Page 1 of 8

Exp. 1 : One digit counter

1 - 555 as astable

Page 2 of 8

2 - Count and Display

Part R1-R7 U1 U2 DISP1 Counting

Total Qty. 7 1 1 1

Description 470 Ohm , Watt Resistor 74LS90 (7490) TTL BCD Counter IC 74LS47 (7447) TTL Seven Segment Display Driver IC Common Anode 7 Segment LED Display

If the 7-segment is Common cathode we must change the decoder

Page 3 of 8

Exp. 2 : Relaxation Oscillator using UJT

1 - The UniJunction Transistor (UJT)
The UJT (UniJunction Transistor) is a three-terminal device which has only one pn junction

Equivalent circuit Diode shown in the figure represents the pn junction rB1 represents the dynamic resistance between E and B1 rB2 represents the dynamic resistance between E and B2 The total resistance between the base terminals is the sum of rB1 and rB2 and is called the interbase resistance, rBB

rBB = rB1 + rB2

The value of rB1 varies inversely with emitter current IE so it is shown as a variable resistor.

Page 4 of 8

Basic Operation rB1 and rB2 forms a voltage divider

Peak-point voltage

When VE reaches

, the pn junction becomes forward-biased and IE begins.

Holes are injected into the n-type bar from the p-type emitter. This increase in holes causes an increase in free electrons, thus increasing the conductivity between emitter and B1 (i.e. decreasing rB1). After turn-on, the UJT operates in a negative resistance region

After the peak point (VE = VP and IE = IP), VE decreases as IE continues to increase, thus producing the negative resistance characteristic.

Page 5 of 8

Page 6 of 8

A UJT Application Relaxation Oscillator When dc power is applied, the capacitor C charges exponentially through R1 until it reaches the peak-point voltage VP.

At this point, the pn junction becomes forwardbiased, (UJT is turned ON) and the emitter characteristic goes into the negative resistance region (VE decreases and IE increases)

The capacitor then quickly discharges through the forward-biased junction rB1 and RB1.

When the capacitor voltage decreases to the valley point voltage VV, the (UJT turns OFF), the capacitor begins to charge again, and the cycle is repeated As shown in the emitter voltage waveform in Top Figure . During the discharge time of the capacitor, the UJT is conducting. Therefore, a voltage is developed across RB1, as shown in the waveform diagram in Bottom Figure

Page 7 of 8

Exp. 3 : DC Light Dimmer

Page 8 of 8