q=@ x@DQt |=y?

} QkD w Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ -

'

f |] ? Qk O = Q PBkDW w xv a x]k f ` = Q x s}v | = Ok x A(x) = f (a) + f (a):(x ; a) Ok = ` = ` C l x |a = a A(x) Ov x f (x) w | a x |D C x]k f ` = Ok Q Q x = a x x C u | = a l R = x Q |r ` = x |] ?} Q |m R u Q} | xr = xmr A(a) = f (a) =yv x |va C f ` = Q =t l x ` = Ok ` |] ? Qk =y@ Qk x =@ l x VN u = O A (a) = f (a) O Q Q x = a R} f A jDW ? Qk O QDk} p =k C ` = xv a x]k w ` = l QDk} Ov R w x
x]kv QO Q= N } D ' W @ } t O N - t=O R= Q= v QO @ D o= m m t |Qw O } u t m '
0

@ D

k=w QO '

U=

} - HQO R= @= @

@ D

R= |

) m

'O W

t QwO

R=

kw w

U=

v u QO

@ D Q=

|=R= @

U=

}= R=

W v

}O v | y

|= @

Y=

@ D

D D

}O v

}=

"O

Y i

@ '

D v

U=

@ D

@ T
0

HQO

@ D Q=

k=w QO

r vO

=Q=

}= QO t h y

"

' v @= @

QO

D u W

kO

t QO

"

U=

@ D - t=O R= |= @

|=

v p L

@ D

} R=

kO x

}= i Q ] @

=@Da=

w VRQ= R=

?} QkD

VwQ

l} xmv}=

Q |rm Qw]x@

"O W

w |t QDQ=wWO , } QOD `@=wD u}= x@U=Lt =H

|Qw

CU=

Q} R \}=QW 'OW=@

Q=OQ N @

w Q

" W @

O = |rY= `@=D x@U=Lt " W @

R=

QDxO=U O}=@ ?} QkD ORt=v x@U=Lt `@=Dx@ , k=w O}=@ ?} QkD ORt=v =a
' 1

O =

l}ORv

x W xO=O -

() ()
1 2

=ya@=D
QO

R=

TB

"

CU=
?

xO U u

x@U=Lt xm CU= |a@=D

RQ @ - v

= x wtv |]N ?} QkD

Q=O

()

OQ t QO

u}=

" v W

O w |t
"

wULt `@=wD u} QDxO=U CU= CU=Q \N l} =yv

wtv xm |]N

=ya@=D 'C@=F

|rm Qw]x@
" v W

OvDUy uwo =vwo C=HQO R= |=y}=xrtH OvJ s}vm|t KQ]t ?} QkD u=wvax@ xm |}=ya@=D VN@
w

O w |t ?wULt xO=U C@Uvx@ `@=wD Ov} |t CUOx@ |k}kL O=Oa= ?Q

|

`tH R= xm R}v =y}=xrtHOvJ

|=

xHQO
"x

=y}=xrtH OvJ
w ' vwQ

"

CU= QDxO=U

|=

xrtH OvJ x@U=Lt 'OW=@ QDmJwm u=

xrtHOvJ xHQO xJ Qy -

Q}e

|t Q=m x@ |]N ?} QkD

QO #O m

wvax@ l} xHQO

=y}=xrtH OvJ 'OvDUy C@=F `@=wD 'QiY

OQ t QO

uO @

w OvtOwU
QO

|= @

Q `k=w

Q |@=} RQ= O}=@ xvwoJ =Q `@=D x@ ?} QkD uOw@ l}ORv '(2)

|

p@=k OL =@
QO =Q x=

?} QkD u}=

R= xO

=iDU=

=]N xm s}vm pY=L Q]=N u=v}t]= s}v=wD@ O}=@ '?} QkD

"

VwQ

l} w@k

Qty =]N u}tND

VwQ

l} O}=@ Qw_vt u}= x@

|= @

CU= Q_v ltm x@

OQ t O @ Q m QO |

Q =

Q}oQ=mx@
QO

|= @ p

"O m

Q x =Q= =]N jr]t QOk

Q |}q=@

u= m

Q l}
1

u=

wD@ xm OW=@ CUO

?} QkD

VwQ

Ovm|tv

Rw

=HD 1 2

x@U=Lt =@ "

M:(x ; a)2 =] u Q =v C x a u}
R= }= @ @ " U= w QO VwQ

N ' W @

O = Q}PBOkDWt Q=@ wO = `@=D

swO

f `=

@ D

Qo = xm s}O}O |]N ?} QkD

u= m

OQ t

@ xR @ QO -

jDWt

|= @

Q |}q=@

Q l} w |t

CU}v =} CUy |rw@k p@=k OL l}

'O m

|r=tDL=

=]N QFm =OL xm OQm x_Lqt

QO

u= D

M =Hv x 1 M (x ; a)2 2
}= QO

R}v =]N u}tND

Q s}y=wN x Qa xUrH u}=

"

xm

| D

Q |rm
|= @

=yWwQ

|= @ '

Q ?}DQD u}tyx@ s}y=wN x=Qty x@

Ovm|t x =Q= umtt x]kv

=]N QFm =OL

Q |v=Qm xm

OQw

jDWt Qo = w OW=@ CU= =}

f h Qa
}

D - t=O QO |=

xv

aQ

o=

" }O o

s Q |t R=@ `@=D l} swO jDWt h} QaD x@

a x]k f Q jDW w w | O = xD w a w = = l =k xt f (x) Q w]v}t s} | V =t f 2 (a) f 3 (a) = f (a) x w w x C = Q] a x]k f Q PBkDW w | Q Q f ` = n jDW Q |r w x s} = | a x]k f w jDW s} | V =t Q | Q w a x]k f n Q PBkDW w | O = O h Qa a w = = l a x]k f (n + ) (x@ Q ) jDW s} | V =t f n 1 (a) x w w x jDW xv =k xt f Q s} = | k f : S ;! R ` = s} = | x@ Q Q jDW w xv T x wtH Q = a x]k l f Q O = k x@ Q s} = | T x wtH = a x]k f O =
00

f h Qa f (a) x
0

D xR @ -

= |vwQO x]kv l} w w

=ov 'OW=@ xOW h} QaD

=Q -

p L R @ xR @ 0

= l} QU=QU
t O Hw u= D

QO

@ =Q u

O Hw CQ Y QO

xm 'CN=U KQ]t
} \ v - y QO m '

v QO

|= @

t w

' W @

W=O O Hw
000

p L R @ xR @ @ =Q u

00

o= Q

"

yO

( )

( )

O Hw CQ Y QO

N U K

t =Q

v QO

00

| }

t u= D

U= U QO

@ D s=

o= '

m Q ] @

"

t v

v QO

s U

t w

yO

OQ=O Q= k

UQ @ OQ t

v QO =Q

( )

| }

t u= D

t ' W @ x W

p L R @ - @ xR

v QO

s=

- D t

t w

yO

( + )

@ =Q u

O Hw CQ Y QO

R=

t |=Q=O

t=O \

v - y QO

o=

t v

t Q}PBkDWt Q=@

=Q

@ D

"

t v

D t

y R=

t |=Q=O O N - t=O R= " t v

-a

} R QO

} QO

o=

" W @ s=

- D t

-a

t QO

v QO Q}PBkDWt Q=@ C}=yv}@ =Q

' W @

% }

O Q}o@ Q_v

QO |=

xrtH OvJ `@=D l}

"p=Ft

p(x) = c0 + c1x + . . . + cnxn

Q}PBkDWt O}vm xHwD

xQ
xw

y |= @

Q R}v
"

p jDW (Q u} =
t ' D "

} B

|m} xHQO R=) CU= -

|=

xrtH OvJ l} R}v s}v}@|t Q}okDWt

|

p jDW

xm =Hv

R=

qax@

CU= Q}PBkDWt Q=@ C}=yv}@

RQ

U= U QO

px
Q

Q}okDWt xt=O= =@ w CU= xHQO p}rkD ?@Ux@ xm

p k (x) =
( )

s} Q=O

k>n

|= @ '|

QO

u}=Q@=v@
'O W

'

sin = ; sin sin = cos s

00

} Q=O

" }

O Q}o@ Q_v
R=

QO =Q

sin : R ;! R ` =
=Q | w T

@ D

"2 p=Ft

w |t Qy=_ , OHt =O
QO

wv}U `@=D

Q}okDWt Q=@ Q=yJ

"OQ=O

TB w O=O xt=O= xQ=wty

Q}okDWt u=wD|t
"

h} QaD xvt=O -

R}v Qo}O |D=FrFt `@=D Q=yJ

|y@=Wt C}a

wv}Um `@=D

sin 4 = sin
( )

" v }

O Q PBkDWt Q=@ C}=yv}@ OwN

8 > xn x < f (x) = > n : ;x x <

x]kv Qy Qo =
' QO

s}vm|t h} QaD Q} R

CQ Y @ =Q

w x
0

f : R ;! R ` =

@ D

"3 p=Ft

" }

CU=

f (x) = jxj s n = Q C O C@F K}L O l n =Hv s Q} | Q_ n > = CU} Q PBkDW x = | C Q PBkDW x 6= xrt Ov l x ;xn = xn Ok =t f ` = a w = = l a 6= s n > Q k > n Q f k (a) = C Q PBkDW = C =yv} 8 > nxn 1 x > < f (x) = > : ;nxn 1 x <
xm
} Q=O ' 1 |= @ " U= x W xO=O t Y O a } o t v QO =Q 1 p L " v } t 0 QO rw U= } t |= H J } m OQ=O =Q } Q= t u y @ D ' p L R @ xR @ U= } } QO ' } Q=O 1 |= @ " |= @ 0 w ' t Q @ }
;

}= QO

s}vm|t

xO

=iDU= h} QaD

R=

a=

0 QO

=}

x@

u= D

f ( + h) ; f ( ) = hn ; = hn 1 h h w| ( ) w Q f ( ) = T C Qi = =@ O n > x x s Q C = k < n Q x O}v Q QkD x |r w x s}ta x 8 > n(n ; ) . . . (n ; (k ; ))xn k x < k (x) = f > ;n(n ; ) . . . (n ; (k ; ))xn k x < :
0 0 0
;

t =Q

p t i w

B '

U=

Y q @ CQ

L '

H D

w =@
0

% }=xO m

@ F

|= @

m Z i =

U= @

m Q ] @

"O=O

( )

s}yO|t p}mWD
0

=Q

Q} R QUm
1

a (k + ) x@ Q
QO 1 1

- D t

jDWt

|= @ x

Q =ov

f k ( + h) ; f k ( ) = n(n ; ) . . . (n ; (k ; ))hn h
( )
0

( )

; ;

k 1

k =n;

=}

'

k+ =n
1

|= @

Q |rw CU= QiY u=vJty q=@

(

CQ

=@a OL

'

k+ <nx
1

|v=tR =D s} Q=O

xmv}= xYqN
Q @

"OQ= v O Hw

h) ; f h f n ( ) u Q =v h < f
n;1) (
( ( )
0 }= @ @ '

n;1) (0)
0

= n!
0

(n ; ) \k
1

i 0 QO

|rw CU= Q}PBkDWt Q=@

h> C =yv} x =
=}
} @

xm

OQ=O

u}= x@ |oDU@

Ctqa xm
QO

0 |

=vFDU= x@

=kv xty -

f `=

@ D

" W @

O = |t QiY

=ykDWt =@ Q}PBkDWt

k
x]kv l} -

xHQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ =Q

(1

20)
u

'

CU=

xR @

= l}

a x]k
-

v QO

Q}PBkDWt Q=@ xm

OQ=O O Hw

I s}v k IQ Q w kx
w

m Z i

"

s}vm |iQat

`@=D l}
1

kx

- HQO

?} QkD xm s}=xO=t
'xR @

wvm =

U= U QO

Q}PBkDWt Q=@

- HQO R=

p(x)

|=

xrtH

(k ; ) |a = f : I ;! R Ov (l =yv ) l s} |
@ D J } D w } yO

= |vwQO

t u

=Wv 'CU=

p(a) = f (a) p (a) = f (a) . . . p k (a) = f k (a)

0 0

( )

( )

()
1 H J }= }

a x]k k x@ Q = Q =vD =kDW f ` = = k x@ Q = =kDW xrt Ov u |va p(x) = c0 + c1x + . . . + ck xk pm x p(x) Q_ w k x xrt Ov O j =] s}v ? Q Q w x p(x) s} w | O= w x x = (x ; a) + a uD w = C
v QO - D t D u _ t C t w @ D @ - D t D u C t w |= W @ v OQ t - HQO |= H J " vQ=O @ % m D t } R CQ Y @ =Q v= D t 'u v UQ u= D @ w W v @ "

U=

p(x) = a0 + a1(x ; a) + . . . + ak (x ; a)k

%

()
2 - D t D C

Ov} |t

QO

Q} R

CQ Y @ s=

w x

k x@ Q = p(x)

=kDWt

8 > p (x) = a1 + a2(x ; a) + . . . + kak (x ; a)k 1 > > > .. >. > > < i k > p (x) = i!ai + . . . + k(k ; ) . . . (k ; (i ; )ak (x ; a) > .. >. > > > k > p (x) = k!ak :
0

()
3

( )

( )

% } Q=O

()
1

\ W

=@

( ) ( ) xU =k
3 w 2 } 1

t QO

u}=Q@=v@

a0 = f (a) a1 = f (a) a2 = ! f (a) . . . ak = k! f k (a)

0

00

( )

% } Q=O w

OvwW|t u}aD OQix@ QYLvt Qw]x@

0

()
1

\ W R=

()
2

|=

xrtH OvJ ?}=Q

TB

p(x) = f (a) + f (!a) (x ; a) + . . . + fk! (x ; a)k :

( )

()
4 |=

=kDWt

?} QkD

pY=L

OW Oy=

f = k x@ Q = =kDW w = a f k a x]k f |] ? Qk k = w ? w k x@ Q = a x]k p Ov = l R s =}U a x]k |m

w @ - D t D u C }
x]kv QO `@=D

t w O N

xm CU=

kx

HQO |=

xrtH OvJ xv=o}

v @= @ -

xrtH OvJ u}=

- D t

xHQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ lv}= =Q

v QO

D '

1 |= @

Q xm O}vm xHwD
C

p(x) O Q Q a x]k k x@ Q Ov = | a f k
v QO " t v t
x]kv QO `@=D

=D

xHQO -

H t '

- D t D ' y Q

v QO

=kDWt =@ R

"

W @

}O v

}O v QO

f =kDW Q Q x C p(x) f (x) O O w Q

t | @= @ m w t y= N

U=

u}= xDmv

"O W

w |t

} R QO

xm |}=vat x@ xm
(2 )

% } Q=O

OW=@

a x]k
-

v QO

f `= k x
@ D
; !

- HQO Q

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ
0

p(x) Q

o=

x}

20

; lima f ((x); ap)(kx) = x x

QDoQR@

()
5 '

kx

J y

"

CU= |]N ?} QkD =} T=tt \N h} QaD u=ty u}=

k=

1 |= @

Q xm O}vm xHwD

|r}N `@=Dx@ O}=@

kx

- HQO

?} QkD u}=Q@=v@

'

x ;! a |D
" 5

kw O W

w |t lJwm QDa} QU

(x ; a)k

OW=@

Ovm p}t QiYx@

f (x);p(x) C@Uv xm OW=@ l}ORv (x;a)k

'

k=
O wr}D

1 |= @ ' W xQ W=

Q O

xm Qw]v=ty

"

s}vm|t C@=F
Z i

k
'

|wQ <=

QkDU= =@
T

=Q

smL

(2
| }

20

u=yQ@

x W

C@=F
|=

(k ; ) x@ Q xrt Ov q (x)
1 H J

- D t w

=D smL O}vm

"O W

w |t pY=L
1 v QO

=tt \N =}
@ D o=

Q PBkDWt h} QaD

OW=@ Q}PBkDWt Q=@

(k ; ) a x]k

s} Q=O

g |a = Q O = a x]k
W @ -

xm swyit u}O@ 'CU=

v QO u

(k ; ) x
1

HQO

) lima g((x;; )qk(x1) = x x a

; ! ;

% m OQ=O O Hw

>

0 ' W @ x W xO=O

O = O

e>
;

0 x o y '

=Q

Qo}O u=}@ x@

jx ; aj < =) jg(x) ; q(x)j < e:jx ; ajk

s} Q=O
' ' yO } v
0

()
6 5 m CQ Y o=

xw

'<=

'(x) = f (x) ; p(x) s} V =t '(x) x ( ) QU w Q k '(x) = f (x) ; f (a) + f (!a) (a)(x ; a) + . . . + f k(!a) (x ; a)k] ( ) s C Q PBkDW R} ' O Q PBkDW p(x) xrt Ov f w k ) ' (x) = f (x) ; f (a) + . . . + (f ;(a)! (x ; a)k 1] () k q x w | Q PBkDW = (k ; ) a x]k f C Q PBkDW = k a x]k f w QkD Q j@ T C a f ` = (k ; ) x wr} xrt Ov x Q p =@ ( ) j@ x w > e> Q k ) < jx;aj < =) j' (x)j = jf (x); f (a)+. . .+ (f ;(a)! (x;a)k 1]j < ejx;ajk k s ' Q PBkDW ` = Q u}o =} Ok x} j@ Qo Q
@ =Q 7 1 % } Q=O w U= } t v ' v } t |= H J w u J

( )

a @

"O W

t Q @

1
0

'

v QO

'

U=

t Q @

'

v QO

u J

U= Z i

B '

U=

QO

@ D

- HQO Q

D |=

Ww m

N=O CQ

% 6

m OQ=O O Hw

0 '

0 |= @

( )

% } Q=O

@ D |= @

t Q=

t -

}O h ] R=

'(x) ; '(a) = ' (c):(x ; a)

0

'

'(a) = ( ) j@
0 ' 7

|rw

< jx ; aj < =) j'(x)j < ejc ; ajk 1 jx ; aj

;

xH}Dv

QO w

jc ; aj < jx ; aj

'

CU=

x a u} c
w @

u J w

< jx ; aj < =) j'(x)j < ejx ; ajk

w O m
j'(x)j Q lJwm x=wNrOx@ jx;ajk

2
| y

" UQ

|t

C F=

=@ x@ smL

u= D

w |t

jx ; aj uD Q
uO @ p

i o

lJwm =@ u}=Q@=v@ x}
=Q k

|= @

f `=

@ D |= @

Q |@} QkD
"

u=

wvax@

kx

HQO Q

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ
R=

wkat

2"20 -

s}vm|t xHwD p=Ft OvJ x@ EL@ xt=O= |Uwv}Um |Uwv}U `@=wD

p@k wr}D

"

Ovm|t x}HwD

al

}O v

|= @

"

s}U} wv|t

a=
0

0 QO =Q

kx

- HQO Q

=y}=xrtH OvJ s

1 p=Ft

% } Q=O T
00 000

wv}U

sin( ) = sin ( ) = cos( ) = sin ( ) = sin ( ) = ; cos( ) = ; ; sin( ) =

0 0 0 0 1 0 w 0 0 1 0 ' v W

O w |t Q=QmD

1 w 0 '1 '0 |

=ykDWt TB u}= R=

% } Q=O ' W @

O =

a=

0 QO

8 > < aj = > :

xHQO Qwr}D Q@=Q@
T |=

w |t Twv}U u=ty Twv}U sQ=yJ jDWt uwJ w k j Twv}U xHQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ j Qo = u}=Q@=v@ j =0
'O W

ax

GwR

O i

j j
xHQO
w 1

xrtH OvJ x

'

p(x) = x
xHQO Qwr}D

R=

OvDQ=@a

wv}U

xHQO Qwr}D
!
@= @ T

|=

xrtH OvJ ,qFt

4

wv}U

6 - HQO w 5 0 QO

|=

xrtH OvJ
T

w '

p(x) = x ; 31 x3 Q Q
" v W

wv}U

xHQO

w 3

CUOx@

a=

Q} R Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ

wv}Um |=Q@ ?}DQD u}tyx@

O w |t

x ; 1 x3 + 51 x5 3
!
%

Ov} |t

xHQO Qwr}D

|=

xrtHOvJ
|=

3 w 2

xHQO Qwr}D xHQO Qwr}D

xrtH OvJ xrtH OvJ

5 w 4

|=

; 21 x2 ; 21 x2 + 41 x4
! ! !
"x

Q}e

|=

xrtH OvJ u}=

'

"

O}U} wv@
} Q=O

a=

1 QO =Q

1 f (x) = x ` = k x
@ D |= @

HQO Q

TB
'

f (x) = x 1 s f j (x) = (; )j j !x
;

=ykDWt x@U=Lt

"O @

w Oy=wN
w '
00

( )

; ;

j 1 xm s}v}@|t |}=QkDU= Qw]x@

"O W

w |t

a=
1

1 QO

`@=D

kx

HQO Q

wr}D

|=

(x ; )j pm x j 0 j! f (x) = x 3 f (x) = ;x 2 f 1 = (; )j T xrt Ov j

1

wr}D |=xrtH OvJ k (j ) (1) X

"2 p=Ft

W @

'

(j )

J w '

( ) !

; (x ; ) + (x ; )2 . . . + (; )k (x ; )k
1 1 1 |=

CU= Q@Dat l}ORv

a=
1

(k + ) x

1 |r=wL x x@ q=@

xrtH OvJ |m}ORv xm OwW

QO O W

xO=O

Qm PD O}=@ xDmv u}= =Hv}=

0

QO

@ q @ |=

xrtH OvJ xm |r=L

w |t

u= m

k xmv

Q |@ 1 'Ovm p}t x
2

x@

x |D

kw ,

qFt |rw
"O W

}=

x@ xDU@ q=@

|=

xrtH OvJ |rw Ovm|t p}t 1 x@ 1 'Ovm p}t 2 x

" $

x@

x |D
1

kw Q

w]v}ty

w |t =} OQi

(C
=

U=

1 2 =yv u}ov=}t xm Ovm|t p}t

=}

x@ OW=@

GwR

"

O}U} wv@ Q

a=;
= x Qo =

1 QO =Q

hrDNt

C HQO R=

f (x) = ; x + x4 ` =
1 xO=O |

@ D

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ
xO=O

3 p=Ft

Q= k

| H @

"

s}vm xO=iDU=

Q}okDWt R= CU}v sRq OW=@ |=xrtH OvJ l} xOW =yv=wDx@ =Q

C

`@=D |Dkw
yO

OvJ 's}vm ?DQt xHQO ?}DQD x@ xO=O \U@ xOW

Q

qtH

x = (x ; a) + a s}
C HQO Q

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ ?}=Q

|

uDi=}

VwQ

xm O}vm xHwD

" v W

O w |t Qy=_ hrDNt

wr}D =y}=xrtH

s}Di=} QO |r=wDt

Q}okDWt =@ w s}OQm ?DQt (

%p t

x ; a)
"

=yv=wD ?ULQ@ =Q Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ xm Ow@ u}=

=F u}=
1

QO

u}=Q@=v@
1

CU=

f (j) (a) j!

=ty

(x ; a)j xrt
1

?} Q

xm

f (x) = ; ((x + ) ; ) + ((x + ) ; )4

1 1

f (x) = ; (x + ) + (x + )2 ; (x + )3 + (x + )4
3 5 1 6 1 4 1 1 '3 5 1 D D @ R= DQ a 1 QO @ D 3 w 2 '1 HQO Q D | }= H

()
9 J |= @ @

; (x + ) ?} Q x Ov =@ a = ; ` = x wr} =y xrt Ov Q =v =y xrt Ov ; (x + ) + (x + )3 ; (x + )3 ; (x + ) + (x + )2

}= H J "3 5 1 6 1 4 1 w '3 5 1 6 1 " v W

O w |t `@=D OwN Q@=Q@ , kO xm OvDUy =k}

()
9

CQ a

=@ CU=Q

h ] u

=ty '`@=D

|q @

= x@

xHQO Qwr}D

' }O m

s Q pta |]N ?} QkD

"

X N

Cr=L

QO

xm Qw]v=ty s}taD Q} R x} =

'

kx
k

- HQO "

?} QkD

R= xO

=iDU=

|= @ x Nq @

Q Q Q

CU= |]N ?} QkD C}a CU= Q}PBkDWt Q=@ (

% } Q=O

s}vm x =Q= =]N u}tND Q

|= @ |Q

wDUO O}=@
(3 )

Qo =

"

a2I

k+ ) I
1 '

R @ xR @ -

= QU=QU
v QO

I xQ
QO

y |= @ ' W @

Q O =

a x]k
1

f ` = O}v f `= k x
QO @ D @ D

m Z i

x}

20

- HQO Q

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ

p(x)
( )
10

f (x) ; p(x) = (k + )! f k 1 :(x ; a)k

1

( + )

+1

"

CU=
'

x a u}
w

@ |=

x]kv

c =Hv
10

}= QO

xm

h ] CQ a

=@

" }

O |t CUOx@ |]N ?} QkD

"

=]N u}tND , kO =k} Q

k=

1 |=R= @

x xm O}vm xHwD |y=o

=Q

Ovt=v|t Qwr}D
"

| U Sv=Qo q xOv=t}k=@ 1

( )C
=@
u C

U=Q

s}vm|t u=}@

=Q pQ )

x}

k R=

Q} R s}taD CUNv

CU=

k=

Cr=L Ovv=t , kO =k}

%O W

3 20 C F=

w |t Q=Po =w xOvv=wN x@
xQ @ QO -

=@F= xm

xDW=O

w '

OvW=@

I x]k
-

v wO

a<b

' W @

O = Q}PBkDWt Q=@

(k + ) I
1 '

f `=
0

@ D

O}vm

Z i

4 20

s}W=@

f (a) = f (a) = . . . = f k (a) = f (h) =

0

( )

2 f k 1 (c) =
"

( + )

xm

Q_v

QO

(k + ) x
1

HQO |=

xrtH OvJ l} 's}OQm

a<c<b pt k = C =
' a 1

'OQ=O O Hw

|=

x]kv

CQ

wYv}=

QO

r L QO

xm Qw]v=ty

p L

" }

s Q}o|t

Q(x) = c0 + c1(x ; a) + . . . + ck (x ; a)k + ck 1 (x ; a)k

+

+1

=@
"

, t m C

Q f xU =k Q(b) = f (b) Q k (a) = f k (a) . . . Q (a) = f (a) Q(a) = (a) x ck 1 = fb b a p b ck = k1 f k (a) . . . c1 = f (a) c0 = f (a) x O | xH}D Q}okDW q = =} R w | xH}D ( ) sm f (x) ; Q(x) ` = w ( ) uD Q = x = = w | P Ov w x C k = C = =@ x =W
w } t " w

( )

( )

'

( ); ( ) k +1 w ' ; )
%O W

( )

'

'

'

yO

v |

10

L '

@ D OQ t QO

4 20

i o Q m @

@ p L

"O W

t Q= o =w x

v= N @ w

U=

r L QO C F=

'

s}vm

xO

=iDU=

1 sin x x ; 3 x3 ? Qk (
!
} D R=

u }O=Q @

1 x 10 xD@r=)

1 sin 10

?} QkD

|= @

Q Qo =
|= @

4 p=Ft

" } Qw

CUOx@ =]N

Q |}q=@ |v=Qm

"

CU=

a=

0 QO

sin ` =
]

@ D 4

xHQO ?} QkD sy

w 3

xHQO ?} QkD sy
?

x ; 31 x3 x
!

O}vm xHwD xrtHOvJ u}= Qo =

U=Q h ]

QO

xm =Q} R Ot Oy=wN CUOx@ |QDk}kO u}tND s}vm|t

wULt

4 - HQO

?} QkD =Q w C}tm

|=

% } Q=O

( ) j@
10

"O W

w |t xOv=UQ

| Dq @ u= D @

Q =

wx

1 x ; a = 10 l
1

J m

' 10

( )C

=]N TB 'CU= QDmJwm =]N =D ?} QkD

|Q 1 R=

= ! f 5 (c):( )5
1

( )

10

1 10

xR @ QO

xm CU=
1 10

wv}Um Q@=Q@

wv}U sHvB jDWt

= !:
1 5 10
;

10

= =
"OQ=O

1 2

1 =Wa= \U@ ' 5! 10;5

1 <2

6 xmv}= x@ xHwD =@ 's}vm

xO

=iDU=

uO m

Q OvwQ

O=O Q= k R=

Qo =
6

j@=]D |ak=w Q=Okt =@ Q=Wa= s}y=wN|t O}vm

CQ Y

R=

TB skQ

|= @ 2 p t QO x t

=F

CUOx@

kx
1

HQO Q

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ

R=

Z i

"5 p=Ft

x@

=Q

1 1=01

"

s}vm

xO

=iDU=

2 10

4 10

+ . . . + (; )k
1 "

1 10

2k
|

O}vR@ u}tND
"O m

=Q

?} QkD u}=

=]N

"

s}vR|t ?} QkD =Ft u}=

% } Q=O

( ) j@
10

] ' v= o q x v -

SQ

O =t}k=@

VwQ R=

Q s}y=wN |UQQ@ j} Q]
+

wO R= =Q p

=]N

= =
G

( +1)! ( +1)!

k k

1 1

1 f k 1 (c):( 100 )k 1 (k + )!(; )k 1 c 1 : 10 1

( + )
1 1

k +2

)2k +2

TB 's} Q}o|t

Q@=Q@ CU=

QNt

QO

xm

=Q

'

|}q=@
10
;

u= m

Q Ci=}

|= @

"

CU=

1 01 w 1

u}@

cx

=]N

<

2k;2

10

xm O}vm xHwD

"O m

Q x@U=Lt j}kO Qw]x@ CU= |UOvy

| U

Q l} xm

=Q

=]N

u= D

w |t

X N p

=Ft u}= QO

1 01

1 100

X
1

j =0

(; )j
1

1 100

j
qtH xOW x =Q= ?} QkD u}=Q@=v@
1 100

%O W

w |t (=]N
1

x v

O =t}k=@

OvDUy
1

j=k=
+

D | U

u}=

X
j =k+1

(; )j (
1

100

= (; ) k 1 (
1

100

; ;

k 1 k 1

X
1

= (; ) k 1 ( ) = (; )k 1 100 ; 101
+
100 1

j =0

(; )j (

; ;

+ (

) k

1 1 1+ 100

"

CU= Sv=Qo q xOv=t}k=@ -

R= x t

CUOx@ |}q=@

u= m R=

QDk}kO |tm xm =]N

j j=

(10) 2k 2

1=01

; ;

=}

|v=QL@ \=kv |UQQ@ QO OQ@ Q=m (5 20)

QiY=v |v=QL@ x]kv QO `@=D swO jDWt xm O=O|t xH}Dv |Dkw |v=QL@ \=kv |UQQ@ QO |= @ swO

jDWt uwtR
QO " W @

xm |Dq=L |Q=}U@ xm s}yO|t s}taD |Qw] =Q

|O

swO

jDWt uwtR
"O

2 20 R= xO

=iDU= =@ =Hv}=
swO

O =
u

|vwtR

wyW

=v@t |i=
1 '

= \ W

|mOv= =@ CUNv
@ D

Q}o|t Q@

QO O W

w |t QiY R}v
t =Q= O m

jDWt
=Q=

Q}PBkDWt Q=@
QO

" W @

(k + ) I = f : I ;! R ` = O}v Q s}v | x Q s} w x x f k (a) 6= OvDU Qi xt (k ; ) x@ Q = I = a | x]k f =kDW C f a f ` = k x wr} xrt Ov wYv O = | f (a) + k (x ; a)k pm x a x]k s ( ) j@ s} | V =t x f k a O
xR @ QO Y m Z i " m y= N

m =Q

( )

0 w

- D t D

xR @ R= @ D

vwQO -

v QO

t '

U=

(k )

( ) !

W @

v QO

- HQO Q t

D |=

J CQ
(k )

}=

% } Q=O

10

yO

@ =Q

( ) O a !

c f (x) = f (a) + (x ; a)k + f k + ()!) (x ; a)k (

( +1)

+1

u}vJ 'OW=@ xDUw}B

Q

=_Dv=

"

u}=Q@=v@ pmW
QO

f k 1 (x) Q ) C M | Q a x]k |m R jf k 1 (c)j O}v Q C l w jx ; aj Q x a l R x Q =k Q wYv (C w w | Q O = (x ; a)k jr] O QDm w x_ q p = w x jr] O (x ; a)k 1 s O = f (a) + (x ; a)k x =W x = a |m R f wt |@ Qk pm s =_D
( + )
o= U= v= m |=Q=O v }O v QO

( + )

m Z i

U=

J m

u |= @

}O v

}O

t |= @ CQ

}= QO

"

U= O H t

v= m

" W @

t Q k R=

J m |=

@ k Q ] @

t Q k QO

} Q=O

" W @

}O v QO

Q=O

} Q=O Q

v=

11

'

<

=}

>

xm u}= x@ xDU@ 'umtt Cr=L Q=yJ

QO =Q

f (a) + (x ; a)k
" }=xO=O

Q=O

wtv C}a

w 1

st}Um =t

a x]k
-

v QO

`@=D'OW=@

GwR

kQ

o=

xm O}vm xHwD

V}=tv OQi =}

GwR

O i

'

<
()
O

O i

k >
'

GwR

k <
'

GwR

k >
' r=

( )
G kw " 0 } 0 QO m = }R

( )
?

(h )
|a wt swt|v}t =}
w

xv

a x]k
2

v ' W @ O i

O =

" yO

O |t Ctqa

xH}Dv

20 R= ,

k |D > = < Q}}e x = a (x ; a)k x Q =t}kDU (k + ) jDW w

Q
D t s= 1

xmv}= x@ xDU@

OQ=O

|a wt swt|v}t xv Q O

CU= |a wt st}Um =t
=Q

t O Hw

|i=

= \ W uw @ u= D

w |t

?r]t u}= `k=w

%

QO

CiQo

s=
'

jDWt uwtR
x]kv =
QO

(6
O}vm

20)
Z i

(k

)C

U= s=

k x@ Q = jDW f k (a) 6=
- D t % D

t |=Q=O O N

h} QaD xvt=O -

R=

a|
1

vwQO -

f `=

@ D

( )

0 w

OvDUy QiY xty

(
;

(k ; ) x@ Q
( )

- D t D

a x]k
-

v QO u

=kDWt

f (a) = . . . = f k 1 (a) =
0

f k (a) 6= a

%CQ

wYv}=

QO

f k (a) >
( )

xmv}=x@ xDU@ CU= |a wt st}Um =t =} swt|v}t l} - v OW=@ GwR Qo = (hr=) x]k

"

|a wt swt|v}t xv

CU= |a wt st}Um =t xv

a x]k
-

v ' W @ O i

O =

f k (a) < kQ ( )
"

( )

=}

o=

12

j@]

"

f (a) + f

(k )

k!

( )

(x ; a)k CU a x]k
y -

v QO

f `= k x
@ D

- HQO OQ

wr}D

|=

xrtH OvJ

"u=yQ@

f (x) ; f (a) ; f k a (x ; a)k = lim x a (x ; a)k

(k )

%2 10

( ) !

; !

a l R | = O x x Q u Q =v C C = O C |iv = C@F k1 f k (a) xrt f (x) ; f (a) T (x ; a)k > O = k Q O = f k (a) C qat O = f x af a x f (x) > f (a) s f k (a) > Q xH}D ( a l R x Q ) C f k (a) C qat l a f (x) < f (a) x w | xH}D f k (a) < Q C |a w w |v} x]k l a T O | C q Q}}e x = a (x ; a)k O = Q k Q C |a w st}U = x]k f k (a) C q Ov =t f x af a C q x O C q Q}}e x = a O = R} f (x) ; f (a) x O w |t a f (x) > f (a) Qo Q f (x) < f (a) a Q l u Q =v O =t | = 2 O = |a w w |v} = st}U =
' }O v i m xR= v= @ |= @ }= @ @ " U= @ F |O a w U= t } t

;f lima f ((x); a)(a) ; k! f k (a) = x x k

1

"

TB
0

( )

; !

( )

B '

0 ' W @ GwR

o=

" W @

( )

} @

( ); ( ) ( ; )k
t

} Q=O '

( )

o=

v QO

"

}O v

|= @

U=

( )

m O W

v '

( )

o= w '

U=

t s t

t -

B ' yO

QO

' W @ O i

o=

"

U=

m t -

( )

( ); ( ) ( ; )k
'

yO

QO

} @

v= D

}O h ] QO w '

'

h ]

} QO

}= @

" v

k @

" W @

t s t

m t

h} QaD

f (x) = x6 cos x ; x5 sin x

v w '

CQ Y @

w x xm

f `=

@ D |= @

x=
3

0 -

x]kv C}a
"

"6 p=Ft

O}vm |UQQ@ CU= xOW

} v t

cos x = R}

CU=

w 0

u}@

|=

x]kv 1 xm
% } Q=O

"

sin x = x ; x + x cos c1 s}U w | 3 5 C x u} x]k c2 x j ; x + x cos c2 2 4

5

U=

@ |=

m '

f (x) = x6( ; x + x cos c2) ; x5(x ; x + x sin c1) 2 4 3 5 1 1 = (; 1 )x8 + x10( 4 cos c2 ; 5 sin c1) 3
1

?r=e
w

1 (; 3 )x8 xrt
-

H '

lJwm

jxj

|= @ w

1 CU}v QDW}@ 4!

1 +5

R=

jr]t QOk
q @ |w

QO

RDv=QB pN=O
R=

CQ

=@a

OvDUy QiY xty

"OQ=O

x=

0 QO 7 - D t

x@ Q =D

=kDWt xm s}v}@|t
QO }= @ @

=UD
0

`k=w

QO

"

CU=
0

|a wt st}Um =t l} QiY x]kv 13

f u Q =v f 8 ( ) = (; 1 )( !) < 3
"

( )

"

O}vm |UQQ@

CUOx@

x=

0 1 2

|v=QL@ x]kvxU =w CQ a

x=
"

0 2

xm CU= K
QO w

=@ u}= R= w
\

f (x) = (x2 ; x)100 ` = | QL =k T f (x) = (x2 ; x)99 ( x ; ) s f (x) = x100(x ; )100 C w w | `

=Q 2 @ D v= @ \ v B '
0

"7 p=Ft

100

} Q=O

W v u= D

k=w QO

"

Ov} |t

C@Ft

=kv Q}=U

CU= QiY

=kv u}=

QO

`@=D Q=Okt xm =Q} R OvDUy `@=D

|= @

Q |a wt swt|v}t
R=

st}Um =t x]kv u}= QO

QO w

OW=@ xDW=O st}Um =t

0 2

QO

O}=@ 'CU= xDUw}B xm '`@=D u}= 'Qo}O |iQ]

`k=w st}Um =t x]kv "

x=
0 -

1 ,tw r

= R TB

"O W

QiY O}=@
=Q

f jDW
w

t '

CU= |vwQO x]kv l} ,twRr xm = w

|rw

CN=U uWwQ |}=OD@= `@=D

=_Lqt s

R= u= D

w |t

x]kv xU Qy C}a
6 20 u tR

?}DQD u}= x@
u

"

CU=

0 2

CQ Y @ =Q

w x

x=

x]kv

QO

" } Qw

|t CUOx@

x@ xHwD =@
"

wvm =

=Q

G}=Dv u}ty

0 100 1 ! X j 100 j A f (x) = x100(x ; )100 = x100 @ j x (; ) !j 0 100 X = (; )j ( )100 j j x100 j j 0

100 2 2
;

s}yO|t \U@

=yv=wD

100

CQ

=@a u}= R=
'

"

CU= QiY x]kv QO 1001 2

TB

f 100 ( ) = (
( )
0

f `= ) 100 >

@ D 200

xHQO Qwr}D |=xrtH OvJ ,twRr CU=Q =

0 QO 99 - D t D "

h ] CQ a

=@

0 w

OvDUy QiY xty x]kv

2 QO Q

x@ Q =

=kDWt xm s}v}@|t

%2 -

w]v}ty
2

CU= |a wt swt|v}t l}

x=

f (x) = ((x ; ) + )100(x ; )100 ! 100 X j 100 j (x ; )100 = j (x ; ) j 0 ! 100 X 100 j 100 j = j (x ; ) j 0
2 100 2 2
;

100

f 100 ( ) = (
( )
2

100

!)

100

OvwW|t QiY

x=

2 QO 99 - D t

x@ Q =D

=kDWt =Hv}=

QO , =O

OHt

14

x=

1 |= @ x Nq @

Q Q

"

CU= |a wt swt|v}t l}
1 1

x=

f (x) = ((x ; ) + )100((x ; ) ; )100 = ((x ; )2 ; )100 ! 100 X j 2j = j (; ) (x ; ) j 0 = ; (x ; )2 + . . .

1 1 1 1 100 1 1

100

" }

O |t CUOx@ |a wt st}Um =t l}

CU= |ivt

x=

1 QO

`@=D

swO

jDWt =Hv}=

QO

15