Bi 2.

Cc bi ton v khai trin Newton

243
BI 2. CC BI TON V KHAI TRIN NEWTON
Bi 1. Cho n nguyn, 2 n . Chng minh:
( ) ( )
1 1
) 1 2 ) 1 3
n n
a b
n n
+ > + <
Gii
a. Khai trin nh thc:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 1
0 1
0
1 1 1 1
1 . ... 1 1 ... 2
n n k
k
n n n
k
C C C
n n b n
=
+ = = + + = + + >

(V
( )
1
. 0
i
i
n
C
n
> )
b. Ta c
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 3
0
! ! 1 1 1 1
1 . 1 1 ...
2! 2 ! 3! 3 !
n n k
k
n
k
n n
C
n n n n n n
=
+ = = + + + +

( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 ... 2 ...
2! 3 2! 3! ! 1 1 2 n n n n n n
= + + + < + + + +


( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 ... 2 ... 3 3
1.2 2.3 1 2 2 3 1 1 n n n n n
< + + + + = + + + + = <


Bi 2. Cho s a, b tha mn: 1 a b + = . Chng minh:
1
1
2
n n
n
a b

+ , n
Gii
t
1 1
,
2 2
a x b x = + = th
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
n n
n n
a b x x + = + +
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 1
... ...
2 2 2 2 2 2
n n n n
n n n n n n
x x x x
C C C C

| | | |
= + + + + +
| |
\ \

2 4
2 4
2 4 1
1 1 1
2 ... 2
2 2 2 2 2
n n
n n n n n
x x
C C

| |
= + + + =
|
\
. Vy
1
1
2
n n
n
a b

+
Bi 3. Tm n tha mn:
0 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 ... 2 243
n n
n n n n n
C C C C C + + + + + =
Gii
( )
0 1 2 2
1 2 .2 .2 ... .2 243 3 243 5
n
n n n
n n n n
C C C C n + = + + + + = = =
Bi 4. Cho khai trin nh thc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
1 1 1 1
0 1 1
3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 ... 2 2 2
n n n n n
x x x x x x x x
n n
n n n n
C C C C

+ = + + + +
Bit rng trong khai trin
3 1
5
n n
C C = v s hng th t bng 20. Tm n v x.
Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

244
Gii
Ta c
3 1
5
n n
C C = (vi 3, n n )
( )
!
5
3 !3!
n
n
n
=

( ) ( )
1 2
5
6
n n n
n

=
( ) ( )
1 2 30 n n =
( ) ( )
2
3 28 0 7 4 0 n n n n = + = 7 n =
Khi s hng th t l
( ) ( )
3 4
1
3
3 2
7
2 2
x x
C

= 20
( ) 2 1
35 2 140 4
x x
x

= =
Bi 5. Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin:
( )
( )
( )
17 15
4 2 3
3 2
1 1
) , 0 ; ) , 0 a P x x x b Q x x x
x
x
| |
= + = +
|
\

Gii
a. S hng tng qut:
( )
( )
( )
15
2 2 15 30 3
15 15 15
1
. . . .
k
k
k k k k k k
k
a C x C x x C x
x

= = =
S hng khng cha x tng ng vi 30 3 0 10 k k = = l
10
15
3003 C = .
b. S hng tng qut:
( )
17
4 3
17
3 2
1
.
k k
k
k
a C x
x

| |
=
|
\
( )
2 3 17 136
17
3 4 12
17 17
.
k
k k
k k
C x x C x


= =
S hng khng cha x tng ng vi 17 136 0 8 k k = = l
8
17
24310 C =
Bi 6. Tm h s ca s hng cha
26
x trong khai trin nh thc Newton ca
7
4
1
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\
, bit rng
1 2 20
2 1 2 1 2 1
... 2 1
n
n n n
C C C
+ + +
+ + + =
Gii
( )
2 1
0 1 2 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... 1 1 2
n
n n n
n n n n n
C C C C C
+
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + = + = . Do
0 2 1
2 1 2 1
1
n
n n
C C
+
+ +
= =
nn
( )
1 2 1 2 2 1 20
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
... ... 2 2 2 20 1
n n n n
n n n n n
C C C C C
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + + = =
2 1 21
2 2 2 1 21 10
n
n n
+
= + = = . Xt biu thc
( ) ( ) ( )
10 10
10 10
7 4 7 4 7
10
4
0
1
k k
k
k
x x x C x x
x

=
| |
+ = + =
|
\

10 10
4 40 7 11 40
10 10
0 0
k k k k k
k k
C x x C x

= =
= =


Xt 11 40 26 11 66 6 k k k = = = . Vy h s ca
26
x l
6
10
210 C = .
Bi 7. Trong khai trin nh thc
( )
1
n
x
x
+ , h s ca s hng th ba ln hn h
s ca s hng th hai l 35.
a. Tm n. b. Tm s hng khng cha x
Bi 2. Cc bi ton v khai trin Newton

245
Gii
a. Ta c
( ) ( )
2
0 0
1 1
n n n k
k n k k n k
n n
k k
x C x C x
x x

= =
+ = =


H s ca s hng th i ng vi 1 k i = l:
1
1
i
i n
a C

= .
Theo gi thit:
( ) ( )
2 1 2
35; 3 70 0 7 10 0 10
n n
C C n n n n n = = + = =
b. S hng khng cha x ng vi 2 0 n k = ; 10 2 0 5 k k = = l
5
10
252 C =
Bi 8. Tm cc s hng khng cha x trong khai trin
7
3
4
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\
vi 0 x >
Gii
( ) ( ) ( )
7 7
1 1 7 1 1 28 7
7 7 7 7
3
3 3 3 4 4 4 12
7 7 7
4
0 0 0
1
k k
k k k
k k k
k k k
x x x C x x C x x C x
x

= = =
| |
+ = + = = =
|
\


Xt
28 7
0 4
12
k
k

= = . Vy s hng khng cha x trong khai trin l

4
7
35 C = .
Bi 9. Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin
( )
28
3
15
.
n
x x x

+ , bit rng:

1 2
79
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + = .
Gii
Ta c:
1 2
79
n n n
n n n
C C C

+ + = (n nguyn, 2 n )
( )
( ) ( )
2 1
1 79 156 0 13 12 0
2
n n
n n n n n

+ + = + = + = 12 n =
Vi 12 n = th
( )
( )
28
12
3
15
12
k
k
k
k
a C x x x

=
( ) ( )
12
4 28 240 48
3 15 15
12 12
. .
k k
k
k k
C x x C x

= =
S hng khng cha x tng ng vi 240 48 0 5 k k = = l
5
12
792 C = .
Bi 10. Tm cc hng t hu t trong khai trin: a.
( )
5
3
2 3 + ; b.
( )
9
3
3 2 +
Gii
a. Khi khai trin
( )
5
3
2 3 + , s hng TQ:
( ) ( )
5
5
3
3 2
1 5 5
. 2 . 3 .2 .3
k k
k k
k k
k
T C C

+
= =

1 k
T
+
hu t th
5
2
k
v
3
k
nguyn vi 0, 5 k = 3 k =
3
4 5
.2.3 60 T C = =
b. Khi khai trin
( )
9
3
3 2 + , s hng TQ:
( ) ( )
9
9
3
3 2
1 9 9
3 2 .3 .2
k k
k k
k k
k
T C C

+
= =
Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

246

1 k
T
+
hu t th
9
,
2 3
k k
nguyn vi 0, 9 k = 3; 9 k k = =
Vy c 2 hng t hu t l:
3 2 9 0 3
4 9 10 9
.3 .2 4536 ; .3 .2 8 T C T C = = = =
Bi 11. Tm h s ca
31
x trong khai trin nh thc Newton
40
2
1
x
x
| |
+
|
\

Gii
40 31 40
40 40 3
40 40
2 2
0 0
1 1
. .
k
k k k k
k k
x C x C x
x x

= =
| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ \

; 40 3 31 3 k k = = ;
3
40
9880 C =
Bi 12. Tm h s ca s hng cha
8
x trong khai trin
5
3
1
n
x
x
| |
+
|
\
,
bit rng
( )
1
4 3
7 3
n n
n n
C C n
+
+ +
= + .
Gii
( )
1
4 3
7 3
n n
n n
C C n
+
+ +
= +
( )
1
3
7 3
n
n
C n
+
+
= +
( ) ( )
( )
2 3
7 3
2
n n
n
+ +
= + 12 n = .
( )
( )
( )
12
5 5
12 12 12
5 3 3
2 2
12
3
0
1
k
k
k
k
x x x C x x
x

=
| |
+ = + =
|
\

5 11 72
12 12
3 36
2 2
12 12
0 0
k k
k k k
k k
C x x C x

= =
= =


Xt
11 72
8 8
2
k
k

= = . Vy s hng cha
8
x trong khai trin l
8
12
495 C = .
Bi 13. Tm h s ca
9
x khi khai trin:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 10 14
1 1 ... 1 P x x x x = + + + + + +
Gii
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 10 14
1 1 ... 1 P x x x x = + + + + + +
9 10 14
9 10 14
0 0 0
... .
k k k k k k
k k k
C x C x C x
= = =
= + + +


H s theo
9
x ng tt c 9 k = l:
9 9 9 9
9 10 11 14
... 1 10 55 220 715 2002 3003 C C C C + + + = + + + + + =
Bi 14. a. Tm h s ca
15
x trong
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 20
1 2 1 3 1 ... 20 1 x x x x + + + + + + + +
b. Tm h s ca
5
x khi khai trin:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 6 7
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 x x x x + + + + + + +
Gii
a. Vi biu thc:
( )
1
k
k x + cha s hng
15
ax khi 15 k , lc :
( )
0
1 .
k
k
i i
k
i
k x k C x
=
+ =

th h s theo
15
x ng vi 15 i = l
15
.
k
k C .
Bi 2. Cc bi ton v khai trin Newton

247
Suy ra h s theo
15
x ca khai trin:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 20
1 2 1 ... 20 1 x x x + + + + + + l:
15
a =
15 15 15 15 15
16 17 18 19 20
15 16 17 18 19 20 C C C C C + + + + + 400995 =
b. Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 5 6 7
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 P x x x x x = + + + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 6 7
4
5 6 7
0 0 0
1 2 2 . 2 2
i j k
i j k
i j k
x C x C x C x
= = =
= + + + +


H s theo
5
x ng vi 5 i j k = = = l:
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 6 7
.2 .2 .2 896 C C C + + = .
Bi 15. Tm h s theo
3
x khi khai trin
( ) ( ) ( )
2 10
1 . 3 P x x x = +
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 10 10 10 10
2
1 . 3 3 2 3 3 P x x x x x x x x = + = + +
( ) ( )
10 10 10
2 10 10 10
10 10 10
0 0 0
.3 2 .3 .3 .
i j
i i j j k k k
i j k
x C x x C x C x

= = =
= + +


H s theo
3
x ng vi 1, 2, 3 i j k = = = l:
1 9 2 8 3 7
10 10 10
.3 2. .3 .3 131220 C C C + =
Bi 16. Tm h s ca
5
x trong khai trin biu thc
( ) ( )
5 10
2
1 2 1 3 P x x x x = + +
Gii
Theo cng thc khai trin nh thc Newton, ta c:
( ) ( )
5 10
5 10
2
5 10
0 0
2 3
k k
k k
k k
P x C x x C x

= =
= +

(1)
Vy t (1) suy ra s hng cha
5
x l:
( ) ( )
4 3
1 2 7
5 10
. 2 . 3 x C x x C x + .
Do , h s ca
5
x l
( ) ( )
4 3
1 7
5 10
2 3 16.5 27.120 80 3240 3320 C C + = + = + =
Vy h s ca
5
x trong biu thc P cho l 3320.

Bi 17. Tm h s theo
k
x ca khai trin
( ) ( )
1 . 1 , ,
n m
x x m n k + +
Gii
( ) ( )
0 0
1 1
n m
n m
i i j j
n m
i i
x x C x C x
= =
+ + =

. V , m n k nn
0 1 0
. . ... .
k k k k
x x x x x x x

= = = = .
Do , h s theo
k
x l:
0 1 1 0
. . ... .
k k k
k n m n m n m
a C C C C C C

= + + +
Bi 18. Trong khai trin nh thc
( )
2
1
n
x + tm h s theo
12
x , bit rng tng
cc h s bng 1024.
Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

248
Gii
t
( ) ( )
2
1
n
P x x = + th tng cc h s l
( )
0 1
1 ... 2 1024
n n
n n n
P C C C = + + + = =
10 n = . Vi 10 n = th
( ) ( ) ( )
10 10
10 10
2 2 20 2
10 10
0 0
1 . .1 .
k
k k k k
k k
P x x C x C x

= =
= + = =

.
H s theo
12
x ng 20 2 12 4 k k = = l
4
10
210 C = .
Bi 19. Tm h s ca
1 2
;
n n
x x

ca khai trin:
( )
( ) ( ) 2
1 1 1
...
2
2 2
n
x x x + + +
Gii
a. Ta c:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1 1 1
... . . ...
2
2 2
n n n
n
P x x x x x A x B x Rx S

= + + + = + + + + +
H s ca
1 n
x

l:
( )
( )
2 1
1
1
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
_ ... 1 ... . 1
2 2 2 2 1
2 2 2 2
1
2
n
n n n
A

= + + = + + + = =

b. H s ca
2 n
x

l:
2 3 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
...
2 2
2 2 2 2
n n
B

= + + + .
M
( )
2
2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
... ... 2
2 4
2 2 4 4
n n
A B = + + + = + + + +
( )
( )
( ) 1
1
1
4 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 ... 2 2 1 2
4 4 4 1 3
4 4
1
4
n
n n
B B B

= + + + + = + = +

Do
( )
2 4 3.2 2 1 1 1
1
2 3
4 3.4
n n
n n
B A
+ | |
= =
|
\

Bi 20. Tm h s ca
50
x trong khai trin ca cc a thc sau y:
a.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1000 999 998
2 1000
1 1 1 ... P x x x x x x x = + + + + + + +
b.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1000
1 2 1 ... 1000 1 Q x x x x = + + + + + +
Gii
a. :
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1000
1001
1 1 . x x x x P x P x + = + =
Do h s ca
50
x trong khai trin
( )
P x cng l h s theo
50
x trong khai
trin ca nh thc
( ) ( )
1001
1001 1001
1001
0
1 1 .
i i
i
x x C x
=
+ = + =

l
50
1001
C .
Bi 2. Cc bi ton v khai trin Newton

249
b.
( ) ( ) ( )
1000
1
1
1 . 1
i
i
Q x x i x

=
= + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
1000 1000
1
1 1
1 . 1 1 1
1 1
i
i
x
x x x x
x
=

| | | |
+
= + + = + +
| |
+
\
\

( ) ( ) ( )
1001 1001
2
1000 1 1 1 x x x
x
x
+ + +
= . Vy h s theo
50
x l:
51 52
1001 1001
1000.C C
Bi 21. Tm h s theo
8
x ca khai trin:
( ) ( )
9
2 3
1 P x x x = +
Gii
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
9 9 8 7
2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 6 3 2 9
9 9 9
1 1 1 . 1 . . 1 . ... P x x x x C x x C x x C x x
(
= + = + + + + + +

V
8
x c m chn nn cc s hng theo
8
x ch xut hin hai a thc sau:
( ) ( )
9
9
2 2
9
0
1 .
i
i
i
x C x
=
+ =

ng vi 4 i = , tc l c h s
4
9
C
( ) ( )
7
7
2 2 6 2 6 2
9 9 7
0
1 . . .
j
j
i
C x x C x C x
=
+ =

ng vi 1 j = , tc l c h s
2 1
9 7
. C C
Vy h s theo
8
x ca khai trin P(x) l:
4 2 1
9 9 7
. 378 C C C + =
Bi 22. a. Trong khai trin ( )
n
x y z + + tm s hng cha
( )
k m
x y k m n +
b. Tm h s theo
6 5 4
x y z ca khai trin ( )
15
2 5 x y z +
Gii
a. Ta c ( ) ( )
0
. .
n
n n k
k k
n
k
x y z C x y z

=
+ + = +

0
. . .
n k
k k m m n k m
n n k
m
C x C y z

=
| |
=
|
\


Vy s hng cn tm l
!
. .
! ! !
k m l n
x y z
k m l
vi l n k m =
Tng qut:
1 2
1 2
1 2 ! 1
!
...
! !...
m
n
m
n n n
i m
m i
n
a a a a
n n n
=
| |
=
|
\

vi tng

ly theo
1 2
...
m
n n n n + + + =
b. p dng ( )
( )
( ) ( )
15 15
2 5 2 5 x y z x y z + = + +
H s theo
6 5 4
x y z l:
( )
5
6 6 15!
2 5 126.126.10
6!5!4!
=
Ch :
( )
( )
( ) ( )
! ! !
.
! ! ! ! ! ! !
k m
n n k
n k n n
C C
k n k m n k m k m n k m

= =


Chng III. T hp, Xc sut v S phc Trn Phng

250
Bi 23. Cho nh thc
( ) ( )
3 2
n
P x x = , n t nhin. Sau khi khai trin, tnh:
a. Tng tt c cc h s theo ly tha l.
b. Tng tt c cc h s theo ly tha chn.
Gii
Ta c:
( ) ( )
2 3
0 1 2 3
3 2 ...
n
n
n
P x x a a x a x a x a x = = + + + + +
( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
1 3 2 1 ...
n
n
P a a a a a = = = + + + + +
( ) ( )
0 1 2 3
1 ... 1
n
n
P a a a a a = + + +
a. Tng cc h s theo ly tha l:
( ) ( )
1 3 5
1 1 1 5
...
2 2
n
P P
a a a

+ + + = =
b. Tng cc h s theo ly tha chn:
( ) ( )
0 2 4
1 1 1 5
...
2 2
n
P P
a a a
+ +
+ + + = =
Bi 24. Tm h s ln nht ca khai trin tng qut:
( )
n
a b +
Gii
Ta c
( )
0
. .
n
n
k n k k
n
k
a b C a b

=
+ =

. Cc h s l , 0
k
n
C k n .
Xt
( ) ( ) ( )
1 ! ! 1
1
2 1 ! 1 ! ! !
k k
n n
n n n
C C k n k k
k n k k n k
+
< < < + <
+
.
Do :
0,
Max
k
n
k n
C
=
=
2
n
n
C nu n chn v
0,
Max
k
n
k n
C
=
=
1
2
n
n
C
+
nu n l.
Bi 25. Tm hng t ln nht trong khai trin ca
( )
n
a b + vi , 0; a b n >
Gii
Ta c:
( )
0
. .
n
n
k n k k
n
k
a b C a b

=
+ =

. Gi
1
0,
. Max .
k n k k k n k k
k n n
k n
T C a b C a b

+
=
= =
Khi
( )
( )
1 1 1
1
1 1 1
2 1
1
. . . .
1 . . . .
1
k n k k k n k k
k k n n
k n k k k n k k
k k
n m
n b
k
T T C a b C a b
a b
T T n b C a b C a b
k
a b
+
+
+
+ +
+

+


+

+

Vy, nu
( )
1 n b
a b
+
+
nguyn th c 2 s hng ng vi
( )
1 n b
k
a b
+
=
+
hay
( )
1
1
n b
a b
+

+

Cn nu
( )
1 n b
a b
+
+
khng nguyn th ch c 1 s hng ng vi
( )
1 n b
k
a b
( +
=
(
+
.