edu.vn/c/1487bf21
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Khi nim v qu trnh qu in t

Cc tc gi: PGS.TS. L Kim Hng
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/ea965784
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cc ch dn khi tnh ton ngn mch

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/4f9856c7
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Qu trnh qu trong mch in n gin

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/1672a5a1
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Tnh trng ngn mch duy tr

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/38ce1672
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Qu trnh qu trong my in

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/794dcab4
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Cc phng php tnh ton ngn mch

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/e6945413

81/83
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

Module: Ngn mch khng i xng

Cc tc gi: unknown
URL: http://www.voer.edu.vn/m/d4892d67
Giy php: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

82/83
Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam

Chng trnh Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (Vietnam Open Educational Resources
VOER) c h tr bi Qu Vit Nam. Mc tiu ca chng trnh l xy dng kho
Ti nguyn gio dc M min ph ca ngi Vit v cho ngi Vit, c ni dung phong
ph. Cc ni dung u tun th Giy php Creative Commons Attribution (CC-by) 4.0
do cc ni dung u c th c s dng, ti s dng v truy nhp min ph trc
ht trong trong mi trng ging dy, hc tp v nghin cu sau cho ton x hi.

Vi s h tr ca Qu Vit Nam, Th vin Hc liu M Vit Nam (VOER) tr thnh

mt cng thng tin chnh cho cc sinh vin v ging vin trong v ngoi Vit Nam. Mi
ngy c hng chc nghn lt truy cp VOER (www.voer.edu.vn) nghin cu, hc
tp v ti ti liu ging dy v. Vi hng chc nghn module kin thc t hng nghn
tc gi khc nhau ng gp, Th Vin Hc liu M Vit Nam l mt kho tng ti liu
khng l, ni dung phong ph phc v cho tt c cc nhu cu hc tp, nghin cu ca
c gi.

Ngun ti liu m phong ph c trn VOER c c l do s chia s t nguyn ca cc

tc gi trong v ngoi nc. Qu trnh chia s ti liu trn VOER tr ln d dng nh
m 1, 2, 3 nh vo sc mnh ca nn tng Hanoi Spring.

Hanoi Spring l mt nn tng cng ngh tin tin c thit k cho php cng chng d
dng chia s ti liu ging dy, hc tp cng nh ch ng pht trin chng trnh ging
dy da trn khi nim v hc liu m (OCW) v ti nguyn gio dc m (OER) . Khi
nim chia s tri thc c tnh cch mng c khi xng v pht trin tin phong
bi i hc MIT v i hc Rice Hoa K trong vng mt thp k qua. K t , phong
tro Ti nguyn Gio dc M pht trin nhanh chng, c UNESCO h tr v c
chp nhn nh mt chng trnh chnh thc nhiu nc trn th gii.

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