NOCKHARDY

K
COVALENT
A GL AN CE
between atoms of the same element; (e.g. in N2, O2, diamond, graphite) between atoms of different elements on the RHS of table; (e.g. CO2, SO2) when one of the elements is in the middle of the table; (e.g. C, Si) head-of-the-group elements with high I.E.s , (e.g. Be in BeCl2) consists of a shared pair of electrons, one electron coming from each atom atoms share to try and get an octet of electrons leads to the formation of simple molecules and giant molecules (e.g. silica)
OO

NOTES

A LEVEL CHEMISTRY

CHEMICAL BONDING

AT

BONDING TYPES - Summary

CHEMICAL strong bonds

H O H H O

HOH
OO OO

ionic (or electrovalent) covalent dative covalent (or co-ordinate) metallic

X O

O
XO

O O

PHYSICAL weak bonds

van der Waals forces - weakest dipole-dipole interaction hydrogen bonds - strongest

DATIVE COVALENT (CO-ORDINATE)

consists of a shared pair of electrons, both electrons from one atom one species is a lone pair donor - LEWIS BASE other species has space in outer shell to accept a lone pair - LEWIS ACID once the bond has been formed it is the same as a covalent bond

IONIC

between atoms on LHS and atoms on RHS of Periodic Table electrons are TRANSFERRED between atoms atoms end up as ions strong electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge giant ionic crystal lattice structure compounds ... high melting points, brittle, water soluble conduct when molten or in aqueous solution

METALLIC
metal atoms arranged in regular lattice give up outer shell electrons electrons form a mobile cloud which binds metal ions together

Na Cl

>

Na+ + e

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1

1s2 2s2 2p6

Cl

>

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

>
11+ 17+

11+

17+

J. L. HOPTON 1998

Na (2,8,1)

Cl (2,8,7)

Na+ (2,8)

Cl- (2,8,8)

strength of bond depends on number of electrons and size of ions mobile electrons ... allow electricity to be conducted