HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT CHUYN MCH 2

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT CHUYN MCH 2

Bin son: THS. V TH THY H TS. L NHT THNG

LI NI U
Trong nhng nm qua, h tng vin thng pht trin nhanh v c cng ngh v cht lng cung cp dch v. Vin thng tri qua mt qu trnh pht trin lu di vi nhiu bc ngot trong pht trin cng ngh v pht trin mng li. Vit Nam cng nh cc nc trn th gii, hin nay c rt nhiu nh khai thc vin thng khc nhau vi s a dng ca cng ngh v cu hnh mng cng nh cc dch v cung cp. Thnh phn ct li ca mng vin thng l cc h thng chuyn mch, cc chc nng c thc hin bi mt h thng chuyn mch, hay mt phn h ca n cung cp cc dch v cho khch hng. Qua nhiu nm, vic thit k cc h thng chuyn mch ngy cng tr nn phc tp hn cung cp cc phng tin b sung cho php cc mng c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v hn na ti khch hng v gip cho vic vn hnh cng nh bo dng tr nn d dng hn. H thng chuyn mch tr thnh mt thnh phn phc tp nht, tp trung cao nht hm lng cng ngh hin i, hm lng cht xm v hm lng cc chc nng x l thng tin. c c cch nhn tng quan v vai tr v v tr v s pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng ni chung, nm bt nhng kin thc c bn v h thng chuyn mch, nhm tc gi bin son cun ti liu K thut chuyn mch II. Tip theo cc vn v cng ngh chuyn mch c gii thiu ti cun K thut chuyn mch I, cun sch ny i su vo phn tch cu trc chc nng, nguyn l iu khin v cc dch v c cung cp bi cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng. Ti liu gm 4 chng - Chng 1: Gii thiu tng quan v cc h thng chuyn mch - Chng 2: H thng tng i in t s - Chng 3: H thng chuyn mch ATM - Chng 4: H thng nh tuyn chuyn mch tc cao Chng 1- Gii thiu tng quan v cc h thng chuyn mch : Chng ny cung cp cho hc vin ci nhn tng quan v vai tr v v tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng; qu trnh pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch trong qu kh, hin ti v xu hng pht trin trong tng lai. Chng 2- H thng tng i in t s : Trong mng in thoi cng cng PSTN cc h thng chuyn mch c gi l tng i. Chng ny tp trung phn tch cu trc chc nng, qu trnh x l cuc gi qua h thng tng i DSS. Trong chng cn gii thiu mt s cc h thng tng i DSS hin ang s dng trong mng PSTN ca VNPT. Chng 3- H thng chuyn mch ATM: Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi, tc cao v m bo c cht lng dch v tr thnh cp thit trn nn tng ca mt k thut mi :K thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM. Cc h thng chuyn mch in t s cng dn thay i theo hng ny. Trong chng ny ch yu trnh by cu trc, chc nng, nguyn tc nh tuyn ca h thng chuyn mch ATM. H thng chuyn mch bng rng A1000E10MM hin ang c trin khai lp t trong mng ca VNPT cng c cp trong chng ny Chng 4: H thng nh tuyn chuyn mch tc cao: Trong mng chuyn mch gi h thng chuyn mch thng c gi l thit b nh tuyn ( router). Trong chng ny ch

yu trnh by v cu trc, nguyn l hot ng, tin trnh pht trin ca b nh tuyn. ng dng b nh tuyn tc cao trong mng vin thng ca VNPT. phn u mi chng u c phn gii thiu v ni dung ca chng v nhng kin thc c bn hc vin cn nm bt sau khi hc xong chng ny. y l ti liu cung cp cho cc hc vin h o to i hc t xa ca Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng ni ring cng nh nhng ngi c mun tm hiu, tip cn v cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng. Trong qu trnh bin son ti liu kh trnh khi mt s sai st, nhm tc gi rt mong nhn c s quan tm v gp kin ca c gi. Cc kin gp qua mail xin c gi v : Havt1972@yahoo.com; Lenhatthang@yahoo.com Nhm tc gi ThS. V Th Thy H TS.L Nht Thng

CHNG 1: GII THIU TNG QUAN V H THNG CHUYN MCH

GII THIU CHNG
Chng m u ca cun ti liu K thut chuyn mch II nhm gii thiu cho hc vin cc thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng, tm quan trng ca H thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng. Lch s pht trin ca h thng chuyn mch qua tng giai on cng c cp trong chng ny. Qua hc vin thy c xu hng pht trin ca cng ngh. Trong mng chuyn mch knh cc h thng chuyn mch c gi l cc tng i, ty theo chc nng m cc tng i c tn gi khc nhau ( tng i ni ht, tng i chuyn tip ni hat,tng i chuyn tip vng, tng i cng quc t ...), trong mng Internet cc h thng chuyn mch c gi l thit b nh tuyn( router). Hc vin cn phi nm c cc khi nim c bn v v tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong cc mng PSTN, GSM, NGN, tn gi ca h thng chuyn mch trong tng mng.. Trn c s mi c th c tip v hiu cc ni dung trnh by trong cc phn sau ca ti liu ny.

NI DUNG
1.1 VAI TR V V TR CA H THNG CHUYN MCH TRONG MNG VIN THNG 1.1.1 Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng (telecommunications network) L mt tp hp bao gm cc nt mng v cc ng truyn dn kt ni gia hai hay nhiu im xc nh thc hin cc cuc trao i thng tin gia chng. Mng vin thng cung cp a dng cc loi hnh dch v vin thng cho khch hng, t nhng dch v truyn thng nh in thoi, Fax, truyn s liu cho n cc dch v mi nh Internet, VOD, thng mi in t, ...
V tinh truyn thng

in thoi My Fax u cui d liu Thit b u Thit b chuyn

in thoi My Fax My tnh Thit b chuyn Thit b u

ng truyn dn

Hnh 1.1 Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng

5

(1) Thit b u cui Thit b u cui l cc trang thit b ca ngi s dng giao tip vi mng cung cp dch v. Hin nay c nhiu chng loi thit b u cui ca nhiu hng khc nhau ty thuc vo tng dch v (v d nh my in thoi, my fax my tnh c nhn...). Thit b u cui thc hin chc nng chuyn i thng tin cn trao i thnh cc tn hiu in v ngc li. (2) H thng chuyn mch H thng chuyn mch l thnh phn ct li ca mng vin thng c chc nng thit lp ng truyn gia cc cc thu bao (u cui). Tu theo v tr ca h thng chuyn mch trn mng, ngi ta chia thnh tng i chuyn tip quc t, tng i chuyn tip lin tnh v tng i ni ht hoc router bin , router li . (3) Thit b truyn dn Thit b truyn dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc tng i vi nhau v truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Thit b truyn dn c phn loi thnh thit b truyn dn thu bao, ni thit b u cui vi mt tng i ni ht, v thit b truyn dn chuyn tip, ni gia cc tng i. Da vo mi trng truyn dn, thit b truyn dn c th c phn loi gm thit b truyn dn hu tuyn s dng cp kim loi, cp si quang v thit b truyn dn v tuyn s dng khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. 1.1.2 Vai tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng H thng chuyn mch (tng i, Node chuyn mch) c chc nng chnh l thit lp u ni gia thit b u cui pht vi thit b u cui thu da vo a ch mng (s thu bao). H thng chuyn mch c t ccv tr nt mng. N bao gm tp hp cc phng tin k thut thc hin vic thu, x l v phn phi cc thng tin chuyn ti t cc knh thng tin kt ni vi h thng chuyn mch. Cc chc nng c thc hin bi mt h thng chuyn mch, hay mt phn h ca n cung cp cc tnh nng dch v cho khch hng . Khi h tng mng thay i , vic thit k cc h thng chuyn mch cng tr nn phc tp hn c th cung cp cc phng tin b sung cho php cc mng c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v phong ph v cht lng ti khch hng v gip cho vic vn hnh cng nh bo dng tr nn d dng hn. Mc d cc h thng chuyn mch hin i c phc tp nhng n vn thc hin y cc chc nng c bn ca mt h thng chuyn mch. H thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng tr thnh mt thnh phn phc tp nht, tp trung cao nht hm lng cng ngh hin i, hm lng cht xm v hm lng cc chc nng x l thng tin. chng minh tm quan trng ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng chng ta xt 2 v d sau: a/ u ni trc tip gia cc u cui b/ Cc thit b u cui c u ni qua cc thit b chuyn mch 6

Nu khng s dng cc h thng chuyn mch m thc hin kt ni mt cch trc tip tng u cui th mng cn phi c L=N(N-1)/2 ng dy ( L s lng ng ni trong mng, N s thit b u cui )

Hnh 1.2 Kt ni tng cp trc tip

Khi N l mt s ln th thc t khng th thc hin c phng n nh trn. S lng ng dy c th gim c ti ch cn N nu s dng h thng chuyn mch nh minh ho trn hnh Hnh 1.3

Hnh 1.3 Kt ni qua h thng chuyn mch

H thng chuyn mch c kh nng tip thng ti tt c cc u cui v m bo kh nng ni mch to knh lin lc cho cc u cui theo yu cu ca chng. Khi c nhu cu kt ni gia cc u cui cc vng a l tng i xa nhau th s tt hn nu trong mi vng to ra mt h thng chuyn mch v gi l tng i u cui ni ht. Cc tng i ni ht ln cn kt ni vi nhau bng mng trung k . Trong mng vin thng, ty thuc vo nhu cu s dng dch v (s u cui v lu lng) m s lng cc trang thit b (tng i, h thng truyn dn) c lp t cho ph hp. Tuy nhin, khai thc mng vin thng hiu qu v kinh t v k thut cn thc hin vic lin kt gia cc nt mng theo cc cu hnh c bn v thc hin phn cp mng. (1) Cc cu hnh c bn Cc cu hnh mng c bn bao gm mng mt li, mng hnh sao v mng kt hp gia hnh sao v mt li. 7

(a). Mng mt li
Hnh 1.4 (a) minh ho mt mng vin thng c hnh thnh nh vic kt ni trc tip cc tng i vi nhau gi l mng mt li. Khi s lng tng i ln th s lng tuyn ni gia chng tng ln rt nhanh, do mng mt li khng ph hp vi mng c kch c ln. Mng mt li c tin cy cao do khi mt nt mng b s c, cc nt mng cn li vn hot ng bnh thng.

a. Mng hnh li

b. Mng hnh sao

c. Mng kt hp

: Cc ng truyn dn : Tng i ni ht : Tng i chuyn tip

Hnh 1.4 Cc cu hnh mng c bn (b) Mng hnh sao

Hnh 1.4 (b) m t mt mng hnh sao, mng ny c hnh thnh khi cc tng i ni ht kt ni vi nhau qua tng i chuyn tip ging nh hnh ngi sao. Trong trng hp ny lu lng s tp trung phn ln ti tng i chuyn tip do hiu qu s dng ng truyn s cao hn so vi mng mt li. Cu hnh mng kiu ny, nu tng i chuyn tip m c li th tt c cc cuc gi gia cc tng i ni ht l khng th thc hin c do phm vi nh hng ca li l ln.

(c) Mng kt hp
Nh cp trn, mng mt li hay hnh sao u c cc u nhc im ring ca n. Do , mt mng kt hp gia mng hnh sao v mng mt li c a ra tp hp cc u im v phn no khc phc c nhng nhc im ca hai cu hnh mng trn. Cu hnh mng kt hp ny hin nay ang c p dng rng ri trong thc t. Trong mng vin thng c cu hnh kt hp, khi lu lng gia cc tng i nh th chng s c chuyn qua tng i chuyn tip. Nu lu lng gia cc tng i ln th cc tng i ni ht ny c th u ni vi nhau trc tip. Do i vi mng kt hp th c thit b chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn c th c dng mt cch kinh t hn. (2) Phn cp mng vin thng 8

Khi mt mng c quy m nh th n c th khng phn cp c cu hnh theo mng hnh sao. Nhng khi mng ny ln ln th vic s dng mng mt li (khng phn cp) l rt phc tp v khng hiu qu v mt kinh t. Do , vic phn cp mng c p dng cho cc mng c kch thc ln m bo thun tin cho khai thc v qun l mng. T chc phn cp c minh ho qua hnh 1.5.

Ti cc vng khc

Tng i ni ht Tng i chuyn tip Tng i ng di Hnh 1.5 M hnh phn cp mng 1.1.3 V tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng (1) V tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng PSTN: Mng PSTN l mng vin thng cng cng c chun ha do ITU, cng ngh nn tng l cng ngh chuyn mch knh. H thngchuyn mch c t ti cc node mng v c gi l tng i . Ty theo v tr , chc nng ca tng i m trong mng phn chia thnh cc loi: -

Tng i cng quc t : Cc tng i ny truy nhp trc tip ti cc tng i ca khu
ca cc nc khc. N cng cung cp tr gip iu hnh quc t.

Tng i chuyn tip vng Toll: Kt ni gia cc tng i ca cc vng khc nhau
thc hin chuyn tip vng .

Tng i chuyn tip ni ht Tandem: kt ni gia cc tng i ni ht trong mt vng

v tng i Toll qua ng trung k

Tng i ni ht Local : N giao din trc tip vi cc thu bao v u ni ti tng i

lin tnh (Toll) hoc tng i tandem qua cc ng trung k. N ghi thng tin cc thu bao.

hnh 1.6: V tr ca tng i trong mng PSTN

(2) V tr ca cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng GSM

VL

HLR

BTS

PSTN/ISDN Gateway MSC Internet PDSN MSC

BSC BTS MS BSC BTS

Hnh 1.7: V tr ca tng i trong mng GSM

Chc nng chuyn mch chnh trong mng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM c thc hin bi h thng con chuyn mch ( SS). N bao gm mt s cc khi chc nng:

Tng i chuyn mch trung tm MSC: thc hin cc cng vic lin quan n thit
lp/gii phng cuc gi, qun l thu bao, u ni vi cc mng khc thc hin cc cuc 10

gi lin mng. MSC qun l cc BTS v c trang b cc c s d liu cho php nhanh chng cp nht cc thng tin v thu bao, v tr thu bao c cc p ng ph hp (HLR,VLR).

Tng i chuyn mch ca ng GMSC: Kt ni vi cc mng khc nh mng in thoi c nh hay mng Internet. GMSC thc hin iu khin cc cuc gi t mng di ng vo mng in thoi c nh v ngc li.
(2) V tr ca cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng NGN

hnh 1.8: Cu trc mng NGN

Cng ngh nn tng ca NGN l chuyn mch gi, v vy cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng NGN l cc thit b nh tuyn Router. Cc khi trong tng i hin nay c phn chia thnh cc lp mng ring l, cc lp ny lin kt vi nhau qua cc giao din m tiu chun. S thng minh ca x l cuc gi c bn trong chuyn mch PSTN c tch ra t phn cng ca ma trn chuyn mch. S thng minh nm trong mt thit b tch ri gi l chuyn mch mm (chuyn mch mm) hay b iu khin cng phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) hay tc nhn cuc gi (Call Agent), ng vai tr phn t iu khin trong kin trc mng mi. 1.2. QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA H THNG CHUYN MCH Chuyn mch l qu trnh thc hin u ni tuyn lin lc gia hai thu bao (in thoi, my tnh, Fax) thng qua mt hay nhiu h thng. H thng c gi l chuyn mch. Khi nim chuyn mch thoi c ngay t khi pht minh ra my in thoi vo nm 1786, vo thi gian , qu trnh thit lp tuyn ni c thc hin nh in thoi vin v bn 11

u ni; hnh thc chuyn mch ny cn c gi l chuyn mch nhn cng. Cng vi s pht trin cc ngnh cng nghip, tng i cng tng bc c ci tin v hon thin, t tng i nhn cng ln tng i t ng s dng c-in, tng i in t v tng i in t s SPC,tng i bng rng..vv

Hnh v 1.9: S pht trin tng i qua cc giai on Tng i nhn cng u tin c a vo khai thc ti thnh ph NewHeivene bang Conneckticut (USA) vo nm 1878 ch sau hai nm sng ch ra my in thoi ca A.G Bell. T n nay, mng in thoi pht trin ht sc nhanh, mnh theo nhu cu thng tin lin lc in thoi. Do vy rt nhanh chng tng i nhn cng t ti gii hn kh nng ca n v tng t ng ho c anh em A.B.Strowger thc y. Tng i t ng do A.B Strowger sng ch c tn gi l tng i c in h tng nc (th h 1) c a vo s dng nm 1892 trn c s b tm chn tng nc c anh em A.B Strowger sng ch nm 1889. Tip nhm nng cao cht lng v kinh t, tng i Rle (th h 2), tng i ngang dc iu khin trc tip c sng ch nm 1926 v vo nm 1938 tng i Crossbar-No1vi phng php iu khin ghi pht l tng i th h 3. Nhng tin b v thnh tu trong cng ngh in t v my tnh thc y tng ng dng vo lnh vc tng i in thoi. Qu trnh chuyn i t chuyn mch in c sang chuyn mch in t (th h 4), c bit l tng i s c c trng bi vic to ra h thng thng nht chuyn mch v truyn dn thng tin. Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, xut hin sn phm tng i in t s l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t s cng cng u tin ra i c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn (Nguyn l SPC- Stored Program Control), c gii thiu ti bang Succasunna, Newjersey, USA vo thng 5 nm 1965. Trong nhng nm 70 hng lot cc tng i thng mi in t s ra i. Mt trong nhng tng i l 12

tng i E10 ca CIT Alcatel c s dng ti Lannion ( France). V thng 1 nm 1976 Bell gii thiu tng i in t s cng cng 4ESS. Hu ht cho n giai on ny cc tng i in t s u s dng h thng chuyn mch l s v cc mch giao tip thu bao thng l Analog, cc ng trung k l s. Mt trng hp ngoi l l tng i DMS100 ca Northern Telecom a vo nm 1980 dng ton b k thut s u tin trn th gii. H thng 5ESS ca hng AT&T c a vo nm 1982 ci tin rt nhiu t h thng chuyn mch 4ESS v c cc chc nng tng thch vi cc dch v ISDN. Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng thng minh, v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li. Vo nhng nm 1996 khi mng Internet tr thnh bng n trong th gii cng ngh thng tin, n tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh, truyn thng, iu khin, vin thng tr thnh mt bi ton cn phi gii quyt. Cng ngh vin thng ang bin i theo hng tt c cc loi hnh dch v hnh nh, m thanh, thoi s c tch hp v chuyn mch qua cc h thng chuyn mch. Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi, tc cao v m bo c cht lng phc v(QoS) tr thnh cp thit trn nn tng ca mt k thut mi: K thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM, v trn l cc ng dng cho thoi v phi thoi. Cc h thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cc tng i chuyn mch bng rng ra i . Hin nay rt nhiu cc cu kin v thit b chuyn mch quang c nghin cu , pht trin v c trin khai mt s nc v trong tng lai khng xa cc h thng chuyn mch quang bng rng s thay th cho cc h thng chuyn mch hin ti cung cp cc chuyn mch tc cao v rng bng ln.

TM TT CHNG 1
Ni dung ca chng trnh by vai tr v tr v qu trnh pht trin ca cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng Vin thng. T gip sinh vin nm bt c tm quan trng ca cc h thng chuyn mch trong mng. Khi h tng mng thay i thi cng ngh chuyn mch cng dn thay i t cng ngh chuyn mch knh ng dng trong mng PSTN, cng ngh chuyn mch gi ng dng trong mng PDSN, cng ngh chuyn mch mm v cc b nh tuyn tc cao trong mng NGN.

13

CHNG II: H THNG TNG I IN T S (DSS)

GII THIU CHNG
Trong mng vin thng, cc h thng chuyn mch ng vai tr l cc nt mng, n quyt nh kh nng phc v, hot ng ca mng li. Trong mng PSTN cc h thng chuyn mch ny c gi l cc tng i. Tu theo v tr ca tng i trn mng, ngi ta phn loi thnh: tng i chuyn tip quc t, tng i chuyn tip lin tnh , tng i chuyn tip ni ht v tng i ni ht. Hu ht cc tng i trong mng PSTN ca Vit nam u l cc tng i in t s . Ni dung ca chng II gii thiu v qu trnh pht trin ca tng i in t s, cu trc tng quan; cu trc chc nng ca mt h thng tng i in t s hin i. Khi hc xong chng ny yu cu sinh vin nm vng c cu trc tng quan ca mt tng i in t s; thit lp u ni cuc gi qua cc h thng ; cc h thng tng i DSS c s dng trong mng vin thng Vit nam.

NI DUNG
2.1 QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA TNG I IN T S (DSS) Tng i in t s cng cng u tin ra i iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn (SPC- Stored Program Control), c gii thiu ti bang Succasunna, Newjersey, USA vo thng 5 nm 1965. Trong nhng nm 70 hng lot cc tng i thng mi in t s ra i. Mt trong nhng tng i l tng i E10 ca CIT Alcatel c s dng ti Lannion (France). V thng 1 nm 1976 Bell gii thiu tng i in t s cng cng 4ESS. Hu ht cho n giai on ny cc tng i in t s u s dng h thng chuyn mch l s v cc mch giao tip thu bao thng l Analog, cc ng trung k l s. Mt trng hp ngoi l l tng i DMS100 ca Northern Telecom a vo nm 1980 dng ton b k thut s u tin trn th gii. H thng 5ESS ca hng AT&T c a vo nm 1982 ci tin rt nhiu t h thng chuyn mch 4ESS v c cc chc nng tng thch vi cc dch v ISDN. Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng thng minh, v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li. 2.2. NHNG YU CU I VI TNG I

a/ Cc thng s k thut ca tng i

Mi tng i c mt tp cc thng s k thut c bn c c trng bi cc tham s sau: ng dng: ni ht , ng di hay qu giang, quc t Dung lng thu bao Dung lng trung k Thng lng: c o bng Erlangs S lng cuc th gi bn (BHCA) 14

H thng iu khin: Kiu cu trc iu khin, phng php d phng c s dng ngn ng lp trnh c s dng trong tng i:c th l Assembler, C hay CHILL Mng chuyn mch: c th l chuyn mch thi gian T, chuyn mch khng gian S, hay chuyn mch ghp. T s tp trung: T s tp trung thu bao Giao tip s: chun NA (1.544 Mbps) hay CEPT (2.048Mbps) H thng bo hiu: bo hiu thu bao, bo hiu lin i Kch c phng, ngn gi

b/ Cc yu cu i vi tng i
Cht lng dich v m tng i cung cp phi cao, lin quan n r, chnh xc, thi gian nhn c tn hiu mi quay s, khng b ngt cuc gi khi ang m thoi. m bo c yu cu ny tng i phi c thit k c an ton v tin cy cao, t h hng. Theo khuyn ngh, mt tng i ch c php ngng hot ng nhiu nht 2 gi trong sut thi gian sng ca n 20 n 30 nm. t c yu cu cht ch ny, khi thit k cc phn h khc nhau ca tng i ngi ta t ra cc yu cu ring bit cho chng, v nh mng chuyn mch yu cu : tc cao, khng tn tht, n gin trong thit k, mm do d dng pht trin m rng... i vi h thng iu khin th cu trc iu khin phi n gin, linh hot, c tin cy cao.i vi h thng bo hiu: Yu cu tc cao, nng lc v d tng thch vi cc h thng bo hiu khc c s dng trn mng. Ngoi ra yu cu cc tng i phi c cc chng trnh h tr d dng trong vn hnh bo dng, tnh cc chnh xc, d dng s dng cc dch v, gi thnh h v d dng pht trin m rng... 2.3. S KHI TNG QUAN CA MT S TNG I SPC

Li vo

SC

SC

Li ra

Module ng dy Module trung k

I C

Trng chuyn mch

I C

Module ng dy Module trung k

Cc b /k B x l trung tm

Cc b /k

Hnh 2.1 M hnh h thng chuyn mch in hnh Khi chc nng chuyn mch: Gm cc trng chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian,
thc hin nhim v chuyn thng tin t mt tuyn u vo ti mt tuyn u ra.

15

Khi chc nng iu khin trung tm Gm c cc b vi x l thc hin cc nhim v

phc v cho u ni s liu qua trng chuyn mch, v vn hnh v bo dng h thng tng i in t s.

Khi chc nng cc b iu khin L cc b vi x l thc hin x l mc thp hn cc x l cu b x l trung tm c coi l x l th cp. H tr cc chc nng x l ti cc khi thit b theo lnh iu khin t b x l trung tm. Khi giao tip IC Lm nhim v giao din tc gia tc thp v tc cao, cng ch chun ho cc lung s liu trc khi a vo trng chuyn mch. Ngoi ra IC cn m nhim cc nhim v nh truyn s liu iu khin ti cc khi thit b khc. Khi module ng dy v trung k m nhim vai tr giao din vi mng thoi bn
ngoi v thc hin qu trnh bin i cc tn hiu tc khc nhau thnh dng tn hiu tiu chun trc khi a chng ti trng chuyn mch.

Mch phc v SC. Cung cp cc chc nng bo hiu cho ton h thng, gm c bo
hiu cho ng dy thu bao v bo hiu cho ng dy trung k. 2.4. CU TRC CHC NNG CA TNG I DSS Mt cch tng quan, tng i in t s c th chia thnh 6 phn h bao gm:Phn h mng chuyn mch SWNS; Phn h ng dng APS; Phn h x l trung tm CPS; Phn h ngoi vi iu khin PCS ; Phn h bo hiu SIGS; Phn h vn hnh v bo dng O&MS
AT AT

Trunks

T M

D D F

DTI DTI

BT

Subcribers

M D F

DGT

TDNW
PCM

DLCD

SLC

SLC RG

T S A C

MF

SW-C

APS
Scanner Marker

SWNS PCS

Sign Link

CSS

CAS

SiGS

Distributor

System BUS
CC
AUX equips

MM MMI

CPS

IOC

OMC

External Mem VDU OA&MS

Hnh 2.2 S ca mt tng i in t s ni ht

2.4.1 Phn h ng dng APS Phn h ng dng APS thc hin chc nng giao din gia mi trng mng bn ngoi vi cc phn h khc trong h thng chuyn mch s (tng i s). N bao gm mt s giao 16

tip c bn nh giao din ng dy thu bao analog, giao din ng dy thu bao s ISDN, giao din ng trung k s ...v..v. Phn h ng dng APS thc hin cc kt ni vt l cc mng cp thu bao, trung k cng nh h tr trao i thng tin bo hiu gia tng i vi mng vin thng v h tr cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng OA&M. Ngoi ra, phn h ng dng APS thc hin tp trung ng dy thu bao, tp trung ng dy trung k trc khi chuyn s liu vo trong trng chuyn mch trng chuyn mch hot ng vi hiu sut cao nht, nng cao hiu qu s dng thit b dng chung.

a/ Giao din ng dy thu bao analog.

DTG SLC TSAC MDF SLC SLC SW-C Ti chuyn mch MF DLCD

Thu bao thng ng dy CO line PABX Thu bao cng cng

Hnh 2.3 Giao din ng dy thu bao Analog Gi nhp i hay cn gi l gi phi dy chnh MDF.
L trang thit b thc hin kt ni vt l cc ng dy ngoi vi ti cc mch trong h thng tng i in t s. MDF cha cc module gn kt pha ng dy thu bao l cc phin dc trn c cha cc cu ch bo an, pha mch ng dy c u ni ti phin ngang v gia phin dc v phin ngang c h thng dy nhy. H thng MDF cho php to iu kin d dng, thun tin cho vic u ni v bo dng mng cp ngoi vi v mng cp ni i, ng thi ti y thc hin cc bin php bo an cn thit cho con ngi vn hnh khai thc h thng nh chng st, chng in p cao v dng in mnh nh cc b phng in v cu ch, cun nng.

Vi mch gn khe thi gian TSAC

C nhim v to ra mt khong thi gian trn trc thi gian thc s dng cho mi mt thu bao. Cc khe thi gian c ch s ny s c s dng trong sut qu trnh xy ra mt cuc gi, v s dng cho cc cuc gi khc trong cc khong thi gian khc nng cao hiu sut thit b. Thng thng cc knh 64Kb/s t mi thu bao c ghp knh thnh lung tc cao hn gm 24 knh hoc 32 knh hng ti b tp trung thu bao DLCD

Thit b b tp trung ng dy s DLCD

Kt hp chc nng tp trung cc knh thng tin to thnh lung d liu tc cao hn vi chc nng chuyn mch phn lu lng lung d liu nng cao hiu sut thit b. Trong mt s tng i in t s DLCD c th thc hin nhim v chuyn mch cho cc thu bao trn cng mt nhm, nhm gim ti cho trng chuyn mch chnh ca h thng tng i. B tp trung ng dy s c iu khin bi b iu khin chuyn mch cc b SW-C. i 17

khi trn cc b tp trung thu bao cn c cc thit b ph tr s dng cho cc qu trnh thit lp tuyn ni v giao tip vi thu bao. Nh qu trnh gi v tch cc tn hiu iu khin , to m bo, nhn xung a tn vv.vv.

Thit b thu pht xung a tn MF.

Thc hin trao i thng tin bo hiu vi thu bao, l cc bo hiu trong bng nn cc tn hiu ny c m ho di dng s v c gi trn tuyn thoi.

B to tone s DGT
Cc m bo, bn tin thng bo c s ho v thc hin u ni mt chiu ti cc thu bao yu cu, mi bn tin s nm trn mt khe thi gian v tuyn thoi ny cng l tuyn thoi mt chiu ti thu bao.

Mch ng dy thu bao SLC

L ni kt cui cho mt thu bao hay mt nhm thu bao, thc hin chc nng giao tip gia tng i v cc thit b ngoi vi v cc phng din tn hiu gm c bo hiu gia thu bao v tng i. Cc chc nng ch yu ca mch ng dy thu bao c th hin qua nhm t vit tt cc ch ci u BORSCHT.
SLC LF T
Ti SLC khc

COD T S A C

H LF
T SLC khc

Ti SLC khc Ti SLC khc

DEC

BUS kim tra

BUS ngun

BUS chung

B iu khin

n cc SLC

Hnh 2.4 S khi chc nng ca BORSCHT - Chc nng cp ngun

Cc thu bao s dng cc thit b u cui th ng cn c ngun nui do tn hiu thoi to ra t micro rt nh v s b suy hao trn ng truyn t thu bao ti tng i. Ngi ta thc hin bin php khuych i tn hiu m tn bin iu bng ngun mt chiu, v i ph vi s tht thot khc nhau xut hin do chiu di ng dy. Dng in chy xuyn qua thit b u cui s dng ph thuc vo in p ca tng i cung cp v tr khng mch vng ng dy thu bao. Tr khng mch vng ng dy thu bao bng tng tr ri trn dy thu bao v chnh thit b u cui. Di cng tc ca in tr vng thu bao c thit lp bi yu cu cp ngun ca my u cui, nhy ca thit b, v tht thot truyn dn cho php. Cc gi tr mch vng thng thng l t 1250 Ohm 1800 Ohm v suy gim cho php ti tn s trung tm thoi 1KHz l 8dB ( chun USA). m bo ti u vo tn hiu c mt gi tr danh nh i vi tt c cc thu bao xa v gn u nh nhau . ( 1000Hz , 0dBm). Ngun in p cung cp n nh i vi tng i 18

ni ht l 48V, hay dng cung cp n nh trong khong 20mA-100mA. Cc h thng cp ngun cho ng dy thu bao c chiu dng in p cp u t nhm trnh s n mn in ho v xuyn m.

- Chc nng bo v qu p
Bt k loi tng i in t s no u yu cu s bo v trnh in p v cc in p cao nguy him tc ng ti h thng chuyn mch v ngi qun l h thng. Mi thit b bn dn u hot ng vi mt in p gi l in p danh nh. Nu hin tng tng p xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh lm vic ca thit b, s xy ra hng hc. Chc nng bo v qu p (O) bo v mch in thu bao khi cc in p nguy him nh st n t ng dy thu bao hay nh hng ca s phn phi in nng .

Bin php bo v
- Cu ch ti gi phi dy. - Cc mch ngt in t nhy cao 0.03micro giy cho in p > in p danh nh 100% - 200%. - Cc by in p nhm ngn mch xung t. - Bo v thnh nhiu lp.

- Cp chung Mt ngun in xoay chiu hot ng theo ch ngn hn lp li cn

c p dng vo mt ng dy thu bao rung chung bo hiu cho thit b u cui thng thng tun theo cc thng s tiu chun c bn sau: in p : 70 Vms - 110 Vms Dng in: 50 mA - 100mA Tn s : 25 Hz , 20 Hz , 50 Hz .. Thi gian : dng 4giy v ngt 2 giy . Mt s c im cp chung thit b u cui : c quy nh bi tng tr khng i vi dng in xoay chiu : Z = Zc + Zr . Khi xut hin dng mt chiu do thu bao nhc my, tn hiu chung lp tc c ngt lp tc bt k lc no trong khong c dng (ng) v khng c dng chung(ngt).

- Gim st :Gim st trng thi mch vng ng dy. i vi thu bao Analog vic
gim st c thc hin bng cch o dng in mt chiu DC trong mch vng ng dy thu bao. Khi thu bao t my mch vng dng in mt chiu h mch. Khi thu bao nhc my , mch vng DC ng kn do s c dng in DC cng khong 20-100mA.

- M ho v gii m : Nguyn l M ha/Gii m c trnh by k trong mn hc K

thut chuyn mch I

- Chuyn i 2 dy thnh 4 dy: Tuyn thoi trong h thng chuyn mch s gm 4 dy, bin i 2 dy-4 dy c thc hin u ni cho thu bao 2 dy. S chuyn i c thc hin qua bin p sai ng hay h thng khuych i nhm m bo s n nh mch 4 dy v trit ting di Echo trn c hng i v hng v. Bin php s dng cho cc b trit di l s dng tht thot thch hp trn ng dn, tht thot ti thiu gia hai u dy theo yu cu m bo d n nh l 3dB, cung cp mt bin n nh 6dB trn vng. Tuy nhin i vi cc
19

cuc gi quc t th cn c n nh qua mng s ln hn. Mch in sai ng tch ring hng thu v hng pht ca tn hiu ting ni tng t. ln ca tn hiu c th iu chnh c hng thu v pht mt cch c lp.

- Kim tra Mt yu cu c bn cho bt k h thng tng i in t s ni ht no l kh nng kim tra ca mi ng dy thu bao. S t chc o kim th ng dy thu bao l khc nhau vi mi loi tng i nhng vn theo cc nguyn tc c bn sau:
- Qu trnh kim tra c th thc hin t ng hoc nhn cng. - Thit b kim tra c th truy xut n bt k mt ng dy no trong khi o kim. - Thit b kim tra c th nm trong h thng tng i hoc c lp vi h thng tng i in t s. Chc nng kim tra ny thc hin kim tra tuyn thoi trn ng dy hoc trong h thng chuyn mch. Qua im truy nhp kim tra, ng dy c u ti thit b kim tra ngoi v tuyn thoi trong c u ti thit b kim tra trong.

+ Kim tra ngoi

Kim tra ngoi bao gm trng thi ng/m mch vng, chp ng dy, in tr ng dy, in p ngoi, trng thi u ni v trng thi bn. Kim tra cht lng ng dy thu bao qua cc thng s : in tr , dng d ( T- R - Mass ) . Mt s tiu chun ca thit b u cui Analog : R = ( 600 - 1999 ) ; C = (0.18F 0.38F ) Dng d = 0.005 mA . Tn hiu chun ti u vo thit b: 1000Hz , 0 dBm .

+ Kim tra trong

Kim tra cht lng ng thoi , kim tra h thng chuyn thoi t trc phn m ho xem h thng c di pha,di tn hay khng cng nh h thng c suy hao hay khng .

b/ Giao din ng dy thu bao s.

Cc h thng tng i in t s c h tr cc dch v ISDN cho cc dch v phi thoi cng vi cc dch v thoi thng thng. ng dn s t tng i in t s ti thu bao ISDN trn cc lung tc c s 2B+D, v 23B+D, hay 30B+D.
TA Codec Hybrid TX Truyn dn v ghp knh s RX Ngun T 144 kbit/s O B Truyn dn v ghp knh s D/SLTU 64 kbit/s

2Mb/s MUX

Codec

Bn tin bo hiu c s NTU BUS kim tra

16kbit/s BUS cp ngun Bo hiu DSS1

Hnh 2.5 Kt cui ng dy thu bao s

20

S khc bit ln nht ca mch ng dy thu bao s so vi ng dy thu bao analog l cc chc nng BORSCHT khng ch nm trong khi SLC ca tng i m cn nm mt phn ti pha thit b u cui thu bao. n v kt cui mng NTU cha cc chc nng CODEC s dng kt ni ti cc n v truyn s liu. B tip hp u cui cha chc nng CODEC v mch Hybird s dng cho cc thu bao s. H thng bo hiu DSS1 trn c s bn tin bo hiu c thc hin qua phn chc nng bo hiu nm ti NTU, thc hin gi v nhn bo hiu trn knh 16 kb/s thng qua b truyn dn v ghp knh s. Mt s h thng tng i c th s dng knh bo hiu ny cho cc mc ch khc nh truy nhp internet. Ti b thch ng u cui TA cha lun chc nng cp m mi quay s, dng chung cho thit b in thoi s. Cc ch th bo hiu c gi ti TA qua NTU di dng cc bn tin. NTU cho php cc cuc gi d liu ( data call), c h tr bi cc phn mm iu khin tng i h tr cho cc cuc gi kiu phi thoi ny. NTU cung cp mt giao din chun cho cc thit b u cui ( v d CCITT X21, X21 bis). Giao din ny cho php trc tip truyn tn hiu s thng qua cc cng giao tip. Cc chc nng nh cp ngun, bo v qu p v kim tra c thc hin qua cc khi chc nng thuc Card D/SLTU c iu khin thng qua h thng bus. c/ Giao din ng dy trung k s. Giao din trung k s thc hin cc chc nng giao tip nh phn, phi hp tn hiu v ng b v ng pha trong hot ng ca khi chuyn mch s bn trong tng i vi mi trng truyn dn bn ngoi mng vin thng. Cc nhim v kt cui ch yu bao gm: - Kt ni ng trung k bn ngoi vi ng trung k ni b. - Cc kt ni ni b trong h thng tng i gia cc phn h. Tiu chun ch yu ca cc h thng tng i in t s dnh cho DTI l cc giao tip tc tiu chun E1/T1 tng ng vi tc 2,048Mb/s v 1/544Mb/s. Tuy nhin, hin nay khi s dng truyn dn quang tr nn ph bin cc h thng tng i in t s thng c trang b cc b giao tip truyn dn s quang vi tc 8Mb/s. a s cc giao tip trung k s hin nay s dng vi mch tch hp c ln hoc rt ln y cc tnh nng cho mt knh n, tng thch vi chun truyn dn 120 Ohm cp song hnh hoc 75 Ohm cp ng trc trn tc 2,048Mb/s. thc hin nhim v truyn dn gia cc h thng tng i, h thng tng i in t s c cc card giao tip truyn dn s hay cn gi l giao tip trung k s c 8 chc nng c bn sau: G Generation of Fram A Alignment of Frame Z Zero String suppression P Polar conversion A Alarm processing To khung truyn dn ng chnh khung Trit chui xung 0 Bin i cc tnh ca tn hiu Cnh bo t xa 21

C Clock recovery H Hunt during reFrame O Office signalling

Khi phc tn hiu ng h Tm t m a khung Bo hiu lin i

Cc chc nng ny nm trong cc khi chc nng ca giao tip trung k s c th hin trn hnh sau:

RX T TD khc D D F TX

Bin i B/U

ng chnh khung

Tch bo hiu CAS

Bin i S/P

Tch TG

Tch u khung Bin i U/B

Chn bo hiu CAS Bin i P/S

MUX / DEM UX

ng h tng i Thu pht bo hiu

Hnh 2.6 S d khi chc nng c bn ca giao din truyn dn s Cc khi chc nng c bn
- Chuyn i m ng dy sang m nh phn H thng ng dy kt cui trn tuyn truyn dn c mt vi loi m lng cc thng c s dng ( nh HDB3, 4B3T hay AMI). H thng tng i in t s s dng kiu m nh phn truyn tn hiu. Thay v thit k mt loi thit b kt cui tt c cc m ng dy khc nhau c th c s dng, DTI thng cung cp mt giao tip chun n. Thng thng cc h thng tng i in t s kt ni theo chun chu u th cc DTI da trn chun giao tip G.703 ca CCITT cho lung 2Mb/s s dng m HDB3. Sau khi nhn c tn hiu t ng truyn hay trc khi gi tn hiu trn ng truyn th DTI thc hin bin i B/U v U/B.

- ng b khung : Mi h thng ng dy kt cui trung k s ti tng i s c thi im bt u khung khc nhau, tu thuc vo chiu di ca ng dy v ngun nh thi ti cc u xa. Tuy nhin, trong h thng tng i hot ng theo TDM cc khung phi c ng b. iu ny c ngha l ti thi im bt u ca khe thi gian s 0 (TS0) trong khi chuyn mch, tt c cc tuyn ng ca h thng s cng phi bt u khe s 0. S ng b ny thc hin bng cch tr tn hiu s t mi ng dy ca h thng mt cch thch hp trong hng nhn, tt c mi khung trng nhau trong tng i. DTI thc hin chc nng ny nh mt b m, tc c ly ra bi b tch timing v tch u khung, sau c ng b cng vi cc tn hiu ng h trong tng i cp ti, bt u ti thi im khung u tin ca tng i. Cng vic c ra c thc hin mt cch ng b vi tt c cc DTI khc. B m phi c kch thc ti thiu l mt khung ( 256 bit cho h thng 2.048 Mb/s).
- Chn vo v tch bo hiu CAS. Trong qu trnh truyn bo hiu gia cc h thng tng i in t s vi nhau trn phng thc bo hiu CAS, cc thng tin bo hiu c 22

chn vo khe thi gian s 16 ca mi khung (TS16) v truyn lin tip theo cu trc a khung ( 16 khung). Chnh v c c ng b khung v a khung vi tng i khi thit b tch bo hiu s tch cc thng tin bo hiu ra khi ng PCM v gi chng ti b x l bo hiu x l cc thng tin bo hiu. Trong qu trnh chuyn thng tin bo hiu ti DTI c sn mt b m nhn cc thng tin bo hiu v b m ny c dung lng ti thiu l 16 x 8bit = 128 bit. Hng pht tn hiu khng cn s dng cc b m cho bo hiu, cc thng tin bo hiu c chn vo khe thi gian s 16 sau khi pht i tn hiu ng b ti TS0. - Bin i ni tip- song song S chuyn i ni tip sang song song ca cc ng dy truyn dn s PCM c thc hin bng cch ghi vo b m mi t m PCM tun t theo tc ng b ti tng i (2.048 Mb/s) v c c ra ng thi ra BUS song song 8 bit. Tc trn BUS song song s bng 1/8 ti u vo tc l bng 256Kb/s i vi lung PCM 2.048 Mb/s. - Cc giao din truyn dn s h tr cc phng thc kim tra qua cc m chn l hoc m kim tra CRC. Hoc bo v bng cch chia thnh 2 lung tn hiu ging ht nhau m bo an ton. Ti DTI thng c cc ch u ni vng (loop) kim tra tuyn trc v sau khi m ho . - Cc giao din truyn dn s thc hin qu trnh nn cc dy bit 0 lin tip trnh hin tng mt ng b xy ra trn khung. 2.4.2 Phn h mng chuyn mch SWNS Cc chc nng c bn ca phn h mng chuyn mch gm c: + Chuyn mch to knh kt ni tm thi lin kt cc Module ng dng phc v cho qu trnh x l cuc gi, iu khin kt ni knh t cc kt cui, bao gm c vic h tr cho cc cuc gi a ng. + Truyn dn cc tn hiu thoi v s liu t cc Module ng dng qua SWNS m bo chnh xc tin cy yu cu. +To cc knh s liu c nh hoc bn c nh truyn cc bn tin iu khin trong h thng. +To v phn phi tn hiu ng h v ng b ho + H tr cho chc nng OA&M. Chuyn mch s da trn hai k thut c bn l chuyn mch khng gian k thut s v chuyn mch thi gian k thut s. Phn h mng chuyn mch gm cc trng chuyn mch ghp (TST, TSSTvv). 2.4.3 Phn h Bo hiu SiGS Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny c lin quan n thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Bo hiu thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: - Chc nng gim st: gim st ng thu bao, ng trung k... - Chc nng tm chn: chc nng iu khin v chuyn thng tin a ch 23

- Chc nng khai thc v vn hnh mng: phc v cho vic khai thc mng mt cch ti u nht. Bo hiu c chia lm 2 loi: Bo hiu ng thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng thu bao l bo hiu gia my u cui, thng l my in thoi vi tng i ni ht Bo hiu lin i( bo hiu trung k) l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Bo hiu lin i gm 2 loi l bo hiu knh ring (CAS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS). Bo hiu knh ring hay cn gi l bo hiu knh lin kt l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong knh ting hoc trong mt knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh ting Bo hiu knh chung l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v knh bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting.

BO HIU

Bo hiu thu bao

Bo hiu lin i

Bo hiu knh ring (CAS)

Bo hiu knh chung (CCS)

Hnh 2.7 Phn loi bo hiu a/ Bo hiu knh ring CAS

Bo hiu knh ring l h thng bo hiu trong cc tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn knh ting hoc trn ng ring c lin quan rt cht ch vi knh ting, v nh TS#16 ca h thng PCM30, c ngha l i vi h thng bo hiu ny mi knh ting c mt ng bo hiu ring c n nh, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau: trong bng, ngoi bng, hoc trong khe thi gian 16 trong t chc a khung ca h thng PCM. C nhiu h thng bo hiu knh ring khc nhau c s dng nh: - H thng bo hiu xung thp phn, cn gi n tn. - H thng bo hiu 2 tn s, v d h thng bo hiu s 4 ca CCITT. - H thng bo hiu xung a tn, v nh h thng bo hiu s 5 v h thng bo hiu m R1 ca CCITT. 24

- H thng bo hiu a tn b khng ch, v nh h thng bo hiu a tn m R2 ca CCITT. Ta thy rng, trong cc h thng bo hiu ny, thng thng cc tn hiu c truyn di dng xung hoc tone, hoc t hp ca cc tn s , cn gi l h thng bo hiu a tn. Bo hiu a tn c s dng rng ri cho chc nng tm chn, bng cch s dng 2 trong 5 hoc 6 tn s nm trong bng tn knh ting, tiu biu nht l h thng bo hiu R2 ca CCITT.

Thu bao A

Tng i A Chim Cng nhn chim a ch

Tng i B

Thu bao B

Tng i B dnh mt knh v cc thit b thu a ch Thu cc con s ca thu bao B Cp chung cho thu bao B Thu bao B nhc my

Cp HAC cho thu bao A

B- tr li

m thoi Xo hng v A t my Xo hng i Cuc gi c gii phng Thu bao B t my

Hnh 2.8 Bo hiu knh kt hp gia cc tng i

Tt c cc h thng bo hiu nu trn u c nhc im chung l tc tng i thp, dung lng thng tin b hn ch do vy trong nhng nm 1960, khi cc tng i c iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr (SPC) c a vo s dng trn mng thoi, th r rng rng cn phi a vo mng mt phng thc bo hiu mi vi nhiu c tnh u vit hn so vi cc h thng bo hiu truyn thng. Trong phng thc bo hiu mi ny, cc ng s liu tc cao gia cc b x l ca cc tng i SPC c s dng mang mi thng tin bo hiu. Bo hiu CAS th vn c s dng trong cc mng in thoi nhng n ang c thay th bi h phng php bo hiu chun v c nng lc hn gi l bo hiu knh chung CCS. Cc ng s liu ny tch ri vi cc knh ting. Mi mt ng s liu ny c th mang thng tin bo hiu cho vi trm n hng ngn knh ting. Kiu bo hiu mi ny c gi l bo hiu knh chung v tiu biu l h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7.

b/ Bo hiu knh chung

25

H thng bo hiu lin i hin i c gi l CCS. N da trn nguyn tc truyn thng tin gia cc my tnh ni m cc khung thng tin c trao i gia cc my tnh theo yu cu. Cc khung ny bao gm thng tin v tuyn ni di dng cc bn tin bo hiu v a ch ca tng i b gi, cc con s a ch v thng tin khi thu bao B nhc my tr li. Trong hu ht cc trng hp trn ch cn mt knh s liu gia hai tng i. Knh s liu 64 kbt/s trn mt khe thi gian ca mt khung PCM th c th dng cho tt c thng tin iu khin gia cc tng i. 2.4.4 Phn h Ngoi vi iu khin PCS . Phn h ngoi vi iu khin c nhim v phi hp gia cc giao din v phn h x l trung tm tng cng nng lc x l cho ton b h thng tng i. Phn h PCS hot ng nh mt b m tc x l cc mc thp ca iu khin ch yu gm cc chc nng sau:

Chc nng qut ( Scan) C chc nng pht hin, xc nh v bo co cho b x l trung
tm CP v nhng s kin di dng tn hiu v trng thi, s thit b ca cc ng dy thu bao v trung k. C th cc thit b qut ch xc nh cc thng s m khng cn x l m bo thi gian thc. Cc thng s k thut tu thuc vo cu trc iu khin v nng lc ca tng h thng, tuy nhin h thng phi p ng c cc yu cu c bn ca ngi s dng.( v d sau khi nhc my 8 ms l h thng phi pht hin c s thay i trng thi t t my sang nhc my). Chc nng ny c th thuc v phn h ng dng.

Chc nng phn b bo hiu ( Distribution) Thc hin vic chuyn i cc thng tin
bo hiu t dng ny sang dng khc. V d chuyn cc thng tin bo hiu di dng bn tin sang cc dng s liu trn knh. Thit b phn b bo hiu c chc nng phn b cc bn tin trao i qua BUS ti cc khi thit b cn nhn bo hiu cng nh cc lnh iu khin ti cc khi thit b cp di.

iu khin chuyn mch cc b ( Marker) L khi thit b thc hin u ni chuyn

mch trong phm vi nh, gim lu lng cho trng chuyn mch chnh. Trong khi u ni cc b c th c cc b u ni cho s s dng cho cc ng trung k ti v i cc tng i c quan. Marker cng chnh l b iu khin u ni cc b cc tng chuyn mch di s iu khin ca phn h x l trung tm, tc ng trc tip ti phn cng h thng bng cc tn hiu iu khin.

BUS h thng (system bus) Cc thit b ngoi vi iu khin, cc thit b chuyn mch, cc B x l trong h thng thng c kt ni ti BUS h thng. BUS h thng c nhiu kiu cu trc hnh cy, mch vng, kiu HUB tu thuc vo cu trc h thng, Tuy nhin, tt c u nhm t mc tiu an ton, tin cy cao v n gin v hiu qu.
2.4.5 Phn h x l trung tm CPS Trong phn h x l trung tm c th c rt nhiu cc b x l thnh phn, mi mt b x l c mt nhim v ring phn theo chc nng. Cc b x l c cu thnh t hai thnh phn c bn l b iu khin trung tm CC (cc vi x l) v b nh chnh MM (main memory).

26

PCS MM
B nh chng trnh

CC

B nh bin dch B nh s liu

OMS

H nh 2.9 M hnh n gin ca CPS

B nh chng trnh : Lu gi cc chng trnh hot ng ca h thng tng i di dng cc tp chng trnh B nh bin dch : Cha cc thng tin lin quan ti i tng cn qun l ca h thng. Thng l s liu kiu bn c nh. B nh s liu : Lu tr thng tin di dng cc s liu tm thi s dng cho qu trnh x l cuc gi. H thng x l thng c cu trc iu khin phn cp nh hnh v di y

H thng iu khin

H thng x l n (Tp trung)

H thng a x l ( Phn phi)

H thng 1 mc

H thng phn cp

Phn chc nng

Phn on 2 mc

3 mc

Hnh 2.10 Phn cp iu khin

Cu trc h thng iu khin - H thng x l n: l dng iu khin c bn nht ca mt tng i SPC, trong mt b x l n c s dng iu khin tt c cc chc nng. 27

- H thng a x l: trong mt h thng a x l, nhiu hn mt b x l c s dng thc hin cc chc nng cn thit. Cc b x l ny c th c sp xp c th phn chia tng th ti gi, hoc x l t hp phn h chc nng. Ph thuc vo s sp xp ny, h thng a x l c th c phn chia thnh mt mc hoc hai mc, hoc cu trc phn cp.

- H thng a x l mt mc: trong h thng a x l mt mc, cc b x l cng hot

ng v vic phn chia ti gia chng c thc hin theo nguyn tc c inh trc. Cc b x l c th phn chia cng vic x l theo 2 nguyn tc chnh: phn chc nng v phn chia theo dung lng.

- H thng a x l phn cp:

Ngoi vi iu khin Mc 1
M S D

Mc phn cng

Mc 2

X l gi

Mc 3

Vn hnh v bo dng

phc tp phn mm

M - Marker S - B qut D - B phn phi

Hnh 2.11 H thng iu khin 3 mc

- Cc phng thc d phng cu trc iu khin Mt tng i in thoi lun phi bo ton dch v cho thu bao cho d c s c. L tng n c th trng thi khng hot ng khng qu 2 gi trong sut qu trnh sng ca thit b l 40 nm. Mc d tin cy ca cc phn t in t rt cao nhng khng phi l tuyt i. Do vy d phng lun cn thit ti mc x l p ng c yu cu v c tnh 28

ca tng i. Ni cch khc, phi d phng y , nht l i vi cc thit b iu khin trung tm tng i c th hot ng lin tc ngay c khi thit b c s c bi bt k l do g. Cc kiu d phng thng c s dng l: + D phng phn ti n, n+1 + D phng nng + D phng song song Tu theo cu hnh v yu cu cht lng v mc kinh t m ngi ta c th s chn la cc kiu d phng thch hp. 2.4.6. Phn h vn hnh v bo dng OA&MS Phn h vn hnh v bo dng di s iu khin ca b x l vn hnh v bo dng OMP, thc hin cc cng vic nhm m bo cho h thng hot ng chc nng theo ng yu cu t ra, cc chc nng chnh ca phn h vn hnh v bo dng bao gm: Qun l, gim st, bo dng.

Qun l l chc nng thc hin qu trnh lu tr hiu r cc thuc tnh ca i tng cn qun l v thay i mi trng hot ng ca h thng, v d nh cung cp cc s liu v thu bao, to hoc xo mt ng dy thu bao hay trung k mi, thay i hay cp nht dch v thu bao s dng, thay i thut ton nh hng v m bin dch, thay i t gi cc, chuyn s liu tnh cc ti MTU v.v... Gim st nhm xc minh s m bo mc chp nhn c ca dch v cung cp v
n c thc hin bng vic theo di thng k cc hot ng ca tng i, v s dng cc php kim tra o th i tng, v d nh gim st trng thi Bn/Ri ca thu bao, trung k, o lu lng v ti trn ng dy, cc trng thi thit b v gim st mc hot ng ca cc b x l v.v...

Bo dng bao gm vic qun xuyn tt c cc chc nng m bo cho h thng lm

vic tt nht, qu trnh bo dng thc hin cc cng vic : pht hin li , cnh bo v nh v khc phc cc s c do phn mm hoc phn cng trong tng i m bo sao cho h thng lm vic n nh ngay c khi c mt vi s c thng thng xy ra trong h thng. Trong mt tng i in t s thng ch c mt b x l chuyn trch x l cc cng vic vn hnh v bo dng, tuy nhin OMS cha hu ht thng tin trong cc phn h khc v nm trn ton b h thng. H thng tng i in t s c th thc hin cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng t ng hoc nhn cng tu theo yu cu, mc v tnh cht cng vic. Trn thc t, cc cng vic qun l, gim st thng c gi chung l qu trnh vn hnh khai thc h thng. Vn hnh khai thc h thng Mt cch tng qut cc cng vic lin quan ti qu trnh vn hnh khai thc bao gm: Qun l ng dy thu bao;Qun l s liu bin dch v s liu tuyn; Qun l s liu cc;Gim st , o ti v lu lng thoi

Qun l ng dy thu bao

29

Trong thc t ta c rt nhiu loi thu bao khc nhau v ng vi mi loi thu bao li c th c cch qun l khc nhau. Tuy nhin, qun l thu bao cn phi thc hin cc cng vic sau:

Hin th, phn tch cc tham s ca thu bao, nhm thu bao : Nh nhn vin khai thc phi c kh nng nh v c thit b thu bao trn mt my, trn gi u dy MDF, nm c cc dch v c kh nng cung cp cho thu bao... Thay i cc c tnh ca thu bao, nhm thu bao khi c yu cu : Khi c yu cu ng k mi dch v hay xo b dch v t pha thu bao, t nh qun l khch hng ... To mi, xo b mt thu bao, hoc nhm thu bao khi c yu cu: Ch rng khi
trng thi ca thu bao phi c kim tra trc v sau khi thc hin lnh.

Qun l s liu bin dch v s liu tuyn:

Trong tng i c cc Files bin dch, xc nh s lin h gia cc thng tin a ch thu c v cc s liu v cc ng trung k hoc cc mch in kt cui khc phc v cho qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Cc thng tin a ch thu c t thu bao a ti hoc t ng trung k vo ( i vi cuc gi vo). Cc thng tin c to thnh cc bng bin dch khc nhau tng ng vi cc ch s gi khc nhau ( Prefix) . Trong bng bin dch s cha cc thng tin v cc tuyn ni ca cuc gi. V d khi tng i nhn c thng tin a ch l s 0 u tin, tng i thc hin tin phn tch s xc nh l cuc gi ra, nu nhn tip c con s 0 th khng nh l cuc gi quc t khi thu bao quay tip m quc gia tng i s thc hin bin dch xc nh chim tuyn ni thch hp cho cuc gi ( nhm trung k v ng trung k tng ng )... Nhn vin khai thc tng i hon ton c th thay i cc s liu bin dch cho ph hp vi s pht trin mng Vin thng trn thc t ang khai thc. thc hin vic qun l Prefix, Route th chng ta cng c cc cng vic nh sau : Hin th v phn tch chi tit cc tham s ca cc ch s gi khc nhau trong tng i (Prefix), cc hng i m tng i qun l (Route). y l mt cng vic rt quan trng c t ra khi thc hin cc cng vic lin quan ti Prefix v Route. N i hi nhn vin khai thc phi c nhng kin thc nht nh v mng vin thng, cc k hoch trong mng nh: K hoch nh s, tnh cc, to tuyn, bo hiu ...Qua vic hin th nhn vin iu khai thc bit c cc tham s ca Prefix, Route nh : Ch s Prefix, hng i (gi vo hay gi ra), s con s cn thu cho hng, biu cc ca hng , tn nhm trung k (nu l hng gi ra) ... Ngi qun l h thng c th thay i, to mi, xo i cc ch s gi, hng i cuc gi thng qua bn iu hnh h thng t ti tng i hoc cc trung tm bo dng t xa.

Qun l trung k nhm trung k : Cc cng vic cn thc hin khi qun l trung k,
nhm trung k nh hin th phn tch cc tham s ng trung k, nhm trung k,Thay i mt s tham s ca ng trung k, nhm trung k theo yu cu ca nh qun l v to mi, xa i trung k, nhm trung k.

Qun l s liu cc: Mi cuc gi hon thnh u phi c tnh cc theo mt biu
gi nht nh. Cuc gi xut hin ti nhng thi im khc nhau trong ngy, ngy trong nm cng phi c tnh cc theo nhng biu gi khc nhau. thc hin c nhng cng vic 30

 trong tng i phi c trang b cc chng trnh tnh cc thch hp. Hin nay tn ti hai kiu tnh cc l : + Tnh cc theo bn tin cc chi tit ( tnh cc chi tit ) + Tnh cc theo b m cc ( Meter ) Chc nng vn hnh v bo dng h thng tng i in t s cho php mm do thay i cc thng s v cc ph hp vi yu cu ca khch hng.

Gim st , o ti v lu lng thoi

Qu trnh o, gim st ti, lu lng thoi c thc hin nh phn mm ca tng i. Qa trnh ny c th c t ng thc hin bi h thng hoc do nhn vin khai thc yu cu. Kt qu o, gim st c phn tch, x l v da vo cn b qun l mng c th nh gi c kh nng lu thot lu lng thoi trn mt hng nht nh hoc i vi mt ch s gi nht nh. t a ra cc gii php hu hiu nhm nng cao hiu xut s dng mng vin thng. Hin nay tn ti hai phng php gim st: Gim st thng xuyn v gim st tc thi.

Gim st thng xuyn: Gim st thng xuyn c thc hin lin tc bi h thng.
Sau mt khong thi gian nht nh h thng s t ng a ra cc bn tin quan trc v cc thng tin nh: lu lng trn cc ng trung k, s chim dng cc thit bv s cc cuc gi thnh cng , khng thnh cng...

Gim st tc thi: H thng s thc hin gim st mt i tng no khi c yu cu

ca nhn vin khai thc . Khi kt thc chu k quan trc h thng cng s a ra bn tin kt qu v qu trnh quan trc . V d nh bn tin v lu lng trn mt hng ni xc nh hoc lu lng i vi mt ch s gi xc nh... Bo dng h thng

Pht hin li
Phi c thc hin nhanh chng,li va xy ra l phi c pht hin ngay. C cc phng php pht hin li sau:

Gim st lin tc: Cc thit b c t ng kim tra trc khi c a vo phc v

lu lng. Nh kim tra cc ng trung k trc khi s dng ng trung k cho m thoi... Nu n v b li lp tc n v s b kho li v b nh du l n v b li v thng tin v li s c truyn n phn mm bo dng thc hin tip cc chc nng khc .

Kim tra theo chng trnh con: Chng trnh ny c thc hin t ng theo mt chu
k nht nh hoc do yu cu ca nhn vin khai thc.

Gim st s phc v: Phng thc ny c thc hin theo hai cch khc nhau:
+Lin tc kim tra cc chc nng (nh kim tra chn-l, gim st thi gian). + nh gi hiu qu vic s dng thit b theo mt gi tr xc nh trc

31

Pht hin li
Thng bo li, cch ly li

Khng
Li nghim trng?

C Cnh bo nh v li Bn tin li Kim tra, sa cha

H nh 2.12 Th tc chung bo dng tng i in t s Thng bo li

Thng tin li c truyn ti phn mm bo dng, ti y thng tin li s c phn tch v x l khng nh rng li c nghim trng hay khng, nu l li nghim trng h thng s to bn tin cnh bo . C ba cp cnh bo: - Cnh bo ti hn ( Critical Alarm ) - Cnh bo chnh ( Major Alarm ) - Cnh bo khng ph ( Minor Alarm )

Cch ly li
Khi pht hin li v khng nh l li nghim trng, h thng phi thc hin cch ly ngay lp tc thit b li ra khi h thng ang hot ng. Thng thng vic cch ly li ny c thc hin t ng.

nh v li
nh v li l qu trnh tm ra ngun gy ra li. c th xc nh c nguyn nhn gy ra li, v tr li, h thng t ng chy chng trnh kim tra hoc do nhn vin khai thc yu cu. Bn tin d on s c a ra khi kt thc chng trnh kim tra gip nhn vin khai thc xc nh c v tr ca li .

Bn tin li
32

Trong nhiu trng hp , tng i c trang b cc phn mm cu hnh li mi khi h thng c s c. Khi xy ra trng hp nh vy, thit b d phng s c thay th thit b hng m bo h thng lm vic khng b gin on, lc ny cn c s can thip ca nhn vin khai thc sa cha thit b hng v a h thng tr v ch lm vic bnh thng. ng thi vi vic pht hin li, h thng s chy chng trnh d on xc nh kiu li, nh v li. Kt thc chng trnh d on, h thng s a ra mn hnh my in kt qu v nguyn nhn v v tr li. Nhn vin khai thc da vo bn tin ny s c cc hnh ng thch hp nhanh chng khc phc li.

Kim tra, sa cha li

Thng qua cc chng trnh kim tra v x l c ch dn trong ti liu ca tng i, nhn vin vn hnh v bo dng thc hin ng cc bc sa cha li. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp li nh h thng tng i in t s t khi phc, cn cc trng hp hng hc s c sa cha theo phn cp chc nng ca nhn vin vn hnh v bo dng. hnh dung mt cch tng qut cc cng vic vn hnh v bo dng chng ta xem xt mt cch t chc ti liu cho qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng h thng tng i in t s. Cc ti liu k thut i cng tng i ng vai tr rt quan trng trong qu trnh khai thc bo dng h thng. Nh cc ti liu ny m nhn vin khai thc c th nhanh chng xc nh cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c , tm c cc lnh thch hp yu cu tng i thc hin mt cng vic c th no . 2.5. C IM V CU TRC PHN MM Phn mm trong tng i SPC c phn chia theo chc nng lm 2 loi: 1/ Phn mm hot ng 2/ Phn mm tr gip

a. Phn mm hot ng: l t hp cc chng trnh cn thit vn hnh tng i. N

c th c phn tip lm 2 loi, l : * Cc chng trnh h thng * Cc chng trnh ng dng

Cc chng trnh h thng hu nh tng ng vi h thng iu hnh ca mt my tnh thng thng. Phn mm h thng gm cc chng trnh ph hp vi cng vic vn hnh v s dng ca b x l theo cc chng trnh ng dng. Cc chng trnh ng dng : x l gi, qun l v bo dng tng ivv b. Phn mm h tr: gm cc chng trnh hp ng, np, v m phng... chng c
ci t ti v tr trung tm, ta thng gi l trung tm phn mm, phc v mt nhm tng i SPC. 2.5.1. Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm

Phn mm ca tng i SPC phi c h iu hnh thi gian thc. N phi c kh nng
x l ng thi mt s lng rt ln cc cuc gi, v n phi c cc c tnh ring bo m cc dch v in thoi khng b ngt khi vn hnh hoc c khi ang m rng h thng. 33

Tnh thi gian thc: phn mm ca tng i phi p ng c kh nng x l lu

lng c nh trc v cc c tnh ca dch v. Cc kh nng x l lu lng ca cc b iu khin ca tng i c biu th trong s lng cuc gi c x l trong 1 giy hoc trong 1 gi.

Cht lng ca dch v: c nh gi thng qua 2 thng s

+Phn trm cc cuc ri gi so vi cc cuc gi hon thnh ti mc ti c nh trc, v cc vn bn trong tng i nh sai li trong x l hoc tc nghn trong h thng. +Phn trm cc cuc gi phi ch tn hiu mi quay s lu hn thi gian ch c nh trc.

a chng trnh: Cc b x l iu khin trong tng i SPC hot ng theo kiu a

chng trnh c ngha l nhiu cng vic c hot ho ng thi ( hu ht lin quan n x l gi). V d, trong mt tng i 30000 ng, c th c 3000 cuc gi ang c tin hnh tin trnh m thoi, trong khi c 500 cuc gi ang c gii phng, c ngha l c 3500 cng vic ang c hc hin ng thi. Ngoi ra, h thng phi gim st, qun l mi cuc gi trong b nh khi xut hin bt k mt s thay i no trong mi trng in thoi bn ngoi, c lin quan n cuc gi th trng thi ca n cng c thay i theo. 2.5.2. T chc b nh trong tng i Trong phn ln cc tng i SPC, kch c tng th ca mi chng trnh c kt hp vi nhau ln hn rt nhiu so vi kch c ca b nh chnh. Do khng th to mi chng trnh thng tr trong b nh chnh. Tuy nhin mt chng trnh ch c th thc hin c khi n thng tr trong b nh chnh. a ra kh nng s dng tt nht b nh chnh, th ch nhng phn sng ca cc chng trnh h thng v cc chng trnh p dng mi c lu tr c nh trong b nh chnh. Cn tt c cc chng trnh khc khng hot ho c lu ngoi b nh chnh trong cc kho lu ngoi cn gi l cc b nh ln. T ta thy rng, trong bt k mt h thng chuyn mch no, nhiu chng trnh, gm c cc chng trnh ln, nu khng c s dng thng xuyn th c lu trong cc b nh ln nh a, bng t, Streamer v cc chng trnh i vi vic pht trin phn cng h thng hoc pht trin phn mm c lu trong bng t

34

Phn mm tng i Cc chng trnh h thng Cc chng trnh thng tr trong b nh chnh MM * Lch trnh Cc chng trnh thng tr trong b nh ln Cc chng trnh ng dng Cc chng trnh thng tr trong b nh chnh MM Cc chng trnh thng tr trong b nh ln * Qun l * Bo dng * Pht trin dung lng

* Hp ng * Chng trnh nhn cc (Assembler) con s quay s * iu khin thit b * Bin son * Chng trnh nhn bit (Compiler) pha ch gi * Cc chng trnh * In n vn bn * Chng trnh iu khin b nh (Text Editer) chuyn mch * Cc chng trnh * G ri (Debuger) ng h thi gian * Chuyn File thc * Th vin * Kt ni (Link)

Hnh 2.13 Lu tr phn mm trong tng i

2.6. X L CUC GI TRONG TNG I

(1) Tn hiu nhc my:

Khi thu bao mun thc hin mt cuc gi th thu bao ch vic nhc my. Thao tc ny s to ra tn hiu bo hiu khi u cuc gi (Off-hook Signal) nh qu trnh gii phng mt tip im nm trn thit b in thoi ca ch gi, mch vng thu bao vi tng i kn mch. Khi dng in mt chiu tng i cp cho my in thoi. Chc nng gim st S ca mch ng dy thu bao s pht hin ti cc khi thit b lin quan.

(2) Xc nh thu bao ch gi

Cuc gi t thu bao ch gi s c pht hin bi mch in ng dy thu bao tng i, sau b iu khin mch in mch in thu bao s xc nh s thit b EN (Equipment Number) ca thu bao ch gi. EN l rt cn thit cho vic bin dch thnh s danh b DN (Directory Number) ca thu bao thng qua bng bin dch. Cc ch s EN c ngha nhiu hn v mt thit b vt l, cc ch s DN mang nhiu ngha v mt dch v ( v d: Cc thu bao s dng h thng tng i in t s thc hin cc cuc gi nhng khng cn thit quan tm ti EN m ch cn quan tm ti DN, cc dch v h tr cho thu bao s c cung cp theo DN). Trn c s kt qu bin dch nu trn, tng i s c c nhng thng tin quan trng phc v cho cuc gi hin hnh nh quyn lin lc, kiu my in thoi, trng thi bn/ri, cc dch v ca thu bao ..v.v. 35

Thu bao ch gi
1 Tn hiu nhc my

Tng i
Nhn dng 2 thu bao gi

Thu bao b gi

Cp pht b nh 3 4 5 Thu bao quay s Phn tch ch s Chuyn mch to knh m hiu chung 6 Tn hiu chung 8 Tn hiu tr li

Cp chung v 7 hi m chung Ct m hiu v dng chung Gim st Gii phng cuc ni 9 10

H nh 2.14 Tin trnh x l mt cuc gi ni i (3) Cp pht b nh v kt ni vi cc thit b dng chung.

Mt trong cc chc nng ch yu ca tng i l iu khin. Mt s logic cn c din gii cc s kin xy ra trong tin trnh cuc gi v trn c s a ra cc quyt nh cn thit v hot ho cc tc ng tng ng. Khi tng i nhn c tn hiu yu cu khi to cuc gi (Off-hook Signal), thit b iu khin s cp pht thit b chung v cung cp knh thng cho thu bao ch gi. V d nh trong qu trnh x l cuc gi, tng i cp mt bn ghi cuc gi (Call Record) - mt vng b nh cn cho sut tin trnh cuc gi, trong lu tr mi chi tit lin quan. Mt v d khc v thit b dng chung trong tng i l cc my thu /pht v b nh lu tr s danh b DN ca thu bao b gi, cc ch s ny khng ch cn xc nh thu bao b gi m cn cung cp nhng thng tin cn thit khc lin quan ti nhim v nh hng cho cuc gi qua mng. Qu trnh cp pht b nh thc hin trong phn h x l trung tm ca tng i in t s, qu trnh cp pht cc thit b dng chung c phi hp gia b x l trung tm v b x l ngoi vi.

(4) Thu v lu tr cc ch s DN
Sau khi nhn c tn hiu mi quay s thu bao ch gi s tin hnh pht cc ch s DN ca thu bao b gi bng cch quay a s (My in thoi c) hay n s. Cc ch s ny s c tng i SPC thu v lu tr vo mt vng nh trong b nh. Nu thu bao thc hin quay s theo kiu DP, B qut ng dy thu bao s qut v xc nh cc con s b gi gi v b x l trung tm. Nu thu bao thc hin quay s kiu m a tn th tn hiu trong bng ny c gi thng ti b thu MF theo tuyn ng thoi. MF nhn cc con s v chuyn i di dng s v trung tm x l. 36

(5) Phn tch s

Sau khi thu c cc ch s DN ca thu bao b gi, h thng iu khin cn phi phn tch cc ch s ny xc nh hng ca cuc gi hin hnh. Nu cuc gi kt cui ti tng i, ngha l kiu cuc gi ni i - khi c thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi cng trong mt tng i th ch c duy nht mt mch in cuc gi c nh hng ti - l mch in ng dy thu bao b gi v khi nu dy thu bao b gi bn th cuc gi khng th tip din thnh cng v tng i s pht tn hiu bo bn cho thu bao ch gi. Thu bao bn hay ri c xc nh bi b qut ng dy Scanner. Tn hiu bo bn s c b pht Tone cp pht trn tuyn ng thoi hng v ti thu bao ch gi.

(6) Chuyn mch to knh

n thi im ny, h thng iu khin tng i xc nh c r c hai mch in thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi. Nhim v tip theo l chn mt ng kt ni gia hai thu bao qua trng chuyn mch ca tng i. Trong h thng iu khin ca tng i c cc thut ton chn ng thch hp. Mi im chuyn mch trong ng kt ni chn cn c kim tra m bo rng n cha b chim dng v sau chim v kho ng. Tng i SPC c thc hin mt cch rt n gin l hi v lp c iu kin trong bng s liu trng thi cha trong phn mm iu khin. Tuyn ng chuyn mch c iu khin bi b x l gi trong phn h x l.

(7) Cp dng chung v tn hiu hi m chung

i vi cc cuc gi ni i, sau khi thc hin cc nhim v trong bc 6, tng i s pht tn hiu chung cho thu bao b gi ng thi gi tn hiu hi m chung cho thu bao ch gi. Bng cch tng i thng bo cho cc thu bao bit cuc gi c x l thnh cng v cc thu bao c th tin hnh cuc ni chuyn in thoi. Tn hiu chung c cp pht qua cc Rle chung ca mch ng dy thu bao. Hi m chung c cp t b to tone qua tuyn thoi hng v ca thu bao ch gi.

(8) Thu bao b gi nhc my tr li

Khi thu bao nhc my tng i s thu c tn hiu tr li ca thu bao b gi. Knh ni c la chn gia hai thu bao hnh thnh v cc thu bao bt u ni chuyn qua tng i. Lc ny dng chung v tn hiu hi m chung phi b ct khi knh kt ni gia hai thu bao, ng thi vic tnh cc c kch hot.

(9) Gim st cuc ni

Trong khi cuc ni din tin, chc nng gim st c thc hin nhm xc nh vic tnh cc v pht hin tn hiu Gii phng cuc ni khi cuc gi kt thc.

(10) Gii phng cuc ni

Kt thc cuc ni cc thu bao t my, tng i nhn c tn hiu gii phng. Thit b iu khin s gii phng tt c cc thit b v b nh tham gia phc v cho cuc gi hin hnh, sau cng a cc thnh phn k trn v trng thi kh dng cho cc cuc gi tip theo.

Tin trnh x l cuc gi lin i dng bo hiu s 7

(1) Thu bao ch gi (TBCG): nhc my. (2) Tng i ch gi (TCG): gi m mi quay s cho thu bao ch gi. 37

(3) TBCG: quay s. (4) TCG: thu s, phn tch v nh tuyn chuyn cuc gi n ch. Bn tin SS7 c chuyn n tng i ch. (5) Tng i b gi (TBG): thu bn tin SS7, xc nh trng thi ca thu bao b gi (TBBG) (bn hay ri) v cp tn hiu chung nu TBBG ri. ng thi cng gi bn tin SS7 thng bo cho TCG trng thi ca TBBG. (6) TBBG: nhc my. (7) TBG thit lp kt ni, TCG bt u tnh cc. (8) TBCG v TBBG: m thoi. (9) TBCG hoc TBBG t my: cuc gi kt thc. (10) TCG v TBG: ngng tnh cc, bn tin kt thc cuc gi c trao i.

* Lu x l gi (hnh 2.15)
Local SW Local SW

Telephone Nhc my, nhn s Ringback tone m thoi Gc my

STP

STP

Telephone

IAM ACM ANC

Rung chung Nhc my m thoi

CLF CBK RLG Gc my

Hnh 2.15: Lu x l cuc gi lin i trong chuyn mch knh

2.7. H THNG TNG I THC TIN TRONG MNG PSTN cung cp dch v cho mng PSTN, hin ti mng vin thng ca Vit nam ang s dng mt s loi tng i in t s : STAREX_ VK( LG), Alcatel A1000E10(Alactel CIT), AXE( Ericson), NEAX61sigma( NEC), DMS100(Northern telecom) vv. Trong khun kh ca ti liu nhm tc gi ch xin gii thiu v tng i Alcatel E 10 (OCB 283) do hng Alactel CIT sn xut. 38

Gii thiu chung: H thng tng i Alcatel E 10 (OCB 283) do hng Alactel CIT sn xut. Vi tnh a nng a dng ng dng Alcatel 1000 E10 c th s dng cho chuyn mch c dung lng khc nhau, t tng i thu bao dung lng nh ti tng i chuyn tip hay ca ng quc t dung lng ln. N thch hp vi mi loi hnh dn s, cc m bo hiu v cc mi trng kh hu, n to ra nhng li nhun cao cho tt c cc dch v thng tin hin i nh : in thoi thng thng, ISDN, cc dch v nghip v, in thoi v tuyn t bo ( in thoi di ng) v cc ng dng mng thng minh. c thit k vi cu trc m, n gm 3 phn h chc nng c lp (c lin kt vi nhau bi cc giao tip chun): ng dng ca h thng: - Khi truy nhp thu bao xa (Tng i v tinh). - Tng i ni ht. - Tng i chuyn tip (gm c ni ht, trung k hay ca ng quc t). - Tng i ni ht / chuyn tip. - Tng i qu giang. - Tp trung thu bao
Mng in thoi s dng bo hiu knh ring Mng bo hiu s 7 CCITT

Mng s liu

NT

ALCATEL 1000 E10

Mng b sung dch v

PABX
Mng iu hnh v bo dng

Hnh2.16: Giao tip Alcatel E10 vi cc mng ngoi vi

Cc giao tip ngoi vi 39

. Thu bao ch 2, 3 hoc 4 dy. . Truy nhp ISDN c s tc 144 Kb/s (2B + D). . Truy nhp ISDN tc c bn 2.048 Mb/s (30 B + D). , , baud/s. 2.7.1 Cu trc chc nng tng th Alcatel E10 gm 3 khi chc nng ring bit l : - Phn h truy nhp thu bao : u ni cc ng thu bao tng t v thu bao s. - Phn h iu khin v u ni : Thc hin chc nng u ni v x l gi. - Phn h iu hnh v bo dng : H tr mi chc nng cn thit cho iu hnh v bo dng. Mi khi chc nng c phn mm ring ph hp vi chc nng m n m nhim. . Tuyn PCM tiu chun 2 Mb/s, 32 knh, CCITT G732. . Tuyn s liu tng t hoc s 64 Kb/s hoc PCM tiu chun. . ng s liu 64 Kb/s (Giao thc X.25) hoc ng tng t vi tc < 19.200

Mng bo hiu s 7 CCITT

Mng in thoi

NT

PHN H TRUY NHP THU BAO

PHN H IUKHIN V U NI

Mng b sung

Mng s liu

PHN H IU HNH V BO DNG

Mng iu hnh v Bo dng

PABX

PABX : Tng i nhnh t ng ring ( Tng i c quan) NT: u cui mng

Hnh 2.17 Cu trc chc nng ca A1000E10

2.7.2. Cu trc chc nng ca t chc iu khin OCB 283 40

Phn h truy nhp thu bao

CSNL

LR

SMX
LR URM LR COM ETA

BT

CSND (CSED) Trung k & thit b thng bo

PU/PE

TM

OM

MQ

GX

MR

TX

TR

PC

Cnh bo PGS

Hnh 2.18: Cu trc chc nng ca t chc iu khin OCB-283

Khi thi gian c s (BT).

- Khi thi gian c s dng phn phi thi gian v ng b cho cc ng LR v PCM, cho cc thit b nm ngoi tng i. - B phn phi thi gian c cu trc kp ba. - B to thi gian c th l t tr hoc ph thuc vo nhp ch chun bn ngoi ng b h thng vi mng.

Ma trn chuyn mch chnh (MCX).

MCX l ma trn u ni vung vi mt tng T, c cu trc kp hon ton, cho php pht trin u ni ti 2048 ng LR. ng ni ma trn u ni trung tm l ng PCM ni b, 16 bit/ knh (32 knh/LR) - MCX c th thc hin c cc kiu kt ni sau: 1/ u ni n hng gia bt k mt knh no vo vi bt k mt knh ra no. C th thc hin u ni ng thi s lng cuc ni bng s lng knh u ra. 2/ u ni gia 1 knh u vo bt k vi M knh ra. 3/ u ni N knh u vo thuc cng 1 cu trc khung vi N knh u ra cng 1 khung. Chc nng ny cp n u ni N x 64 Kb/s.

41

MCX do chc nng COM iu khin (COM gi l b iu khin chuyn mch ma trn), n c nhim v : - Thit lp v gii to u ni bng vic truy nhp vo b nh iu khin ma trn. Vic truy nhp ny cho php vit vo a ch ca khe thi gian u ra, a ch ca khe thi gian u vo. - Phng v u ni, m bo u ni chuyn mch s liu chnh xc.

Khi iu khin trung k (URM).

URM cung cp giao tip gia cc ng PCM pha bn ngoi vi h thng OCB 283. Cc ng PCM c th n t: + n v truy nhp thu bao s xa , hoc t b tp trung thu bao xa + T 1 tng i khc, s dng bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS) hoc bo hiu s 7 + T thit b thng bo ghi m sn. Trong thc t URM thc hin cc chc nng sau: - Hng t ngoi (PCM) vo trong tng i: + Bin i m HDB - 3 thnh m nh phn + Tch bo hiu knh kt hp + Qun l knh bo hiu thc hin bi TS 16. - Hng t tng i ra ng PCM: + Bin i m nh phn thnh m HDB - 3 + Chn bo hiu knh kt hp + Qun l knh bo hiu thc hin bi TS 16

Khi qun l cc thit b ph tr (ETA).

ETA cung cp cc chc nng sau: - To Tone (GT) - Thu, pht tn hiu a tn (RGF) - Thoi hi ngh (CCF) - Cung cp tn hiu ng h cho tng i

Khi iu khin giao thc bo hiu s 7 (PU/PE) & khi qun l bo hiu s 7 (PC).
- i vi cc u ni cho cc knh bo hiu 64Kb/s, cc u ni bn thng trc c thit lp qua ma trn u ni ti PU/PE - X l giao thc bo hiu: PUPE thc hin cc chc nng sau: - X l mc 2: Knh bo hiu - Chc nng to tuyn bn tin ( Mt phn ca mc 3) PC thc hin chc nng: - Chc nng qun tr mng ( Mt phn mc 3) - Phng v PUPE 42

- Cc chc nng quan trc khc khng lin quan trc tip ti bo hiu s 7 ca CCITT.

Khi x l gi (MR).
MR thc hin chc nng thit lp v ngt u ni cho cc cuc thng tin (thit lp v gii phng u ni). MR a ra nhng quyt nh cn thit x l cc cuc thng tin vi cc danh mc v bo hiu nhn c sau khi tham kho s liu thu bao v nu cn thit th phn tch c s d liu TR. B x l gi MR x l cuc gi mi, lnh chuyn mch thit lp ngt u ni, gii phng thit b. Ngoi ra khi x l gi MR cn thc hin cc chc nng qun tr khc (v d nh: iu khin kim tra trung k, quan trc...)

Khi qun l c s d liu (TR).

Chc nng TR thc hin qun tr phn tch c s d liu ca thu bao, trung k, nhm trung k. TR h tr cho khi x l gi MR , vi yu cu ca MR, vi c tnh ca thu bao v trung k cn thit cho qu trnh thit lp v gii phng thng tin. TR cn m bo phi hp gia con s quay s nhn c v a ch ca nhm trung k hoc thu bao (tin phn tch, phn tch, v bin dch).

Khi tnh cc v o lng lu lng (TX).

Chc nng TX thc thin vic tnh cc cho cc qu trnh thng tin. TX thc hin: - Tnh ton s lng cc cho tng cuc gi. - Lu tr s liu ccc cho tng thu bao m tng i chuyn mch qun l. - Cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho cng vic ly ho n cc chi tit theo yu cu t O & M. Ngoi ra TX cn thc hin mt s chc nng quan trc (quan trc thu bao, trung k.)

Khi qun l ma trn chuyn mch (GX).

Chc nng ca GX l x l v gim st cht lng cc ng u ni m n nhn c - Cc yu cu thit lp v gii phng u ni t b x l gi MR hoc t b phn phi bn tin (MQ). - Cc tn hiu li trong u ni do b iu khin ma trn chuyn mch gy ra (COM). Ngoi ra GX cn thc hin chc nng gim st cc ng ni ca cc phn h u ni (cc ng xm nhp LA & cc ng ni ni b ti ma trn chuyn mch chnh LCXE) theo nh k hay theo yu cu t cc ng nht nh.

Khi phn b bn tin (MQ).

Chc nng ca MQ l phn chia v to khun dng cho bn tin ni b ngoi ra n thc hin: - Gim st cc ng u ni bn thng tr (ng s liu)

43

- Truyn cc bn tin gia cc mch vng thng tin (TokenRing)- Chc nng cng.

Mch vng thng tin (TokenRing).

truyn thng tin t trm ny n trm kia trong tng i A1000 E10 s dng t 1 n 5 mch vng thng tin. Vic chuyn bn tin c thc hin thng qua mi trng gi l mch vng bn tin vi giao thc ring bit. N c x l theo chun IEE 802.5. - Mch vng n (cu hnh rt gn): c gi l mch vng gia cc trm MIS. - Mch vng MIS dng trao i gia cc chc nng iu khin vi phn mm vn hnh v bo dng. - T 1 n 4 mch vng MAS trao i gia cc chc nng u ni (URM, COM, ETA, PUPE) v cc chc nng iu khin trong SMC. - C ti a 250 trm trn mt mch vng thng tin. - Tc ca TokenRing: 4 Mb/s. - Phng thc truyn dn gia cc trm kiu truyn trc tip khng ng b. - Ch qun l mch vng thng tin: Ti mt thi im lun c mt trm chc nng gim st mch vng nhng vai tr gim st mch vng khng c nh. Bt k mt trm no cng c th tr thnh gim st c tu thuc vo trng thi hot ng ca n. - Mch vng c trang b kp lm vic ch phn ti.

Chc nng vn hnh v bo dng OM.

Cc chc nng ca phn h vn hnh v bo dng c thc hin bi phn mm vn hnh v bo dng N cho php xm nhp n tt c cc thit b phn cng v phn mm ca h thng tng i A1000 E10 thng qua thit b u cui l my tnh thuc phn h vn hnh v bo dng: u cui ph tr, mi trng t tnh, my u cui thng minh. Nhng chc nng ny c th chia thnh 2 nhm: - Vn hnh p dng thoi - Vn hnh v bo dng h thng. Ngoi ra phn h vn hnh v bo dng cn thc hin cc chc nng sau: - Np phn mm v s liu cho phn h iu khin v u ni cho cc n v truy nhp thu bao s: - Cp nht tin tc v ho n tnh cc chi tit. - Tp trung s liu cnh bo t trm iu khin v u ni thng qua mch vng cnh bo (AlarmRing). Phn h vn hnh v bo dng cn cho php thng tin hai chiu vi mng vn hnh v bo dng mc vng hoc mc quc gia (TMN). 2.7.3 Cu trc phn cng ca tng i Alcatel A1000E10

44

CSNL CSND (CSED)

LR SMX (1 to 8) x 2

STS 1x3

SMT (1 to 28) x 2 SMA (2 to 37)

LR

. Trung k & thit b thng bo

LR

1 to 4 1 to 4 MAS
SMC 2 to 14 1 MIS SMC : Trm iu khin chnh SMA : Trm iu khin thit b ph tr SMT : Trm iu khin trung k SMX : Trm K ma trn chuyn mch SMM : Trm vn hnh v bo dng STS : Trm ng b v c s thi gian SMM 1x2 TMN

MAL

Hnh19: Cu trc phn cng ca tng i A1000 E10

CSNL: Khi truy nhp thu bao gn. CSND: Khi truy nhp thu bao xa. CSED: B tp trung thu bao s t xa (thu bao analog) SMT: (Trunk Control Station) - Trm iu khin trung k.

SMA: (Auxiliary Equipment Control Station) - Trm iu khin thit b ph tr. SMC: (Main Control Station) SMM: (Maintenance Station) SMX: (Matrix Control Station) - Trm iu khin chnh - Trm vn hnh v bo dng. - Ma trn chuyn mch.

STS: (Synchronization &Time base Station) -Trm ng b & thi gian c s. Cc trm ny trao i thng tin vi nhau qua mt hay mt s vng ghp thng tin MIS hoc MAS .Trm iu khin c xy dng trn cng thc p dng h thng Alcatel 8300. 45

H thng A8300 gm mt hoc nhiu b x l, mt hoc nhiu b kt ni Coupler thng minh, cc n v ny c u ni vi nhau bng Bus v trao i s liu qua mt Bus chung. Trm iu khin gm: - Mt hoc nhiu Coupler - Mt hoc nhiu n v x l - Mt b x l chung - Cc Coupler c bit cho chc nng chuyn mch hoc x l s liu vo ra.

chc nng ca mi trm iu khin:

(1) Trm iu khin chnh SMC: Trm iu khin chnh thc hin cc chc nng sau y: - MR: X l gi - CC: iu khin thng tin - X l phn p dng im phc v bo hiu SSP. - TR: C s d liu - TX: Tnh cc cho cc cuc gi thng tin - MQ: Phn b bn tin - GX: iu khin ma trn u ni, qun tr u ni - PC: iu khin, qun tr bo hiu s 7 - Ph thuc vo cu hnh v lu lng x l m mt hoc nhiu chc nng ny c ci t trong cng mt trm SMC. (2) Trm iu khin cc thit b ph tr SMA thc hin cc chc nng sau y: - ETA: Thc hin cc chc nng qun tr cc thit b ph tr, qun tr Tone - PUPE: X l giao thc bo hiu s 7 cua CCITT, ph thuc vo cu hnh v lu lng x l m 1 SMA c th ch ci t phn mm qun tr thit b ph tr ETA, hoc phn mm x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 PUPE hoc c ci t c hai loi phn mm ny. (3) Trm iu khin trung k SMT SMT thc hin chc nng giao tip gia PCM v trung tm chuyn mch. Cc PCM n trung tm chuyn mch t: Trung tm chuyn mch khc, t n v xm nhp thu bao s xa CSND, t b tp trung thu bao s xa CSED, t thit b thng bo s c ghi sn. Trm SMT gm b iu khin PCM ( URM), n gm cc chc nng chnh sau: - Hng t PCM vo trung tm chuyn mch + Bin i m HDB - 3 thnh m n cc + Tch hiu knh ring ( CAS ) t khe 16 + Qun tr bo hiu truyn trong khe 16 + u ni cc knh gia PCM v LR - Hng t trung tm chuyn mch n PCM + Bin i m n cc thnh m HDB3 + Chn bo hiu vo khe thi gian 16 46

+ Qun tr knh bo hiu trong khe thi gian 16 + u ni gia cc knh LR v PCM (4) Trm ng b v c s thi gian STS - Trm c s thi gian STS c 3 chc nng : + Giao tip vi cc ng h tham kho ngoi ( HIS) + B to c s thi gian c cu trc c cu trc bi 3 ( BTT) + Giao tip vi vng cnh bo

a/ Chc nng giao tip vi cc ng h ng b ngoi HIS :

- Cc giao tip ng b ngoi l cc n v ng b c thit k cho cc mng ng b s dng phng thc ch/t, vi nhiu u vo v c qun tr theo phng thc u tin. Nu 1 hoc nhiu u vo c s c th vic thit lp li chng c thc hin mt cch t ng theo nguyn l c nh trc. - Chng s dng cc ng h c ti to t cc trung k, t cc trm u cui PCM. - Chng thc hin cc chc nng qun tr cc ng ng b qun tr cc tn hiu cnh bo trn cc PCM tng ng. - Chng m bo cht lng tn s vi chnh xc cao nht theo yu cu. - Trnh mt ng b bng s dng 1 b to sng c n nh rt cao.

b/ Vai tr ca b to c s thi gian BTT

- Phn b cc tn hiu cn thit n cc trm u ni ca h thng OCB283. - S dng thut ton Majority logic phn b thi gian v nhn bit sai li m bo c tin cy cao (cc bng c cu trc bi 3).

c/ Phng v
Chc nng ny cho php STS pht cc cnh bo do cc giao tip ng b ngoi v BTT to ra vo mch vng cnh bo. (5) Trm khai thc v bo dng SMM SMM thc hin cc chc nng sau : - Gim st v qun tr h thng A1000E10 - Lu gi s liu h thng, bng t, a. - iu khin phng v trm - Gim st cc vng thng tin - X l thng tin ngi my - Khi to tng th v khi to li

47

TM TT CHNG 2
Ni dung chng trnh by lch s, tnh nng dch v ca tng i in t s .Trong chng i su vo phn tch cu trc chc nng , cu trc iu khin v phn mm qu trnh x l cuc gi ca tng i in t s. Hin nay trong mng PSTN ca Vin thng Vit nam ch yu l cc h thng DSS xut x t rt nhiu hng: NEAX, Siements, Alcatel. Do khun kh ca ti liu nhm bin son ch trnh by h thng AlcateA1000E10 hin ang c s dng rt nhiu trong mng ca vin thng Vit nam.

48

CHNG 3: H THNG CHUYN MCH ATM

GII THIU CHNG
S pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh thng tin v nhu cu trao i thng tin ngy cng tng nhanh v a dng ha ca x hi i hi h tng mng phi c s thay i c th cung cp dch v bng rng cho khch hng. ISDN bng hp khng th p ng tha mn cc yu cu dch v ca khch hng. Mng B-ISDN ra i ,mc ch chnh ca B-ISDN l kt hp tn hiu lin tc thi gian thc v nhm cc tn hiu d liu nh cch phn b bng rng t nhm cc dch v bng hp nh gim st t xa cc thit b truyn s liu in thoi, FAX n cc dch v bng rng bao gm in thoi thy hnh, hi ngh truyn hnh , truyn nh vi chnh xc cao, truyn s liu tc cao v truyn hnh nh. Nh vy, cn phi c h thng x l tc cao, dung lng ln, cht lng truy nhp cao, v vic iu khin qu trnh chuyn mch d dng, n gin, hiu sut iu khin cc dch v khc nhau v h thng chuyn mch bng rng ATM c s dng cho mc ch ny . Vi cc u im ca cng ngh truyn ti khng ng b, cho php ng gi d liu thnh cc t bo vo c nhn dng qua trng VPI/VCI thc hin chuyn mch ti thit b ch ca mng ATM. ATM c xut cho m hnh mng a dch v tch hp bng thng ln (B-ISDN) cho php tch hp dch v v cc giao thc lp trn chy trn nn tng ca n. Cc giao thc ph bin nh TCP/IP hon ton c th hot ng tt trn mi trng mng ATM . K thut chuyn mch ATM c cp trong mn chuyn mch I, trong chng ny ch yu trnh by v h thng chuyn mch bng rng ATM, v ng dng ca n trong mng vin thng ca VNPT. Sau khi hc xong chng ny yu cu sinh vin phi phn bit c s khc nhau c bn gia 2 h thng DSS v ATM. Cu trc, nguyn l hot ng ca h thng chuyn mch t bo ATM Tng quan v BISDN Cc mng vin thng ang tn ti hin nay c trin khai ph hp theo cc ng dng thc tin n l. Trong cc mng chuyn mch in thoi hin nay, mt kt ni c thit lp gia hai thu bao thng qua qu trnh trao i khe thi gian c c nh trong sut qu trnh cuc gi. Kiu mng ny rt ph hp cho in thoi v chng c tc khng i v thng tin c to ra lin tc. Tuy nhin, vi cc ng dng khc nh truyn thng s liu th vic s dng ring mt knh thng tin truyn l lng ph v mt ti nguyn. Tng t nh vy, mng chuyn mch gi hin tn ti cng rt tt cho vic chuyn thng tin s liu nhng li khng ph hp cho chuyn thoi v tr truyn thng tin khng kim sot c. Mt gii php gii quyt vn ny l to ra mng tch hp, m c th ph hp vi cc dch v cung cp vi cc yu cu bng thng khc nhau. Bc u tin trong hng i ny l pht trin ISDN bng hp, cung cp bo hiu knh chung gia cc u cui ngi s dng cho c ng dng thoi v s liu. Trong khi vn duy tr s ring bit gia chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ti trm trung tm. Ngi s dng c cung cp cc truy nhp s tc 2B+D cho c thoi v s liu cng vi 16kb/s cho bo hiu v cc dch v chuyn mch gi. vn cha l mt gii php tho mn ngi s dng v cc ng dng hin ang gia tng rt nhanh v yu cu bng thng ln. V d, cc h thng pht truyn hnh s dng k thut nt cao c th cn bng thng 50Mb/s v nu s dng knh 64kb/s th cn 49

13 pht truyn v nh vy dch v thi gian thc s khng c p ng. Chnh v vy m chng ta cn mt gii php truyn thng cho c hm nay v tng lai. Qu trnh pht trin rt nhanh trong lnh vc truyn dn v cng ngh in t VLSI a ra mt hng mi pht trin ISDN bng rng (B-ISDN). N s cung cp cc dch v trong mt di rng t vi bit /s ti 150 Mbit/s cho cc video phn gii cao. h tr cc dch v c mim rng nh vy, h thng chuyn mch s mm do v h thng truyn dn tc cao l cc yu cu cn thit. Cng ngh cp quang cho php cung cp bng thng ti nhiu Gbit/s. Hn na, cc thnh tu tin tin ca cng ngh VLSI sinh ra hng lot nguyn tc mi trong qu trnh thit k h thng nht l kin trc trng chuyn mch ca h thng tng i p ng c bng thng rng. Cc h thng chuyn mch gi hin nay s dng cc giao thc chuyn dng, vi cc chc nng phc tp trong khi phc li v iu khin lung ti cc mc thp, khi lp vt l cha thc s tin cy. Vi u im ca mng cp quang ti lp vt l v kh nng x l nhanh trong phn cng, n s lm n gin cc giao thc ti mc thp v chuyn cc chc nng phc tp v pha ngi s dng. iu ny em li kt qu to ra tr nh nht v n s h tr cc lu lng c tr nhy cm p ng thi gian thc nh thoi v s liu. CCITT ( serial I.121) khuyn ngh cho mode truyn dn khng ng b ATM nh mt k thut truyn ti cho cc dch v B-ISDN. Trong mode ny, cc thng tin c ng gi thnh cc gi c di c nh v c truyn ti ch theo cc thng tin trn tiu cu t bo. Hn na, n s dng cc giao thc n gin cung cp chuyn mch nhanh cc d liu, v n c mt s u im sau: D on c tr ca mng Cp pht v thu hi vng m hiu qu v n gin v cc b m c kch thc c nh. D dng cho thit k cu trc iu khin v cung cp cc s lng b m va phi. em li kh nng ci thin hiu sut ca VLSI.

NI DUNG
3.1. U IM CA CHUYN MCH ATM Khi nim v mng thng tin s a dch v bng rng B-ISDN c da trn c s cng ngh ATM- cng ngh c nh gi l phng thc truyn ti ca mng bng rng . Nn tng ca cng ngh h tr cho B-ISDN l cng ngh quang SONET/SDH, mng thng minh (IN) v cng ngh ATM.

50

BISDN

IN

SONET

ATM

Mng thng minh Mng cp quang ng b

Truyn dn khng ng b

Hnh 3.1:Nn tng cng ngh ATM

Mc d cc cng ngh c t c trnh cng ngh v thnh tu khoa hc k thut cao nhng vn khng p ng c cc yu cu ca mng B-ISDN v nhu cu s dng dch v ca khch hng. Tht vy vi k thut hin thi ta thy rng: i vi k thut chuyn mch th c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi v c chuyn mch knh/chuyn mch gi nhanh u khng p ng c yu cu B-ISDN nhng nu kt hp c hai k thut ny th hon ton c th p ng tt cho cc yu cu ca B-ISDN. Cn i vi k thut truyn dn th ch truyn ti ng b (STM) rt lng ph ti nguyn v kh x l ng thi cho tt c cc dch v yu cu c tc dng bit rt khc nhau, trong khi k thut ghp knh phn chia thi gian khng ng b (ATDM) t c mm do, linh hot, hiu qu cao vi mi kiu dch v vi tc bit v kiu lu lng khc nhau. Gii php mi l kt hp cc u im, khc phc cc nhc im ca c 2 k thut chuyn mch knh chuyn mch gi v s dng ATDM s c kh nng p ng tt mi nhu cu ca B-ISDN l vn then cht thc hin B-ISDN chnh l tng khoa hc v l bn cht ca cng ngh ATM. Tm li ATM c th iu khin tt c cc kiu lu lng: thoi, vi deo, d liu, c ghp thng k v chuyn mch trong mt mng chung. Trong mng ATM, rng bng c th c gn li trong mt thi gian thc cho bt k kiu lu lng no theo yu cu. ATM l cng ngh cho mi mi trng LAN, WAN, PSTN Cng ngh ATM c la chn l cng ngh chuyn mch v truyn dn chung cho cc dch v B-ISDN vi cc tnh nng u vit ca mi trng ATM l: + Ghp knh khng ng b v thng k cho mi kiu lu lng. + Gn rng bng tn linh ng v mm do. + Tc truy nhp cao. + Bo v u t cc mng hin ti nh c kt ni chng vi mng ATM mi. + Tit kim gi thnh OA & M nh cng ngh cao v ng nht

51

3.2. CC C TNH C BN CA TNG I B-ISDN

a/ Giao din ca nt mng B-ISDN

Giao din c bn ca nt mng B-ISDN vi cc nt khc trong mng c ch ra trn hnh sau, h thng tng i B-ISDN giao tip trc tip vi cc truyn dn s tc cao hoc cc thit b ghp knh SDH thng qua khi kt cui tng i ET. im giao tip trn hnh ch ra l im tham kho AB..

Chuyn mch Truyn dn

ET AB

Truyn dn s 155 520 kb/s

Truyn dn s 622 080 kb/s

ET

Tng chuyn mch

AB2

Thit b ghp knh SDH

ET

2 396 160 kb/s

B3

Truyn dn s 2 396 160 kb/s

Hnh 3.2 Giao din ca tng i B-ISDN ti cc nt mng khc

Cc c tnh chc nng ca giao tip AB1 v AB2 c nh ngha nh sau:

Cu trc giao din v kh nng truyn ti

Cu trc giao din gm dng lin tc ca cc t bo Ghp thng tin ngi s dng vi cc thng tin lin quan ti u ni , v d nh bo hiu c mang trong t bo ATM trong c lin kt knh o v lin kt lung o. Lc m ho cho cc giao din ny c m t trong khuyn ngh I.361 ca ITUT. Kh nng truyn ti c nh ngha cho im giao tip tc AB1, AB2 v AB3.

AB1 Giao din i xng thc hin truyn cng mt tc trn c hai hng, kh nng truyn ti l 149 760 kbit/s. AB2 Giao din i xng thc hin truyn cng mt tc trn c hai hng, kh nng truyn ti l 599 040 kbit/s. AB3 Trong khi B-ISDN cn trong giai on bt u pht trin th cc chc nng kt cui tng i cn c giao din vi cc thit b SDH ang hin c, kh nng truyn ti qua giao din ny l 2 396 160 kbit/s.

Khun dng tiu t bo v m ho

52

Khun dng tiu ca t bo v m ho c nh ngha cho im tham kho giao tip AB1 v AB2 theo tiu chun I.361 ca ITU-T . Chc nng nh thi cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho truyn dn bit (phn t bo hiu ) octet v ng bin t bo. Cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng h thng c h tr trn ton mng. Cc chc nng ny c cung cp thng qua cc knh OAM. Cc giao din in v giao din quang Cc gi tr nhn dng lung o v knh o c th c thit lp theo 3 cch: Qua cc chun n nh trc Qua chc nng mt bng qun l Qua cc th tc bo hiu theo yu cu

nh thi

Vn hnh v bo dng

c tnh vt l ca giao din

Ch nh knh o v lung o

Bo hiu
Cc th tc bo hiu theo yu cu cho cc u ni VC c nh ngha bi khuyn ngh ca ITU-T.

b/ Giao din truy nhp ca khch hng

B-ISDN c mt s giao din truy nhp ca khch hng ti cc nt mng, hnh di y th hin mt s giao din c bn nht ca kt ni mng pha khch hng ti nt B-ISDN.

Vng Cc truy Lin kt knh v lung o chc nhp nng khch kt cui nh thi hng tng i Vn hnh bo dng B-ISDN B-ISDN

Hnh 3.3 Cc chc nng ca giao din khch hng Lin kt knh o v lung o
T pha mng ring khch hng truy nhp ti h thng tng i B-ISDN c rt nhiu tc khc nhau, v c h tr theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau mt s giao din c bn nh sau: VB11 Tc 155 520 kbit/s, hai hng, tc bit i xng VB12 Tc 155 520 kbit/s hng ln, 622 080 kbit/s hng v, tc bit bt i xng VB13 Tc 622 080 kbit/s, hai hng, tc bit i xng 53

VB14 Tc 622 080 kbit/s hng ln, 155 520 kbit/s hng v, tc bit bt i xng VB2 u ni ti CON ca mng ring khch hng VB4 u ni ti MUX ca mng ring khch hng, ghp bi VB11, VB12. VB6 u ni ti AXC ca mng ring khch hng

nh thi
Cc giao din ny h tr cc thng tin nh thi cho truyn dn bit, octet v ng bin t bo.

Vn hnh v bo dng
Tu thuc vo cu trc chung ton mng m tng i B-ISDN vi mng ring khch hng c cc kiu thng tin vn hnh bo dng cho nhau, theo cc knh OAM. 3.3. CC CHC NNG C BN CA TNG I B-ISDN

a/ Cc chc nng u ni
Cc chc nng ny quan h trc tip ti cc u ni VC v VP qua nt mng chuyn mch B-ISDN, v d chuyn mch v k thut truyn ti. Cc chc nng ny lin quan ch yu ti cc lp thp ca m hnh tham kho giao thc B-ISDN vi OSI, v d lp vt l, cc lp ATM v tng thch ATM (AAL). Cc chc nng ny c th chia ra thnh 2 nhm chc nng nh hn l : chc nng kt cui v chc nng chuyn mch.

Cc chc nng u ni
Cc chc nng kt cui tng i

Chc nng chuyn mch cc t bo ATM

Cc chc nng kt cui tng i

Cuc gi KH v bo hiu iu khin u ni

Cc chc nng x l ti nguyn v u ni Cc chc nng iu khin u ni

Cuc gi mng v bo hiu iu khin u ni

Cc chc nng iu khin cuc gi Cc chc nng iu khin Cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng

Hnh 3.4 M hnh chc nng c bn ca tng i B-ISDN b/ Cc chc nng iu khin
54

Cc chc nng ny ch yu lin quan ti lp cao ca m hnh tham chiu B-ISDN, t gc phn cng chc nng c th chia thnh cc chc nng bo hiu , x l dch v v ti nguyn h thng. X l qu ti trong mng chuyn mch knh lin quan ch yu vi gim st v gii hn ca s lng cc cuc gi x l ng thi trong mt h thng. Tuy nhin, bng thng c cp cho thi gian tin hnh cuc gi l c nh (v d 64kbit/s). Trong tng i B-ISDN th cc t bo (bng thng) c p dng tu thuc vo yu cu s dng, iu ny s lm tng kh nng qu ti ti mc t bo trong h thng tng i B-ISDN. Qu trnh x l qu ti trong h thng c thc hin ch yu trn 2 mc : Mc u ni v mc t bo nhm chp nhn hoc hu b cuc gi.

Ti mc u ni, h thng thc hin gim st cc cuc gi kim tra gii hn cc

cuc gi ng thi. Chc nng ny lm vic ch yu trn cc thng tin c ng thp ( low dynamic) t trong h thng. V d cho cc chc nng ny nh sau: iu khin qu ti cc b vi x l v cc ti nguyn khc trong h thng. (S lng cc ngun ti nguyn kh dng). Qu ti ca ghp knh. ( rng bng ti a cho php, s lng ti a cc VPI v VCI cho php). Qu ti x l cuc gi . ( S lng cc cuc gi trong pha thit lp, s lng cuc gi trong pha u ni)

Ti mc t bo, tng ng vi qu trnh thc hin gim st cht lng phc v ca h

thng. Cc chc nng ny lm vic ch yu da trn cc thng tin ng ca h thng. v d cho cc chc nng ny nh sau: Qu ti ca mng chuyn mch .( Ch th qu ti t b m, lu lng hin thi trong h thng). Qu ti ca b ghp knh. ( Lu lng hin thi ca b ghp knh). Qu ti trong h thng c th xy ra v mt s l do nh: D n khng chnh xc ca h thng (v d, ti ti a ca b ghp knh khng c nh ngha). S bin ng trong trng thi ngun lu lng Trc trc trong chc nng iu khin s dng.

c/ Cc chc nng vn hnh qun l v bo dng

Cc chc nng ny s dng cho qu trnh vn hnh, qun l v bo dng h thng, khng bao gm cc chc nng thit lp cuc gi. V d, cc chc nng kim tra. Cc chc nng ny s da trn cc nguyn tc TMN, theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T chun M.3010 v phin bn( serial) I.610.

d/ Cc chc nng kt cui

55

Cung cp cc chc nng lp vt l v cc chc nng lp ATM cng nh cc chc nng tng thch ATM thc hin cc nhim v sau: Chc nng lp vt l

Giao tip vi cc cng ngoi theo cc tiu chun. Phn lp phng tin vt l cung cp kh nng truyn dn bit gm truyn bit v sp xp bit. Cc chc nng c th gm c m ho ng dy v bin i in /quang. nh thi bit. Chc nng nh thi bit cung cp phn t bo hiu m kt cui lin kt
khi phc li thng tin t dng bit tng th.

nh dng t bo. Chc nng nh dng t bo cung cp thi gian t bo cho mc nh h tr cu trc t bo. nh dng t bo chun b cho dng t bo m mt nhn cho php khi phc li ng bin t bo ph hp vi thut ton t tch dng.( ITU-T serial 1.432). Cc dng t bo c tch trc khi truyn, ng bin t bo c xc minh v xc nhn ( s dng HEC) v dng bit c hp li sau khi truyn. To v xc minh iu khin li tiu (HEC). Trong mt nhn vic kim tra xc minh
hoc thay i HEC ca mi t bo nhn c. Trong ch pht hin li, tt c cc t bo c li ti tiu c loi b. Trong ch sa li, cc tiu li c sa li, chnh xc i vi li bit n. Trong mt pht, n c tnh ton HEC v chn vo tiu t bo.

Tch tc t bo. Ghp tch tc t bo gm c chn v nn cc t bo ri, tng

thch tc t bo ATM vi kh nng ti ca h thng truyn dn.

Bo dng. Chc nng ny cung cp thng tin lin quan ti iu hnh hoc iu kin
hng ca giao din. Cc chc nng lp ATM To v tch cc tiu t bo. Ghp v tch cc tiu ca t bo ATM, kim tra gi tr hiu lc ca cc phn t ring bit cha trong tiu , cc t bo c li trong tiu s b o thi.

Bin dch tiu t bo. S dng trong qu trnh nh tuyn v kim tra. iu khin chim dng ( iu khin tham s s dng, iu khin tham s mng).
c m t chi tit trong UPC v NPC trong serial I.371 ca ITU-T.

Ghp v tch cc t bo. Trong hng pht cc t bo c ghp thnh cc lung

tng thch vi tc chung t cc VP v VC ring. Cc gi tr VPI,VCI c th nhn cc gi tr mi ph hp vi cu trc thc t.

Bo dng. Xem xt trong mt phn khc

Cc chc nng lp tng thch ATM (AAL) Bo hiu AAL. Gm c cc chc nng bo hiu t pha ngi dng v chc nng bo hiu mng.

AAL cho tng tc vi knh 64kb/s da trn ISDN. Cc h thng tng i B-ISDN
c th h tr chc nng knh 64kbit/s nh mt chc nng ring bit, chc nng ny m t trong khuyn ngh serial I.580 nh thit b tng thch mng. 56

3.4. KIN TRC CHUNG CA H THNG CHUYN MCH BNG RNG ATM ATM l mng kt ni nh hng, tt c cc t bo ATM trong mt kt ni thc t c truyn theo mt tuyn ng nh sn. Nhng t bo thuc v mt u ni c xc nh bi trng nhn dng ng o v knh o VPC/VCI. Cc chuyn mch gi thng thng hot ng trong di 1 4000 gi tin/giy, trong khi , chuyn mch ATM cn phi x l s lng gi tin rt ln t 100 000 n hng triu gi tin trong mt giy. V c bn, mt nt chuyn mch ATM phi thc hin ba hot ng: nh tuyn, xp hng v bin dch tiu ca cc t bo. Qu trnh nh tuyn l xc nh r t bo c chn ng no t mt u vo n mt u ra yu cu. Vic xp hng c s dng gii quyt vn xung t khi ti mt thi im c hn mt u vo c cng mt u ra yu cu. Trn thc t c nhiu thit k khc nhau cho cu trc chuyn mch ATM. Tuy nhin, m hnh chc nng chung ca mt h thng chuyn mch ATM thng bao gm ba phn chnh l:

* Giao din chuyn mch: Gm mt module iu khin u vo (IC) v mt module

iu khin u ra(OC).

* Trng chuyn mch t bo * B x l iu khin: Bao gm hai phn chnh l iu khin chp nhn kt ni (CAC)
v qun l chuyn mch (SM).

Cc cng vo

IC IC

Trng chuyn mch

OC

OC

Cc cng ra

B x l iu khin
H nh 3.5 Kin trc chung ca chuyn mch ATM
H thng chuyn mch ATM c chc nng: Chuyn tip cc t bo d liu ngi dng t cc cng u vo n cc cng u ra thch hp. H tr cc chc nng tng ng trong mt phng iu khin v mt phng qun l ca m hnh tham chiu giao thc B-ISDN. Cc h thng chuyn mch ATM c th gi vai tr nh cc cng giao tip vi nhng mng khc nh N-ISDN, LAN Ngoi ra, n cn cha cc giao din khc trao i thng tin iu khin v qun l vi cc mng c mc ch c bit nh mng thng minh (IN) v mng qun l vin thng (TMN).

57

H nh 3.6 S khi chc nng ca mt h thng chuyn mch ATM

H thng chuyn mch ATM gm 5 khi chc nng c bn: M un u vo (IM), m un u ra (OM), iu khin chp nhn kt ni (CAC), qun l h thng (SM) v khi chuyn mch t bo (CSF). Hot ng ca IM v OM c th c m t tng quan nh hnh v

H nh 3.7 S khi m un u vo (a) v m un u ra (b) a/ M un iu khin u vo (IM)

Thc hin chc nng tch lung ATM khi khung truyn dn v x l cc chc nng sau i vi mi t bo ATM: 58

Kim tra li tiu t bo s dng trng HEC Bin dch cc gi tr VPI/VCI. Xc nh cng u ra Chuyn t bo bo hiu n CAC Thc hin iu khin tham s ngi dng/mng (UPC/NPC) cho mi kt ni knh o/ng o (VCC/VPC) Thm vo t bo d liu ngi dng cc bt a ch b sung (c gi l th nh tuyn) trn c s trng VPI/VCI trong tiu t bo. Th ny sau c CSF s dng thc hin chc nng nh tuyn v b loi khi ra khi CSF.

b/ M un iu khin u ra (OM)
Thc hin vic phn phi t bo n ch hoc ti mt cng u vo ca mt nt chuyn mch khc sau khi bin dch t bo. N thc hin cc chc nng sau: Loi b th nh tuyn c gn IM. C th bin dch cc gi tr VPI/VCI. To trng HEC mi. Chn cc t bo qun l v iu khin (nhn c t CAC v SM) vo lung t bo u ra. Thch ng lung t bo vo khung truyn dn.

c/ Khi iu khin chp nhn kt ni (CAC)

CAC c chc nng thit lp, gim st v gii phng cc kt ni o. CAC nhn t bo bo hiu t IM, tch ly thng tin bo hiu, bin dch v cp nht. Cui cng CAC to ra t bo bo hiu mi v gi chng n OM.

d/ Khi qun l h thng (SM)

Cc chc nng qun l gm qun l li, qun l hiu nng, qun l cu hnh, qun l tnh cc, qun l bo mt v qun l lu lng. thc hin cc chc nng ny cn rt nhiu s truyn thng bn trong chuyn mch gia SM v cc khi chc nng khc. X l OA&M lp vt l OA&M lp ATM Qun l cu hnh cc thnh phn chuyn mch Kim sot bo mt cho cc c s d liu chuyn mch o lng mc s dng cc ti nguyn chuyn mch Qun l lu lng T chc thng tin qun l, Qun l khch hng - mng, Giao din vi h thng vn hnh H tr qun l mng. 59

d/ Khi chuyn mch t bo (CSF)

L phn trung tm ca h thng chuyn mch ATM, thc hin chc nng chnh l nh tuyn cc t bo d liu (c th bao gm c cc t bo bo hiu v nh tuyn) t IM n OM thch hp. V mt s chc nng khc bao gm: m t bo Multicast/Broadcast Dung sai, lp lch t bo trn c s cc u tin v tr. Gim st tc nghn v kch hot ch th tc nghn chuyn tip ngay lp tc (ECFI).

3.5. NGUYN TC CHUYN MCH V NH TUYN 3.5.1. Qu trnh chuyn mch v x l gi qua cc h thng chuyn mch ATM Giao thc ATM tng ng vi lp 2 nh nh ngha trong m hnh tham chiu (OSI) cc h thng m. ATM l kt ni c hng, mt kt ni cui- cui (hay knh o) cn c thit lp trc khi nh tuyn cc t bo ATM. Cc t bo c nh tuyn da trn hai gi tr quan trng cha trong 5 byte mo u t bo: nhn dng lung o (VPI) v nhn dng knh o (VCI), trong mt lung o bao gm mt s cc knh o. S cc bit dnh cho VPI ph thuc vo kiu giao din. Nu l giao din ngi s dng (UNI), gia ngi s dng v chuyn mch ATM u tin, 8 bit c dnh cho VPI. iu ny c ngha l c ti 28 = 256 lung o sn c trong im truy nhp ngi s dng. Mt khc nu n l giao din node mng (NNI), gia cc chuyn mch trung gian ATM, 12 bit s dnh cho VPI. iu ny cho thy c 212=4096 lung o c th c gia cc chuyn mch ATM. Trong c UNI v NNI, c 16 bit dnh cho VCI. V th c 216=65 536 knh o cho mi lung o. S kt hp c VPI v VCI to nn mt lin kt o gia hai u cui. Thay v c cng VPI/VCI cho ton b lung nh tuyn, VPI/VCI c xc nh trn mi lin kt c s thay i vi mi chuyn mch ATM. Mt cch c th, ti mi lin kt u vo n mt node chuyn mch, mt VPI/VCI c th c thay th bng mt VPI/VCI khc ti u ra bng s tham chiu ti mt bng gi l bng nh tuyn (Routing Information Table RIT) trong chuyn mch ATM. Vi bng nh tuyn mng ATM c th tng s lng cc ng nh tuyn. Mi chuyn mch ATM c mt bng nh tuyn cha t nht cc trng sau: VPI/VCI c, VPI/VCI mi, a ch cng u ra, v trng u tin (tu chn). Khi mt t bo ATM n mt ng u vo ca chuyn mch, n b chia thnh 5 byte mo u v 48 byte ti trng. Bng cch s dng VPI/ VCI cha trong phn mo u nh gi tr VPI/VCI c, chuyn mch tm trong bng nh tuyn VPI/VCI mi ca cc t bo ang i n. Khi tm thy, gi tr VPI/VCI c s c thay th bng VPI/VCI mi. Hn na a ch cng u ra tng ng v trng u tin c nh km trong 48 byte ti trng trc khi n c gi n kt cu chuyn mch. a ch cng u ra ch ti cng u ra no m t bo c nh tuyn. C ba kiu nh tuyn trong kt cu chuyn mch: ch unicast l ch m mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt cng u ra xc nh, multicast l ch mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt s cc cng u ra, v broadcast l ch mt t bo c nh tuyn ti tt c cc cng 60

u ra. Trng u tin cho php chuyn mch truyn cc t bo mt cch c la chn ti cc cng u ra hay loi chng khi b m b y, tu theo cc yu cu dch v. Cc kt ni ATM c thit lp trc hoc thit lp mt cch linh ng theo bo hiu c s dng, ging nh bo hiu UNI v bo hiu nh tuyn giao din mng mng ring (PNNI). Thit lp trc c tham chiu ti cc kt ni o c nh (PVCs), thit lp linh ng c tham chiu ti cc kt ni o chuyn mch (SVCs). Vi cc SVCs, bng nh tuyn c cp nht bi b x l cuc gi trong sut qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Qa trnh thit lp cuc gi s tm mt ng nh tuyn ph hp gia ngun v ch. VPI/VCI ca mi ng dn dc theo tuyn, cc a ch cng u ra ca cc b chuyn mch v trng u tin c xc nh v c b x l cuc gi in vo bng. B x l cuc gi phi m bo rng ti mi chuyn mch, VPI/VCI ca cc t bo ang n t cc cng u vo khc nhau c cng mt cng u ra l khc nhau. Mi chuyn mch ATM c mt b x l cuc gi. Hnh 3.8 ch ra mt b x l cuc gi cp nht bng nh tuyn trong chuyn mch.

Hnh 38 Qu trnh x l t bo

61

 hnh v ny, khi mt cuc gi c thit lp thnh cng ngun bt u gi t bo c VPI/VCI c ghi l W. Ngay khi t bo ny n chuyn mch ATM u tin, ng vo bng nh tuyn c tm kim. Li vo thch hp c tm thy vi VPI/VCI mi c gi tr X, thay th gi tr W. a ch cng u ra tng ng (c gi tr 100) v trng a ch c nh km ti t bo v th t bo c th c nh tuyn ti cng u ra 100 ca chuyn mch u tin. Ti chuyn mch ATM th hai, VPI/VCI ca t bo m gi tr X c cp nht vi gi tr mi Y. Da vo a ch cng u ra t c t bng, t bo ang n c nh tuyn ti cng u ra 10. Hot ng ny c lp li trong cc chuyn mch khc dc theo ng ti ch. Khi kt ni kt thc, b x l cuc gi xo li vo lin kt trong bng dc theo ng truyn. Trong trng hp multicast, mt t bo c sao chp thnh nhiu bn, v mi bn sao c nh tuyn ti mi cng u ra. V VPI/VCI ca mi bn sao ti cng u ra c th khc nhau, s thay th VPI/VCI thng c thc hin ti cc cng u ra thay v cng u vo. Kt qu l bng nh tuyn c chia lm 2 phn, mt ti u ra v mt ti u vo. Ti u vo c hai trng trong bng nh tuyn: VPI/VCI c v N bit thng tin nh tuyn. Ti u ra c ba trng trong bng nh tuyn: S cng u vo, VPI/VCI c, v VPI/VCI mi. S kt hp ca s ca cng u vo v VPI/VCI c c th nhn dng duy nht kt ni multicast v c s dng nh mt ch s nh v VPI/VCI mi ti cng u ra. Khi nhiu VPI/VCI t cc cng u vo khc nhau c th hp li ti cng cng u ra v c gi tr VPI/VCI c ging nhau, v th n phi s dng thng tin thm nh phn ca ch s cho bng nh tuyn. S dng s cng u vo l hp l v l cch d dng. 3.5.2 . Nguyn tc nh tuyn trong chuyn mch ATM C hai phng thc nh tuyn c s dng trong chuyn mch ATM, l nguyn tc t nh tuyn v nh tuyn dng bng nh tuyn.

a/ Nguyn tc t nh tuyn

H nh 3.9 Nguyn tc t nh tuyn 62

Theo nguyn tc ny: Vic bin dch VPI/VCI cn phi thc hin ti u vo ca cc phn t chuyn mch sau khi bin dch xong t bo s c thm phn m rng bng mt nh danh ni b th hin rng x l tiu ca t bo. Tiu mi ca t bo c t trc nh ni dung ca bng bin dch, vic tng thm tiu t bo y yu cu tng thm tc ni b ca ma trn chuyn mch. Ngay sau khi t bo c c nh danh ni b, n c nh hng theo nguyn tc t nh hng. Mi cuc ni t u vo ti u ra c mt tn ni b nm trong ma trn chuyn mch xc nh. Trong cc cuc ni a im VPI/VCI c gn tn ni b nhiu chuyn mch do c kh nng cc t bo c nhn bn v nh hng ti cc ch khc nhau ph thuc vo tn c gn.

Quy tc gn tiu cho t bo:

VPI / VCI c = VPI / VCI mi + nh danh ni b

b/ Nguyn tc bng nh tuyn

Theo nguyn tc ny, VPI/VCI trong tiu t bo c bin dch ti mi phn t chuyn mch thnh mt tiu mi v m s cng u ra thch hp nh mt bng nh tuyn gn vi phn t chuyn mch ny. Trong giai on thit lp cuc ni, ni dung ca bng c cp nht.

H nh 3.10 Nguyn tc bng iu khin

3.6. HOT NG CA MNG CHUYN MCH ATM Ta hy xt mt v d ng dng ca ATM cung cp dch v cho ngi dng. Thu bao ATM c th nhn c dch v bng hai cch sau : Qua knh o c nh PVC (Permanent virtual circuit) v Qua knh o chuyn mch SVC (Switched virtual circuit) 63

PVC : Knh o c nh
Cc thnh phn c bn bao gm PABX l tng i ATM dng ring h tr cho cc dch v in thoi. Router l b nh hng dng kt ni cc mng LAN qua mng chuyn mch. MUX thc hin chc nng ghp knh cc t bo ATM. Ngi iu hnh mng (Network Operator) c chc nng h tr cho vic thit lp/Gii phng cc knh o c nh.

H nh 3.11 PVC Mng ATM

Vic thit lp knh PVC theo th tc sau tng t nh knh cho thu: 1. Thu bao gi nh cung cp yu cu knh PVC 2. Thu bao a a ch ch, tc bit yu cu v thi gain s dng 3. in thoi vin (Network Operator) a cc thng tin ny qua thit b kt (Terminal) thit lp knh tng t nh in thoi vin bnh thng 4. Knh ni c thit lp. 5. Thu bao tr tin theo qui nh thu knh hay theo chi tit cuc gi. Nh vy i vi hnh thc PVC tng t nh th tc thu knh truyn thng nhng n c cc u im sau : Gn nh thi gian thc rng bng theo yu cu Khng c th tc thit lp cuc gi Nailed-up connection ngha l lun lun c mch ni gia cc im yu cu D m rng hay gii phng ng ni cui

SVC : Knh o chuyn mch

i vi phng thc ny, khi cuc gi thit lp, gi tr mc nh hoc theo nng lc hay gn tc l 64 kb/s v ngay khi cuc gi thit lp mch s c gn cho ngi dng v dnh ring cho ngi dng (in thoi thng thng). Hnh v di y minh hot hot ng ca mng ATM phc v cho mt cuc gi. 64

Hnh 3.12 SVC mng ATM

Thu bao ch gi nhc my v quay s, cuc gi hng ti ATM-Hub (Trung tm ATM), n thch ng cc thng tin bo hiu vo t bo ATM. ATM-Hub kim tra tc bit yu cu, dng cc thng tin cha trong phn ti tin ca t bo ATM. Cc t bo ATM bo hiu qua mng ti ch thit lp ni. Khi t bo ti ch, ATM Hub pha ch s gii cc t bo ngc li vi cc thng tin v knh o thit lp knh n. Khi cc t bo ny ti ch gi, ATM-Hub gn cho cc t bo gi tr VCI thch hp v mng by gi bit nh tuyn c th th no. Khi thit lp ni xong, tin ca ngi dng trong t bo cha VPI/VCI trong tiu . Khi pht t bo ATM bo hiu t ch gi c cha a ch ch. Ti cc tng i ATM pht cc t bo ny theo kiu qung b. Ti cc cc ch chng c kim tra, nu ng ch thc s th ch s pht ngc li. Trn ng i s gn cc gi tr VPIi/VCIj v a vo phn ti tin ca t bo ATM. T bo no tr v thu bao ch gi u tin chnh l ng i ngn nht. 3.7. CC YU CU I VI H THNG CHUYN MCH BNG RNG ATM Nh bit, mng ATM h tr cho cc dch v bng rng. Mi mt dch v c yu cu tc bt khc nhau ( CBR,VBR), Tnh trong sut(T l mt mt t bo, li bt), v trong sut v thi gian ( tr, trt thi gian). V vy chuyn mch ATM c thit k tho mn cc yu cu i hi. Tc bt yu cu cho cc dch v bng rng thay i theo tng dch v, thng thng thay i t vi kb/s ti 150 Mb/s. Tc truyn dn ti thiu ca truyn dn SDH l 155Mb/s, v vy tc ti thiu ca ng dy h tr bi chuyn mch ATM l 155 Mb/s. S lng cc cng h tr bi chuyn mch c gi l dung lng ng dy ca chuyn mch. Trong mng cng cng B-ISDN, chuyn mch ATM c th yu cu ti thit 1000 cng cho cc u ni thu bao v trung k. Tch s ca tc ng V v dung lng 65

ng c gi l thng qua ca mt chuyn mch ( thng qua = VN). N rt d dng tnh thng qua ca trng chuyn mch phi ln hn 150 Gb/s. Trong mng B-ISDN mt s dch v yu cu phn b, v vy trng chuyn mch ATM phi c c chc nng multicast v qung b. Hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch c c trng bi kh nng nghn (phong to) u ni v tr chuyn mch. Mt vi chuyn mch c tnh cht khng tc nghn hon ton, n th hin khng c s tranh chp trong trng chuyn mch. Vi cc chuyn mch c nghn, kch thc mng v, ch nh ngun ti nguyn l cc yu t quan trng trnh tc nghn. S mt mt t bo cng do nguyn nhn trn b m. Thng thng, cc gi tr ca xc sut mt mt t bo trong cc trng chuyn mch ATM cho php trong khong 10-8-10-11. Tr chuyn mch nh hng ti tnh trong sut ca thi gian v thng thng t 10-1000 micro giy, vi trt thi gian khong vi trm micro giy hoc nh hn. Di y l 3 tham s c bn nh gi hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch ATM:

Kh nng thng qua ca trng chuyn mch : l lu lng truyn qua trng chuyn mch, c nh ngha nh l xc sut mt gi tin truyn trong mt khe qua trng chuyn mch ti u ra. thng qua ti a ca trng chuyn mch thng c gi l dung lng chuyn mch, ch th mc ti thc hin c khi u vo c mc ti cao nht. tr trung bnh ca gi: S lng thi gian trung bnh yu cu ca chuyn mch
chuyn cc gi t u vo ti u ra theo yu cu.

Xc sut mt t bo : N c nh ngha nh l xc sut m cc gi nhn c

trong u vo mt trong trng chuyn mch v trn b m hoc do tranh chp. Mt h thng chuyn mch l tng cn phi chuyn tt c cc gi m khng gy mt mt vi tr truyn c th nh nht, vi th t gi n nh. 3.9. H THNG CHUYN MCH BNG RNG A1000E10MM Hin nay, vi s pht trin khng ngng ca cng ngh vin thng v nhu cu ngy cng tng i vi dch v bng rng, yu cu cc nh cung cp cc dch v vin thng phi lin tc nng cp mng nhm m bo p ng c cc nhu cu ca khch hng v mt cc loi hnh dch v v cht lng dch v. Mng th h mi (NGN) bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, l xu hng pht trin chung cho cc mng vin thng th gii. Cc hng gii thiu cc m hnh cu trc mng NGN v cc gii php thc hin khc nhau. Alcatel l mt trong cc hng sn xut thit b vin thng ln i u trong pht trin v khai thc mng NGN. H thng chuyn mch th h mi Alcatel 1000 MM E10 ca hng Alcatel l h thng chuyn mch mi c thit k nhm p ng cho cc nhu cu dch v phong ph, a dng, tit kim chi ph vn hnh v bo dng. Alcatel 1000 MM E10 pht trin trn c s mng vin thng hin ti ng thi to nn tng xy dng mng th h tip theo NGN. Alcatel 1000 MM E10 l gii php kh dng c tin cy, m bo lu di, t hiu qu kinh t cao. Hin ti h thng c trin khai lp t ti rt nhiu cc bu in tnh ca mng vin thng Vit nam. H thng c cc c im c bn sau: 66

H thng c trang b nhiu tnh nng phong ph. Kh nng truy nhp a dch v. Ma trn chuyn mch ATM dung lng ln v d phng y . Cc giao din SDH tch hp. Kh nng truyn thoi qua gi (Voice over packet-VoP). Kch thc nh gn hn. Cng sut tiu th t hn.

Thnh phn ct li ca Alcatel 1000 MM E10 l ma trn chuyn mch ATM c nng lc mnh. Nh c cu chuyn mch ny h thng Alcatel 1000 MM E10 d dng tng dung lng h thng ln n 16000 E1. Cc trm iu khin xy dng theo kiu a b x l trn th mnh ca my tnh c th qun l ti a trn tm triu BHCA khng c bo hiu IN. Thm ch trong mi trng c dch v 100% cuc gi yu cu IN, h thng Alcatel 1000 MM E10 c th qun l 2,5 BHCA. C nhim v nh x l thanh ton cuc gi hay qun l c s d liu nh tuyn. Alcatel 1000 MM E10 s dng mi trng UNIX cho php ngi vn hnh to chnh xc cc ng dng khi cn. qun l c hiu qu trong iu kin tng cuc gi phc tp, Alcatel pht trin vi chc nng lin quan n cuc gi trong my ch UNIX, chng c s dng m bo cho dch v lp mng. Vi kh nng x l dung lng ln ln ti 16000 giao din E1 (ng vi 11 triu BHCA), kch thc nh, t thnh phn hn, cng sut tiu th thp. iu ny s lm gi thnh v chi ph vn hnh gim xung, trong khi tng kh nng cung cp dch v vi cc dch v mi b sung p ng c cc yu cu khch hng s nng cao hiu qu kinh t. Cc giao din m ca Alcatel 1000 MM E10 kt ni vi cc mng truy nhp qua giao din V5.2 cho php nh vn hnh thu li nhun t thoi qua DSL v LMDS. 3.9.1. H thng MM E10 trong mng vin thng H thng MM E10 c th s dng cho tt c cc ng dng trong mng vin thng: B iu khin cng phng tin MGC trong mng NGN. im truy nhp cc dch v di ng qua h thng GSM v cc mng UMTS. im truy nhp mng truyn ti bng rng (chc nng VoATM). im truy nhp cc dch v mng thng minh. H thng chuyn mch ni ht, chuyn tip vng, chuyn tip quc gia v quc t. MM E10 cng c th cung cp chc nng im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP) trong mng bo hiu s 7.

67

im chuyn tip bo hiu (STP)

B iu khin cng phng tin (MGC)

im chuyn mch dch v (SSP) Trung tm chuyn mch dch v di ng (MSC) Trung tm chuyn tip quc t Trung tm chuyn tip vng/quc gia

Trung tm chuyn mch ni ht

im truy nhp ti mng truyn ti bng rng

Hnh 3.14: MM E10 trong mng vin thng

3.9.2. Tng quan v h thng Alcatel 1000 MME10

3.9.2.1 Kin trc ca Alcatel 1000 MM E10

MM E10 c cu trc theo kin trc h tr nng cp thnh cc h thng chuyn mch dung lng ln.

3.9.2.1.1 Nguyn tc
MM E10 c cu trc theo 2 nguyn tc c bn sau: - C kin trc modular. - Cc chc nng h thng c phn tn qua cc module thnh phn ca n.

68

Nguyn tc module c p dng cho phn cng v phn mm h thng. Vi kin trc mudular ca h thng, cho php: - D dng thay i theo hiu nng h thng v lng lu lng x l. - Tnh tin cy khi vic kim tra c thc hin c lp cc module pht trin mi. - tin cy: nguyn tc d phng c p dng i vi mi kiu thnh phn h thng. D phng m bo tnh lin tc ca dch v khi mt n v no b li. - D dng nng cp.

3.9. 2.1.2 T chc

MM E10 bao gm: - Phn h li E10. - Phn h truy nhp thu bao. - Phn h server (c th c). Phn h li E10 l li chuyn mch. Phn h ny bao gm: - Cc trm iu khin. - Cc phn mm. - Mng thng tin ni b. Ngoi ra, cn c trm ng b v c s thi gian (STS) cung cp tn hiu nh thi x l s liu s. Cc trm iu khin (SM) Cc trm iu khin l cc module phn cng ca phn h li E10. Mt trm iu khin l mt tp cc bng mch. Cc bng mch ny s thc hin cc chc nng ca cc b x l v cc bng mch nh, c lin kt vi nhau qua bus. Mi SM c ni ti mch vng thng tin ni b.

69

Hnh 3.15: Kin trc ca MM E10 vi phn h li E10 v phn h server

Cc SM l cc phn t phn cng c x l trong sut cc hot ng vn hnh v bo dng. V vy: - Mt SM c th c a v mt trng thi ( hot ng, cch ly). - Mt SM c th c hi bit trng thi ca n. - Mt SM c th c kim tra. Cc phn mm (MLs) L cc module phn mm ca phn h li E10. Mt ML c h tr bi mt trm iu khin. Mt s ML c th cng c trong cng mt trm SM. Phn mm trm iu khin (MLSM) lun lun c mi SM. Cn cc ML khc, gi l ML chc nng l cc chc nng chnh ca h thng (x l gi, qun l u ni,...). Mch vng thng tin ni b Gm c mng LAN trong phn h li E10 (OCB LAN) v mng LAN nn tng Nectar (LSN). Cc trm iu khin chung (SMB) c trang b coupler Ethernet, s dng giao thc TCP/IP thc hin chc nng cng giao tip gia 2 mng LAN ny. OCB LAN lin kt cc SM, h tr vic trao i thng tin gia cc phn mm cc SM khc nhau. Mt ML c th trao i thng tin vi cc ML khc m khng cn bit ML u trong mng. 70

Cc server Cc server l tu chn, chng h tr cc chc nng ngoi cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc ML.

3.9.2.2 Hai kiu cng ngh

MM E10 ang c pht trin tng bc thnh h thng chuyn mch th h th 2 vi cc c tnh nh sau: - Cc n v trong h thng hot ng trn cng ngh HC (High Capacity). - H thng c th c trang b cc server. u im ca cng ngh HC: - Nng lc kt ni cao hn. - Cng sut x l mnh hn. - Thit b gn hn. - Gim s lng bng mch trong cc SM. - Gim ng k s lng cp ni cn thit trong mng chuyn mch. - Tiu th in thp hn. - Kh nng kt ni n cc im truy nhp bng rng.

71

3.9.2.2.1 MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC

Hnh 3.16: Kin trc phn cng MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC v cc giao din
MM E10 th h th nht vi cc c tnh cng ngh non-HC: - Cc SM c dnh ring theo cc chc nng ca chng (iu khin, ph tr, kt cui, u ni, bo dng). - Mng chuyn mch bng hp. - Dung lng u ni cu hnh ti a l 2048 ng ma trn (LR). Cc server c th c thm vo. Chc nng cng giao tip gia OCB LAN v LSN s c h tr bi trm SMB.

72

3.9.2.2.2 MM E10 vi cng ngh HC

Hnh 3.17: Kin trc phn cng MM E10 vi cng ngh HC v cc giao din h thng
MM E10 th h th 2 vi cng ngh HC c c tnh: - Cc SM, cc trm iu khin chung c gn (SMB), c th h tr mt hoc nhiu chc nng ca h thng chuyn mch tu theo cc kiu bng mch c lp t. - Mng chuyn mch tc cao. - Dung lng kt ni cu hnh ti a l 16.384 ng ma trn (LR). - D dng kt ni cc server. Hnh 3.17 ch ra kin trc phn cng ca MM E10 vi cng ngh HC v cc giao din ca h thng. Trm SMB_y c s dng ch ra cc chc nng khc nhau c h tr bi cc SMB.

3.9.2.3 Cc trm iu khin

3.9.2.3.1 Cc trm iu khin dnh ring

Cc trm iu khin SM c s dng trong MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC. Chng c dnh ring theo chc nng chng cung cp trong h thng. C 5 kiu SM dnh ring: - Cc trm iu khin chnh (SMC) h tr cc chc nng chuyn mch (bin dch, tnh cc,...). - Cc trm iu khin thit b ph tr (SMA) h tr cc chc nng ph tr. - Cc trm iu khin trung k (SMT) u ni cc lung PCM. - Cc trm iu khin ma trn (SMX) to thnh mng chuyn mch. 73

- Cc trm iu khin bo dng (SMM) cung cp cc chc nng vn hnh v bo dng h thng.

3.9.2.3.2 Cc SM chung
Cc SMB c s dng trong MM E10 vi cng ngh HC. Chng c th h tr mt hoc nhiu chc nng chuyn mch tu theo cc bng mch c lp t. V vy, trong cu hnh nh, SMB h tr tt c cc chc nng chuyn mch. C th vic gn cc chc nng nh sau: - SMB_C gn cho SMB h tr chc nng iu khin. Ngoi ra, SMB_C x l chc nng cng giao tip gia phn h li E10 v phn h server c ng dng CDRA. - SMB_A gn cho SMB h tr chc nng ph tr. Ngoi ra, SMB_A x l chc nng cng giao tip gia phn h li E10 v phn h server c ng dng SU2A. - SMB_T gn cho SMB h tr chc nng kt cui.Ngoi ra, SMB_T x l chc nng cng giao tip gia phn h li E10 v phn h server trong MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC trong mi trng UMTS. - SMB_X gn cho SMB h tr chc nng ma trn. Vic gn kt hp c s dng khi SMB thc hin nhiu chc nng. Trong cu hnh nh, vic gn SMB_CAXT th hin SMB h tr cc chc nng iu khin, ph tr, ma trn v kt cui.

3.9.2.3.3 Trm c bit: SCH

Trm iu khin ma trn tc cao (SCH) l trm c xy dng s dng c 2 cng ngh cp trn: - Cc phn t iu khin ca trm s dng cng ngh non-HC. - Cc phn t x l chc nng ma trn s dng cng ngh HC. Cc SCH c trin khai to thnh mng chuyn mch tc cao (RCH) nu khng c cc trm kiu SMB_X. Cc SCH v cc SMB_X tng thch vi nhau. Chng c th c s dng trong cng mt RCH.

74

3.9.2.3.4 Cu trc ca cc trm iu khin

Hnh 3.18: Cu trc ca mt trm iu khin

Cc trm iu khin SM c mt s phn t l ging nhau i vi tt c cc SM. Cc phn t khc l c bit i vi cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc SM m trong chng c s dng. Hnh 3.18 ch ra cu trc ca mt trm iu khin. Mt SM c kin trc s dng cc phn t sau: - Cc n v x l: h tr cc phn mm ML. Mt SM bao gm n v x l chnh (PUP) v c th c cc n v x l ph (PUS). Vic c PUS hay khng ph thuc vo kiu v s ML c h tr. Mi n v x l SM ca SMB c mt b nh trao i. Cc n v x l ca cc SM dnh ring dng chung b nh chung. - B coupler chnh: gm coupler mch vng chnh (CMP) i ni SM ti COB LAN; CMP ca SMB cho php SMB c ni ti 2 mch vng. C th c coupler Ethernet cho php cc SMB u ni ti LSN v cho php cc SMB trao i thng tin vi cc b nh tuyn truy nhp ca mng d liu gi (PDN) trn lin kt Ethernet, trong mi trng NGN. Coupler Ethernet c dnh ring cho cc SMB. Mi coupler bao gm 2 giao din Ethernet. - B coupler mch vng ph: Cc SMC, SMB_C, v SMB_A c cc coupler mch vng ph khi khng c CMP h tr ni ti tt c cc mch vng ca mng LAN.

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- Cc coupler dnh ring: thc hin cc x l c bit v c s dng u ni ti cc phn t bn ngoi SM. Vic c hay khng coupler ny ph thuc vo cc chc nng c x l. Chng hn, SMA c th c cc coupler dnh ring cho x l bo hiu s 7. - Bus: bus trm iu khin c s dng trao i thng tin gia tt c cc phn t ca trm SM c ni n n. Bus ny c th l MMB i vi trm SMB, hoc XBUS i vi trm SMM, hoc BSM i vi cc kiu SM khc. Mt SM c mt n v c bn vi n v x l chnh v b coupler chnh, c 2 n v c ni ti bus trm. Tu thuc vo cc chc nng ca SM, thit b c bn ny s c b sung cc n v x l ph, cc b coupler ph hoc cc coupler dnh ring.

3.9.2.3.5 Cc n v kt cui tng i

Cc n v kt cui tng i (ETU) khc so vi cc phn t khc ca SM, trong chng c kim sot bi cc hot ng vn hnh v bo dng. V vy: - Mt ETU c th c a v mt trng thi no (hot ng, cch ly). - Mt ETU c th c hi bit thng tin v trng thi. - Mt ETU c th c kim tra. - Mt s ETU c th c d phng. Chng c th c cu hnh li t ng nh mt phn ca hot ng phng v. Cc ETU l cc bng mch c cc applique i km. C 2 kiu ETU ty thuc vo vic chng thuc mt trm SM hay mt cp trm SM: - ETU n (simplex ETU) c iu khin bi trm ci t. - ETU kp (duplex ETU) c iu khin bi trm hot ng ca mt cp trm m ETU thuc. ETU n l cc ETU c s dng trong h thng vi cc ETU u ni cc lung PCM trong SMT2G, cc ETU ny hin c s dng trong tt c cc kiu trm SMB. l: - 16 PCM-ETU (duplex ETU) u ni cc lung PCM E1. - Cc ETU u ni cc lung SDH (duplex ETU). - Cc ETU bo v cc lin kt truy nhp tc cao (duplex ETU). - Cc ETU trit ting vng (duplex ETU). - Cc ETU kiu ALS thch nghi mng (duplex ETU). Nhng ETU ny to thnh giao din gia cc duplex ETU cp trn vi cc ETU ca mng chuyn mch tc cao. - Cc ETU cho mng chuyn mch tc cao (simplex ETU) cho: Knh ghp knh phn chia thi gian/chuyn mch t bo ATM ghp. Chuyn mch ATM. - Cc ATC-ETU (duplex ETU) cho chc nng chuyn i m ca UMTS SSP. - Cc IWU-ETU (duplex ETU) cho chc nng VoATM.

3.9.2.4 Cc phn mm chc nng trong MM E10

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Hnh 3.19 v 3.20 sau y ch ra nn tng cc cu hnh ca MM E10, vi cc phn mm chc nng khc nhau v v d v v tr ca chng trong h thng.

Hnh 3.19: Cc phn mm chc nng trong MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC

Hnh 3.20Cc phn mm chc nng trong MM E10 vi cng ngh HC

Cc ML vi chc nng iu khin 77

Cc trm SMC v SMB_C h tr cc phn mm iu khin:

- ML x l gi (ML MR): phn tch bo hiu, gim st thit lp v gii phng cuc gi. - ML qun l c s d liu phn tch v thu bao (ML TR): iu khin v bin dch cc con s c quay s bi thu bao hoc nhn c t tng i i phng thnh thng tin c th c s dng bi chc nng x l gi. Chc nng ny xc nh vic nh tuyn v phng thc tnh cc cuc gi. - ML tnh cc cuc gi v o lng lu lng (ML TX): thc hin cc tnh ton cn thit tnh cc cuc gi v thc hin cc nhim v quan trc trung k v thu bao. - ML iu khin bo hiu s 7 (ML PC). - ML phn b bn tin (ML MQ): chu trch nhim nh dng v phn b cc bn tin gi ti cc SM h tr cc chc nng u cui, ph tr v u ni. - ML qun l h thng ma trn (ML GX): tp trung vic qun l v phng v h thng chuyn mch ma trn. - ML iu khin server di ng v IN (ML GS). - ML iu khin cuc gi (ML CC): h tr vic x l cuc gi cho truy nhp mng thng minh v cc dch v mng di ng. Cc ML vi chc nng kt cui Cc trm SMT h tr cc ML iu khin PCM (ML URM), qun l cc lung PCM v bin i chng thnh cc ng ma trn (LR). Cc trm SMB_T h tr cc ML qun l kt cui: - Cc ML iu khin PCM (ML URM) qun l cc lung 2 Mb/s c th l cc lung PCM hoc mc cc VC-12. - ML iu khin ng tc cao (ML HD) qun l cc lung SDH. Cc ML vi chc nng giao tip cng Cc trm SMB_T h tr cc ML cng giao tip (ML GW), cho php hi thoi gia cc trm SMA v phn h server vi ng dng SU2A, trong MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC trong mi trng UMTS. Cc ML vi chc nng ph tr Cc trm SMA v SMB_A h tr mt tp cc ML: - ML qun l thit b ph tr (ML ETA). - ML x l giao thc bo hiu s 7 (ML PUPE). - ML mng truy nhp (ML AN): x l cc giao din V5.2 dng cho vic kt ni n mng truy nhp, cc truy nhp tc s cp u ni trc tip (PRAD), cc truy nhp tc c bn v s cp c ni ti cc MG trong mi trng NGN. Cc ML vi chc nng ma trn Cc trm SMX, SMB_X v SCH h tr ML iu khin chuyn mch ma trn (ML COM), qun l chuyn mch ma trn. 78

Cc ML vi chc nng iu khin MG: cc trm SMB h tr ML giao tip MG (ML MGI). ML vi chc nng vn hnh v bo dng Trm SMM h tr ML nh tuyn bn tin (ML OC), l phn mm giao tip gia phn mm OM vi phn cn li ca h thng. ML OC h tr cc chc nng phng v v kim sot b qun l mch vng LAN. SMM cng h tr OM cung cp chc nng vn hnh & bo dng ng dng thoi v h thng. OM khng phi l ML.

3.9.2.5 Mng trao i thng tin ni b LAN

Mng LAN h tr vic trao i thng tin gia cc SM ca MM E10, v c th c gia cc SM vi cc server. Chng trao i thng tin vi nhau thng qua vic trao i bn tin. Mng OCB LAN to thnh mt mch vng, mi vng gm 2 ring. Cc bn tin trao i trn mch vng tun theo giao thc token ring (tiu chun IEEE 802.5). Mng LSN da trn cng ngh Ethernet. Mng ny c trang b kp bo v vic trao i thng tin gia cc trm Nectar (SN) v vi cc trm SM trong phn h li E10. Vi cu trc mng LAN v cc cng ngh c s dng cho php: - Mt trm SM c thm vo hoc rt ra m khng ngt dch v. - H thng c th c nh c (ln ti 255 trm trn mt mch vng). - m bo tnh tin cy (d phng 1+1 hoc n+1). Kin trc ca mng LAN ph thuc vo kiu trm c ni ti (cc SM dnh ring hoc SM chung).

3.9.2.5.1 Mng LAN vi cc trm SMC

OCB LAN: Vi cc trm SMC, mng LAN ca phn h li E10 c th ln ti 5 mch vng thng tin, trong mch vng thng tin trong trm iu khin (MIS) h tr vic trao i thng tin gia cc trm SMC v trm SMM. Cc mch vng truy nhp trm iu khin chnh (MAS) h tr vic truyn bn tin gia cc trm SMC v cc trm h tr cc chc nng kt cui, ph tr v u ni v c th c chc nng cng giao tip. Tu thuc vo cu hnh mng LAN s c 0, 2, 3 hoc 4 MAS. C 2 ring trn mi mch vng hot ng ch phn ti. Tuy nhin mi ring c kh nng x l ton b lu lng ca c mch vng. Tc ca cc ring c th l 4 hoc 16 Mb/s, tu thuc vo cu hnh. Cng giao tip vi LSN Khi chc nng iu khin c h tr bi cc trm kiu SMC, chc nng cng giao tip gia OCB LAN v LSN c x l bi SMB_G c ni ti MIS, hoc c th l MAS. Kin trc in hnh Hnh 3.21 ch ra kin trc mng LAN in hnh vi trm iu khin kiu SMC, khi OCB LAN c 1 MIS v 2 MAS. 79

Hnh 3.21: Mng LAN vi SMC 3.9.2.5.2 Mng LAN vi SMB_C

OCB LAN: Vi trm SMB_C, mng LAN ca phn h li E10 c ti 4 mch vng thng tin. Mch vng thng tin MIS l mch vng u tin c to. Mch vng ny u ni trm SMM. Tu thuc vo cu hnh, mch vng MAS c th c 0, 1 hoc 3. Cc trm SMB_C v SMB_A h tr chc nng iu khin bo hiu s 7 c u ni ti tt c cc mch vng. Cc SM khc c phn b cc mch vng khc. Hai trm SM cho trn dng chung 2, 4 hoc 8 ring tu thuc vo kiu v s mch vng trong mng LAN. ch hot ng bnh thng, ti c phn chia gia cc ring chung. Nu 1 ring khng hot ng, ti c thc hin trn cc ring cn li (phng v n+1). Tc ca ring l 16 Mb/s. Cng giao tip vi LSN: Khi chc nng iu khin c h tr bi cc trm SMB_C, chc nng cng giao tip gia OCB LAN v LSN c x l bi cc SMB_C khi phn h server h tr ng dng CDRA hoc cc SMB_A khi phn h server h tr ng dng SU2A. Kin trc in hnh Hnh 3.22 ch ra kin trc mng LAN in hnh RCH v iu khin SMB_C, khi OCB LAN c 2 mch vng.

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Hnh 3.22: Mng LAN vi SMB_C 3.9.2.6 Phn h li E10 3.9.2.6.1 Cc n v iu khin v u ni a. Cc SM h tr chc nng iu khin
Cc SM h tr chc nng iu khin gm c: - Cc trm iu khin chnh (SMC). - Cc trm chung thc hin chc nng chnh (SMB_C). Cc chc nng c iu khin bi cc trm SMC hoc SMB_C l: - X l gi (thit lp v gii phng cuc gi). - Bin dch (qun l nh tuyn v tnh cc s dng c s d liu). - Tnh cc. - Quan trc knh. - Qun l u ni. - Qun l mng bo hiu s 7. - X l cc chc nng c bit vi mi trng NGN. - Qun l server. Ngoi ra, trm SMB_C cn cung cp cc chc nng cng giao tip truy nhp ti phn h server. Cc trm SM h tr chc nng iu khin c vai tr c bit mng trao i thng tin ni b. Trong trng hp mng c nhiu mch vng, cc trm SM ny c ni ti mch vng 81

MIS v ti mch vng MAS. Chng c th trao i thng tin vi tt c cc trm SM khc v s dng mch vng truyn bn tin gia cc SM. Thnh phn Ngoi nhng thnh phn c bn ca mt SM, cc trm SMC hoc SMB_C cn c: - Cc b x l ph (PUS), x l cc chc nng iu khin khc nhau. - Cc coupler ph (CMS), u ni ti cc mch vng MAS. Trong trng hp trm SMB_C, coupler chnh c coupler Ethernet truy nhp ti phn h server hoc ti NGN. D phng Trm SMC (SMB_C) d phng c th chuyn t trm SMC (SMB_C) b li. Khi ton b chc nng iu khin ca trm li c chuyn sang ci t cho trm d phng ti thi im c lnh iu khin ca chng trnh phng v tp trung ca h thng.

b. Cc SM h tr chc nng kt cui

Cc SM h tr chc nng kt cui l cc trm SMT hoc SMB_T, thc hin chc nng giao tip gia MM E10 v cc phn t mng bn ngoi (cc h thng chuyn mch khc, cc n v u ni thu bao,...). Cc trm SMT l cc trm u ni lung PCM v tin x l bo hiu knh kt hp. C 2 phin bn SMT l: SMT1G c kh nng u ni 32 lung PCM v khng c s dng trong MM E10 vi cng ngh HC v SMT2G c kh nng u ni 128 lung PCM v c s dng trong MM E10 vi cng ngh HC. SMB_T l trm SMB vi cc ETU kp. SMB_T c logic iu khin kp, hot ng ch hot ng/d phng. SMB_T c cc b trit ting vng h tr cho cc ETU c bit. Cc chc nng kt cui v u ni u c x l bi cc ETU v thng c lin kt trong cng mt trm SMB. Khi , trm SMB_XT s c s dng. Mt SMB_T c th c ni ti RCX qua applique IASAB bin i cc ng truy nhp tc cao (LAH) thnh cc nhm ng ma trn (GLR). Tu theo chc nng SMB_T c th thc hin chc nng cng giao tip truy nhp ti phn h server.

c. Cc SM h tr chc nng ph tr
Cc SM h tr chc nng ph tr l cc trm SMA hoc SMB_A. Cc trm ny thc hin chc nng: - Qun l cc tn hiu tn s thoi: thu v to cc tn s cho thit lp cuc gi, qun l cc knh hi ngh, to m bo, iu ch V23. - Qun l thi gian. - X l h thng bo hiu s 7. - X l cc giao din V5.2 u ni ti mng truy nhp. - X l cc truy nhp tc s cp kt ni trc tip (PRAD). 82

- X l cc chc nng c bit ti mi trng NGN. Tu thuc vo chc nng, SMB_A c th thc hin chc nng cng giao tip truy nhp ti phn h server. SMA hoc SMB_A s gm c cc thnh phn c bn ca SM, v mt s cc coupler c bit cho cc chc nng trn. Ngoi ra, coupler chnh c th c coupler Ethernet truy nhp ti phn h server hoc NGN.

d. Ma trn chuyn mch: tng qut

Ma trn chuyn mch thit lp cc tuyn ni gia cc knh ghp knh theo thi gian, n t cc n v u ni (cc SM h tr chc nng kt cui, chc nng ph tr v cc CSN ni ht). Ma trn chuyn mch c cu to gm 2 nhnh ging ht nhau, A v B. Vi mi cuc gi, tuyn ni c thit lp ng thi c 2 nhnh. n v iu khin s la chn nhnh hot ng cho cuc gi . Hnh 3.23 ch ra 2 nhnh ca ma trn chuyn mch.

Hnh 3.23: Ma trn chuyn mch c chia thnh 2 nhnh

ng ma trn (LR) l ng u ni ti mng chuyn mch. LR l ng ng b vi 32 knh 16 bit ghp theo thi gian, c tc 4 Mb/s. Nhn t mt nhnh ca mng chuyn mch, cc ng ma trn c chia thnh cc ng ma trn u vo (LRE) v cc ng ma trn u ra (LRS). La chn nhnh v khuch i Cc thit b la chn nhnh v khuch i (SAB) l thit b thc hin giao din gia cc n v u ni v 2 nhnh ca ma trn chuyn mch. Chng c t cc n v u ni hoc trong mng chuyn mch (SMB_X). Thit b SAB thc hin chc nng: - Khuch i cc LR, pha thu v pht. - Thu nhn tn hiu nh thi t 2 nhnh ca mng chuyn mch v phn b chng trong n v u ni. - La chn nhnh hot ng, i vi mi knh ghp theo thi gian. * Ma trn chuyn mch RCX Cc nhnh ca mng chuyn mch bng hp (RCX) bao gm cc phn t c bn, c gi l cc chuyn mch thi gian, c th chuyn mch cc knh t 64 LRE ti 64 LRS. 83

Vic t cnh nhau cc chuyn mch thi gian s tng c dung lng ca nhnh RCX ln ti 2048 LRE x 2048 LRS. tng dung lng ca cc nhnh, ngi ta ch cn thm thit b chuyn mch phn t. V vy, dung lng chuyn mch c th tng theo yu cu, m khng lm gin on tnh hot ng lin tc. Mi u ni s dng mt chuyn mch thi gian n. V vy ma trn chuyn mch ch c mt tng thi gian T. c tnh ny m bo: - Khng c tn tht. - Thi gian thit lp cuc gi ngn. - Thi gian chuyn mch cho l nh nhau i vi tt c cc u ni.

Hnh 3.24: Nhnh chuyn mch RCX vi cu hnh ti a

* Ma trn chuyn mch RCH Mng chuyn mch tc cao RCH s dng cng ngh truyn ti khng ng b (ATM). Phng thc ATM c s dng ti thiu ho thi gian truyn trong mng chuyn mch v c gi l ATM ghp hp. RCH c dung lng u ni ti a l 16.384 LR.

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Hot ng ca RCH

Hnh 3.25: Nguyn l chuyn mch trong RCH

Cc nhnh ca RCH gm c 3 tng: - Tng u c th ln ti 128 thnh phn chuyn mch T/AC (chuyn mch cc knh ghp theo thi gian thnh cc knh ATM ghp hp), mi T/AC thu nhn t 128 LR. Thnh phn ny s bin i cc ng LR nhn c thnh cc t bo ATM. Mi t bo ATM cha ng thi nhiu cuc gi, nhng l mt mu ca mt cuc gi. Ti u ra, cc t bo s c a ln cc lung ATM 622 Mb/s. - Tng th hai l mng chuyn mch ATM (RC ATM). Tng ny chuyn mch cc t bo ATM n ti tng u ra. Cu hnh ca RC ATM tu thuc vo dung lng thc t ca RCH, c th c 1 hoc 2 tng chuyn mch ATM. - Tng cui cng l cc thnh phn chuyn mch AC/T (chuyn cc t bo ATM ghp hp thnh cc knh ghp theo thi gian). Tng ny bin i cc t bo ATM thnh cc LR. Cc nhnh ca RCH c gp. Tng u vo (T/AC) c ghp vi tng u ra (AC/T) thnh mt chc nng gi l TCA (thnh phn chuyn mch knh ghp theo thi gian/t bo ATM ghp hp). SMB_X hay SCH Mi nhnh ca RCH bao gm cc trm iu khin chung thc hin chc nng ma trn (SMB_X) hay trm iu khin ma trn tc cao (SCH). Khng ging nh cc trm SMB_X, phn iu khin ca SCH theo cng ngh non-HC. Cc SMB_X v SCH gm c: - Cc ETU kiu TCA thc hin cc chc nng T/AC v AC/T. - Cc ETU kiu ASE to thnh mng chuyn mch ATM (RC ATM). Mng chuyn mch ATM 85

Tu thuc vo cu hnh, RC ATM c th: - c lc bt. Mi nhnh RCH ch bao gm mt ETU kiu TCA n v mt lung ATM c u vng v n. V vy, dung lng c th l 128 LR. - C 1 tng chuyn mch ATM. Dung lng u ni c th m rng ln ti 2048 LR . - C 2 tng chuyn mch ATM. Dung lng u ni c th m rng ln ti 16.384 LR

Hnh 3.26: RCH vi dung lng chuyn mch 16.384 LR

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e. Trm ng b v c s thi gian

Trm ng b v c s thi gian (STS) c hai phin bn l STS1G v STS2G. *Cu trc chc nng ca STS STS to cc tn hiu nh thi cn thit x l d liu s. Ba b dao ng thch anh (RCHOR) c s dng to cc tn hiu nh thi t c s thi gian. Ba b dao ng ny phi c ng b qua n v ng b. n v ny c th thu nhn ti 4 ng ng b ngoi. Cc ng ny c th l tn hiu ng h t cc lung PCM trong trm SMT2G hoc SMB_T hoc t cc lung SDH trong trm SMB_T. u vo c ly nhp ti tn s 2048 Khz. * STS1G C s thi gian ca STS1G gm 3 bng mch RCHOR v n v ng b gm 2 bng mch RCHIS. chnh xc v n nh ca cc tn s ca tn hiu nh thi c to tun theo khuyn ngh G.811 ca ITU-T .Hnh 2.15 ch ra cu trc ca STS1G Trong MM E10 vi cng ngh non-HC, STS1G s phn phi tn hiu nh thi ti 2 nhnh ca mng chuyn mch. Sau tn hiu nh thi ny c phn b a n cc SM thc hin chc nng kt cui. ph tr v cc CSNL. Trong MM E10 cng ngh HC, tn hiu nh thi ny c a n cc applique AAAUX ca SMB_T.

Hnh 3.27: Cu trc ca STS1G

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* STS2G

Hnh 3.28: Phn phi tn hiu nh thi ca STS2G

Cu trc chc nng ca STS2G ging nh STS1G. STS2G gm c 3 bng mch RCCKD v 3 applique RACKD lp t ngn gi HCA2. STS2G tun theo khuyn ngh G.812 ca ITU. Hnh 3.28 ch ra vic phn phi cc tn hiu nh thi ca STS2G.

f. Trm iu khin bo dng

Trm iu khin bo dng (SMM) thc hin cc chc nng: - Qun l h thng. - Vn hnh h thng. - Gim st h thng v mi trng h thng (phng v, cnh bo). - Bo dng thit b (o kim, khi to). - Lu tr s liu. Cc n v iu khin v u ni trong h thng c th hot ng c lp, nhng chc nng phng v tp trung phi c thc hin bi SMM m bo tnh lin tc ca dch v. Hnh 3.29 ch ra vai tr ca SMM.

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Hnh 3.29: Vai tr ca SMM

TM TT CHNG 3
Do h tng mng c s thay i , v vy cc h thng chuyn mch knh khng p ng c nhng yu cu ca mng mi, n c thay th bng cc h thng tng i bng rng s dng cng ngh chuyn mch ATM. y l mt h thng chuyn mch gi tc x l cao, dung lng ln. Ni dung c bn ca chng 3 gii thiu cu trc, chc nng v qu trnh x l gi tin qua h thng chuyn mch bng rng. Trong chng ny h thng chuyn mch bng rng thng dng ang c s dng trong mng vin thng Vit nam A1000E10MM cng c cp.

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CHNG 4: H THNG NH TUYN TC CAO

GII THIU CHNG
Trong mng internet cc h thng chuyn mch c gi l thit b nh tuyn ( router) S ph bin ca internet khin cho lu lng trn mng tng ln nhanh chng trong nhng nm gn y. duy tr s tng trng cc nh cung cp dch v lin tc a ra cc dch v mi a dng trn nn a phng tin, cc dch v to ra sc p vi h tng mng nht l vi cc b nh tuyn. Cc b nh tuyn truyn thng hot ng ch yu trn phn mm, kh nng ca b nh tuyn thng b gii hn bi kh nng x l m. t c tc nh tuyn nhanh, cn c mt b x l tc cao v dung lng b nh ln, iu ng ngha vi gi thnh cao. Cc mch tch hp ng dng c bit ASIC cng vi cc cng ngh b nh c trin khai nhm ci thin hiu nng ca cc b nh tuyn. Mt khc, cc gii php cng ngh mi cng c xut v ng dng.Trong chng ny ch yu trnh by v cu trc, nguyn l hot ng, tin trnh pht trin ca b nh tuyn. ng dng b nh tuyn tc cao trong mng vin thng ca VNPT. Sau khi hc xong chng ny yu cu sinh vin phi phn bit c s khc nhau gia h thng ATM v router. Nm chc cc kin thc c bn v router: Cu trc, cc nhim v c bn, cc h thng router ang s dng ti bin v li ca VNPT

NI DUNG
4.1. GII THIU TNG QUAN nh tuyn ch ra hng di chuyn ca cc gi (d liu) c nh a ch t mng ngun ca chng, hng n ch cui thng qua cc node trung gian; Thit b phn cng chuyn dng c gi l router (h thng nh tuyn). Tin trnh nh tuyn thng ch hng i phi da vo bng nh tuyn, l bng cha nhng l trnh tt nht n cc ch khc nhau trn mng. V vy vic xy dng bng nh tuyn c t chc trong b nh ca router, tr nn v cng quan trng cho vic nh tuyn hiu qu. nh tuyn l mt cng vic quan trng trong qu trnh truyn tin trong mng thng tin. N c thc hin tng mng (tng 3 theo m hnh tham chiu OSI). Mc ch ca nh tuyn l chn ng chuyn thng tin ca ngi s dng t im ngun n im ch trong mi trng lin mng. Qu trnh nh tuyn bao gm hai hot ng chnh, l: xc nh ng truyn (path determination) v chuyn tip thng tin (forwarding) theo ng (cn c gi l switching). Vic truyn thng tin i theo con ng chn c th ni l kh n gin, trong khi , vic xc nh ng truyn phc tp hn rt nhiu. Trong cc mng thng tin khc nhau, vic xc nh ng truyn cng din ra khc nhau. Tuy nhin, cch xc nh ng truyn no cng bao gm hai cng vic c bn:

90

Th nht l thu thp v phn pht thng tin v tnh trng ca mng (v d nh trng thi ng truyn, tnh trng tc nghn...) v ca thng tin cn truyn (v d nh lu lng, yu cu dch v...). Cc thng tin ny s c s dng lm c s cho vic xc nh ng truyn. Th hai l chn ra ng truyn kh dng (cng c th l ng truyn ti u) da trn cc thng tin trng thi trn. ng truyn kh dng l ng truyn tho mn mi yu cu ca thng tin cn truyn (v d: tc ) v iu kin ca mng (v d: kh nng ca ng truyn). Cn ng truyn ti u (theo mt tiu chun no ) l ng truyn tt nht trong nhng ng truyn kh dng. Trong mi mng thng tin, c th s dng mt trong hai kiu chuyn tip :(forwarding) hng kt ni (connection-oriented) v phi kt ni (connectionless). Lp mng dng bng nh tuyn gi cc gi t mng ngun ti mng ch. Sau khi cc router xc nh ng dn s dng, n x l chuyn tip cc gi. N ly gi c chp nhn trn mt giao tip v chuyn n giao tip khc l bt u ca ng dn tt nht a gi n ch.

Hnh 4-1: Bng nh tuyn IP

Mt bng nh tuyn bao gm cc a ch mng ch v cp hop (on ni gia hai node) k tip. Mt mc trong bng nh tuyn hnh v trn ch ra rng n mng 172.31.0.0, gi nn gi ra giao tip S0 Cc thng tin v bng nh tuyn c cha trong RAM/DRAM ca router. Cc thng tin v ng i n mng (hay nhm mng) nm trong mt dng ca bng nh tuyn v cn c gi l thc th trong bng nh tuyn. Vic xy dng cc thc th trong bng nh tuyn c th do trc tip ngi qun tr mng hoc t n xy dng nn khi thu thp thng tin t mng (thng qua giao thc nh tuyn). Khi cc giao din ca router c kch hot v gn a ch IP. Router s nhn bit cc mng . 91

4.2. PHN LOI NH TUYN 4.2.1. nh tuyn tnh Thng tin v nh tuyn tnh c cung cp t ngi qun l mng thng qua cc thao tc nhp bng tay vo trong cu hnh ca router. Ngi qun tr phi cp nht cc ch mc bt c khi no kin trc mng b thay i. nh tuyn tnh c u im l cho php bn ch ra thng tin m bn mun biu l v cc mng b gii hn, do lm tng tnh bo mt ca thng tin. nh tuyn tnh c s dng hiu qu trong mng nh, cc tuyn n, cc h thng nh tuyn khng cn trao i cc thng tin tm ng cng nh c s d liu nh tuyn. K thut nh tuyn tnh bc l mt s nhc im nh: quyt nh nh tuyn khng da trn s nh gi lu lng v topo mng hin thi. Trong mng IP cc router khng th pht hin ra cc router mi, chng c th chuyn gi tin ti cc router c ch nh ca nh qun l mng. 4.2.2. nh tuyn ng nh tuyn ng c ngha l cc router s t ng thu thp thng tin v tnh trng ca mng v t ng xy dng nn thc th trong bng nh tuyn. Cc router s trao i thng tin chng t quyt nh vic xy dng thc th trong bng nh tuyn. Phng php ny c li th khi mng phc tp. nh tuyn ng em n s linh hot, c th thch ng vi vic thay i topo mng hoc lu lng thay i. Thng tin nh tuyn cp nht vo trong bng nh tuyn ca cc nt mng trc tuyn, v p ng thi gian thc nhm trnh tc nghn cng nh ti u hiu nng mng. S thnh cng ca nh tuyn ng ty thuc vo hai chc nng router c bn: - Duy tr mt bng nh tuyn. - Phn tn tri thc mng theo nh k, di dng cp nht nh tuyn, cho cc router khc. nh tuyn ng da vo mt giao thc nh tuyn chia s tri thc mng cho cc router. Mt giao thc nh tuyn nh ra mt tp nguyn tc c p dng vo mi router khi n thng tin vi cc router lng ging. Giao thc nh tuyn l mt tp cc qui tc v vic trao i thng tin nh tuyn v la chn ng i c coi l ngn nht.

92

Hnh 4-2: Khong cch trong cc n v o lng

Hnh 4-3:Cc thnh phn o lng nh tuyn

Cc tham s c tnh n khi chn ng i ngn nht bao gm: - S lng bc nhy (Hop count). - Bng thng (Bandwidth). - Ti (Load). - tin cy (Reliability). - tr (Delay). a s cc thut ton nh tuyn c xp vo 2 loi sau: - Vector - khong cch (Distance-vector). - Trng thi ng lin kt (Link-state). 4.3. CU TRC CA H THNG NH TUYN THNG THNG H thng nh tuyn l mt thit b lp 3 trong m hnh OSI. N c hai chc nng c bn l: nh tuyn v chuyn gi tin IP. Qu trnh nh tuyn tp hp cc thng tin v cu trc mng t to ra mt bng nh tuyn. Qu trnh chuyn gi sao chp mt gi t giao din u vo ti mt giao din u ra thch hp da trn thng tin cha trong bng chuyn chuyn tip gi (forwarding table). Bt k h thng nh tuyn no u c 4 phn t c bn: cc phn mm nh tuyn, qu trnh x l gi, mt ma trn chuyn mch v card ng truyn. i vi cc h thng nh tuyn trong mng li Internet, bn phn t ny phi c hiu qu tng ng. 93

Hnh 4-4: Cu trc ca h thng nh tuyn thng thng.

B x l chnh thi hnh phn mm nh tuyn, phn mm ny thc hin cc chc nng nh tuyn ng thi duy tr thng tin v cu trc mng Internet thng qua giao thc nh tuyn. Ma trn chuyn mch thc hin vic chuyn gi bng cch s dng b x l chuyn gi (forwarding processor), b x l ny thng l mt ASIC c ti u thc hin nhim v c th vi tc cao. Ngoi ra h thng nh tuyn thng xuyn duy tr mt bng khc gi l bng chuyn gi, bng ny c trong cc b my chuyn gi (FE-Forwarding Engine). FE thc hin cc cng vic bao gm c a ch ch t tiu gi, thc hin tm kim tuyn, tm tin t ph hp di nht v chuyn gi n giao din u ra c xc nh. V c bn, bng chuyn gi bt ngun t bng nh tuyn nhng n t c cp nht hn. Bng nh tuyn c duy tr bi phn mm nh tuyn, phn mm ny thc hin x l tng i chm trong khi cp nht bng. Khi bng c cp nht, bn sao ca n s c chuyn n b my chuyn gi. Bn sao ny c th l mt phn ca bng nh tuyn hoc c th c bin i ph hp vi phin bn nh hn. Ma trn chuyn mch l thnh phn ct yu ca mt b my chuyn tip gi. V bn cht, mt h thng nh tuyn bao gm b my nh tuyn v s dng CPU chnh tin hnh cc hot ng phc tp hn nh thc hin cc giao thc nh tuyn, cc c im k thut lu lng (traffic engineering features), m bo QoS, bin i tiu gi trc khi truyn i v cc c im da trn cc phn mm khc ca h thng nh tuyn. Qu trnh x l mt gi tin trong Router: 1. Chp nhn gi n t ng u vo 2. Tm kim a ch ch ca gi trong bng chuyn tip xc nh cng u ra 3. X l tiu gi tin: Tnh ton phn tiu gi v d nh Tng gi tr trng TTL, cp nht checksum trong tiu 4. Chuyn mch: Gi gi n cng u ra 5. m: Lu m gi trong hng i

94

Hnh 4.5: Qu trnh xl mt gi tin trong Router

4.4. TIN TRNH PHT TRIN CA CC H THNG NH TUYN Qua nhiu nm, c rt nhiu cu trc khc nhau s dng cho cc h thng nh tuyn. Cc cu trc c la chn da trn nhiu yu t, bao gm gi thnh, s cng, cht lng cn thit v cng ngh hin ti trong mng. Vic ch to chi tit cc h thng nh tuyn thng mi thng theo chun ca tng hng, nhng tt c cc h thng nh tuyn c pht trin theo cc cch tng t v i theo mt xu hng pht trin chung. Xu hng u tin l ngi ta ngy cng b sung thm nhiu tuyn d liu (data path) trong cc thit b phn cng. Trong vi nm gn y, s tin b trong vic tch hp cc cng ngh CMOS cho php b sung thm nhiu chc nng trong cc thnh phn ASIC (ch yu trong phn mm). 4.4.1. H thng nh tuyn th h th nht Th h th nht ca h thng nh tuyn l n gin nht, tc nh hn 0,5Gbps. Xt t quan im cu trc, trong chng s dng mt b x l tp trung, b m tp trung v mt bus chung kt ni n card ng truyn (line card). Cc gi tin i vo phi truyn trn cng mt bus c lp lch ti mt giao din u ra. Cc card giao tip l cc thit b vo/ra khng thng minh do khng c kh nng x l gi. Thit k ny c nhiu nhc im, trong bus ch c s dng bi mt card ng truyn ti mi thi im. Hn na, gi phi truyn hai ln trn bus sau khi ri khi mt cng u vo. u tin n c vit vo b nh trong khi b x l thc hin tra cu tuyn v khi thc hin lp lch, gi c ly ra khi b nh, sau li truyn trn bus n giao din u ra thch hp. Ngoi ra, tt c cc chc nng gn lin vi qu trnh nh tuyn v chuyn gi u c thc hin bi cng mt b x l, to ra mt ti trng rt ln cho b x l ny ng thi hnh thnh mt c chai trong h thng.

95

Hnh 4.6: Cu trc h thng nh tuyn th h th nht

4.4.2. H thng nh tuyn th h th hai Cu trc ny c b sung thm cc b x l ASIC c bit v mt vi b nh trong card ng truyn, tc nh hn 5Gbps. Nhng thnh phn b sung ny c kh nng tm kim trong tiu gi ly cc thng tin v ch v lu m gi cho n khi bus ri. Cc b x l v tinh trong card ng truyn, mi b c mt cache lu mt s tuyn c s dng gn y nht, cho php card ng truyn thc hin vic tra cu tuyn, nhng vic phn x bus vn do b x l trung tm thc hin. B m cache ny c cp nht theo nh k. Nu mt tuyn khng c trong cache th b x l chnh mi thc hin vic tm kim tuyn ny. K thut ny lm gim ti trng cn x l cho CPU nhng vic phn x bus vn cn l mt nt c chai. Cc cu trc th h th hai ch tn ti trong thi gian ngn do khng c kh nng h tr c nhu cu thng lng cao trong mng li. u tin, nhc im ca cu trc ny l s tc nghn: bng tn c chia s cho tt c cc cng, dn n s tranh chp v gy thm tr (cc tr chuyn gi). Trong cc trng hp tc nghn, tc chuyn gi vt qu kh nng ca bus, cc b m s b trn dn n mt d liu. Th hai l, cc bus dng chung tc cao rt kh thit k, v phi truyn cc tn hiu in n nhiu cng trn bus, tn hiu phi truyn qua nhiu b kt ni, v s phn x t cui cc ng truyn khng c kt cui dn n nhng hn ch v kh nng chuyn gi ca bus.

96

Hnh 4.7: Cu trc h thng nh tuyn th h th hai

4.4.3. H thng nh tuyn th h th ba gii quyt vn tc nghn ca cc h thng nh tuyn th h 2, th h h thng nh tuyn th 3 c thit k vi mc tiu thay th bus s dng chung bng trng chuyn mch,tc nh hn 50Gbps. Cc thit k cho h thng nh tuyn th h 3 nhm gii quyt 3 vn tim tng trc y: nng lc x l, kch thc b nh, v bng thng ca bus. C 3 vn ny u c th trnh c bng cch s dng mt kin trc vi nn tng l ma trn chuyn mch v cc giao din c thit k hp l. Mt bc tin quan trng trong vic xy dng cc h thng nh tuyn hiu nng cao l tng cng x l cho tng giao din mng gim thiu khi lng x l v ngun ti nguyn b nh ca h thng nh tuyn. Cc b x l a nng v cc mch tch hp c bit hon ton c th gii quyt vn ny. Tuy nhin, kh nng x l tng th cho cc gi tin qua h thng nh th no cn ph thuc vo kh nng tm v chn tuyn, cng nh kin trc c la chn.
Trng chuyn mch

Giao tip mng

Giao tip mng

B x l (CPU)

Giao din ma trn chuyn mch

X l u ra

X l u vo

Phn h x l khu vc

Giao tip a phng tin

Hnh 4.8: S chc nng ca h thng nh tuyn th h 3

97

4.4.4. H thng nh tuyn th h th t H thng router ny c th t c tc 0.4-10Tb/s. H thng c nhiu gi cho cc card giao din ng. Gia cc card giao din ng c ni vi li chuyn mch bng cc lin kt quang

Hnh 4.9: M hnh ca h thng nh tuyn th h 4

4.4.5. H thng nh tuyn th h th nm h thng router ny c th t c tc 10-100 Tb/s. H thng c nhiu gi cho cc card giao din ng. Gia cc card giao din ng c ni vi li chuyn mch bng cc lin kt quang. Li chuyn mch s dng chuyn mch quang. y l h thng router trong tng lai

Hnh 4.10: M hnh ca h thng nh tuyn th h 5

98

4.4.6. H thng nh tuyn th h th su Trong tng lai xa , khi cng ngh pht trin. Hy vng s c h thng router s dng hon ton cng ngh quang ,tc 100-1000 Tb/s.

Hnh 4.11: M hnh ca h thng nh tuyn th h 6

4.5. HOT NG CA CC H THNG NH TUYN TRONG MNG Trong mt mng cc router c v tr khc nhau s m nhim cc chc nng khc nhau. Router truy nhp lin kt nh ring n ISP, router nm ti ng bin ca mng s x l mt phn lu lng i vo mng gim nh gnh nng phc v cho router li, cn router li nhim v ch yu l nh tuyn gi tin, x l lu lng bn trong li ca mng. Ta xt hot ng ca cc router trong mng Diff-serv. Do Diff-serv c s dng trong mng li, phn mng phc tp v phi x l rt nhiu lu lng. H thng cho php a ra cc u tin vi cc loi c trng ca dch v hoc ngi s dng v cc ng dng trong mng. thc hin c iu ny tt c cc h thng trong mng phi c cu hnh, qun l v iu khin bi cc phng tin c nh ngha trc bi cc nh qun tr mng. ng dng ca cc chnh sch ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cc mc u tin ca dch v v ngi s dng, hiu qu ca ti nguyn, QoS yu cu cho dch v c th. cung cp c cc ng dng tha mn c cc yu cu ca khch hng v cht lng dch v th vic u tin phi hiu v cung cp c c trng cho cc thnh phn trong mng v cc kt ni ca n mt cch t ng, cng vi cc thng tin ng dng v s vn hnh ca ngi s dng trong mng. Cc thnh phn trong mng c th k n l cc b gim st, cc router (router bin v router li), Tin trnh gim st cc s kin khc nhau trong mng v d nh cnh bo khi c mt h thng mng b li hay khi c qu nhiu gi n vt qu kh nng cho php ca router. Ni mt cch khc th tin trnh gim st la chn thng tin t cc router bin router li, cc kt ni thit lp trc. S la chn cc router cho chuyn mch gi ph thuc vo cc k thut s dng trong mng. K thut IP da trn c s hai nguyn l: cc gi c truyn khng c u tin s dng nguyn l best effort v c th ch s dng ng truyn ngn nht trong mng truyn gi tin n ch. Mt k thut thng minh hn l phn loi gi tin theo cc mc u 99

tin ca lung lu lng, s lng cc ng dn c th s dng c quyt nh bi cu trc ca cc trung k gia cc vng ca router. Do cu trc ny c th nh gi trc tip mng phn cp, hay hn hp, hay bng phng (flat). Flat c ngha rng cc gi c th c nh tuyn trc tip gia cc router bin v phn cp c ngha l cc gi c chuyn qua cc router li tng ng. Cc loi router bin th hin cc chc nng khc nhau quyt nh lng lu lng ti mc cao s ln hn lu lng mc thp. Chc nng ca router truy nhp l chp nhn lu lng lung ln t mng chp nhn kt ni v chuyn n ti router bin lin quan. Do cc router truy nhp c kt ni ti vng router bin lin quan. Cc router bin sau khi s l mt phn lu lng s chuyn lu lng ti router li cc router ny thc hin nt cc chc nng tuyn ti lu lng cn li

a/ Router bin (Edge routers)

Mt lung d liu mun i t mng ny ti mng khc th trc tin n phi c i qua cc router t ng bin mng (router bin), router bin quyt nh xem gi no nhn c m bo c ngha l khng b loi b. Khi cc thit b truy nhp thu thp v phn phi cc lung d liu t pha u pht user, router bin s truyn ti cc dch v phn bit trn c s cc c im ca lu lng. Cc router hiu nng cao cho php thc hin cc chnh sch qun l mng c nh ngha bi cc lung lu lng c phn loi, bng thng phn b, thit lp cc u tin hng i v nh du cc tuyn ti u. Router bin truyn thng vi cc router li trong cng mt mng hoc vi cc router bin cc mng khc. Ngoi ra router bin cn c kh nng nh tuyn lu lng tnh v lin kt hoc kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu router li. Cc tuyn gia router bin v cc router li lin quan c th rt nhiu. Kin trc mng logic c bn c th l mng sao (star), ring hoc chain. Mng mesh cng c th hin trong cu trc ny. Nhn chung v cu trc router bin cng tng t nh cu trc chung ca router ni trn. Ch c hot ng hi khc so vi router li. Router bin hot ng theo ch phn ti cn router li hot ng theo ch tp trung ti. Router bin c rt nhiu chc nng, v cc chc nng ny ph thuc vo tng loi router khc nhau. Router bin gm 3 loi c bn: Router chng u tin (first hop router): y l router gn vi trm host gi gi tin nht. Cc gi c phn loi v c nh du ty thuc vo profile SLS c n nh cho kt ni. N l p ng ca vic thit lp mt cam kt v lu lng v bng thng m ngi s dng v nh cung cp dch v a ra. Router u vo: N c lp t ti im u vo ca min DS v n m nhim chc nng phn loi tt c cc gi n trn c s trng DS. Router u ra: c lp t ti im u ra ca cc mng DS iu khin lu lng. N cng m nhim chc nng phn loi lu lng da trn trng DS.

b/Router li (core routers)

100

Router li x l lu lng trong ni mng, khng lin quan g ti cc mng khc. Router li phi x l mt s lng lu lng ln bn trong mt mng, v chc nng ca chng l thm vo cc lung thng tin v thc hin vic phn loi, gi ngc tr li cc gi tin. Do cc vng lp t router li thng ln v c dng li. Thng thng cc node mng lp t cc vng router li cng cc server cung cp cc dch v Internet (email server, web server, RADIUS, DNS). Thm vo, cc vng router li cng thng l cc im trung tm cho cc cc kt ni ti cc mng IP khc (do n cn c gi l cc im lin tng i (IxPs) hay cc NAP cng cng). Trong mng quc gia ln cc router li cn c th c phn nh ra thnh cc sub-router v cc router li transit. Vic gim st router li bao gm 4 tham s c bn dng nh ngha mt lp dch v: bng thng, tr, jitter, v mt gi. truyn ti cc lu lng hn hp ca cc loi dch v khc nhau, v d cho loi dch v X c nh ngha mc cht lng dch v ca mi lung lu lng v thc hin iu khin QoS th hin mc cht lng (iu khin hng i a lp). Qu trnh bt gi lu lng s gim st lu lng i vo trong router bin mi lung lu lng c phn loi bi vic phi hp ca a ch ngun v a ch ch, cc ng MPLS, thng tin trong trng phn bit dch v (DS) ca header gi tin c dng nh hng, gim st gi tin. Khi gi tin i vo trong router li, n s s dng cc thng tin nh du trc thc hin cc m bo lin quan, sau c a vo hng i tu theo tng lp cht lng dch v hay u tin ca loi dch v m lung lu lng truyn ti. Ti y cc gi tin s c nh hng truyn, thi im truyn gi tin s do b lp lch quyt nh tu thuc vo trng u tin trong phn header ca gi. Gi tin c u tin thp c th b loi b khi c tc nghn xy ra trong mng. Router s dng nhiu thut ton, cch thc qun l m bo cht lng dch v trong mng: nh cc thut ton qun l hng i, thut ton lp lch Cc router li l cc router tc cao c ng dng trong phn li v phn xng sng ca mng IP. D liu truyn qua cc b x l trung tm c tc ln ti hng trm Gbps. Kin trc mng ca cc router li c dng li hoc lin li ngay c khi kin trc ca router bin hay router truy nhp c dng star hay double star. Nhn chung hot ng ca router c hai chc nng chnh: nh tuyn v chuyn gi. Trong sut qu trnh nh tuyn router thu thp v x l thng tin trong cu hnh mng v thit lp ra bng nh tuyn. Bng ny cha cc thng tin c yu cu nh hng v truyn li gi. Ti cc khong thi gian 30 n 60 pht cc router s kt ni ti tng i v cp nht cc bng nh tuyn. Trong sut qu trnh nh tuyn cc router s nh tuyn d liu ti cng vo i ra u ra tng ng c ch nh trong bng nh tuyn. Ty thuc vo loi lu lng c u tin khc nhau m cc lung thng tin c a vo hng i khc nhau v c lp lch a ra sm hay mun. chuyn cc gi th u tin cc gi phi c ng gi v a ch hng chuyn phi c thit lp trc khi mt gi i vo hng i u ra tng ng. Cui cng khi cc gi u ra li c ng gi thm mt ln na. trnh tc nghn trong mng cc gi s c ch trong hng i ch x l. Trong cc mng Diffserv th cc trng precedence ca gi s c c ra v cc gi d liu s tham gia vo hng i c phn theo u tin 101

ti cc cng u ra tu thuc vo lp lu lng ca n. Cc c ch hng i da trn giao thc RSVP nh: hng i c tr thp (LLQ) hay hng i cn bng c trng s (WFQ) cng phc v mc ch u tin ho cc gi trong hng i ti thiu ho tr truyn dn v thi gian x l. Hnh v 4-12 di y minh ha cho chng ta thy r v tr ca cc b nh tuyn bin (ERX) v li (M160) trong mng NGN ca VNPT.
HP Openview * NetM hiQ4000 hiQ9200

HANOI VOICE CENTER

HCMC VOICE CENTER

hiR200

NetM Boot/remote

hiR200 hiQ9200 Multilayer Sw itch

M160 hiQ20/30
6xE1
Multilayer Switch ERX

M160

hiQ20/30

STM-16

ERX

6xE1

Mng VTN
3xE1 Eth
MG Hai Phong ERX

E1

E1

ERX

Eth
MG Vung Tau

3xE1

STM-16
2xE1 Eth
MG Quang Ninh ERX

STM-16
E1
ERX

E1

Eth
MG Can tho

2xE1

2xE1

Eth
MG Hue

ERX

E1

ERX M160

E1 3xE1

ERX

Eth

3xE1
MG Dong nai

Eth. Eth
ERX

E1

2xE1

E1
Multilayer Sw itch

MG Danang
* Management Terminal for XP and CRX

MG Khanh hoa

Hnh 4.12: V tr ca router bin v router li trong mng NGN ca VNPT

4.6. NG DNG CA B NH TUYN TC CAO TRONG MNG NGN-VNPT Ti bin v li ca NGN-VNPT hin ang s dng cc b nh tuyn bin ERX v b nh tuyn li M160 ca Juniper. Router li M160: l thit b nh tuyn li, c cu trc module vi kh nng m rng cao, c kh nng hot ng trong nhiu mi trng khc nhau nh thun IP( MPLS), IP/ATM overlay, hay thm ch trc tip qua mng quang. Hin nay M160 ang c s dng trn NGN ca VNPT vi cng ngh IP/MPLS. Bng thng tuyn ti siu cao: nng lc truyn ti t 160Gbps. Vi cch b tr Router M160 ti 3 trung tm : h ni, nng, thnh ph H Ch Minh th cc M160 s tp trung lu lng IP/MPLS t cc ERX 1410 ca cc tnh chuyn mch ni vng hay lin vng ty theo a ch ch n. Router bien ERX1410: ERX 1410 c s dng lm router bin trn mng NGN ca VNPT. Hin ti c mt s ERX 1410 t ti trung tm ca Vin thng tnh c s dng lm 2 chc nng l router bin (Edge Router) v BRAS. Thit b router ERX-1410 l thit b nh tuyn c hiu nng cao v s dng cho nhng mi trng lm vic rng ri. Mi router 14slot router bao gm 10 Gbps switch fabric / route processor (SRP) vi s la chn c d phng cho SRP nhm m bo an ton cao cho 12 slots line modules. Thit b ERX-1410 dng chung cc line modules v I/Os vi h sn phm E-series h tr tc ln n OC12c/STM-4 v Gigabit Ethernet.

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4.6.1. H thng nh tuyn bin ERX-1400 H thng nh tuyn bin ERX thuc h E-Serial ca hng Juniper Network-Hoa K sn xut, n ng vai tr quan trng trong mng NGN, c nhim v gii quyt vic tc ngn khi lu lng mng ln, hay x l mt phn lu lng cho cc h thng nh tuyn li. Cc h thng nh tuyn bin h E-series ca Juniper Network c thit k ph hp cho nhiu nhu cu khc nhau ti bin mng, thc hin nht qun phn mm JUNOSe, cc c tnh v cng ngh ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit), c kh nng lp trnh v trin khai linh hot cc dch v. Kin trc lp mang (carrier-class) cho php Juniper Networks kt hp h thng nh tuyn h E-series vi server truy nhp t xa bng rng (BRAS) v kh nng truy nhp chuyn dng trn mt h thng n l, nn t hp. Hn na, do h tr cc c tnh cng ngh truy nhp cho IP, ATM, v Frame Relay, cc h thng nh tuyn h E-series cung cp nn tng nh tuyn vi tc v tin cy cao, linh hot cho vic trin khai cc dch v IP. Tnh linh hot y cng ng ngha vi vic h gi thnh khai thc bi kh nng trin khai nhanh cc dch v bin mi t mt nn tng nh tuyn n v n cng cung cp kh nng m ra cc dch v mi trong tng lai. Cc h thng nh tuyn E-series cung cp nhiu loi cng giao tip khc nhau vi hiu sut v kh nng cung cp cc dch v IP linh hot thch ng c vi nhng yu cu ph hp ca cc nh cung cp dch v. H thng cung cp: - Mt cng ln p ng nhng hn ch ca POP (mt im truy cp t mt ni n mt ni cn li). - Duy tr l trnh kt ni dy trong hu ht cc yu cu lu lng. m bo kt ni vi loi chun c dy vi hu ht cc loi lu lng mng. - tin cy cao v p ng cc tha thun mc dch v yu cu nghim ngt (SLAs). - H tr dch v a lp a ch IP cung cp cho mng ring o VPNs v trin khai cc dch v c bit.

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Hnh 4.13: H thng ERX h tr nhiu loi cng giao tip vo/ ra 4.6.1.1. Cc h h thng nh tuyn bin ERX
ERX-310: H thng nh tuyn rt nh gn, nh tuyn hiu sut cao da trn mc tiu phn b mi trng. H thng c 3 khe cm bao gm: mt trng chuyn mch, b x l nh tuyn chuyn mch (SRP) v 2 khe c thit k chuyn dng cho cc module ng dy. ERX-310 h tr tc ln ti OC12/STM-4 v tc Gigabit Ethernet. ERX-705 v ERX-710: H thng nh tuyn rt nh gn, nh tuyn hiu sut cao da trn mc tiu phn b mi trng ni c khng gian va phi. H thng c 7 khe cm bao gm: mt trng chuyn mch vi tc 5Gbps hoc 10Gbps, b x l nh tuyn chuyn mch (SRP) v 5 khe c thit k chuyn dng cho cc module ng dy. ERX-705 v ERX-710 h tr tc ln ti OC-12/STM-4 v tc Gigabit Ethernet. ERX-1410: H thng nh tuyn nh gn, nh tuyn hiu sut cao da trn mc tiu phn b mi trng ni c khng gian va phi. H thng c 14 khe cm bao gm: mt trng chuyn mch tc 10Gbps, b x l nh tuyn chuyn mch (SRP) vi SRP d phng v 12 khe c thit k chuyn dng cho cc module ng dy. ERX-1410 h tr tc ln ti OC-12/STM-4 v tc Gigabit Ethernet.

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ERX-1440: H thng nh tuyn nh gn, nh tuyn hiu sut cao da trn mc tiu phn b mi trng ni c khng gian va phi, H thng c 14 khe cm bao gm: mt trng chuyn mch tc 40Gbps, b x l nh tuyn chuyn mch (SRP) vi SRP d phng v 12 khe c thit k chuyn dng cho cc module ng dy. ERX-1440 dng cc module ng dy c s ASIC v cc cng vo/ra ging nh vi cc h E-series khc v h tr tc ln ti OC-48/STM-16 v tc Gigabit Ethernet.

4.6.1.2. Cu trc chc nng h thng nh tuyn bin ERX-1400

Khi nim h ERX-1400 cp n c h thng ERX-1440 v h thng ERX-1410. H thng ERX-1440 qun l mt khi lu lng mng cc k ln v s dng b x l nh tuyn chuyn mch vi tc ln n 40 Gbps (SRP 40G). H thng ERX-1410 qun l lu lng mng mc cao v s dng b x l nh tuyn chuyn mch vi tc 10 Gbps (SRP10G). Nhn b ngoi, khung gi ca h thng ERX-1440 cng ging nh h thng ERX-1410 (Hnh v 4-13 v 4-14). C hai h thng u c14 khe cm cha cc module v c cng yu cu v ngun cung cp. Quy trnh lp t v vn hnh ca hai h thng cng ging nhau. Tt c cc h thng ERX u s dng cng loi module SRP vo/ra. Tuy nhin, cu trc khung bn trong ca h thng ERX-1440 khc vi h thng ERX-1410 l c mt mt gia c bit cho module SRP 40Gbps.

Hnh 4.14: Cu trc mt trc ca h ERX-14xx

Cu trc h thng ERX-1400 gm 3 thnh phn chnh: 105

Mt trng chuyn mch hot ng cc tc 10 hoc 40 GBbps. Cc card ng dy. B x l nh tuyn hiu sut cao cho vic duy tr bng nh tuyn v cu hnh h thng.

H thng ERX ny s dng mt cu trc a x l phn b cao, phn tn chc nng x l ti mi cng trong h thng y nhanh vic quyt nh v cn bng s pht trin ca h thng. Ngoi ra, n cn h tr cc c im nh tuyn ca th h tip theo, cc dch v c s phn bit, cc b lc gi, qun l b m, xp hng v lp lch. S khi chc nng ca h thng ERX-1400 c minh ha hnh 4-15 di y.

Hnh 4.15: Cu trc phn cng h thng ERX vi SRP 10Gbps

Trn thc t, h thng ERX c xy dng di dng modular bao gm cc module ng dy (Line Module), cc module vo/ra (I/O Module), module x l nh tuyn chuyn mch (SRP Module), v module SRP vo/ra (I/O SRP Module). C hai h thng ERX-700 v ERX-1400 s dng cng module ng dy v module vo/ra. Do vy, cc nh cung cp dch v c th gim bt c cc module thay th v d dng nng cp h thng t h thng ERX700 ln thnh h thng ERX-1400. Thng thng, cc module ng dy, module SRP c lp t pha trc ca h thng, nhng module ny c u ni vi cc module vo/ra tng ng thng qua mt mt gia. S khi chc nng dng module ca h thng ERX1400 c minh ha hnh v 4-16 di y.

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Hnh 4.16: Cu trc dng module ca h thng ERX-1400

Module x l nh tuyn chuyn mch - SRP Module SRP thc hin cc chc nng qun l h thng, tnh ton xc nh cc bng nh tuyn v chuyn tip, bo dng, x l s liu thng k Nh c minh ha hnh v 4-17, module SRP l mt t hp gm hai bng mch chuyn mch v x l h thng. Bng chuyn mch: thc hin cc chc nng qun l b m, xp hng v lp lch cc gi tin cho cc module ng dy, qun l cc kt ni ni b gia cc cng vo v ra v h tr cc kt ni im-ti-im cng nh multicast Bng x l h thng: chuyn dng cho vic khi to h thng, qun l chun on, v x l giao thc nh tuyn.

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Hnh 4.17: Module SRP

M hnh ERX-14xx v ERX-7xx s dng hai module SRP hot ng d phng theo ch Active/Standby. m hnh E-3xx ch s dng mt module SRP. Cc module t 5 n 40Gbps c th s dng trong cc model E-14xx v E-7xx. Ch mt module SRP 10Gbps c dng cho m hnh E-3xx. Do kch thc vt l v kh nng ca cc bng chuyn mch khc nhau nn cc module SRP khng th trao i gia cc h thng c. Module SRP vo/ra Mt module vo/ra tng ng ca module SRP c gi l module SRP vo/ra kt ni vi nhng module SRP thng qua mt gia ca h thng. Cng mt SRP vo/ra lm vic vi tt c cc module SRP. Cc module vo/ra s dng trong cc h thng ERX-7xx v ERX14xx khng th dng c trong h thng nh tuyn ERX-310 v ngc li. Module SRP vo/ra ny chim hai khe v cung cp cc giao din qun l chun nh: 10/100Base-T - cng cho php truy nhp n h thng ERX cho cc chc nng qun l Ethernet qua giao tip lnh hay SNMP. RS-232 - cng cung cp mt kt ni ni tip cho vic theo di cu hnh h thng qua PC hoc thit b u cui ASCII. Giao tip cnh bo cung cp cc ch th lin quan n cc loi cnh bo ca h thng ERX. Cc cng nh thi ng b vi mng ngoi m bo cc xung nhp ng h s dng bi h thng ERX ng b vi ng h h thng ca ton mng.

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Cc module ng dy Cc module ng dy x l d liu t cc kiu kt ni mng khc nhau. Ngoi ra cn c th thm thng tin v nhng module ng dy v nhng module SRP no h tr cho tng loi module ng dy c th. Hnh 4-18 m t mt module ng dy tiu biu.

Hnh 4.18: Module ng dy

Hu ht cc module ng dy c h tr vic phn loi gi tin trn li vo, mt vi module ng dy khng phi ASIC th khng lm c iu ny. C ch phn loi gi tin trn module ng dy cn c vo cc trng ring bit (a ch IP ngun v ch, cng ngun, cng ch v giao thc), giao din IP li vo, cc trng thng tin lp 2 Module vo/ra Hu ht cc module ng dy u c mt module vo/ra tng ng, cung cp s kt ni vt l vi mng, cc module vo/ra c t pha sau h thng, ngay sau module ng dy tng ng ca n. Hnh 4-19 cho thy lung d liu xuyn sut qua phn cng h thng. Module ng dy iu khin qu trnh x l gi v chuyn tip gi. Mt bng chuyn mch thc hin chuyn mch gi ni b vi tc cao. B x l nh tuyn tp trung thng tin nh tuyn, gi bng nh tuyn v cp nht ti cc module ng dy.

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Hnh 4.19: Lung d liu truyn qua cu trc phn cng h thng ERX 4.6.1.3. Phn mm h thng ERX-1400 a/ Khi qut v cu trc phn mm
Mt mng truyn ti tr nn quyt nh hn ti cc cng vic iu hnh kinh doanh hng ngy. Cc nh cung cp dch v cn trin khai nhng sn phm c th m bo hin i nht. Trong h thng ERX, c phn cng v phn mm c thit k cc k nng lc. H thng ERX bao gm mt thit phn cng lp mang c d phng vi mt phn mm c cu trc mudule. Phn mm c module ho lm tng tin cy h thng, d dng nng cp phn mm, v gim thi gian pht trin khi ng cc tnh nng mi nhanh bi mi thnh phn phn mm c tnh t tr cao. Mi phn h phn mm chnh trong h thng ERX (nh BGP-4, IP, SNMP, Frame Relay, SONET) l c lp v c mt b ti nguyn chuyn dng, nh b nh, cc b m, v cc chu trnh x l. Thm vo , cc phn h phn mm c th c lp load, shutdown v khi ng li. Tt c cc tc ng l ng; vic loading ca mt module khng lm nh hng ti vic thc hin hay hot ng ca thnh phn khc. Vic module ho ca cu trc h thng ERX tn dng c tin cy v n nh bi m bo rng hot ng ca mt module chng trnh khng lm nh hng bt li n cc module khc. Vic module ho h thng ERX cung cp mt vi u im sau: 110 Seamless recovery Cc phn h phn mm ring bit c th khi ng li m khng nh hng hot ng ca h thng.

Tng tnh hin i ca h thng - Mi module phn mm tng tc vi module phn mm khc thng quan mt b giao din nht nh., bo v s tng tc phn h. D bo hot ng phn mm Ti nguyn h thng c bo v trong trng hp mt phn h phn mm c vn , ton b hot ng h thng s hot ng bnh thng ti thiu. Khng b ph v khi nng cp phn mm Cc module ring r c th c nng cp m khng lm nh hng ton b hot ng h thng.

Cc thnh phn h thng ERX cng mt cu trc phn mm phn b, ni mi module ng dy c kh nng to bng nh tuyn, QoS, v cc quyt nh chuyn tip gi. Tnh phn phi ny ca cc chc nng phn mm lm cho kh nng x l gi c nng cao hn. Module SRP chu trch nhim ti phn mm ti mi module ng dy khi ng h thng. Thm vo, SRP cng chu trch nhim gi xung bng nh tuyn c cp nht.

b/ Cc tnh nng phn mm

H thng ERX h tr cc tnh nng phn mm sau: - Giao thc IP - Cc giao thc nh tuyn: BGP-4, IS-IS, OSPF, RIPv2 - PPP (bao gm gi trn SONET), Frame Relay, v ATM - SONET, DS3, DS1, phn on DS1, E3, E1, phn on E1 - MPLS (bao gm RSVP v CR-LDP) - VPNs - Cc router o - IP QoS - Qun l chnh sch - Giao din ng - Cc tnh nng RAS bng rng: PPP, PAP, CHAP, RADIUS, DHCP - Qun l mng thng minh - Thng k trn mt giao din - Chn on Hnh 4-20 th hin cu trc phn lp ca phn mm h thng ERX. Cc chc nng phn mm c phn lp trn cc giao din vt l (cp ng hoc cp quang). Nhiu giao thc truy nhp (PPP, FR, ATM) c h tr cho php cc nh cung cp dch v cung cp mt s phng php truy nhp v tc ng dy ti cac th bao ca h. H thng cng h tr mt s giao thc cho ng dng BRAS: IP/PPP/IP IP/PPP/Ethernet/ATM 111

IP/PPP/FR IP/PPP/Ethernet/FR i vi nh tuyn, tt c cc giao thc nh tuyn IP-based chnh c h tr. H thng em n cho nh cung cp dch v cc giao thc nh tuyn mt cch mm do. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp dch v s dng cc giao thc nh IS-IS hoc OSPF cho u ni mng ni b v BGP-4 cho cc u ni ra ngoi. H thng ERX h tr c cc giao thc bn trong (nh RIP, OSPF, IS-IS) tt nh cc giao thc ngoi (nh BGP-4). C hai kiu giao thc nh tuyn yu cu tch hp cao.

Hnh 4.20: Cu trc phn lp phn mm h thng ERX

H thng ERX cng h tr mt b y cc giao thc nh tuyn multicast. IP multicasting tn dng nng lc mng bi cho php mt trm truyn gi d liu ti mt nhm ch cc trm thu. Ngoi cc giao thc lit k trn, h thng ERX h tr mt b ca cc tnh nng IP th h tip theo cho php cc nh cung cp dch v b xung cc dch v IP mi. Cc tnh nng ny bao gm h tr cho cc dch v IP QoS, IP VPN, tnh ton chi tit, nh tuyn o, v to k hoch dch v IP v thc thi.

c/ Lung lu lng phn mm ERX

Phn ny m t s kin xy ra ca qu trnh x l lu lng bi h thng ERX. Ti mt mc cao, cc gi c thu bi giao din module ng dy. Mt s cc giao din c th thu cc gi ng thi. Cc gi ny sau c x l bi mi module ng dy. 112

Cc chnh sch nh tuyn v QoS c th c a ra mt yu cu chnh thc to gi ph hp vi k hoch dch v ca thu bao. Cc gi sau c nh tuyn ra ca mt giao din ERX. Hnh 4-21 minh ho lung lu lng trong h thng ERX.

Hnh 4.21: X l gi trong h thng ERX

Ni tm li, chng ta c th thy rng cu trc cn bn ca h thng nh tuyn bin ERX-1400 c cu thnh t cc thnh phn chc nng: Phn cng gm cc khi chc nng: - B x l nh tuyn chuyn mch SRC. - Cc module ng dy - Module I/O - Cc tnh nng d phng Phn mm cng c cu trc phn lp. H tr nhiu cc tnh nng ng dng v cc giao thc nh tuyn cho cc lu lng bin mng. Cho nn, chng ta c th ni rng h thng hot ng tin cy c tc v tnh sn sng cao, v h thng ERX-1400 c xem nh l s la chn tt cho mng NGN ca Vit Nam.

4.6.1.4. Mt s m hnh ng dng ERX-1400 trn mng Vin thng

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H thng ERX-1400 c th h tr mt s ng dng nh: Kt hp ng dy ring; Kt cui phin xDSL; Cc mng ring o Sau y chng ta xem xt c th mt s cc ng dng ca h thng ERX

a/ Kt hp ng dy ring
Mt ng dng chnh i vi h thng nh tuyn bin ERX l kt hp ng dy ring (Private Line Aggregation), l vic hp nht nhiu ng truy cp tc cao thnh mt im truy cp. Hnh 4-22 ch r cho chng ta thy ng dng ny.

Hnh 4.22: Kt hp ng dy ring

Trong ng dng ny, nh cung cp dch v c th s dng h thng ERX n cung cp dch v truy cp tc cao (fT1/fE1 qua T3/E3) ti hng ngn thu bao n l. Cc ng truyn thu bao n c th c nh cung cp Telco kt hp cht ch vo cc ng truyn T3 v dn vo h thng ERX. (H thng ny cng c th chp nhn cc kt ni khng c chun ho T3 hoc E3 t nhng ngi s dng tc cao v chuyn cc kt ni E1 trc tip vo n v ny). Sau khi lu lng c xc nhn, h thng ny s gii quyt tt c vic x l gi tin IP, bao gm c vic ch nh cc chnh sch v nh tuyn v QoS. Sau nhng ti tin ny s c chuyn vo mng ng trc. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu rng bt k cng no trong h thng ERX cng c th c s dng uplink hoc truy cp. iu ny c ngha rng c cng PPP v Frame Relay (FR) u c th c s dng nh cc cng uplink. Cu hnh ny c th phc v nhng thu bao c hai im c kt ni vi cng mt h thng ERX qua cc ng lin kt Frame Relay hoc PPP, hoc c th cung cp mt uplink cho mt dch v Frame Relay. Bng vic s dng h thng ERX cho ng dng kt hp ng dy ring, mt nh cung cp dch v c th khc phc c rt nhiu mt hn ch ca cc sn phm c trc y, nh nhng rng buc v mt , nhng hn ch v vic thc thi v vic thiu tnh tin cy ca ng truyn. Ngoi ra, bng vic s dng h thng ny, nh cung cp dch v cn c kh nng cung cp rt nhiu dch v IP mi cho nhiu thu bao. 114

b/ Kt cui phin xDSL

H thng ERX h tr cho cc ng dng ca server truy nhp t xa bng rng (BRAS), nh c trnh by trong hnh 4-24. Trong ng dng ny, h thng ERX s tch hp cc lung lu lng d liu t cc DSLAMs. Cc DSLAMs c kt ni trc tip vi cc h thng thu bao, x l vic kt cui cp ng, tp hp lu lng vo mt ng uplink tc cao hn. Xut pht t cc DSLAM, cc lung lu lng s liu c chuyn vo h thng ERX qua ng DS3 hoc OC4.

Hnh 4.23: Kt cui phin xDSL

H thng ERX s x l mt vi chc nng: Kim tra vic xc thc v kt thc phin PPP thng qua PAP hoc CHAP. Phi hp vi cc my ch DHCP v cc nhm IP cc b gn a ch IP. Kt ni vi cc my ch RADIUS hoc s dng tn min nhm gn kt ch thu bao vi thng tin v ngi s dng. H tr RADIUS nhm thu thp thng tin chi tit v ho n thanh ton. ng dng v h s ngi dng v lung lu lng ngi dng, c th bao gm cc thng tin v nh tuyn, QoS v VPN.

u ra ca h thng ERX l ng truyn tc cao, nh OC3/STM1 hoc OC12/STM4 nhm h tr cho cc h thng nh tuyn li. Cc h thng nh tuyn o cng c th c dng tch bit cc lu lng v gi cc gi tin ti cc ch khc nhau. Nh c m t trong hnh 4-12, cc gi tin ny c th c ch nh ti mt CLEC, ISP, VPN hoc Internet. C rt nhiu giao thc xDSL c h tr, gm c: IP/PPP/ATM IP/PPP/Ethernet/ATM IP/PPP/FR 115

IP/PPP/Ethernet/FR

Vic h tr nhng giao thc ny cho php cc nh cung cp dch v thit lp mt h thng nh tuyn l im trung tm m c th kt cui cc tn hiu t rt nhiu thit b CPE xDSL. Bng vic s dng h thng ERX cho BRAS, nh cung cp dch v c th khc phc c rt nhiu hn ch so vi cc sn phm c, cng nh cung cp mt lot cc dch v mi cho cc thu bao.

c/ Mng ring o VPN

VPNs l cc mng IP ring bit, c nh v ring v mt logic v c cung cp thng qua mt c s h tng IP c chia s. H thng ERX cho php cc nh cung cp dch v cung cp cc VPNs cho cc nh khai thc vin thng, cc n v kinh doanh v cc i tc kinh doanh. Nh c ch ra trong hnh v 4-24, nhiu nh thu bao ang bc vo mng cung cp dch v ny thng qua rt nhiu phng php truy nhp v vi rt nhiu ch n. H thng ERX c kh nng x l tt c cc giao thc v cc tc ng truyn khc nhau. i vi nhng ngi s dng xDSL, mt DSLAM u tin s kt cui cp ng trc khi chuyn lu lng vo h thng ERX. i vi ngi s dng quay s, mt h thng server truy nhp t xa (RAS) trc tin s tr li cuc gi modem trc khi chuyn lung d liu vo h thng ERX.

Hnh 4.24: Phn pht cc mng ring o qua mt c s h tng IP chia s

Cc nh thu bao ng nhp vo mng ny thng qua cc ng truyn c cho thu s c kt hp vo cc ng truyn T3, v sau thm nhp vo h thng ERX (hoc c kt ni trc tip vo h thng ERX trong cc trng hp ca T3, E3 v E1.) Mt khi gi tin thm nhp v h thng ERX, bt k s kt hp cc b lc phn loi u c th c s dng nhn din thu bao v ch n. C 3 cch m h thng ERX c th chuyn lu lng ti cc ch khc nhau:

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H thng ERX h tr lp 2 ca cc mch o dnh cho Frame Relay hoc ATM. Mi lung lu lng thu bao vo c th c sp xp thnh mt FR/ ATM VC an ton nhm chuyn ti a ch ch. H thng ERX c th h tr cc b nh tuyn o vi cc bng nh tuyn an ton v cc qu trnh chuyn IP. Cc b nh tuyn o ny s duy tr cc bng nh tuyn ring bit i vi mi s kin nh tuyn. iu ny gip duy tr lu lng c phn on hon ton gia cc nhm thu bao vi cc ch n khc nhau. H thng ERX c th gn thm cc nhn MPLS chuyn cc gi tin qua cc ng VPN c ch nh m nh cung cp dch v nh cu hnh.

Ngoi cc dch v nu trn, h thng ERX cn h tr rt nhiu cc dch v khc nh truy nhp Ethernet, qun l thu bao, MPLS cho iu khin lu lng v VPN, truyn ti VoIPnhm em li li ch cho nhng nh vn hnh, khai thc mng li vin thng. 4.6.2. B nh tuyn li M160

4.6.2.1. Cu trc M160

Hai thnh phn quan trng trong cu trc ca b nh tuyn M160 : l b phn chuyn tip gi tin v b phn nh tuyn c kt ni vi nhau qua lin kt 100Mbps. B phn chuyn tip gi tin chu trch nhim thi hnh vic chuyn tip gi tin ng nh tn gi ca n. B phn ny bao gm cc FPC, PIC, modul chuyn mch v chuyn tip (SFM) vi cc mch ASIC. B phn nh tuyn duy tr bng nh tuyn v iu khin cc giao thc nh tuyn tch hp, hot ng da trn nn tng PCI da trn cng ngh ca Intel, chy phn mm JUNOS. Mt phn quan trng na l cc mch iu khin h thng con (MCS), cung cp ng h cho SONET/SDH v lm vic vi b phn nh tuyn, thc hin chc nng iu khin v theo di hot ng ca b nh tuyn. Cu trc b nh tuyn tch bit b phn chuyn tip gi tin v b phn nh tuyn, cung cp hiu nng cao nht cho h thng. ng thi vic s dng mch tch hp ASIC mang li tin cy cng nh s n nh cao cho h thng ny c khi mng khng n nh.

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Hnh 4.25 Kin trc bn trong M160

Chc nng ASIC: thc hin chc nng tra cu tuyn, lc, ly mu, cn bng ti, qun l b m chuyn mch , ng gi, v bc tch gi. - Mi b x l Internet II ASIC h tr tra cu vi tc trn 40 Mpps hay 40 triu gi mi giy ( vi bng nh tuyn c 80000 mc) vi hn 1 triu cng, b x l Internet th h 2 cung cp hiu nng chuyn tip tc cao vi cc dch v nng cao, nh lc v ly mu. y l cng ngh mnh nht, mi nht v tn tin nht ca cc mch ASIC c ng dng trn cc nn tng b nh tuyn v trin khai trn mng Internet. - Mch ASIC qun l phn phi b m phn phi cc gi d liu n trn ton b b nh ca FPC. B m trng thi ny gip tng hiu nng ca h thng bi n ch i hi mt ln cho c v mt ln cho ghi t b nh chia s. Khng c qu trnh sao chp gi t m u v n m u ra. B nh chia s hon ton khng b nghn - Mch ASIC iu khin gi cn bng v phn phi ti qua 4 mch ASIC qun l vo ra ca mi FPC. - Mch ASIC qun l vo/ra h tr phn loi gi, xc nh gi u tin v lp hng i. Mi mch ASIC phn tch cc gi, lu vo b nh v tp hp li cc gi truyn i. - Mch ASIC qun l phng tin truyn thc hin chc nng ca tng vt l iu khin ng vi cc dng ng truyn . V d mch ASIC qun l SDH/SONET, ATM, DS-3, Gigabit Ethernet.

4.6.2.2. Kin trc chuyn mch M160

Chuyn mch ca b nh tuyn M160 da trn kin trc s dng b nh chia s c tch hp trong mch ASIC tc cao qun l v chuyn tip gi tin nhanh nht c th . Chc nng ca b phn chuyn tip gi tin c th c hiu theo qu trnh gi tin i vo b nh tuyn , n c cu chuyn mch v sau i ra u ra truyn i. 118

Gi tin n M160 qua PIC trn FPC. Mi gi c nhn v chuyn n mch ASIC qun l vo ra. Mch ny phn tch tiu lp 2 ca gi tin. V kim tra di tiu gi tin IP, trng time-to-live truc khi phn chia gi tin thnh cc t bo 64 byte. Cc t bo c phn chia ny gip tng hiu qu lu tr v truy xut b nh, khng lin quan n cc t bo ATM.

Hnh 4.26. Kin trc chuyn mch M160

Mch qun l phn phi b m u vo nh hng b nh m ca cc t bo vo b nh tp hp. Mch ny chuyn cc thng tin v tiu gi tin n b vi x l Internet II quyt nh vic chuyn tip. Kt qu sau khi x l c chuyn n giao din du ra , v mch qun l phn phi b m u ra nhn t bo cn chuyn t b nh tp hp. Cc t bo sau c ng gi li bi mch qun l giao din u vo ra trn FPC u ra B phn nh tuyn: B phn nh tuyn l thnh phn ca h thng thc hin chc nng nh tuyn. B phn nh xy dng trn nn tng PCI Pentium chy h iu hnh ging nh Unix c ti u h tr s lng ln cc giao din v cc bng nh tuyn , bng chuyn tip ln. B phn nh tuyn lin kt vi b phn chuyn tip qua ng truyn 100 Mbps. B phn nh tuyn xy dng bng chuyn tip da trn thng tin t nhiu ngun: a ch ca giao din, thng tin nh tuyn tnh v ng, v cc giao thc bo hiu, Junos cn xt n cc u tin i vi tin t. Gi tr u tin s dng xy dng bng chuyn tip. Khi cu hnh b nh tuyn trao i thng tin gia cc giao thc nh tuyn , thng tin nh tuyn n cc giao din ca b phn chuyn tip thng tin s c a n b phn nh tuyn. Cc gi tin mang thng tin nh tuyn ny cng ging nh cc gi tin khc. Cc gi tn nhn c ngay lp tc c a vo b m. Song song vi b m qu trnh tra cu tuyn cng c thc hin. giai on tra cu tuyn, b phn tra cu tuyn s xem nu gi l cho chuyn tip ni b th n s chuyn gi tin qua ng truyn 100 Mbps ln b phn nh 119

tuyn. Khi b phn nh tuyn c th s dng thng tin t gi tin ny cp nht bng chuyn tip. Cui cng, tt c cc thng tin thay i trn bng chuyn tip s c y xung bng chuyn tip ca b phn chuyn tip gi tin. Kim sot tc nghn: Theo di kim sot lu lng thng tin bng phn cng. Mch ASIC trn mi b nh tuyn PIC s kim tra tt c lu lng u vo qua DS3 hay SONET . Nu lung thng tin ln hn ngng gii hn , gi tin s b hy hoc nh du, vic ny ph thuc vo cu hnh c thit t. Nu nh uc cu hnh l nh du gi, PIC s t bit kim tra gi mt (PLP) vo bn ghi cnh bo gn vi gi xc nh rng gi gp tc nghn trn b nh tuyn. N cng ng thi xc nh rng gi kh nng ln b loi khi hng i truyn ra khi b nh tuyn. Ngoi ra theo di tc nghn hng i u ra v hy gi bng phng php pht hin ngu nhin ln (RED) cng c s dng trong kim sot tc nghn. t gi tr bin kim sot tc nghn vi tt c cc kiu giao din tr ATM v mng Ethernet Gigabit ta c th thit t ngng ti a cho giao din . Theo mc nh th cch t ny b v hiu ha, do vy cc giao din c th nhn v gi gi mc cao nht.

TM TT CHNG 4
Ni dung chng ch yu trnh by cu trc, chc nng, qu trnh x l gi tin qua thit b nh tuyn ( router). Lch s pht trin v v tr ca cc b nh tuyn trong mng vin thng cng c cp trong chng ny. Chng 4 cn trnh by mt s cc b nh tuyn tc cao hin ang c ng dng ti bin v li ca mng NGN Vit nam.

120

THUT NG VIT TT
Ch tt A AAL ADSL AIS ANSI API APS ARP AS ASCII ASIC ATM B BERT BGP BOOTP B-RAS BS C CBR CDMA CHAP CLI CLP CLEC CM Constant Bit Rate Code Division Multiple Access Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol Command Line Interface Cell Loss Priority Competitive Local Exchange Carrier Cable Modem Modem cp 121 Tc bit khng i a truy nhp theo m Giao thc xc thc bt tay kch thch Giao din dng lnh Uu tin tn tht t bo Bit Error Rate Test Border Gateway Protocol BOOT strap Protocol Broadband -Remote Access Server Base Station Server truy nhp t xa bng rng Trm gc Test t l li bit Giao thc cng bin ATM Adaptation Layer Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Alarm Indication Signal American National Standards Institute Application Programming Interface Automatic Protection Switching Address Resolution Protocol Application Server American Standard Code for Information Interchange Lp thch ng ATM ng dy thu bao bt i xng Tn hiu ch th cnh bo Vin tiu chun quc gia M Giao din lp trnh ng dng Chuyn mch bo v t ng Giao thc phn gii a ch Server ng dng M tiu chun M cho trao i thng tin Thut ng Ting Anh Thut ng ting Vit

Application Specific Integrated Circuit Mch tch hp ng dng ring bit Asynchronous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b

CMTS CO CoS CPE CRC D DA/SA DC DCE DHCP DNS

Cable Modem Termination System Central Office Class of Service Customer Premises Equipment Cyclic Redundancy Check

H thng kt cui model cp Trm trung tm Lp dch v Thit b nh thu bao Kim tra chu k thng d

Destination Address/Source Address Direct Current Data Communications Equipment Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Domain Name System Data-Over Cable Service Interface Specifications DiffServ Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer Domain-Specific Part Differentiated Service Code Point Data Service Unit Data Terminal Equipment

a ch ngun/a ch ch Dng in mt chiu Thit b truyn thng d liu Giao thc cu hnh host ng H thng tn min Cc c im k thut giao din dch v d liu qua cp Phn bit dch v ng dy thu bao s B ghp a truy nhp ng dy thu bao s Phn min ring im m dch v phn bit n v d liu dch v Thit b kt cui d liu

DOCSIS
DS DSL DSLAM DSP DSCP DSU DTE E EBGP EEPROM EGP EMS ESI F FE FIFO 122

External Border Gateway Protocol Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only memory Exterior Gateway Protocol Element Management System End System Identifier

Giao thc cng bin ngoi B nh ch c c kh nng lp trnh bng xung in Giao thc cng bn ngoi H thng qun l thnh phn Nhn dng h thng u cui

Fast Ethernet First In First Out Vo trc ra trc

FR FT1 FTP FTTC FTTH FTTS G GE GSM GPRS GUI H HDLC HDSL HSSI I I/O IBGP ID IDSL IEEE IETF IGMP IGP IIF IP IPCP ISDN

Frame Relay Fractional T1 File Transfer Protocol Fiber To The Curb Fiber To The Home Fiber To The Subscriber

Chuyn tip khung Phn on T1 Giao thc truyn file

Cp quang ti nh Cp quang ti thu bao

Gigabit Ethernet Global System of Mobile GSM Packet Radio System Graphical User Interface H thng thng tn di ng ton cu H thng v tuyn gi chung Giao din ngi dng bng ho

High-Level Data Link Control; HighSpeed Data Link Control High-Data-rate Subscriber Line High-Speed Serial Interface (abbreviation pronounced "hissy")

iu khin lin kt d liu mc cao; iu khin lin kt d liu tc cao ng dy thu bao d liu tc cao Giao din ni tip tc cao

Input/Output Internal Border Gateway Protocol Identification (Identifying; Identifier) ISDN digital subscriber line Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Group Management Protocol Interior gateway protocol Incoming Interface Internet Protocol Internet Protocol Control Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network

u vo/u ra Giao thc cng bin ni b Nhn dng ng dy thu bao s ISDN Vin cc nh thit k in v in t Nhm thit k lin mng Giao thc qun l nhm lin mng Giao thc cng bn trong Giao din vo Giao thc lin mng Giao thc iu khin giao thc Internet Mng s lin kt a dch v 123

IS-IS ISM ISO ISP L L2F L2TP LAC LAN LCP LED LER LSA LSP LSR M MAC MAN MBGP MDL MG MGC MGCP MIB MOTD MP MPLS MS MSO 124

Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System IPSec Service module International Organization for Standardization Internet Service Provider

H thng trung gian - ni - H thng trung gian Module dch v IPSec T chc tiu chun th gii Nh cung cp dch v Internet

Layer 2 Forwarding Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol L2TP access concentrator Local Aea Network Link Control Protocol Light-Emitting Diode Label Edge Router Link State Advertisement Link State Protocol Label-Switching Router

Chuyn gi lp 2 Giao thc tunnel lp 2 B tp trung truy nhp giao thc L2TP Mng vng ni b Giao thc iu khin ng lin kt Diode pht quang H thng nh tuyn bin nhn Thng bo trng thi ng lin kt Giao thc trng thi ng lin kt H thng nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn

Media Access Control Metropolitan Area Network Multicast Border Gateway Protocol Maintenance Data Link Media Gateway Media Gateway Controller Media Gateway Controller Protocol Management Information Base Message of The Day Multilink Point-to-Point Protocol Multiprotocol Label Switching Media Server Multiservice Operator

iu khin truy nhp truyn thng Mng th Giao thc cng bin multicast Bo dng ng lin kt d liu Cng truyn thng B iu khin cng truyn thng Giao thc iu khin cng truyn thng Qun l thng tin c s Bn tin ca ngy Giao thc im - im a lin kt Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc Server truyn thng Nh iu hnh a dch v

N NAS NCP NGN NMC NMS NSAP NVRAM NVS O OAM OIF OSI OSPF OSS P PAP PBX PCMCIA PDM PIM PM POP POS POST PPP PPPoE pps PROM Password Authentication Protocol Private Branch Exchange Personal Computer Memory Card International Association Packet Division Multiplexed Power Input Module Policy Manager Point of Presence Packet over SONET Power-On Self-Test Point-to-Point Protocol Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet packets per second Programmable Read-Only Memory Giao thc xc thc mt khu Tng i nhnh ring Lin kt quc t card nh my tnh c nhn Ghp knh phn chia theo gi Module ngun vo Qun l chnh sch im hin din Gi trn SONET Bt ngun t test Giao thc im - im Giao thc im - im trn Ethernet s gi trn mt giy B nh ch c c kh nng lp trnh 125 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance Outgoing Interface Open Systems Interconnection Open Shortest Path First Operations Support System Khai thc, qun l v bo dng Giao din ra M hnh u ni cc h thng m ng dn u tin ngn nht H thng h tr hot ng Network Access Server Network Control Protocol Next Generation Network Network Management Center Network Management System Network Service Access Point Nonvolatile Random-Access Memory Nonvolatile Storage Server truy nhp mng Giao thc iu khin mng Mng th h sau Trung tm qun l mng H thng qun l mng im truy nhp dch v mng B nh RAM thay i c Lu gi thay i c

PVC Q QoS R RADIUS RAS RDBS REI RIB RIP RISC RSVP RT RTP S SCSI SDH SDRAM SDSL SG SIP SLA SLARP SMC SNMP SONET SRP 126

Permanent Virtual Circuit (or Connection)

Mch o c nh (hng kt ni)

Quality of service

Cht lng dch v

Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service Remote Access Server Relational Database System Remote Error Indication Routing Information Base Routing Information Protocol Reduced Instruction Set Computing Resource Reservation Protocol Routing Table Real Time Protocol Giao thc dnh ring ti nguyn Bng nh tuyn Giao thc thi gian thc Server truy nhp t xa H thng c s d liu lin quan Ch th li t xa C s thng tin nh tuyn Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn

Small Computer System Interface Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line Signalling Gateway Section Initization Protocol Service Level Agreement Serial Link Address Resolution Protocol Service Management Center Simple Network Management Protocol Synchronous Optical Network Switch Route Processor

Giao din h thng my tnh nh Phn cp s ng b B nh RAM ng ng b ng dy thu bao s i xng Cng bo hiu

Kt hp mc dch v Giao thc phn gii a ch link ni tip Trung tm qun l dch v Giao thc qun l mng n gin Mng quang ng b B x l nh tuyn chuyn mch

SSC SSH STM T TCA TCP TIP TDM TX U UDP UMC V VBR VCI VLAN VoIP VPI VPN vty W WAN WLAN WLL X xDSL

Service Selection Center Secure Shell Server Synchronous Transport mode

Trung tm la chn dch v

Mode truyn ti ng b

Traffic Conditioning Agreement Transmission Control Protocol Terminal Interface Processor Time Divison Multiplexed Transmit

Tho thun iu phi lu lng Giao thc iu khin truyn dn B x l giao din u cui Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian Pht

User Datagram Protocol Unisphere Management Center

Giao thc gi d liu ngi dng Trung tm qun l Unisphere

Variable Bit Rate Virtual Channel Identifier Virtual Local Area Network Voice over Internet Protocol Virtual Path Identifier Virtual Private Network Virtual Terminal

Tc bit thay i nhn dng knh o Mng LAN o Thoi trn nn giao thc Internet Nhn dng ng o Mng ring o Kt cui o

Wide Area Network Wireless Local Area Network Wireless Local Loop

Mng vng din rng Mng LAN khng dy Mng vng v tuyn ni ht

Combined Term Used to Refer to ADSL, HDSL, SDSL, and VDSL

Cc h ng dy thu bao s

127

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] Nguyn Th Thanh K, V Th Thy H "H thng chuyn mch, Hc vin cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 7/2000. [2] Ban Vin thng, "Presentation on NGN network", Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam, 2004 [3] Dng Vn Thnh Tng i in t s , Hc vin cng ngh BCVT 2000 [4] Ban Vin thng " nh hng cu trc mng th h mi mng vin thng ca VNPT giai on 2001-2010 ", Tng cng ty Bu chnh Vin thng Vit Nam, 2001. [5] Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Th Thanh Tr K thut chuyn mch I Hc vin cng ngh BCVT 5/2007 [6] Gerald R. Ash, Dynamic Routing in Telecommunications Networks, McGrall-Hill, 1997. [7] Cisco System, Internetworking Technology Handbook, Cisco, www.cisco.com, 2002. [8] Juniper Networks doccuments ERX product Overview, www.juniper.net [9] Juniper Networks doccuments ERX Configuration Guide Vol.1, 2, www.juniper.net [10] Juniper Networks doccuments System Basics Configuration Guide www.juniper.net. [11] Juniper Networks doccuments ERX Command Reference Guide, www.juniper.net. [12] L Nht Thng, V Th Thy H , Xy Dng H Thng M Phng Gi Lp Router Bin ti cp Hc vin CNBCVT, nm 2007.

128

MC LC
LI NI U..........................................................................................................................3 CHNG 1: GII THIU TNG QUAN V H THNG CHUYN MCH ....................5 GII THIU CHNG ........................................................................................................ 5 NI DUNG ............................................................................................................................ 5
1.1 VAI TR V V TR CA H THNG CHUYN MCH TRONG MNG VIN THNG .......................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.1 Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng (telecommunications network) .............................................. 5 1.1.2 Vai tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng................................................................ 6 1.1.3 V tr ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng vin thng .................................................................. 9

1.2. QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA H THNG CHUYN MCH .....................................11

TM TT CHNG 1 ....................................................................................................... 13 CHNG II: H THNG TNG I IN T S (DSS)................................................14 GII THIU CHNG ...................................................................................................... 14 NI DUNG .......................................................................................................................... 14
2.1 QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA TNG I IN T S (DSS)....................................14 2.2. NHNG YU CU I VI TNG I...........................................................................14 2.3. S KHI TNG QUAN CA MT S TNG I SPC ...........................................15 2.4. CU TRC CHC NNG CA TNG I DSS .............................................................16
2.4.1 Phn h ng dng APS......................................................................................................................16 2.4.2 Phn h mng chuyn mch SWNS..................................................................................................23 2.4.3 Phn h Bo hiu SiGS .....................................................................................................................23 2.4.4 Phn h Ngoi vi iu khin PCS .....................................................................................................26 2.4.5 Phn h x l trung tm CPS ............................................................................................................26 2.4.6. Phn h vn hnh v bo dng OA&MS.......................................................................................29

2.5. C IM V CU TRC PHN MM ..........................................................................33

2.5.1. Cc c tnh ch yu ca phn mm................................................................................................33 2.5.2. T chc b nh trong tng i.........................................................................................................34

2.6. X L CUC GI TRONG TNG I.............................................................................35 2.7. H THNG TNG I THC TIN TRONG MNG PSTN ...........................................38
2.7.1 Cu trc chc nng tng th.............................................................................................................40 2.7.2. Cu trc chc nng ca t chc iu khin OCB 283.....................................................................40 2.7.3 Cu trc phn cng ca tng i Alcatel A1000E10 ......................................................................44

TM TT CHNG 2 ....................................................................................................... 48 CHNG 3: H THNG CHUYN MCH ATM.............................................................49 GII THIU CHNG ...................................................................................................... 49 NI DUNG .......................................................................................................................... 50 129

3.1. U IM CA CHUYN MCH ATM ............................................................................ 50 3.2. CC C TNH C BN CA TNG I B-ISDN ....................................................... 52 3.3. CC CHC NNG C BN CA TNG I B-ISDN................................................... 54 3.4. KIN TRC CHUNG CA H THNG CHUYN MCH BNG RNG ATM ........... 57 3.5. NGUYN TC CHUYN MCH V NH TUYN....................................................... 60
3.5.1. Qu trnh chuyn mch v x l gi qua cc h thng chuyn mch ATM................................... 60 3.5.2 . Nguyn tc nh tuyn trong chuyn mch ATM .......................................................................... 62

3.6. HOT NG CA MNG CHUYN MCH ATM......................................................... 63 3.7. CC YU CU I VI H THNG CHUYN MCH BNG RNG ATM .............. 65 3.9. H THNG CHUYN MCH BNG RNG A1000E10MM........................................... 66
3.9.1. H thng MM E10 trong mng vin thng...................................................................................... 67 3.9.2. Tng quan v h thng Alcatel 1000 MME10 ................................................................................ 68

TM TT CHNG 3....................................................................................................... 89 CHNG 4: H THNG NH TUYN TC CAO ................................................... 90 GII THIU CHNG ...................................................................................................... 90 NI DUNG .......................................................................................................................... 90
4.1. GII THIU TNG QUAN ................................................................................................. 90 4.2. PHN LOI NH TUYN ................................................................................................ 92
4.2.1. nh tuyn tnh................................................................................................................................. 92 4.2.2. nh tuyn ng ............................................................................................................................... 92

4.3. CU TRC CA H THNG NH TUYN THNG THNG .................................. 93 4.4. TIN TRNH PHT TRIN CA CC H THNG NH TUYN................................ 95
4.4.1. H thng nh tuyn th h th nht................................................................................................ 95 4.4.2. H thng nh tuyn th h th hai.................................................................................................. 96 4.4.3. H thng nh tuyn th h th ba ................................................................................................... 97 4.4.4. H thng nh tuyn th h th t ................................................................................................... 98 4.4.5. H thng nh tuyn th h th nm................................................................................................ 98 4.4.6. H thng nh tuyn th h th su ................................................................................................. 99

4.5. HOT NG CA CC H THNG NH TUYN TRONG MNG .......................... 99 4.6. NG DNG CA B NH TUYN TC CAO TRONG MNG NGN-VNPT .... 102
4.6.1. H thng nh tuyn bin ERX-1400 ............................................................................................ 103 4.6.2. B nh tuyn li M160 ................................................................................................................. 117

TM TT CHNG 4..................................................................................................... 120 THUT NG VIT TT.................................................................................................... 121 TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................................................................... 128 MC LC ........................................................................................................................... 129

130