Objectivesofconduction

analysis
Todeterminethetemperaturefield,T(x,y,z,t),inabody
(i.e.howtemperaturevarieswithpositionwithinthebody)
qT(x,y,z,t)dependson:
T(x,y,z)
boundaryconditions
initialcondition
materialproperties(k,cp, r )
geometryofthebody(shape,size)
qWhyweneedT(x,y,z,t)?
tocomputeheatfluxatanylocation(usingFourierseqn.)
computethermalstresses,expansion,deflectionduetotemp.etc.
designinsulationthickness
chiptemperaturecalculation
heattreatmentofmetals

Unidirectionalheat
conduction(1D)

Area=
A

Solidbar,insulatedonall
longsides(1Dheat
conduction)
qx

x+Dx

q&=Internalheatgenerationperunitvol.(W/m3)

qx+Dx

Unidirectionalheat
conduction(1D)
FirstLaw(energybalance)

&out )+ E
&gen = E
&st
(E&in - E
E
qx - qx+ D x + A(D x)q
&=
t

E = (rADx)u
u
T
= r ADx = rADxc
t
t
t

q x

q x +

T
= - kA
x
D x

= q x

q x
+
D x
x

Unidirectionalheatconduction
(1D)(contd)
T
T
T
T
- kA
+ kA + A k Dx+ ADxq
&= r AcDx
x
x
x x
t
T
T
k + q
&= r c
x x
t
Longitudinal
conduction

Internalheat
generation

Ifkisaconstant

Thermalinertia

2T q
rc T 1 T
&
+ =
=
2
x k k t a t

Unidirectionalheatconduction
(1D)(contd)
q For T to rise, LHS must be positive (heat input is
positive)
q Forafixedheatinput,Trisesfasterforhigher a
q In this special case, heat flow is 1D. If sides were not
insulated,heatflowcouldbe2D,3D.

BoundaryandInitialconditions:
q Theobjectiveofderivingtheheatdiffusionequationisto
determinethetemperaturedistributionwithintheconducting
body.
q Wehavesetupadifferentialequation,withTasthe
dependentvariable.ThesolutionwillgiveusT(x,y,z).
Solutiondependsonboundaryconditions(BC)andinitial
conditions(IC).

BoundaryandInitial
conditions(contd)
HowmanyBCsandICs?
Heatequationissecondorderinspatialcoordinate.Hence,2
BCsneededforeachcoordinate.
*1Dproblem:2BCinxdirection
*2Dproblem:2BCinxdirection,2inydirection
*3Dproblem:2inxdir.,2inydir.,and2inzdir.
Heatequationisfirstorderintime.HenceoneICneeded

1DimensionalHeatConduction
ThePlaneWall:

Hot
fluid

..........
...... ..
k
Ts,1 ............
..........
...........
...........
.........
..........
..
.......
.
x=0
d
dT
k
dx
dx

Ts,2

Cold
fluid
T,2

x=L

= 0

Const.Ksolutionis:
dT kA
Ts,1 - Ts,2
qx = - kA
=
(Ts,1 - Ts,2)=
dx
L
L/kA

Thermalresistance
(electricalanalogy)
OHMsLAW:FlowofElectricity
V=IRelect

VoltageDrop=CurrentflowResistance

ThermalAnalogytoOhms
Law:

DT = qRtherm
TempDrop=HeatFlowResistance

1DHeatConductionthrougha
PlaneWall
T,1

..........
...... ..
k
Ts,1 ............
..........
...........
...........
.........
..........
..
.......
.
Hot
x=0
fluid
T,1

qx

Ts,1

1
h1A

Ts,2

T,2

x=L

Ts,2

L
k A

Cold
fluid

T,2

1
h2A

1
L
1
R t =
+
+
h1 A
kA
h2 A

(ThermalResistance)

Resistanceexpressions
THERMAL RESISTANCES

Conduction
Rcond = Dx/kA
Convection

Rconv =(hA)
Fins

Rfin =(hhA)-1
Radiation(aprox)
1.5 1
Rrad =[4AsF(T1T2) ]

CompositeWalls:
T,1
h1

KA

KB

KC

h2

T,2
T,1
qx

q x =

1
h 1A
T

,1

- T

,2

R t

where,U =

LA

LB

LA
kA A

LB
kB A

LC
kC A

T
1
L A
+
h1 A
k A

T,2

LC

1
h 2A

- T ,2
= UA D T
L B
LC
1
+
+
+
k B
k C
h2 A
,1

1
= Overallheattransfercoefficient
Rtot A

OverallHeattransferCoefficient
U

1
R

total

1
1
L
1
+ S
+
h 1
k
h 2

ContactResistance:
TA
TB

B
R

t , c

D T
q x

DT

U =

L A
1
+
h1
k A

1
L C
L B
1
+
+
+
k B
k C
h 2

SeriesParallel:

A
T1

B
KB

KA

C
Kc

AB+AC=AA=AD

D
KD

T2

LB=LC

SeriesParallel
(contd)

T1

LA
kAA

LB
kB A

LD
kD A

LC
kC A

T2

Assumptions:
(1)FacebetweenBandCisinsulated.
(2)UniformtemperatureatanyfacenormaltoX.

Example:
Consideracompositeplanewallasshown:
kI =20W/mk
AI =1m2,L=1m

qx

Tf =100C

T1 =0C
kII =10W/mk

h=1000W/m2 k

AII =1m2,L=1m

Developanapproximatesolutionfortherateofheat
transferthroughthewall.

1DConduction(Radial
conductioninacomposite
cylinder)
h1

r1

T,1

r2
h2
T,2 r k
3
2

k1

qr =

T , 2 - T ,1

T,1

T,2

1
(h 1 )( 2pr1 L)

ln

1
(h 2 )(2pr2 L)
r1
r2

2pLk 1

ln

r 2
r3

2p Lk 2

CriticalInsulation
Thickness:
T
h

InsulationThickness:rori
ri

Ti

Objective:

r0

Rtot =

ln( rr0i )
2p kL

decreaseq,increases R

1
(2p r0 L)h

tot

Varyr0 asr0 increases,firstterm

increases,secondtermdecreases.

CriticalInsulation
Thickness(contd)
Maximum Minimumproblem
Set

dR tot
= 0
dr0
1
1
-
2pkr 0 L 2p hLr
r0 =

k
h

MaxorMin.?

= 0
0

Take:

d 2 Rtot
= 0
dr 20

at

r0 =

k
h

d 2 Rtot
-1
1
=
+
dr 20
2pkr 20 L p r 20hL
h 2
=
0
2p Lk 3

r0 =

k
h

CriticalInsulation
Thickness(contd)
Minimumqatr0=(k/h)=rcr (criticalradius)

Rtot

goodfor
electrical
cables

goodforsteampipesetc.
Rcr=k/h

r0

1DConductioninSphere
1DConductioninSphere
r2
r1
T,2

k
InsideSolid:

Ts,2

Ts,1
T,1

1 d
kr
2
r dr

dT
= 0
dr
1- ( r / r )
1

s ,2
(
)
1
r
/
r

1
2

T (r) = Ts ,1 - {Ts,1 - T
qr = - kA
Rt,cond

dT
4p k (Ts,1 - Ts,2 )
=
(1 / r1 - 1 / r2 )
dr

1 / r1 - 1 / r2
=
4p k

ConductionwithThermal
EnergyGeneration
&
E
q&= =Energygenerationperunitvolume
V
Applications:*currentcarryingconductors
*chemicallyreactingsystems
*nuclearreactors

ConductionwithThermal
EnergyGeneration
ThePlaneWall:
k
Ts,1

q&

T,1

Ts,2

Assumptions:
T,2

Hot
fluid

Cold
fluid
x=L

x=0

x=+L

1D,steadystate,
constantk,
uniform q&

ConductionWithThermal
EnergyGeneration(contd)
2

d T
2

dx

q
&

= 0

Boundary

x = - L,

cond .:

x = + L,
Solution : T = -

q
&
2k

T = Ts ,1
T = Ts,2

x + C1 x + C2

ConductionwithThermal
EnergyGeneration(cont..)
Useboundaryconditionsto findC1 andC2
2
2

Ts ,2 -Ts,1 x Ts,2 +Ts,1

q
L
x
&
1- 2 +
+
Finalsolution:T =
2k L
2 L
2
Notlinearanymore

Heat flux:

dT

=
qx
k
dx

Derivetheexpressionandshowthatitisnot
independentofxanymore

Hencethermalresistanceconceptisnotcorrecttousewhenthereisinternal
heatgeneration

Cylinderwithheatsource
T h

Assumptions:
1D,steadystate,constant
k,uniform q&

ro
r

Startwith1Dheatequationincylindrical
coordinates:

Ts

q&

1 d dT q
&=
+
r
0
r dr dr k

CylinderWithHeatSource
Boundary cond.: r =r0, T = Ts
dT
= 0
r =0,
dr
2

q
r
& 2 - +
=
Solution: T(r)
r0 1 2 Ts
4k r0

Ts maynotbeknown.Instead,T andhmaybespecified.
Exercise:EliminateTs,usingT andh.

Cylinderwithheatsource
(contd)
Example:
Acurrentof100Aispassedthroughastainlesssteelwirehavinga
thermalconductivityK=25W/mK,diameter3mm,andelectrical
resistivityR=2.0 W.Thelengthofthewireis1m.Thewireis
submergedinaliquidat100C,andtheheattransfercoefficientis
10W/m2K.Calculatethecentretemperatureofthewireatsteady
statecondition.