Submittal to Mrs.

Shakuntala Choudhary Maam

Submitted By Shaloo Chauhan 1122261 MSc. (Pre.) F.N.

Humans oxidise ( metaboilse )carbohydrate, protein, fat ( and alcohol ) to produce energy. The energy is needed. To maintain body functions to breathe, to keep the heart beating, to keep the body warm and all the other functions that keep the body alive for physical actively for active movement muscle contraction. For growth and repair, which require new tissues to be made.

Energy can be measured in either joules or calories .A joule (J) can be defined as the energy used when 1 kilogram ( Kg) is moved 1 meter ( m) by the force of 1 newton (N) One calorie is equivalent to 4.184 joules. 1 Kilojoules (KJ)=1,000Joules 1 Megajoule (MJ)= 1,000,000 Joules 1 kilocalorie (Kcal) =1,000 calories or 1 caloriess( Cal)

Energy can be measured in either joules or calories .A joule (J) can be defined as the energy used when 1 kilogram ( Kg) is moved 1 meter ( m) by the force of 1 Newton (N) One calorie is equivalent to 4.184 joules. 1 Kilojoules (KJ)=1,000Joules 1 Mega joule (MJ)= 1,000,000 Joules 1 kilocalorie (Kcal) =1,000 calories or 1 caloriess ( Cal)

To Convert t from one unit to another: 1 Kcal =4.184KJ 1 MJ=239 Kcal The average daily energy intake in the UK is 10250 kJ ( 2450 Kcal) for men and 7030 kj ( 1680 Kcal ) for women. The energy in the diet is provided by carbohydrate protein, fat and alcohol. A gram of carbohydrate ( starch or sugar ) provided 16kj ( 3.75 kcal), protein provides 17kj ( 4kcal) per gram, fat provides 37kj ( 9 kcal) per gram and alcohol provides 29kj( 7 kcal ) per gram. Protein Total CHO. Non milk extrinsic sugar* Total fat Saturated fatty acids Polyunsaturated fatty acids ** Trans fatty acids Monosaturated fatty acids 15 50 1 35 11 6.5 2 13

The energy expenditure (EE) of a man or woman over a whole day is often divided into different components, which can be individually determined. These are basal metabolic rate (BMR), diet induced thermo genesis (DIT) and physical activity ( PA) Basal Metabolic Rate ( BMR) :-BMR is the minimum amount of energy that a body requires when lying in physiological and mental rest. BMR represents around 60-70% of total EE in many people. The main determinant of BMR is body weight and body composition. There is little evidencye to support the claim that obesity is associated with a lower BMR. Infants and young children have a proportionately high BMR for their size due women since they tend to have more muscle. Older adults usually have a lower BMR than the young since the amount of muscle tends to decrease with age.

Diet Induced Thermogenesis :Also called post prandial thermogenesis (PPT) or the thermic effect of food (TEF). DIT accounts for about 10% to total energy intake (E) for a mixed western diet. This is the amount of energy utilised in the digestion, absorption and transportation of nutrients Physical Activity (pa) The total amount of energy required by individuals depends on the level of activity and on their body weight. The more active and heavier they are, the more energy they require. Energy required for a variety of activities Everyday Activities KJ/min Sitting 6 Standing 7 Washing, dressing 15 Walking Slowly 13 Walking moderately quickly 21 Walking up and down stairs 38

The range for total daily caloric expenditure if highly variable. It depends on many factors, including. Activity level, age, gender, size, weight and body composition. The average daily caloric expenditure for female and male cross country skiers depends on it they are training ( women 3500 Kcal/day, men 5,000 Kcal /day ) or not training ( woman 2700 Kcal/ day men 3500 Kcal/ day)

This is the rate at which your body energy. Estimates are based on measurement of whole body oxygen consumption and its caloric equivalent. A t rest an average person consumes about 0.3 liters of oxygen per minute. A t rest, the body usually burns a mixture of carbohydrate and fat. Most individuals burn 4.80 Kcal/L oxygen consumed ( 02). Using these values we can calculate this person energy expenditure as follows.
Kcal/ day = L 02 Consumed per day*Kcal used per l 02

Kcal / day = 423 L 02/ Day * 4.80 Kcal/ L 02

Kcal/day = 2,074 Kcal /day

The energy we derive from food is stored in a high energy compound, ATP( adenosine tri-phosphate). Cells generate ATP by three methods. The ATP PCr System The Glycolytic System The Oxidative System

Human energy requirement are estimated from measures of energy expenditure plus the additional energy needs for growth, pregnancy and lactation. Recommendations for dietary energy intake from food must satisfy these requirement for the attainment and maintenance of optimal health, physiological function and well being. The latter ( i.e well being) depends not only on health, but also on the ability to satisfy the demands imposed by society and the environment, as well as all the other energy demanding activities that fulfill individual needs

Energy balance is achieved when input (i.e. dietary intake) is equal to output( i.e total energy expenditure ). Plus the energy cost of growth in children and pregnancy or the energy cost to produce milk during lactation. When energy balance is maintained over a prolonged period, an individual is considered to be in a steady state. This can include short periods during which the day- to- day balance between intake and expenditure does not occur. An optimal steady state is achieved when energy intake compensates for total energy expenditure and allows for adequate growth in children, and pregnancy and lactation in women, without imposing metabolic physiological or behavioral restrictions that limit the full expression of a persons biological, social and economic potential. Energy requirement :- Energy requirement is the amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure in order to maintain body size body composition and a level of necessary and desirable physcial activity consistent with long term good health. This includes the energy for the optimal growth and development of children, for the deposition of tissuess during pregnancy, and for the secretion of milk during laction consistent with the health of mother and child.

Energy for the metabolic and physiological functions of humans is derived from the chemical energy bound in food and its macronutrient constituents. i.e. carbohydrates, fats, proteins and ethanol. Which act as substrates or fuels. After food is ingested, its chemical energy is released and converted into thermic, mechanical and other forms of energy

Basal Metabolism
Metabolic response to food Physical activity Growth Pregnancy

Lactation