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= LAC .
.

.17.14 -
:


. SAC
. LAC .
= P . LAC
MC .

79

. )
18 . ( 19
.17.15
:
:
. )
( .
.
.
-:
. .
. MC MR
.
-: .

.
.
.17.16 :
-
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. ' . D
) .
.
:
- EI 13-17
) E )( . )
( . D . E2
A MC = MR = D
AB S
S . E3 . E
. E1 E3
. E1 E3
.
.17.7 - )( 17-13 .
80

- .

:
- 17-14
- )
(

.
) )( ( . " .
.
) . ( .

. " " .

81


.1

- .
- .
-
-
.2 :
TC =TR -
TC - TR
- TR TC

-
.3 :
-
-
-
-
.4 MR :
- TR
- P

-
-
.5 :
MR - MC = P
MR - MC = P
AC -
AVC -
.6 AC = P MC MC =P :
-
-
-
-
.7 P AC AVC :
-
82

-
-
-
.8 P AC AVC :
- TFC
- TFC
- TFC
-
.9 :
AC -
AVC -
MC -
P -
.10
- MC AVC
- AC AC
- AC AVC
- AVC MC
.11 :
SAC =P -
LAC = P -
SMC =P -
-
.12 :
-
-
-
-

83


.13
.14



.


.

.19

.24

.15
.16
.17
.18

.20
.21
.22
.23

)( )(X
)19. (F
)20. (F
)21. (F
)22. (T
)23. (F
)24. (T

)13. (T
)14. (F
)15. (T
)16. (F
)17. (T
)18. (T

)7. (c
)8. (c
)9. (b
)10. (a
)11. (d
)12. (c

)1. (d
)2. (c
)3. (c
)4. (d
)5. (a
)6. (b

84

.1 .

. .2
. .3

.
.4

.
.5 .
.
.6
.

( : )
.

( (3 ) (2 )1 ) : :
.

: .
: :
18.1
18.2
18.3
18.4
18.5

85

18.6

86

18.1


. .
:
( (4. (3) (2) )1)
) 18.1

( .
.
Alcoa .
) .
( .
.
18.2


P MR . .
D. MR
( . 2) (1 ) 18-1 18.2
( . 2 ) (1 ) ( 3 ) TR
MR . TR (TR 4 )MR
) 3 2 TR 2.5
18-1 MR P ( .
MR .
18-1

)(4
)MR($
7
5
3

)(2

)(3
)Q TR($
0
0
1
7.00
2
12.00
2.5
13.75

)(1
)P($
8.00
7.00
6.00
*5.50

87

1
-1
-3
-5
-7

15.00
16.0
15.00
12.00
7.00
0

3
4
5
6
7
8

5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0

18.3

. MR = MC

( 18-3 ) AC .
(18-11. )
( 2 ) (18-1 (4 )1 ) 18-2 18.3

. 5 1 23 . (TC 5)
$5.50 2.5 $3.75

TR MC .MR MR = MC = $3
( . ) 18-2 MC ) MR ( . TC
. " " MR = MC
()18-8.
18-2

88

)(9

)(8


)(

/
)(

-6.00
-1.00
+3.00
*+3.75
+3.00
-4.00
-20.00

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-4.00

)(7
)AC($

)(6
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Q

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8.00
4.50
4.00
4.00
5.00
7.00

2
1

6
8
9
10
12
20
35

7
5

0
7.00
12.00
13.75
15.00
16.00
15.00

0
1
2
2.5
3
4
5

8.00
7.00
6.00
*5.50
5.00
4.00
3.00

3
8
15

3
1
-1

) 18-2 18.4
.(18-2 18-2 1 2 3 4 6 7
$1.5( 2.5( ) )MR = MC
) 2.5 $3.75 ( 2.5 ACD )
AVC MC MR = MC MR P ( . $1.5
( . 18.12 )
.

18.4


) (2 (1) . :
(3).
18.5:

89

10 15
.
) (

.

(18.5 ) .

90

18.5

MR P MR = MC

18-2 .
. $5.50 ( 2.5 ) P = MC $5 3
.
.
.
.
18.6

) (
)
( . 10%.8%
) 400 18-3 18.6
) AC-P ( $1 ) D ( $12 MR = MC
( )P = AC $9 . 400 (Q = 400
MC . Q = 600
AC . ( P MC ) D P = MC .
.

91

.18.1

:
:
1. 2 . ( -18-2 ) . 3
( )17

.
( . )
.18.2

:
1. .
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10% . 8
- . 2

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( .
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.
( . )(1) .
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)(
:

) (
.

92


19.
)( .
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.
.

) ( .18.4

)(
P MR
:
) (
)
( .
.
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)
.4 TR = $15 $5 3 18-1 ( .
P = $4 . MR =$1TR = $16 $4.

( MR . ) TR
18-3: .18.5

MR TR

MR. D

) (
)(

18-3
0
12

1
11

2
10

3
9

4
8

5
7

6
6

7
5

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4

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3

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2

11
1

P($) 12
Q
0

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TR. ) 18-4 (
D. MR )18-4(

93

18-4
1
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12
11
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)MR($

2
10
20
11

3
9
27
9

4
8
32
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7
35
5

6
6
36
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35
1

8
4
32
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27
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1
2
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P($) 12
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0
TR($) 0
-11 -9

18-4 D 18-4 TR )P ( .18.6

.
MR TR)ED(
:
TR TR D )14-3 (
$6 . $6 $9 18-4 . D TR
1> ED 18-4 ) 18-4(
1< ED .
= MR . ) ( TR 1= ED .

) ( .18.7


)(
:
) ( ) (
17
.
.
94

)(
. .
18-5: .18.8

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18-5

8
4
30

7
5
48

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2
18

9
3
21

11
1
17

12
0
10

)P($
Q
TC

:
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$6 . 9
) ( )18-5(
27 Q= 3 .
$21 .

18-6

)(
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+6
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)TR($

10
17
18
21
30
48

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20
27
32
35

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2
3
4
5

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11
10
*9
8
7

95

.18.9

) ( .
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)(
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.

.
) ( .
)(
. .
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18-5 $12( . )
(18-4. Q = 6 $36 ) (TR $10
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( AVC ) P AC P .
.

AC . MC MR ) 18-5 ( .18.10

)( .

:
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18-7
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_
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7
7.50
9.60

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18
21
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48

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7
5
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20
27
32
35

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0
1
2
3
4
5

)P($
12
11
10
9
8
7

MR ) 3 ) 18-6(
Q = 3 $7 $9 () D. ( P =$9MC
( Q = 2 ) 18-8 $6 $2
Q = 3. MC = (30 18)/2 = $6 Q = 4 MR = (32 20)/2 = $6
96

AC : 3 ) (.18.11
1. 2. - 3 .

)( .
:
. AC1 MR = MC C OB )18-7 (
TR = TC P = AC .AC2 OB GF GF
. OB HG HG AC3 .
( TVC ) TR AVC P
OB.

)(
. ) . D. .
( .
.
)
.
97

)MC ( .18.12

:
P ) MR = P = MC 17
(AVC.
AVC. . MC MC


. MC MR P MR = MC
.
.
.

) ( .18.13

)(
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:
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1 . 2. - 3.
.
98

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1 . 2 . . - ) ( 3

)(
10 15 .
.

.

.
.
.

.
) ( )
( .
18-8: .18.14
) ( )
( OB MR = MC
AB . OF )OA(
. TR AB OC

)(
:
. TR OC )OB ( ) (
( ) 15.5. . CGK OCKB
( . ) AB ) OA + (AJKB OFHA )TR(
. FGH + HKJ ( . ) CFHJ
() OB. TC TR
TR = OGKB )OB(
( 15.13. )

99

) D1 1 18-9 .18.15

( MR2. ) D2 2 (MR1
) . (
)(

)(

) (

:
C )OC ( =

C. MC MR2 MR1
( OA + OB = OC) 2 OB 1 )OA(
TC TR MR

MR2 = MC MR1 = .

2 $8 1 $10 .
100

. 1 (2 $2 ) $8$10
MR1 = MR2 .
.D1 2 OB P 2 1 OA )P 1(
P 2. P 1 D2
( P 2 ) P 1 ( )
OC . OC
.

)18-6 ( .18.16


)(
:
$8.60 3.40 )18-6 (
. MC MC D
. Q= 3 S MC D ( . 17.5 )
. ) MR = MC P = $9
(.
)(

.
) ( .18.17


)(
:
) ( ) (
. ) (
-
. LAC
.
.
.
)( .

101

.
.

.
.

.18.18:

)P = AC (
)P = MC(
.
:
)P = AC (
.
(18-3 . )
)= MC P .(
) . = MC P
( ) 18-3 AC P P = MC (18.19.
. -
P = AC. MC

18-10 : .18.19

. ) (
)P = AC(
102

)P = MC(
:
() D P = AF () MR = MC )OA (
OA. FC FC =
)= KL P = (AC OK )P = AC(
. )
(.
. JH GJ OG )P = MC(
OG JH
. - .
AC. - P P = MC
AC . -
P = AC .

103


.1 :

- .
- .
- .
. -
.2:
- .
- .
- .
- .
.3:
- .
-.
- .
- .
.4:
- .
- .
- .
- .
.5:
MR = AC .-
MR = MC .-
MC. MR-
MC. MR-
: .6
- .
-
- .
- .

104

.7:

MC. -
AVC. MC -
AC. MC -
- .
: .8
- .
- .
- .
LAC. -
.9:
- .
- .
- .
- .
: .10
- .
- .
- .
- .
.11:
AC -
AVC-
AFC-
MC-
.12:
AC -
AVC-
AFC-
MC-

105

.13 .
.14 .
.15 .
MR . .16
P = MC . .17
. .18
.19 .
.20 .
.21

.
. .22
. .23
.24.

) (X )(
)19. (F
)20. (F
)21. (T
)22. (F
)23. (T
)24. (F

)13. (T
)14. (F
)15. (F
)16. (T
)17. (F
)18. (F

)7. (d
)8. (c
)9. (d
)10. (b
)11. (a
)12. (d

)1. (a
)2. (d
)3. (a
)4. (c
)5. (b
)6. (d

106

: .1

.
.2
.
.
.
.3
.
.
. .4
.
.5
) ( .
.6
. .
.7

.

.

107


: .
.

: . Cartel

:
.
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.

:
.
:
.

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:
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.
:
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: ) (
.

: .
:
.
:
.

108


19.1
19.2
19.3
19.4
19.5
19.6
19.7
19.1

.
. )
( .
.
.
. 19.1
.
) (
. ) (

.
19.2

) (
) ( .
. MC MR
.
:
109

d
(P = AC). .
) 550 19-1 A 19.2

$1925 ( $3.50 )d $10.50 MC = (MR


.
$ 8 . .(400 ) B d
AVC ( MC MC = MR ) MR P
.
.

19.3

( ) 19-1 MC P

. LAC
.

.
. .

.
19.4

. ) ( .
.

110

19.3
.
. 4 3

. .

.
19.5

. ) (
.


MR .
MR MC
.
CEJ 19-2 19.4
CEJ . 200 $4
.
EJ . GN CE CF CFGN
. G F E
MC ) MC MR ) (
( 19-2.
AVC .MC MR = MC MR P
.

111

19.6

) (

. .
CARTEL
.
.

.
) USX ( U.S. STEEL 19.5
.
.

.
.
.
19.7


.

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(19.17. )

.
.

112


) ( .19.1.
)( .
:
) ( .
.
.
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.
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) (

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:
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.
P )MR = MC(
AVC.
)(
MR = MC. P AC .
MR ) P (
. MC MR = MC
MC .
.
)( .
AC
113

.
AC.
: .19.3

.(B). )(A
:
( MR = MC ) 800 19.3 )(A
. $1400 ($1.75 ) d $8 AC = $6.25

( ) B d
$6.50. 700 AC

. ) (A .19.4

(B).
:
19-3 19-4 MC AC
AC=$7.50 550 ". d )" (d )(A
. $1237.50 $2.25 $5.25
( -19-3 ) B 'd
. $6.50 700 AC
19-3.

114

) ( .19.5

)(
)(
) (
:
) (
.
)(
.
)( .

. )(.

) ( .

.

115


.19.6 :
) ( .
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.
.
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( . 19-4 19-3 ) AC
.
( . " " )19.7
.
19.4 19.3 .19.7
AC .
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$6 $6.50 . E
- . 900 700

.
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)(
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116

)(
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TR . MCAC
. . TC
TR.
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) . ( 19.9.

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117

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.

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MC )MR ( .19.11
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MC )MR(

:
MR ( CFGN . ) E )CEJ 19-6 (
( ) d . ( $6 MC MR ) 300 .
)( .
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d .
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118

. MR EJ GN d CE MR CF
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P=$6. Q=300 MR $5 $3

) ( .19.12

)(
MR MC
)(
AVC MC
:
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MR )MC(
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(19-6 .
)P(
AVC . MC MR=MC MR
MC MC .
.

119


) t ( .19.13
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AVC MC .( MC ( MR ) 19-7
)300 .
Q =300. .(AC ) D ( P = $4.50 MR=MC
( )300( )
( . ) 19-7 MC= $3 ) MR = MC

120

( .
.
) ( .19.15

.MC 19-7
. 19-7
.
:
200 . D 19-8
) $4 .( 400 ) D ( P=4$ )MR = MC
(d.

121

$1 . MR2 MC 19-15 .19.16

) ( .
)(
:
( . 19-8 ) 19.15 = $4 P 200 )19-9 (
() d2.= $3.50 P ( ) mr2=MC2 250
( )19.15( )
mr1 ) = $3.50 P 250 -
( . Q=250 MC1

) .
(.

) ( .19.17

)(
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122

MC P ))(1( :
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)
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.19.18:

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:
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. MC P
.
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.

. .
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.

123

" ) ( " .19.19

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124


.1:

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125

. 7

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MC. )P (
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126


. 13.
. 14

.
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. 16.
. 17.
. 18.
. 19.
. 20.
. 21

.
. 22.
. 23.
. 24.

) (X )(
)19. (F
)20. (F
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)1. (b
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)5. (b
)6. (d

127

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