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Chuyn : H PHNG TRNH I S
NHNG NI DUNG C BN
I. H phng trnh i xng loi 1:
Phn 1- nh ngha chung: Da vo l thuyt a thc i xng.
Phng trnh n n x1, x2, ..., xn gi l i xng vi n n nu thay xi bi xj; xj bi xi th phng trnh
khng thay i.
Khi phng trnh lun c biu din di dng:
x1 + x2 + ... + xn
x1x2 + x1x3 + ... + x1xn + x2x1 + x2x3 + ... + xn-1xn
...............................
x1x2 ... xn
H phng trnh i xng loi mt l h m trong gm cc phng trnh i xng.
gii c h phng trnh i xng loi 1 ta phi dng nh l Vit.
* Nu a thc F(x) = a0x
n
+ a1x
n

1
+... an, a0 0, ai P c nhgim trn P l c1, ..., cn th:
1
1 2
0
2
1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 -1
0
1 1
0
...
... ...
...............................
... ( 1) .
n
n n n
n n
n
a
c c c
a
a
c c c c c c c c c c c c
a
a
c c c
a

+ + +

+ + + + + + +

'

(nh l Vit tng qut)
Phn 2 H phng trnh i xng loi 1 hai n:
A. L THUUYT
1. nh l Vit cho phng trnh bc 2:
Nu phng trnh bc hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 c hai nghim x1, x2 th:
1 2
1 2

.
b
S x x
a
c
P x x
a

'

Ngc li, nu 2 s x
1
, x
2
c
1 2
1 2

.
x x S
x x P
+
'

th x1, x2 l nghm ca phng trnh X

2
SX + P = 0.
2. nh ngha:
( , ) 0
( , ) 0
f x y
g x y

'

, trong
( , ) ( , )
( , ) ( , )
f x y f y x
g x y g y x

'

3.Cch gii:
Bc 1: t iu kin (nu c).
Bc 2: t S = x + y, P = xy vi iu kin ca S, P v
2
4 S P .
Bc 3: Thay x, y bi S, P vo h phng trnh. Gii h tm S, P ri dng Vit o tm x, y.
Ch :
+ Cn nh: x
2
+ y
2
= S
2
2P, x
3
+ y
3
= S
3
3SP.
+ i khi ta phi t n ph u = u(x), v = v(x) v S = u + v, P = uv.
+ C nhng h phng trnh tr thnh i xng loi 1 sau khi t n ph.
4. Bi tp:
Loi 1: Gii h phng trnh
V d 1. Gii h phng trnh
2 2
3 3
30
35
x y xy
x y
+
'
+

.
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GII
t
S , P x y xy +
, iu kin
2
4 S P . H phng trnh tr thnh:
2
2
30
P
SP 30
S
90
S(S 3P) 35
S S 35
S

=

=

- =


- =

S 5 x y 5 x 2 x 3
P 6 xy 6 y 3 y 2

= + = = =



= = = =


.
V d 2. Gii h phng trnh
3 3
( ) 2
2
xy x y
x y

'

.
GII
t
, , t y S x t P xt +
, iu kin
2
4 S P H phng trnh tr thnh:
3 3 3
xt(x t) 2 SP 2
x t 2 S 3SP 2

+ = =

+ = - =


S 2 x 1 x 1
P 1 t 1 y 1

= = =



= = = -


.
V d 3. Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
4
x y
x y
x y
x y

+ + +

'

+ + +

.
GII
iu kin
0, 0 x y
.
H phng trnh tng ng vi: 2 2
1 1
x y 4
x y
1 1
x y 8
x y

+ + + =

+ + + =

t
2
1 1 1 1
S x y , P x y , S 4P
x y x y


= + + + = + +




ta c:
2
1 1
x y 4
S 4 S 4
x y
P 4 1 1 S 2P 8
x y 4
x y

+ + + =


= =





= - =


+ + =

1
x 2
x 1
x
1 y 1
y 2
y

+ =

=

=

+ =

.
V d 4. Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 8 2 (1)
4 (2)
x y xy
x y
+ +

'
+

.
GII
iu kin
, 0 x y
. t 0 t xy , ta c:
2
xy t = v (2) x y 16 2t + = - .
Th vo (1), ta c:
2
t 32t 128 8 t t 4 - + = - =
Suy ra:
xy 16 x 4
x y 8 y 4

= =

+ = =


.
Loi 2: iu kin tham s h i xng loi (kiu) 1 c nghim
Phng php gii chung:
+ Bc 1: t iu kin (nu c).
+ Bc 2: t S = x + y, P = xy vi iu kin ca S, P v
2
4 S P (*).
+ Bc 3: Thay x, y bi S, P vo h phng trnh. Gii h tm S, P theo m ri t iu kin (*) tm m.
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Ch :
Khi ta t n ph u = u(x), v = v(x) v S = u + v, P = uv th nh tm chnh xc iu kin ca u, v.
V d 1 (trch thi H khi D 2004). Tm iu kin m h phng trnh sau c nghim thc:
1
1 3
x y
x x y y m
+
'
+

.
GII
iu kin
, 0 x y
ta c:
3 3
x y 1 x y 1
x x y y 1 3m ( x) ( y) 1 3m


+ = + =

+ = - + = -


t S x y 0, P xy 0 = + = ,
2
S 4P.
H phng trnh tr thnh:
3
S 1 S 1
P m S 3SP 1 3m

= =

= - = -


.
T iu kin
2
S 0, P 0, S 4P ta c
1
0 m
4
.
V d 2. Tm iu kin m h phng trnh
2 2
3 9
x y xy m
x y xy m
+ +

'
+

c nghim thc.
GII
2 2
x y xy m (x y) xy m
xy(x y) 3m 9 x y xy 3m 9

+ + = + + =

+ = - + = -


.
t S = x + y, P = xy,
2
S 4P. H phng trnh tr thnh:
S P m
SP 3m 9

+ =

= -

.
Suy ra S v P l nghim ca phng trnh
2
t mt 3m 9 0 - + - =
S 3 S m 3
P m 3 P 3

= = -



= - =


.
T iu kin ta suy ra h c nghim
2
2
3 4(m 3)
21
m m 3 2 3
(m 3) 12
4

.
V d 3. Tm iu kin m h phng trnh
4 1 4
3
x y
x y m
+
'
+

c nghim.
GII
t u x 4 0, v y 1 0 = - = - h tr thnh:
2 2
u v 4
u v 4
21 3m
u v 3m 5
uv
2

+ =

+ =

-
+ = -
=

.
Suy ra u, v l nghim (khng m) ca
2
21 3m
t 4t 0
2
-
- + = (*).
H c nghim

(*) c 2 nghim khng m.

/
3m 13
0
0
13
2
S 0 m 7
21 3m
3
0
P 0
2

-
D

.
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V d 4. Tm iu kin m h phng trnh
2 2
4 4 10
( 4)( 4)
x y x y
xy x y m
+ + +
'
+ +

c nghim thc.
GII
2 2 2 2
2 2
(x 4x) (y 4y) 10 x y 4x 4y 10
xy(x 4)(y 4) m (x 4x)(y 4y) m

+ + + = + + + =

+ + = + + =


.
t
2 2
u (x 2) 0, v (y 2) 0 = + = + . H phng trnh tr thnh:
u v 10 S 10
uv 4(u v) m 16 P m 24

+ = =

- + = - = +


(S = u + v, P = uv).
iu kin
2
S 4P
S 0 24 m 1
P 0

.
Loi 3: Mt s bi ton gii bng cch a v h phng trnh.
V d. Gii phng trnh:
3 3
3
1
2
x x + .
GII
t:
3
3
x u
1 x v

'

. Vy ta c h:
3 3
3
u v
2
u v 1

'

2
3
u v
2
(u v) (u v) 3uv 1

'

]
+ +
]

3
u+v =
2
19
u.v =
36

'

u, v l hai nghim ca phng trnh:

2
3 19
X - X + = 0
2 36

9+ 5
u =
12
9 - 5
u =
12

3
3
9 + 5
x =
12
9 - 5
x =
12

| `

. ,

| `

. ,
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: {x} =
3 3
9 5 9 5
;
12 12

| ` | `
+
' '

. , . ,

.
B. BI TP
I. Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
1)
4 4
6 6
1
1
x y
x y

'
+

2)
2 2
4 2 2 4
5
13
x y
x x y y

'
+

3)
30
35
x y y x
x x y y

'
+

4)
2 2
4
2 8 2
x y
x y xy

'
+ +

5)
2 2
18
( 1)( 1) 72
x x y y
xy x y

+ + +
'
+ +

6)
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
1
1 5
1
1 49
x y
xy
x y
x y
| `
+ +

. ,
'
| `

+ +

. ,
7)
2 2
2 2
1 1
4
1 1
4
x y
x y
x y
x y

+ + +

'

+ + +

8)
7
1
78
y x
y x
x y
x xy y xy

+ +

'

9)
( ) ( )
2 2 3 3
4
280
x y
x y x y
+

'
+ +

Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 4

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10)
6 6
3 3
2
3 3
x y
x x y y

'

II. Gi h phng trnh c tham s:

1. . Tm gi tr ca m:
a)
( ) 5 4 4
1
x y xy
x y xy m
+

'
+

c nghim.
b)
2 2
2
1
x y xy m
x y xy m
+ + +

'
+ +

c nghim duy nht.

c)
( )
( )
2
2 2
4
2 1
x y
x y m

'
+ +

c ng hai nghim.
2.
2 2
x xy y m
x y m
+ +

'
+

(1II)
a. Gii h phng trnh khi m = 5.
b. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim.
3.
2 2
3 8
x xy y m
x y xy m
+ +

'
+

(7I)
a Gii h phng trnh khi m = 7/2.
b. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim.
4.
2 2
1 x xy y m
x y xy m
+ + +

'
+

(40II)
a. Gii h phng trnh khi m=2.
b. Tm cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh cho c nghim (x;y) vi x >0, y >0.
III. Gii phng trnh bng cch a v h phng trnh:
1. Gii phng trnh:
4 4
1 18 3 x x + .
2. Tm m mi phng trnh sau c nghim:
a. 1 1 x x m + + b. m x m x m + + c.
3 3
1 1 x x m + +
Phn 3 H phng trnh i xng loi 1 ba n: (c thm)
a. nh ngha: L h ba n vi cc phng trnh trong h l i xng.
b. nh l Vi-et cho ph ng trnh bc 3:
Cho 3 s x, y, z c:
x + y + z =
xy + yz + zx =
xyz =

'

Th x, y, z ; nghim ca phng trnh X

3
- X
2
+ X - = 0.
(*)
Thy vy: (X - x)(X - y)(X - z) = 0
[ X
2
- (x + y)X + xy ](X - z) = 0
X
3
- X
2
z - X
2
(x + y) + (x + y)zX + xyX - xyz = 0
X
3
- X
2
+ X - = 0.
(*) c nghim l x, y, z phng trnh X
3
- X
2
+ X - = 0 c 3 nghim l
x, y, z.
c.Cch gii:
Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 5
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+ Do cc phng trnh trong h l i xng nn ta lun vit c di dng ,
,
Khi ta t
x + y + z =
xy + yz + zx =
xyz =

'

Ta c h ca , , .
+ Gii phng trnh X
3
- X
2
+ X - = 0 (1) tm c nghim (x, y, z) ca
h.
Ch : (1) c nghim duy nht h v nghim.
(1) c 1 nghim kp duy nht h c nghim.
(1) c 2 nghim : 1 nghim kp, 1 nghim n h c 3 nghim.
(1) c 3 ngim h c 6 nghim.
d. Bi tp:
VD1: Gii h:
2 2 2
3 3 3
x + y + z = 2
x + y + z = 6
x + y + z = 8

'

Gii: p dng hng ng thc ta c:

x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= (x + y + z)
2
- 2(xy + yz + zx).
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= (x + y + z)
3
- 3(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) + 3xyz.
Vy 6 = 2
2
- 2(xy + yz + zx) xy + yz + zx = -1.
8 = 2
3
- 3.2.(-1) + 3xyz xyz = -2.
x, y, z l nghim ca phng trnh:t
3
- 2t
2
- t + 2 = 0
t = 1
t = - 1
t = 2

Vy h c 6 cp nghim (1;-1;2); (-1;1;2); (1;2;-1); (-1;2;1); (2;1;-1);

(2;-1;1).
VD2: Gii h
x + y + z = 9 (1)
xy + yz + zx = 27 (2)
1 1 1
+ + = 1 (3)
x y z

'

Gii: K: x, y, z 0. T (3)
xy + yz + zx
= 1
xyz
Do (2) xyz = 27
Vy h
x + y + z = 9
xy + yz + zx = 27
xyz = 27

'

Do (x; y; z) l nghim ca phng trnh: X

3
- 9X
2
+ 27X - 27 = 0
(X - 3)
3
= 0
X = 3.
Vy h c nghim l (3; 3; 3).
Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 6
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VD3: Gii h
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
x + y + z = a
x + y + z = a
x + y + z = a

'

Gii: x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= (x + y + z)
2
- 2(xy + yz + zx) xy + yz + zx = 0.
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= (x + y + z)
3
- 3(x + y + z)(xy + yz + zx) + 3xyz xyz =
0.
Vy c:
x + y + z = 0
xy + yz + zx = 0
0 xyz

'

(x; y; z) l nghim ca phng trnh: X

3
- aX
2
= 0
X = 0
X = a

Vy h c nghim l {(a; 0; 0); (0; a; 0); (0; 0; a)}

e.Ch : C nhiu vn cn lu khi gii h loi ny
+ Vi cch gii theo nh l Vi-et t h ta phi a ra c x + y + z; xy + yz
+ zx; xyz c th n l h qu ca h nn khi tm c nghim nn th li.
+ V l h i xng gia cc n nn trong nghim c t nht 2 cp
nghim c cng x, cng y hoc cng z nn c th gii h theo phng trnh
cng, th.
VD:
x + y + z = 9 (1)
xy + yz + zx = 27 (2)
1 1 1
+ + = 1 (3)
x y z

'

Gii: R rng x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 khng l nghim ca h

Vi x 0, y 0, z 0, nhn hai v ca (3) vi xyz ta c xy + yz + zx =
xyz (4).
T (2) v (4) xyz = 27
(5)
T (2) x
2
(y + z) + xyz = 27x
(6)
T (1), (5), (6) ta c: x
2
(9 - x) + 27 - 27x = 0
x
3
- 9x
2
+ 27x - 27 = 0
(x - 3)
3
= 0 x = 3
Thay x = 3 vo (1), (5) ta c:
y + z =6
yz = 9

'

y = z = 3.
Vy h c nghim l x = y = z = 3.
II. H phng trnh i xng loi 2:
1. H phng trnh i xng loi 2 hai n:
A. nh gha:
( )
( )
( , ) 0 1
( , ) 0 2
f x y
f y x

'

Cch gii: Ly (1) (2) hoc (2) (1) ta c: (xy)g(x,y)=0. Khi xy=0 hoc g(x,y)=0.
+ Trng hp 1: xy=0 kt hp vi phng trnh (1) hoc (2) suy ra c nghim.
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+ Trng hp 2: g(x,y)=0 kt hp vi phng trnh (1) + (2) suy ra nghim (trong trng hp ny h
phng trnh mi tr v h i xng loi 1) v thng thng v nghim.
B. Cc v d:
V d 1: Gii h phng trnh
( )
( )
3
3
3 8 1
3 8 2
x x y
y y x

'
+

(I)
GII
Ly (1) (2) ta c:
2 2
(x - y)(x + xy + y + 5) = 0
Trng hp 1: (I)
3
x = 3x + 8y
x = y

'

3
x = 0
x - 11x = 0
x = 11
x = y
x = y

' '

.
Trng hp 2: (I)
( )
2 2
3 3
x +xy+y +5=0
x +y =11 x+y

'

(h ny v nghim)
Vy h phng trnh cho c tp nghim:
{
{
(x, y) = (0,0); ( 11, 11); (- 11,- 11)
V d 2: Gii h phng trnh
4
4
1 1
1 1
x y
y x

'
+

GII
t:
4
4
x - 1 = u 0; y - 1 = v 0
H phng trnh tr thnh
4 4
4 4
u + 1 + v = 1 u + v = 0
v + 1 + u = 1 v + u = 0

' '



u = 0
v = 0

'

(Do u, v 0)
x = 1
y = 1

'

.
Vy h c nghim (1,1)
V d 2: Cho h phng trnh
2
2
x y y m
y x x m

'
+

(I)
a. Tm m h phng trnh c nghim.
b. Tm m h phng trnh c nghim duy nht.
Gii (I)
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
x = y x - y = y - y - x + x
x = y - y + m x = y - y + m
x = y x = y
x = y - y + m x - 2x + m = 0
x = - y x = - y
x = y - y + m y + m = 0

' '

' '





' '


a) H phng trnh c nghim
'
x
'
y
0 1 - m 0 m 1
m 0
- m 0 m 0
0

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b) H phng trnh c nghim duy nht
'
x
'
y
'
x
'
y
= 0
< 0
< 0
= 0

'

'

1 - m = 0
- m < 0
1 - m < 0
- m = 0

'

'

m = 1.
Vy m = 1.
V d 3: Gii phng trnh:
3 3
1 2 2 1 x x + .
GII
t
3
2x - 1 = t
2x - 1 = t
3
.
Ta c h
3
3
x + 1 = 2t
t + 1 = 2x

'

3
2 2
x + 1 = 2t
(x - t)(x + xt + t + 1) = 0

'

3
x - 2x + 1 = 0
x = t

'

2
(x - 1)(x + x - 1) = 0
x = t

'

x = 1
- 1 5
x =
2

Vy phng trnh c 3 nghim: 1;

- 1 5
2
.
C. Bi tp:
1.Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
a.
1 3
2
1 3
2
x
y x
y
x y

'

b.
2
2
3
2
3
2
x y
x
y x
y

'

c.
3
3
1 2
1 2
x y
y x

'
+

d.
9 9
9 9
x y
y x

+ +

'
+ +

e.
2 2
2 2
x y
y x

'
+

g.
5 2 7
5 2 7
x y
y x

+ +

'
+ +

2. Cho h phng trnh

2
2
( ) 2
( ) 2
x x y m
y x y m

'
+

.
a. Gii h vi m = 0.
b. Tm m h c nghim duy nht.
3. Tm m h:
3 2 2
3 2 2
7
7
x y x mx
y x y my

'
+

c nghim duy nht.

4. Gii cc phng trnh: a.
2
5 5 x x + + .
b.
3 3
3 3 2 2 x x + .
2. H ph ng trnh i xng loi 2, 3 n: (c thm)
A. Dng ch yu l phng php bin i tng ng bng php cng v
th. Ngoi ra s dng s c bit trong h bng cch nh gi nghim,
hm s gii.
B. V d:
Gii h
2
2
2
x + 2yz = x (1)
y + 2zx = y (2)
z + 2xy = z (3)

'

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Gi bng cch cng (1), (2), (3) v ly (1) tr i (2) ta c h cho tng -
ng vi h
2
2
x + 2yz = x
(x + y + z) = x + y + z
(x - y)(x + y - 2z - 1) = 0

'

H ny ng tng vi 4 h sau:
2 2
x + 2yz = x x + 2yz = x
x + y + z = 0 (I) x + y + z = 0 (II)
x =y x + y - 2z - 1 = 0


' '


2 2
x + 2yz = x x + 2yz = x
x + y + z = 1 (III) x + y + z = 1 (IV)
x =y x + y - 2z - 1 = 0


' '


Gii (I):
(I)
2
x + 2yz = x
2y + z = 0
x = y

'

2
x + 2yz = x
z = - 2x
x = y

'

2 2
x - 4x = x
z = - 2x
x = y

'

-1
x = 0 x =
3
z = - 2x
x = y

'

Vy (I) c 2 nghim (0;0;0); (

-1 -1 2
; ;
3 3 3
)
Lm tng t (II) c nghim (
2 -1 -1
; ;
3 3 3
);(
-1 2 -1
; ;
3 3 3
)
H (III) c nghim (0;0;1); (
1 1 1
; ;
3 3 3
)
H (IV) c nghim (0;1;0); (1;0;0).
Vy h cho c 8 nghim k trn.
VD2: Gii h phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
2 2
x + y + z = 1
x + y + z = 1
x + y + z = 1

'

Gii: H
2 2
x + y + z = 1
(y - z)(y + z - 1) = 0
(x - z)(x + z - 1) = 0

'

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
x + y + z = 1 x + y + z = 1
y=z (I) y = z (II)
x=z x + z - 1 = 0
x + y + z = 1 x + y + z = 1
z + y - 1 = 0 (III) z + y -
x = z


' '

'

1 = 0 (IV)
x + z - 1 = 0

'

Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 10

www.VNMATH.com
Gii cc h bng phng php th c 5 nghim (-1;-1;-1); (0;0;1); (0;1;0);
(0;0;1);
1 1 1
; ;
2 2 2
| `

. ,
.
VD4: Gii h:
2
2
2
1
1
1
x y
y z
z x
+

+
'

Gii: Xt hai trng hp sau:

TH1: Trong 3 s t nht c 2 nghim s bng nhau:
Gi s x=y c h
2
2
2
1
1
1
x x
y z
z x
+

+
'

T c nghim ca h (x;y;z) l :
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
; ; ; ; ;
2 2 2 2 2 2
| ` | `
+ + +


. , . ,
Tng t y=z, z=x ta cng c nghim nh trn.
TH2 : 3 s x, y, z i mt khc nhau .
Gi s x>y>z ,xt hm s f(t) = t
2
trn D =[ ) 1; +
a) z 0 , x>y>z 0
f(x)>f(y)>f(z)y+1>z+1>x+1y>x>z(v l).
b)z<y<x 0 f(x)<f(y)<f(z)y+1<z+1<x+1y<z<x(v
l).
c) x>0>z>-1 f(-1)>f(z) 1>x+1x<0 (v l)
Vy iu gi s l sai.
TH2 v nghim.
VD5:
2
2
2
2
2
2
x x y y
y y z z
z z x x
+

+
'

(V ch c)
Gii:
TH1: Trong x, y, z t nht c 2 nghim s bng nhau
Gi s x = y ta c h
3
2
2
2 0 (1)
2 0 (2)
2 0 (3)
x x x
x z x z
z x z x
+

+
'

T (1) x = 0, x = -1.
x = 0. Thay vo (2), (3) z=0.
x = -1. Thay vo (2), (3) v l
Vy h c nghim (0,0,0)
Nu y = z hay x = z cng ch c nghim (0,0,0).
TH2: 3 s i 1 khc nhau.
T 2x + x
2
y = y thy nu x
2
= 1
2 = 0 (v l)
Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 11
www.VNMATH.com
Vy x
2
1 2x + x
2
y = y
2
2
1
x
y
x

Hai phng trnh cn li tng t ta c h phng trnh tng ng vi:

2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
y
x
y
z
y
z
x
z

'

Gi s x > y > z (*). Xt hm s:
f(t) =
2
2
1
t
t
xc nh trn D = R\ {t 1}
f

(t) =
2
2 2
2( 1)
0
(1 )
t
t
+
>

vi mi tD
hm s ng bin trn D
f(x) > f(y) > f(z)
y > z > x mu thun vi (*).
Vy iu gi s sai. Do vai tr x, y, z nh nhau.
Vy TH2 - h v nghim
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht l (0; 0; 0)
C. Bi tp
1.
3 2
3 2
3 2
2
2
2
x y y y
y z z z
z x x x
+ +

+ +
'

+ +

2.
2
2 2
3 3(3 4) 4 4 x x ]
]
Hng dn: t
2
2
2
3 4
3 4
3 4
y x
x z
z y

'

.
a v gii h
2
2
2
3 4
3 4
3 4
y x
z y
x z

'

3.
xyz x y z
yzt y z t
ztx z t x
txy t x y
+ +

+ +

'
+ +

+ +

4.
3 2
3 2
3 2
9 27 27 0
9 27 27 0
9 27 27 0
y x x
z y y
x z z

+
'

5.
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
x
y
x
y
z
y
z
x
z

'
+

+
III. H phng trnh ng cp:
Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 12
www.VNMATH.com
1. Dng:
( )
( )
,
,
F x y A
G x y B

'

, trong ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ; , ,
n m
F kx ky k F x y G kx ky k G x y .
2. Cch gii: t y = tx (x 0) hoc x = ty (y 0).
3. V d:
Gi h phng trnh:
( )
2 2
2 2
2 3 9 *
4 5 5
x xy y
x xy y
+

'
+

GII
+ Vi x = 0: H phng trnh cho v nghim.
+ Vi x 0: t y = tx. H phng trnh tng ng vi
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
1 2 3 9 1
1 4 5 5 2
x t t
x t t

'
+

. Ly (1) (2) ta
c: 15t
2
13t+2=0
2
3
t
;
1
5
t
.
Vi
2
3
t
: ta c
3
2
y x
, thay vo (*) ta c nghim (3;2), (3;2).
Vi
1
5
t
: ta c
1
5
y x
, thay vo (*) ta c nghim
5 2 2 5 2 2
; , ;
2 2 2 2
| ` | `

. , . ,
.
4. Bi tp:
Gii cc h phng trnh sau:
1)
2 2
2 2
3 2 11
2 5 25
x xy y
x xy y
+ +

'
+ +

2)
2 2
2 2
6 2 56
5 49
x xy y
x xy y

'

3)
3 2
3 2
2 3 5
6 7
x x y
y xy
+

'
+

IV. Mt s h phng trnh khc:
Tng hp cc kin thc kt hp vi vic suy lun hp l gii.
1.
2 2
2
( , )
2 1 2 2
+ +

'

xy x y x y
x y
x y y x x y
.
HD: Bin i phng trnh
2 2
2 xy x y x y + + (x + y)(x 2y 1) = 0. S: x = 5; y = 2.
2.
4 3 2 2
2
2 2 9
( , )
2 6 6
+ + +

'
+ +

x x y x y x
x y
x xy x
.
HD: Bin i h phng trnh thnh:
2 2
2
( ) 2 9
6 6
2
x xy x
x x
xy
+ +

'
+

. S: x = 4; y =
17
4
.
3.
( )
2 3 2
4 2
5
4
5
1 2
4

+ + + +

'

+ + +

x y x y xy xy
x y xy x
.
HD: Bin i h phng trnh thnh:
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
5
4
5
4
x y xy x y xy
x y xy

+ + + +

'

+ +

. t:
2
u x y
v xy
+
'

.
Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 13
www.VNMATH.com
S:
3
3
5
1
4
3
25
2
16
x x
y
y

' '

.
4.
( )
3
1 1
1
2 1
x y
x y
y x

'

.
HD: (1) ( )
1
1 0 x y
xy
| `
+

. ,
. S:
( )
1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5
1;1 , ; , ;
2 2 2 2
| ` | `
+ +


. , . ,
5.
( )
1 4
4
2 2
1
log log 1
25
y x
y
x y

'

.
HD: Tm cch kh logarit c:
3
4
y
x . S: ( ) 3; 4
6.
3
2
y x y x
x y x y

'
+ + +

.
HD: ( )
3 3 6
1 0 y x y x y x y x
. S: ( )
3 1
1;1 , ;
2 2
| `

. ,
7.
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
3
y
y
x
x
x
y
+

'
+

.
HD: i xng loi 2. S: ( ) 1;1
8.
( )
2 3
9 3
1 2 1
3log 9 log 3
x y
x y

'

.
HD: Tm cch kh logarit c:
x y
. S: ( ) ( ) 1;1 , 2; 2 .
9.
3
1 1 4
x y xy
x y

'
+ + +

HD: t t xy , bnh phng hai v phng trnh th hai tm c t=3. S: ( ) 3; 3 .

10.
3 3
3 3
1 1
5
1 1
15 10
x y
x y
x y m
x y

+ + +

'

+ + +

. Tm m h phng trnh ny c nghim thc.

HD: t
1 1
, u x v y
x y
+ +
, iu kin 2, 2 u v . S:
7
2, 22
4
m m .

Thi Thanh Tng Chuyn : H phng trnh i s 14