Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory - Vol. 3 Deer Island and Campobello, NB, 1978

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FINAL REPORT
TO
THE NEW BRUNSWICK DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES
BAY OF FUNDY RESOURCE INVENTORY
VOL. 3
DEER ISLAND-CAMPOBELLO ISLAND
Arthur A. MacKay, Robert Bosien, B. Wells
MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES LTD.
Lord's Cove, Deer Island, N.B.
Canada EOG 2JO
Reference NB77-1C
Dated: March 31, 1978
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION & OBJECTIVES
2. METHODS
3. THE STUDY AREA
4. PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION
5. OCEANOGRAPHY
6. WATER QUALITY & POLLUTION
7. PLANTS & ANIMALS
7.1 PORIFERA
7.2 CNIDARIA
7.3 CTENOPHORA
7.4 PLATYHELMINTHES
7.5 RIBBON WORMS
7.6-7.9 ROUNDWORMS, ARROWWORMS
BRYOZOA, BRACHIOPODS
7.10 MOLLUSCA
7.11 ANNELIDA
7.12 SIPUNCULOIDEA
7.13 ARTHROPODA
7.14 ECHINODERMATA
7.15 PROTOCHORDATES
7.16 CHORDATA
7.17 PLANTS
8. ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION
9. THE FISHERY
10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
11. REFERENCES
12. CREDITS
I PAGE
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129
146
151
163
180
215
228
229
233
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1.1. INTRODUCTION
Advances in technology during this century, coupled with world popul
ation increases and changes in socio-economic patterns, have had a profound
impact on our traditional way of life. Heavy industry has developed to an un
precedented level and has spread from the original centres of development to
new areas; including coastal sites which have historically drawn their susten
ance from resource-based industries such as fishing. As a result, resource-based
industries are increasingly in conflict with heavy industry since they can be,
and have been, eliminated by heavy pollution. In addition, technological ad
vances in fishing methods and resultant overharvesting have resulted in great
ly reduced stocks of many fish species. At the same time, and largely as a re
sult of these developments, man is currently looking at new ways to grow
and harvest marine food species by controlled methods in the ancient, but
new, science of aquaculture. Also, applied science is looking to previously un
utilized food, drugs, additives and so on.
Unfortunately, while we have advanced technologically at a tremendous
rate, we have, with the possible exception of traditionally valuable food
species, accumulated very little useful information on our marine resources.
There are many reasons for this lack of basic knowledge. Early field studies
were usually academic in nature and little regard was paid to population size
and sustainable yields, particularly for non-commercial species. In addition,
advances in technology also influenced the biological fields and it became un
fashionable to be involved in basic field biology. With the popularization of
"Ecology" and the general availability of the Self-Contained Underwater
Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) this has all changed and we are now in a pos
ition to collect basic field data on most marine organisms. It is vital that we
do so as rapidly as possible in order for us to make intelligent decisions regard
ing:
1. the location and extent of industrial development which should
be allowed along our coast in relation to existing or potential reo
source-based industries;
2. the suitability of potentially marketable species for fisheries
utilization;
3. the suitability of presently noncommercial species to potential
utilization and the importance of these species to the maintenance
of commercial species;
4. the monitoring of water quality with a view to preventing or stop
ping the introduction of harmful pollutants which may permanently
damage our water systems or render our fisheries impotent;
5. the physical suitability of certain areas and species to the
development of intensive fish farming and aquaculture; and
6. the maintenance of an environment which is suitable for high quality
human existence.
The Research and Development Branch, New Brunswick Department of
Fisheries has recognized these needs and has contracted Marine Research
1. INTRODUCTION
and
OBJECTIVES
Associates Ltd., Lord's Cove, Deer Island, N.B. to undertake a survey of the
marine resources of the New Brunswick coast of the Bay of Fundy. This is
one of a series of volumes giving our findings. It is hoped that this survey will
eventually include the entire coast and will cover intertidal, shallowwater,
deepwater, and pelagic organisms and that the information obtained will
serve as the foundation for intelligent management and utilization of the mar
ine resources of the Bay of Fundy.
1.2. OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this study was to catalogue, as tully as possible, the shal
low-water marine resources of the Bay of Fundy coast. The coast was divided
into zones, each encompassing a specific geographical area of a size where
field work could be completed during a reasonable period of time. Zone loc'
cations and extents are shown in Figure 1.2.1.
Specif,ically, the objectives of this study were:
1. to compile qualitative and quantitative data on the composition
and distribution of all marine species encountered in each zone as
well as meteorological, geological, oceanographic and topographic
data,
2. to analyze bottom sediment samples for: copper, lead, zinc, mer
cury, polychlorobiphenols, and organochlorine compounds,
3. to collect information on the commercial fisheries of each zone
including species fished and the fishing gear, grounds. landed weight
and value of each species,
4. to collect information on the abundance and exploitation rates
of exploited marine resources, other than those utilized by the com
mercial fishing, and
5. to collect information on all sources and types of pollution. the
approximate discharge rate from each source, and the distribution
and impact of each pollutant. 3
1.2.1a STUDY ZONES AND FIELD ZONES-New Brun
swick coast of the Bay of Fundy.
MAINE
NEW BRUNSWICK
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ZON E 1 - St. Croix River - Passamaquoddy Bay
ZONE 2 - Back Bay - Letang Inlet
ZONE 3 - Deer Island - Campobello
ZONE 4 - Grand Manan
ZONE 5 - The Wolves
ZONE 6 - Pea Point to Point Lepreal:J
ZON E 7 - Point Lepreau to Cape Spencer
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Site data have been compiled by Marine Research Associates Ltd. over iJ
continuous field period, both winter and summer, beginning in 1964. Numer
ous collecting methods have been used including:shore collection and observ
ation, dip nets, plankton tows, minnow seines, bottom drags, and diving.
Some sites have been visited hundreds of times by our field staff and have
been subjected to close observation. Others have been visited specifically for
examination in terms of this study.
Location of sites for shore examination, spot dives or transects was consid
ered to be critical. Since the number of study sites were Iimited by time and
cost, it was essential that these sites be representative of the zone and provide
reasonable coverage. Choice of transect sites, for detailed quantitative data,
were not made until spot dives and shore examinations were completed. As
a result, it was possible to choose sites for detailed examination on the basis of
known information and to obtain quantitative data wh ich was more represent
ative ot tile zone than would be true with r a l ~ d o m l y selected sites.
In general, spot dives and shore examinations were made at regular inter'
vals along the coast. In many cases, sites were examined Qualitatively. How
ever, where specific organisms were of interest, or where the site was particul
arly interesting, intertidal and subtidal transects were run as outlined below
and water quality data have been collected as detailed elsewhere in this volume.
Data on shore sites and some dive sites were collected by teams traveling
to the site by automobile. Information was collected by careful examination
of the organisms occurring in the selected area and, where necessary, dip nets
or minnow seines were used to sample tide pools or shallow water areas.
Until 1977, most field data were collected by teams of divers working from
an outboard powered skiff or the survey vessel "Donna G". The "Delphinus"
(Figure 2.1.1) was acquired in 1977 and data for the 197778 season'were col
lected from this vessel.
All divers were equipped with 3/8 inch "wet" suits and accessories or con
stant volume dry suits (UNISUITS). The Unisuits proved to be invaluable dur
ing winter operations and allowed our divers to operate in extremely cold wat
ers with much the same comfort as in summer. Single 72 cu. ft. air cylinders
with single hose Poseidon regulators were used on all dives. Recordings of
depth were taken from Aqua Lung underwater depth gauges checked against
measured depths. Underwater observations were recorded in pencil on Apple
ton Underwater"Ascot" paper.
Spot dives were conducted by moving into shallow water at a predeter
mined site. Divers entered the water and roamed widely over the bottom at
various depths recording the substrate, abundance of resident organisms,
water temperature, and depth relationships encountered. Where quantitative
data were required, a meter square was placed at random on the bottom and
the numbers of animals within this square were counted. Upon completion
2. METHODS
of the dive, the diver was debriefed using a special Site Data Form.
"Sweep" dives were used where it was necessary to cover wide areas in
shallow water. In such cases, a diver was towed on a line about 30 feet be
hind an outboard powered dinghy. When areas of interest were encountered
the <;JiveI' released the line and examined the bottom. Data were recorded as
outl ined above.
Transects were run where detailed information on a site was required as
shown in Figure 2.1.2. The dive team consisted of two divers, a dive-tender,
and boat operatordebriefer. The divers were responsible for examination of
the transect area, recording of data, and the collection of specimens. The dive
tender was responsible for deploying and picking up the diving team and
Insuring their safety on the surface. The boat operatordebriefer was respon
sible for maintaining the support vessel, recording the dive site data, and de
briefing the divers at the conclusion of each dive to insure that the maximum
amount of information was obtained. On steep cliffs running into deep water,
one end of the transect line was anchored at the base of the cliff or, if possible,
at the low water mark and laid across the bottom at right angles to the shore
and anchored to the outer end. When currents permitted, the survey vessel
was anchored to the outer end of the transect line. When this was not possible,
both ends of the transect line were marked with a buoy. In swift current, a safe
ty line with life jackets attached was allowed to trail several hundred feet
downstream from the outer buoy.
Two divers entered the water at the anchor line or outer marker buoy and
proceeded to dive to the outer end of the transect line. Until 1976, numbered
markers at 10 foot intervals on the transect line indicated each of thirty stations
on the line. From 1977 onwards a 100 meter transect line was used with stations
at 3 meter intervals. At each station, the diver-recorder recorded the depth, sub
strate, and organisms. Where quantitative data were required a meter square
was placed at the stations and counts were made within the square. Any distinct
change in substrate or faunal composition which occurred between stations was
also recorded. This activity was carried out along the length of the transect line
to the high water mark where possible. Where this was not possible due to
the steepness of a cl iff, observations were made from low water. When data
were required beyond the outer limit of the transect line, spot dives were made
at various depths to a maximum of 100 feet. In these cases a "Shot" line was
used with a stand-by diver acting as safety man.
Where visibility was at or near zero, all observations and records were made
uSing underwater lights.
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2.1.2 SUBTIDAL SURVEY TECHNIQUE. A 100 meter Transect line was laid across
the bottom. Stations at 3 meter intervals were examined by a team of divers and depth,

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3.1 THE STUDY AREA - DEER ISLAND - CAMPOBELLO ISLAND
3. THE STUDY AREA
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The study area for Zone 3, Deer Island - Campobello Island, was
considered to include all of the tidal waters within the confines of the 100
foot contour, as well as some deeper areas sampled by trap. The location
and principal features of the area are shown in Figures 3.1.1 and 3.1.2.
3.2 STUDY SITES
In all, 177 intertidal and subtidal spot examinations, 13 transects and
3 subtidal sediment samples were completed as shown in Figures 3.2.1,
3.2.2 and 3.2.3. Additional data from the literature were incorporated
into the text where appropriate. Original site data, etc are on file at Mar
ine Research Associates Ltd. offices at Deer Island. Copies were filed with
the Research and Development Branch, Department of Fisheries, Province
of New Brunswick, Fredericton, N.B.
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3.1.1 THE STUDY AREA
7
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF THE STUDY AREA
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4.1 INTRODUCTION: This section deals with the physical aspects
of the study area, particularly as they relate to the marine resources.
The Deer Island-Campobello Archipelago, is located at the western
mouth of the Bay of Fundy at the Maine-New Brunswick border. Polit
ically, the islands lie in Charlotte County, New Brunswick.
4.2 TOPOGRAPHY: The study area has over forty islands (Figure
4.2.1) of varying size, as well as numerous emergent and submerged
ledges. Table 4.2.1 lists the principal islands of the group and their estim
ated greatest lengths and widths.
Topographically, the islands are rugged with cliffs ranging from 100
to 300 feet in height. The shorelines are broken by many bays, coves and
inlets (Figure 4.2.1) which provide access to the shore and, for the most
part, served as the of the various villages on Deer Island and
Campobello. The small islands lying between Deer Island and Campo
bello vary in character. Many are extremely rugged. However, with the ex
ception of MacMasters and Pendletons islands. where cl iffs reach 300 ft.
most of the islands are not higher than 50 feet. As is discussed in later
sections, the topography and bathymetry of the area are primary factors
influencing diversity and abundance of marine organisms.
4.3 GEOLOGY. Geologically, the area has been identified as a drowned
shoreline (Cumming, 1967) Alcock (1946) describes the bedrock geology
(Figure 4.3.1) as follows: "Campobello, Deer, and adjacent islands, are
underlain by an assemblage of sedimentary and volcanic rocks, the latter
much the greater in volume. The commonest varieties are dark greenish
basalts and andesites, and grey to white, reddish and purplish rhyolites
locally showing flow structure. Fragmental varieties, including breccia
and banded tuffs, also occur. The sedimentary rocks are interbedded with
those of volcanic origin. They are dark shales, locally rusty brown, and
slates, argillites, and cherty argillites. No fossils were found in any of the
beds, but their similarity to assemblages of the St. George and Eastport
areas, whose age is definitely known from fossils, is evidence that they
are Silurian. The rocks are intruded by dykes and masses of diabase and
gabbro, apparently related to the volcanic rocks. The structural trends
are in the main northeast, but in the southern part of Campobello Island,
they are north west.
"Between Campobello and Deer Islands are several small islands com
posed of conglomerate and sandstone that vary in colour from pinkish
grey to dark red. The conglomerates are composed of boulders of vol
canic rocks, quartzite, quartz, and granite. The beds are tilted at angles I
varying from 20 to 70 degrees. They are correlated with similar strata of
the Perry formation of the Eastport and St. Andrews areas to the north
west.
"The area was glaciated. The hills are rounded and roche moutonnees
and smoothed, polished, and striated surfaces are abundant along the
4. PHYSICAL DESCRI PTION
coasts. Striation directions vary from south 70 to south 20 degrees east.
but are mostly about south 50 degrees east.
"On Adams and Simpson Islands are occurrences of copper sui,
phides, chiefly bornite but efforts to develop the deposits have failed
to reveal sufficient ore to be mined profitably. Some yellow ochre is
associated with Quaternary sands near Fairhaven on Deer Island".
Subtidally, our experience suggests that the nearshore geology close
ly follows that on the adjacent land. However, outcrops of highly
fractured shale occur frequently among the islands from Back Bay to
Bar Island near Leonardville, Deer Island. This suggests that shale bear
ing formations which surround Blacks Harbour and comprise Bliss Is
lands extends subtidally well into the Deer Island Archipelago.
Cummings (1967) has described a major fault which runs from Oak
Bay, along Passamaquoddy Bay to Deer Island Point at the southern
tip of the Island and on through Campobello Island. Another fault runs
from Indian Island down Head Harbour Passage and on to the mainland
shore near Deadman's Harbour. With the exception of several minor earth I
tremors, the area is now considered to be tectonically stable (Cumming,
1967).
Surficial deposits are principally bedrock and thin till with a small out
wash complex on Campobello near Friars Bay.
4,4 CLIMATE AND METEOROLOGY. The study area is in the north
temperate region with a strong maritime influence from the Bay of Fundy.
Summer temperatures are characteristically cooler than on the adjacent
mainland and winters are warmer with more rain.
a) Temperature. Comparative temperature data for three sites, St.
Andrews, Grand Manan and Fredericton, N.B. are presented in Table
4.4.1 and Figure 4.4.1. The Deer Island-Campobello area has temp
eratures very similar to Grand Manan and data from this locality can
be considered as representative for the study area.
b) Precipitation. Average monthly values for rainfall (from 19 years
data) are given in Table 4.4.1
I
and Figure 4.4.2 for rainfall and 4.4.3
for snowfall for three sites. Th';study area is very sim
ilar to Grand Manan and tends to have more rain and less snow than
mainland sites due to the modifying influence of the ocean.
I
TABLE 4.2.1 PRINCIPAL ISLANDS OF THE DEER ISLAND
CAMPOBELLO ARCHIPELAGO showing estimated greatest
c) Fog. The study area is subject to long periods of summer fog
created when warm continental air meets the cold waters of the
Bay of Fundy. As shown in Figure 4.4.4,Head Harbour Light
records show that the area has somewhat less fog than Grand
Manan, but the pattern is generally similar. Data from Eastport,
Maine (17 years) can be considered as representative of the study
area and include both "summer" fog and "vapour" or "sea smoke",
a visible vapour which rises from the surface of the water during
very cold periods in winter.
d) Wind. The predominant winds in the study area are southwester
ly in summer and northwesterly in winter. The area is openly ex
posed to storms from the east and south and storms are frequent,
particularly during late fall and winter. Long-term summaries for
wind speed are presented in Table 4.4.2 for Eastport. These data
canoe considered asrepresentative for the studYarea. - .
e) Sunshine. Overcast conditions of 0.8 to 1.0 sky cover at coast
al stations range from about 55 to 68% in winter and from 30 to
40% in summer. Long-term summaries for sunshine are presented
in Table 4.4.3 for Eastport, Maine. These data can be considered
as representative for the study area.
"
4.5 FRESHWATER RESOURCES. Numerous rivers and streams
drain the adjacent mainland, but t ~ e i r influence is only slight in the
study area. Freshwater drainage on the islands is minimal and restricted
to a few small streams and groundwater drainage. While there are numerous
ponds and small bogs on Deer Island, there are only three small lakes;
Leonard's Lake, Big Pond and Little Pond. Campobello has only two
major bodies of freshwater - Glensevern Lake and Eastern Pond.
lengths and widths.
ISLAND EST. GREATEST
LENGTH (miles)
1. Deer
2. McMaster
3. Pendleton
4. Jamieson
5. Parker
6. Mohawk
7. Partridge
8. Hardwood
9. Adam
10. Barnes
11. Simpson
12. Mowat
13. Bean
14. St. Helena
15. Nubble
16. Spectacle
17. Hospital
18. Tinker
19. White Horse
20. White
21. Spr.uce
22. Sandy
23. Casoo
24. Green
25. Pope
26. Thrumcap
27. Cherry
28. Rauen
29. Dinner
30. Indian
31. Bar
32. Campobello
7.40
1.25
1.30
0.50
0.60
0.10
0.25
0.40
0.60
0.40
0.60
0.10
0.80
0.25
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
0.25
0.25
0.60
0.25
0.50
less than 0.10
0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.1 0
less than 0.10
1.25
0.40
8.00
EST. GREATEST
WIDTII (miles)
3.50
1.25
0.60
0.25
0.40
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.50
0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
0.20
0.10
0.10
0.25
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
less than 0.10
0.25
0.1-?
3.00
12 \
TABLE 4.4.1 . COMPARATIVE CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FROM GRAND MANAN (GM; averaged from 30 years data) AND lWO MAINLAND STATIONS,
FREDERICTON (F; averaged froin 67 years data) AND ST. ANDREWS (SA; averaged from 19 years data). Temperatures are in degrees fahrenheit. Precipit
ation and snowfall are in inches, T equals Trace amounts. (Data from Climatic Summaries for selected meteorological stations in the Dominion of Canada.
Vol. I.)
MONTH AV . DAilY MAX. TEMP. AV. DAilY MIN. TEMP. AV. DAilY MEAN TEMP. AV. RAINFALL AV. SNOWFAll
F GM SA F GM SA F GM SA F GM SA F GM SA
Jan. 24 32 29 3 15 9 14 24 19 3.87 4.86 4.92 23.5 17.2 23.8
Feb. 26 21 29 3 16 11 15 23 20 3.11 3.83 3.49 22.1 18.9 22.9
Mar. 37 37 35 16 24 20 26 30 27 3.58 4.76 3.58 15.9 12.7 16.6
Apr. 49 46 47 29 33 30 39 40 39 2.94 3.37 2.75 6.5 5.5 6.6
May 63 56 58 39 41 39 51 48 49 3.11 3.61 2.73 0.2 T
Jun. n 64 68 48 48 48 60 56 58 3.75 3.13 3.18
July 77 70 72 55 54 53 66 62 63 3.53 2.80 2.78
Aug. 75 69 71 53 54 53 64 62 62 3.99 3.29 3.01
Sept. 67 64 64 45 50 48 56 57 56 3.56 3.45 3.06
Oct. 55 54 54 36 42 38 46 48 46 4.11 4.21 3.70 0.4 0.3
Nov. 41 45 44 25 33 28 33 39 36 3.82 5.01 4.00 7.7 2.8 4.8
Dec. 28 36 33 10 20 15 19 28 24 3.43 4.43 3.89 19.2 12.1 10.4
Year 51 50 50 30 36 32 41 43 41 42.80 46.75 41.09 95.5 69.5 85.1
,
,.'
TABLE 4.4.2 RECORDS OF WINO AT EASTPORT, MAINE. M,," ~ "
hourly speed (MPH) from 66 years data. Fastest speed (MPH) from 79 9
years data, Direction of fastest speed, and year of fastest speed.
MONTH MEAN HOURLY FASTEST DIRECTION YEAR
SPEED
Jan 13.5 70 SE 1928
Feb 13.3 62 NE 1914
Mar 12.6 61 E 1931
Apr 11.4 60 E 1934
May 9.7 67 SE 1924
June 8.4 49 E 1918
July 7.5 47 NE 1912
Aug 7.4 61 NE 1917
Sept 8.7 47 NE 1940
Oct 10.7 76 E 1917
Nov 12.3 76 NE 1919
Dec 12.9 83 E 1917
TABLE 4.4.3 RECORDS OF SUNSHINE AT EASTPORT, MAINE.
Based on 70 years data. Expressed as mean number of days per
month for clear, partly cloudy and cloudy.
J
I
MONTH CLEAR PARTLY CLOUDY CLOUDY
Jan 8 8 16
Feb 8 7 13
Mar 8 9 14
Apr 7 9 14
May 7 11 13
June 6 12 12
July 7 13 11
Aug 8 12 11
Sept 9 9 12
Oct 8' 9 14
Nov 6 8 17
Dec 7 8 16
TOTALS 88 116 162
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2. MASCARENE GROUP
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3. SILURIAN DIABASE & GABBRO

4. SILURIAN SHALES, ETC.

5. DRIFT-COVERED AREA

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4.4.4 LONG-TERM RECORD OF MONTHLY
FOG FOR EASTPORT, MAINE.
17
5.1 INTRODUCTION. As previously indicated, topography is
one of the major factors controlling the distribution and abundance of
marine organisms in the study area. A variety of other factors are, of
course, also at work including tides, tidal amplitude, currents, upwell
ings, salinity, temperature, wave action, surface circulation, water clar
ity, water quality, weather, etc. Good historical data for such parameters
is often lacking or spotty. However, we have gathered together available
information in an effort to give as complete a picture as possible of the
oceanography of the area.
5.2 BATHYMETRY. Figure 5.2.1 shows intertidal, shallow water
and deep water areas in the study area.
5.3 SUBSTRATES. While there are numerous minor habitats
created from the grading of one shore type into another, there are
eight major habitats in the study area (Figure 5.3.1):
1. ROCKY SHORES. Shores composed of cliffs, ledges, sub
tidal rock outcrops and the rocks and rubble associated
with them.
2. MUDDY SHORES. Shores composed primarily of mud,
sandy-mud or muddy-sand.
3. SANDY SHORES. Shores composed almost entirely of
sand, with little mud.
4. MIXED SHORES. This is a common type of shore. It is
usually a rock-based substrate which drops gradually to
the low water mark and which may contain pockets of
mud, sand, tide pools, and bars composed of fine to course
rock. These are usually highly productive shores and will
contain many of the animals found on "pure" shore types.
In general, these animals occur in pockets of the right sub
strate, and will be found at levels on the beach similar to
those on the pure shore type. Such shores are usually com
plex, but profiles for the basic shore types can be used to
predict where the organism will be encountered. A single
rock in a muddy area, for example, will usually have the
same animals as a rock ledge at that level.
5. TIDE POOLS. Tide pools are pockets of water trapped in
depressions in the intertidal area. They may have muddy,
sandy, or rocky bottoms and contain, therefore, plants and
animals from these substrates. The most interesting tide pools
have rocky bottoms. This is largely due to the fact they con
tain more spectacular animals, including many subtidal spec
ies which could not otherwise ~ u r v i v e in the intertidal re
gion.
5. OCEANOGRAPHY I
6. BRACKISH PONDS AND ESTUARIES. Ponds, inlets, and
bays which receive changes of seawater, but are also sub
ject to large inflows of freshwater from rivers, streams and
seepage, have reduced salinity which produces a unique en
vironment for a number of specialized species.
7. SALT MARSHES. These are low areas often surrounding a
brackish pond, estuary, bay or inlet. They are distinguished
by profuse growths of salt-tolerant grasses, bushes, etc.
8. MAN-MADE HABITATS. Man has been active in the study
area for centuries and the area is dotted with such man-made
structures as piers, wharves, pilings, weirs, floats, and break
waters. Structures composed of rock are very rapidly colon
ized by marine animals and in a very short time become cov
ered with the same profuse growth as a rock ledge. However,
the total population of animals tends to be greater since the
small rock size of such rubble produces many more caves and
overhangs than a natural ledge and it is in such circumstances
that the most profuse growth of marine animals is found.
Wooden structures, wharves in particular, contain large pop
ulations of many of these species. The shaded circumstance
and large surface area result in a virtual blanket of subtidal
life on the wood of such structures. In fact, many species
occur abundantly only in: such areas and these structures
have undou btedly contributed greatly to the productivity of
the area, at least in a localized way.
9. PELAGIC HABITATS. Offshore bodies of water which are
essentially oceanic in character are important in the Deer
Island-Campobello Archipelago. It is here that the major herring
and ground fishery takes: place. Other large pelagic species
such as sharks, tuna, ocean sunfish, and whales frequent
the area. Figures 5.3.2 to 5.3.4 show the locations of various
substrates in the study area. Figure 5.3.5 shows typical re
lationships between various substrates and typical bottom
profiles.
19 I
18 I
t30 FT. DEEP
0-30 FT. DEEP
INTERTIDAL ~

5.2.1 BATHYMETRY - INTERTIDAL, SHALLOW-WATER I
AND DEEP WATER AREAS IN THE STUDY AREA
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5.4 TI DES. The Bay of Fundy has tidal fluctuations among the
greatest in the world. Throughout the study area, the tidal rise and fall
is in excess of 20 feet. One of the best descriptions of Fundy tides was
presented by Campbell (1974), quoting Dr. G. F. D. Duff, Department of
Mathematics, University of Toronto.
"Tides result from the gravitational attraction of the sun and moon
on the waters of the oceans, and to some extent from the Centrifugal
force of the earth's rotation. The fact that the sun and moon act inde
pendently and their distances from the earth vary continuously means
that an ever-changing pattern of forces is exerted on the oceans. result
ing in a tidal behaviour that is much more complex than that of a sim
ple harmonious ebb and flow. Of the three main components that make
up the tide-rising force in Fundy, the most important one of the semi
diurnal (twice daily) lunar tide. With a period of 12 hours, 25 minutes,
this component results in an amplitide of wave height of 18.5 feet in the
Minas Basin at the Head of the Bay. The other two components are the
semidiurnal solar tide with a wave height of 2. 7 feet and the lunar el
liptic tide (the effect of the approach and recession of the moon in its
ellipiticalorbit) with a wave height of 3.5 feet. As well, there are sever
al minor components resulting from the cyclic character of the paths of
the sun and the moon. The highest tides result when these various cycles
come into the same phase, or act in concert.
"The interplay of these forces is responsible for the tides through
out the world, but the reasons for the extremely high tides in Fundy
are to be found in the physical characteristics of the Bay itself. It shal
lows in a gradual manner, and converges progressively to its headwaters,
both factors tending to convert a long wave into a steeper and shorter
crest of greater height. Because Fundy is fairly steep-sided with a flat
bottom, very little energy is lost on the sides of the Bay. In sum, the
shape of the Bay has the effect of focussing the energy of the incom
ing wave".
This unique set of circumstances has resulted in extremely great
tidal ampl itude with a resultant energy force of considerable interest
to man. Numerous studies have been conducted into the potential of
Fundy tides as a source of hydrogenerated electrical power. Its effect
on the diversity and abundance of marine organisms in the Bay is
equally great.
5.5. CU RRENTS. A tremendous volume of water must flood
into Passamaquoddy Bay and rush out again twice a day. As this
massive amount of water moves through passages and channels, it
creates currents. Indeed, these currents are so violent at certain local
ities within the Study Area that the Old Sow Whirlpool, located off the
southern tip of Deer Island, is reputed to be the second largest in the
world.
Currents are the agents of the tides and their constant flow is essential
to the existence of all marine organisms. The open water is alive with
free-floating creatures whose destination and fate is determined by the
currents of the oceans. Swept back and forth with the changing tides,
these plants and animals are adapted for such a life and the smaller
creatures in this living broth, the plankton, serve as food for many larg
er organisms. For those creatures which are not adapted to life in open
water, being swept away by currents may spell disaster. Dislodged from
the protection of its muddy home under a rock, a wriggling annelid
worm becomes food for a roving fish which is following the eddies or
tailing at the base of a passage feeding on the small animals which stream
towards it. Yet, in many ways, the moving currents are the lifeblood
of even those creatures which are not, as adults, adapted for Iife in a
fast moving stream. The currents bring them a constant supply of fresh
seawater rich in dissolved nutrients, food, and oxygen. In addition, they
insure that the larvae of these creatures are spread to the proper habitat
throughout the Bay.
In addition to their role as distributor, currents also play an import
ant function in the formation of the major types of habitat found in
the Bay. Flowing spent into a cove, the waters drop suspended organic
and inorganic matter which, added to the accumulation of centuries,
helps to form and maintain extensive mudflats; a major habitat which
supports a wide diversity of life. Myriad worms and molluscs crowd the
secure mud, while sand shrimp, mysids, beach fleas and small fishes
swim at will through these protected waters. In the passages and along
the outer ledges, where the currents sweep with full force, the bottom
is scoured and such animals are restricted to patches of sediment which
form under rocks or in protected areas and among the complex hold
fasts of the kelps. All of the animals which live exposed to the currents
cling tenaciously. The tentacles of anemones sway as in a breeze, sea
potatoes lean on their firm stalks, while starfish and sea urchins grasp
tightly with their tube feet. In deep water, where the currents slow to
the point where sedimentation is possible, there are underwater mud
flats, of tremendous extent, which harbour a different and distinctive
assemblage of animals.
Even while the tidal currents rush back and forth, there is a slow,
steady movement of water which is not related to tides and is probably
created by convection currents resulting from the heating and cobling
of the ocean surface. This is termed NONTIDAL DRIFT. If, for ex
ample, a floating object is placed at a particular point in the open Bay,
it does not return to the same point with each tidal cycle, but drifts
steadily away from this point. Fisheries scientists have conducted num
erous studies, using drift bottles to determine the pattern of non-tidal
drift. Drift bottle studies carried out by Chevrier (1959) give good de
tails on surface circulation patterns in the study area (Figures
5.5.1 to 5.5.4). This information is vital for several reasons. Fisheries
biologists are able to predict the direction of drift of fish larvae after
they leave the spawning ground and the location of these larvae when
r ' I
20
they cease their planktonic existence. In addition, surface pollution,
particularly oil, follows surface circulation patterns and predictions can
be made regarding what areas may be affected by surface-borne pollution
in relation to current patterns and wind. Knowledge of surface circulation
patterns should be seriously considered when a decision is made regard
ing the location of shore-based industries. Locations where surface
circulation leads directly to areas which are important in terms of the
fishery should be avoided at all costs.
In terms of the study area, an examination of the available data shows
that the area can be affected by oil spills occurring at any point in the
outer Bay; depending on the season and the prevailing wind conditions.
Surface borne oil originating on the Nova Scotia shore or at Saint John
may reach either Grand Manan or Deer Island. In fact, two minor spills
at Saint John have already reached the Deer Island Region; one during
the summer of 1974 (MacKay, 1974) and another in the summer of
1976.
As will be discussed later, the proposed construction of an oil refin
ery and supertanker terminal at Eastport, Maine places the area in
jeopardy. A major spill in Head Harbour Passage would have a profound
effect on the Deer Island-Campobello Archipelago.
The study area presents a complex mosaic of tidal patterns and, to our
knowledge, no extensive monitoring program has ever been undertaken.
Nevertheless, a summary of available data is presented in Table 5.5.1.
5.6 LIGHT AND WATER CLARITY. Water clarity and the con
sequent penetration of light are important factors in terms of both bio
logical productivity and recreational diving. Water clarity tends to be re
latively poor in the study area as a whole. However, there are wide vari
ations from locality to locality, as well as seasonally. In general, we have
found water clarity is the poorest at the mouths of rivers, in muddy embay
ments, and among islands where currents favour sedimentation. Clarity I
is usually low during the summer and high during the winter. Also, in
shore waters tend to have low visibility and offshore waters tend to have
high visibility at any given time. At Deer Island effective visibility is us
ually 10 to 15 feet. Offshore visibility averages 15 to 20 feet and may
reach 30 feet or more at certain times of the year (R. Richardson, per.
comm.l.
5.7 TEMPERATURE. Bay of Fundy waters are typically cold. The
following records show seasonal variations for two sites in the study area
(Shenton and Horton, 1973).
TEMPERATURE (OC)
LETITE PASSAGE 1957 1958
Winter 1.50 3.51
Spring 5.95 5.59
Summer 11.10 10.62
Autumn 9.43 8.79
Mean 6.99 7.13
WESTERN PASSAGE
Winter 1.72 3.19
Spring 5.71 5.50
Summer 10.66 10.47
Autumn 9.46 9.11
Mean 6.94 7.07
Since there is little freshwater in the area, surface freezing is light and
restricted to bays and coves with small streams.
5.8 SALINITY. Salinity values are typically high in the study area as
indicated by the following figures (Shenton and Horton, 1973).
SALINITY (% 0)
LETITE PASSAGE 1957 1958
Winter 31.80 31.91
Spring 31.72 30.91
Summer 32.21 31.85
Fall 32.61 32.14
Mean 32.09 31.70
WESTERN PASSAGE
Winter 31.75 31.64
Spring 31.83 31.00
Summer 32.29 31.85
Fall 31.73 32.18
Mean 32.15 31.67
5.9 WAVES AND EROSION.. The erosive effect of waves is part
icularly important as a principle agent in the formation of shore types.
Small, wave-driven rock particles are constantly wearing against rocky
surfaces in the intertidal zone; slowly sculpturing the shoreline. Water
borne particles have a similar erosive effect in areas with strong currents.
In addition to the erosive action of waves and currents, a number of
small grazing animals, such as limpets, chitons, and sea urchins, rasp
their way over the rock surface removing algae for food and, inevitably,
minute particles of rock. The freezing and thawing of water in cracks and
crevices above the low water mark acts in the same way as on land. Work
21 I
ing slowly through the years in combination with the waves and currents,
the cracks are widened and rocks, ranging from small chips to enormous
slabs, eventually plunge to the base of the ledge or cliff. The larger pieces
settle directly, while small pieces are carried seaward. The smaller the
particle, the further away from the ledge it may be carried. The subtidal
character of rocky ledges and cliffs is usually similar to that shown in Fig
ure 5.9.1, large rock rubble at the base of the cliff, grading slowly to fine
mud in deeper water at some distance from the cliff. The finer sediment may,
of course, be carried away and, combined with the sediments from rivers
and streams and organic debris, contribute to the formation of a mud flat
in some protected bay or estuary. This erosive action is vital to many inter
tidal and subtidal species. It is the undersurfaces of the rocks which fall
from the ledges which are home for a vast array of animals, while the cracks
and crevices and caves formed by submerged rocks are vital to many other
species.
On sandy shores, the combined effect of waves and currents results in
continual erosion of the small rock particles. When exposed to waves and
currents, the particles forming the surface of the beach are constantly in
motion, rubbing against each other in such a way as to progressively reduce
particle size, the finest particles gradually moving offshore to settle in deep
er water with fresh sand particles replacing them from the shore. It is the con
stant movement of the sand particles whilfh makes the sandy beach relative
ly barren when conttasted with rocky and muddy shores, since it is imposs
ible for the larvae of animals to settle.
...
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FINE PARTICLES UNDER 1/16 MM. FINER THAN MUD
AND USUALLY UNSTABLE (MIXES EASILY WITH WAT
ER).
a
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FINE PARTICLES UNDER 1/16 MM. COMPACTS AND
RELATIVELY STABLE (REQUIRES AGITATION TO
MIX WITH WATER).
a
Z
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FREE ROCKS UNDER 3/32 OF AN INCH (1/16 TO 2
MM) IN DIAMETER.
w
-I FREE ROCKS 3/32 TO 2% INCHES (2 TO 64 MM) IN DI-
m
m
AMETER.
w
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-I FREE ROCKS 2% TO 10 INCHES (64 TO 256 MM) IN
I
m
m
DIAMETER.
0
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W
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OVER MUD OR SAND DUE TO EROSION OF OVERLY
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-I ER.
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5.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERTIDAL
AND SUBTIDAL SUBSTRATES (Af
ter MacKay and Bosien, 1973).
22 I
r
(
I
TABLE 5.5.1 AVERAGE SEASONAL AND ANNUAL TEMPERATURES (DEGREES C) AND SI UNITIES
WIOO) IN THE QUODDY REGION. (Shenton and Horton, 1973).
COBSCOOK BAY
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mean
PASSAMAQUODDY BAY
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mean
LETITE PASSAGE
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mean
WESTERN PASSAGE
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mean
OUTSIDE
Winter
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Mean
1957
TEMPERATURE
1.57
6.08
11.23
8.99
6.67
1.02
6.39
11.79
9.50
7.18
1.50
5.95
11.10
9.43
6.99
1.72
5.71
10.86
9.46
6.94
2.60
4.99
10.21
9.62
6.86
SALINITY
31.51
31.70
31.88
32.37
31.87
31.35
31.24
31.85
32.35
31.92
31.80
31.72
32.21
32.61
32.09
31.75
31.83
32.29
31.73
32.15
32.35
32.05
32.35
32.70
32.36
TEMPERATURE
3.14
6.74
11.12
8.98
7.50
2.89
6.07
11.70
8.67
7.33
3.51
5.59
10.62
8.79
I
7.13
3.19
5.50
10.47
9.11
7.07
3.79
4.92
9.68
9.21
6.90
1958
SALINITY
31.56
30.85
32.30
32.20
31.73
31.06
29.40
31.44
31.85
30.94
31.91
30.91
31.85
32.14
31.70
31.64
31.00
31.85
32.18
31.67
32.20
31.39
32.12
32.47
32.06
23 I

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COMMON
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ABUNDANT
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MAINE
012
l [ [ i I
SCALE
91-93 --.-Hf
94-95

:. '.
.......
5.3.4 OCCURRENCE OF MUD
2

" 5 4
ill
8

:uJ
II
'.:.: ..$- 12
',$--13
14
15

RECORDED
19

OBSERVED &
INFERRED
OCCURRENCE
I,
f)

>

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en
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cd
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22
't-
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23
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.$-- 24
CL)
,- COMMON
, ,
CL)
ABUNDANT
f?
26

..
5.3.5 TYPICAL BOTTOM PROF I LES
Usually soft mud grading to silt. Occasionally sandy
mud or muddy sand grading to mud. Occasional
ledge outcrops and emergent boulders.
.... Usually firm mud, occasional
sand. Occasional ledge outcrops
and emergent boulders.
Ledge
,
A
Same as above Usually firm mud, occasional sand.
Occasional ledge outcrops and emer
gent boulders.
l ;':::'C;':::!:';:'i)
:8:::2{:":,r:. :'.(X d:'::::,::o
.. ::... ::':(r:..
B
Soft mud or sand with boulders Same as above
."<::'" : "':.:::':"9":"
....,:
....
"
.. . ., : . .' '''."
.. '. :',
...
.,
..
o
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o '"
-0-0-0
;:ll::;-a .... , ....
co rn 0
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E ..c=
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1
c
27
.\j;:.\ '.,
5.5.1 SURFACE CI RCULATION AS INDICATED
'. ",
: :
DRIFT BOTTLE STUDIES-SPRING (Chevrier, 1959)
. ....
.... ,?(\v:: :' .
.."v .., t1'.
,0.
3
.;

DEER ISLAND
......
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. ".. .,'.
......
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.:= : '.'
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SCALE
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, [ iii
MAINE

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28 \
I
------
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cr:
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. " '.\ "q.' ., V"'
.:\':.: .. SURFACE CIRCULATION AS INDICATED BY,
:. ..' ... ..::. DRIFT BOTTLE STUDIES
::
. \r"
IF
': .:"".
. .. .
01
eJO
: ....n,;'::\ .:0.'
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. ..... 0'

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.:
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.'
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- .....
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SCALE
012
l 1 i [ I-I
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'!'o
DRIFT BOTTLE STUDIES-WINTER (Chevrier, 1959).
,(J.!
.;

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....

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........
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."
.'.
.'
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.... . .t? '.,.
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xi.-/) '. .;b .
-..:03 :
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SCALE
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5.5.4 SURFACE AS INDICATED BY/
;>
\-4
='
(/)
o
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Q)
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=
e
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31 \
LOW WATER
MUD
-

MEDIUM ROCK RUBBLE AI\JD MUD
-..
WAVES
CURRENTS
FREEZING
COURSE ROCK RUBBLE

/
" 1 w,....;" " ,.',
FIGURE 5.9.1 FORMATION OF A HOCKY SHORE. The erosive effect of waves, currents, grazing animals, and freezing, fragment
the rocky ledge intertidally and in the shallow subtidal area. Large rocks settle directly at the base of the ledge while medium and small
rocks are slowly transported away from the ledge; the finer the particle the greater the possible distance it will be transported.
32
6.1 INTRODUCTION. The study area does not suffer greatly from
Dollution and water quality can be considered as good. Fisheries and En
vironment bacteriological surveys (Baxter and Julien, 1975) at Campobello I
indicated that:
a) The physical sanitary inspection of the surrounding
shore line and water shed revealed no significant sources
of pollution...
b) The bacteriological data... illustrates the satisfactory
water quality throughout the study area...
Identified sources of pollution include shore-side residences and several
fish processing establishments as shown in Figure 6.1.1.
The study area has been subjected to major oil spills originating from
Saint John, N.B. and the real threat to this vital fishing area is from exter
nal development at Saint John, as well as a proposed oil refinery at East
port, Maine.
While a large area on Campobello Island was closed due to a threat
from sewage and industrial wastes from Lubec and Eastport, a recent
study (Baxter and Julien, 1975) has recommended that the closure be
dropped due to decreases in coliforms.
6.2 MRA-DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES SEDIMENT ANALYSES, 1977.
Limited funds were available for the collection of sediment samples and an
alysis by the Research and Productivity Council, Fredericton, N.B. Samples
\
were collected from the surface by divers or by hand from the shore in the
j
case of intertidal samples. Table 6.2.1 shows the results of these analyses.
PROCEDURE
A) Metals:
Mercury was determined by the method of H. Agemian and
A.S. Y. Chau, Analyst, 1976, 101, pp 91-95 and quantitated
by cold-flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS).
6. WATER QUALITY
and
POLLUTION
Cu, Pb and Zn were also quantitated by AAS but the digestion
consisted of an aqua regia digest.
B) PCB/Organohalogens:
The method of extraction used was that as described in "An
alytical Methods Manual". Inland Waters Directorate, Water
Quality Branch, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The clean-up was
alumina-silica technique as described by several authors, e.g.,
Z. Holden and K. Marsden, J. of Chromatog., 44 (1969) 481
492. The clean-up on alumina-silica affords a suitable separ
ation of PCB from organohalogen pesticides.
In the PCB fraction from silica gel chromatography, consider
able amounts of sulphur were found. This causes a serious in
terference in E.C. detection and was removed by treating the
fraction (in hexane) three times with elemental mercury and
filtering.
RESULTS
The results are presented in the enclosed table, PCB's were
detected at low levels in almost all the samples along with traces
of ODE (a DDT metabolite). ODE and DDT were detected at
trace levels only and could not be quantitated or confirmed.
Code %
M.RA Sample Location & Depth Moisture PCB DOE Hg Cu Pb Zn
WQ4-1 Fairhaven 25' 48.12 0.012 0.001 0.022 14.5 18.3 55.8
WQ4-2 Minke Island Passage 25' 67.67 N/D N/D 0.008 5.1 16.6 24.3
WQ5-1 Wilson's Beach Intertidal 40.73 0.013 0.001 0.017 63.5 263.4 321.3
TABLE 6.2.1\ RESULTS OF MARINE RESEARCH ASSOCIATES DEPARTMENT OF FISHERI ES POLLUTION SURVEY-SUMMER
1977 (Analyses by RESEARCH AND PRODUCTIVITY COUNCI L, Fredericton, N.B.). (ug/g wet weight) / 3.
I

".
. ..... :
;::.: :
'..
f?:.-,
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.: .. , :
;' .
0
DEER ISLAND
P :
'._,'
........
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...
.......
..:::
SCALE
012
Lr_ I I I I 1
'.',
'. g.
---
_._.
--
'8'

6.1.1 POLLUTION SOURCES

(1) H.W. Welch (Connors Bros)
: :.. p v: Herring Cannery - process wastes and
sewage.
J(.
(2) H.W. Welch (Connors Bros) Herring Cannery

'<.nJ.
.0.::
process wastes and sewage
(3) Jackson Bros - Ground fish offal
0./' ... (4) Eastport - municipal and fish
',' .
.... processing
(5) Lubec - Municipal and fish
..
processing /
'
Potential residential sewage /
i"b';
....; .... o;-:,U:.
:0:: : .,
. '
,':
34 \
\

Jj

o
..--.
GJ
.g

U

=
(
!S
Q.)
Q.)

I

7. PLANTS &ANIMALS
The following sections document the plants and animals of the study
area as recorded by MRA's field staff. While not all species occurring in the
area were encountered during the field survey, a large percentage were loc
ated and their distribution and abundance patterns were recorded. These
charts represent the first major effort to record the distribution/abundance
patterns in the study area and will be of considerable value in locating
stocks of commercial and potentially commercial species.
Although actual numbers of many species were recorded, abundance re
cords presented here are qualitative. In general,abundance was determined
on the following basis.
PRESENT A species was considered to be "present" if it
occurred only in small numbers and was usually
difficult to locate.
COMMON A species was considered to be "common" if it
was a common part of the flora or fauna and
was easily observed and located.
ABUNDANT A species was considered to be "abundant" if it
occurred in unusually large numbers and domin
ated the flora or fauna of a particular site.
KEY-The following symbols are used in the following charts to denote dis
tribution and abundance:
EEl NOT RECORDED
~ PRESENT
~ COMMON
ABUNDANT
INFERRED DISTRIBUTION ON SUITABLE
SUBSTRATE
MAPS: Distribution-abundance-Maps were prepared only for those spec
ies which occurred at 5 or more sites. Descriptive information, only, is
provided for species which were of low occurrence.
35
7.1 PORFER
I
THE TUFTED SPONGE
(Grantia)
CRUMB-OF-BREAD SPONGE
(Halichondrial DEAD MAN'S FINGERS
(Haliclona)
LEUCOSOLENIA
SULPHUR BORING SPONGE
(Cliona)
7.1 PORIFERA-SPONGES
INTRODUCTION: Sponges are of widespread occurrence throughout
the study area. Unfortunately, identification is extremely difficult and re
quires considerable laboratory work. Wh ile many of the sponges recorded
in this survey can be identified, others have been referred to a particular
species on the basis of gross morphology. In such cases, we have indicated
the tentative nature of the identification by the term like. Myxilla-like, for
example, refers to a sponge which most closely resembles the genus Myx
ilia. There is little doubt that considerable work is required to relate ident
ification to distribution. Nevertheless, this survey does provide distribution
al data related to tentative identification.
36
.... L
"/"
SUMMARY OF SPECIES RECORDED
SPECIES
1. Leucosolenia sp.
2. Scypha ciliata- Tufted sponge
3. Isodictya-like
4. Haliclona oculata
5. Myxilla-like
6. lophon sp.
7. Melonanchora-like
8. Halichqndria-like
9. Suberites-like
10. Cliona-like
I AREA ABUNDANCE
DESCRIPTION
Size-to approx. 10 cm. Colonies, usually
2-3 cm; Color-whitish; Form-branching
colonies
Size-to 8 cm. Color-whitish; Form-Solitary,
vase-like.
Size-to approx. 30 cm; Color-red, orange;
Form-erect, broad branches.
Size-to approx. 50 cm; Color-light brown;
Form-erect, broad branches.
Size-to approx. 30 cm; Color-light yellow;
Form-round, massive, surface with winding
grooves and lobulate projections.
Size-to 3 cm; Color-yellowish brown;
Form-Encrusting, usually on Brachiopods
Size-to 30 cm; Color-yellow; Form-En
crusting on massive projecting lobes
Size-to approx. 30 cm; Color-yellow, green,
purple; Form-irregular, encrusting.
Size-to approx. 15 em; Color-yellowish
brown; Form-bulb like, or pear shaped,
oscula few, surface smooth.
Size-variable; Color-sulphur-yellow; Form-
irregular encrusting, firm, low wart-like
prominences.
~
Z
w
en
w
a::
a..
x
x
x
x
x
x
~
z
z<{
00
:2:z
:2:::>
oen
u<{
x
x
x
x
x
-l
<{
0
f=
a::
w
~
Z
x
-l
<{
0
f=
en
::>
en
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
-l
0
0
a . . ~
W
u
eo
~ a : :
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
HABITAT
00
::>z
:2:;;5
..
~
<{
0
-l
u..
x
x
x
x
en
wen
>t9
a::
z
<{
J:-l
3:0::
en
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O ~
a::
w
a::z
wa::
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::>3:
x
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x
en
-l
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w
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en
x
x
x
x
!
t9
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:2:
DISTRIBUTION :2:
3:
en
W
w
a::
u..
Sites 151, 154, 168, 169
Figure 7.1.1
Figure 7.1.2
Figure 7.1.3
Figure 7.1.4
Figure 7.1.5
Sites-56, 59,127,106,154
Figure 7.1.6
Sites-45, 154
Sites-151, 154, 168, 177
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
37

....
7.1.1 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
THE TUFTED SPONGE (Scypha)
r-
94-95
88-90 ----+l-rl'
2

6
4
- 8
(1) !JL 9
I)
.$- 12
" "",(I) 13
n..

14
MAINE
) 5
..:: :
., ....
\JI;.=;J
oJ oJ
22
23
.@-- 24
E!)-
E}
NOT RECORDED
PRESENT

COMMON
012
l iii i ' ,
, .

. 26
e-
ABUNDANT
SCALE
38
ISODICTYA-L1KE SPONGE
91-93 ---+Hf"
9 4 - 9 5 ~
88-90 --++,.:t"
86-87-ff!t
"'- .
'-'0)
ffi ...:;,,-
ill
-
7
2
6
4
8
~ 9
(D
11
13
((J)
(I)
14
15
$--16
'\c.
$--17
o
l (
1
iii'
"
.... :
2
,
.
22
23
.$-- 24
$-
NOT RECORDED
E} PRESENT
~ - - COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
I
\
~
I' ,
~
='
tJ)
0
'l'--4
Q)
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rn
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SCALE
39
012
l t [ I I l - 1
SCALE
..
.......
DEADMAN'S FINGERS SPONGE (Haliclona)
2
6
4
8
JO
9
II
13
~
14
45
rill 15
$--17
- - ~ 1 9
o(f) 20
22
23
~ 2 4
I:
61-
NOT RECORDED
E}- PRESENT
~ - COMMON
--
ABUNDANT
40 I
96-97
1.3-106.. 107-108
". 126-127
91-93-----{.AI \:.... _, :'. ";
.. 120-125
94-95 --.i' ;.7';7 .J'VIIi. 15-119 Pi
MYXI LLA-L1KE SPONGE

2
O. 131-135
.,.\..

,a : ..
136-143 '!If' ,
i . 56-59
"'. :;:: 55
.' I
" 3
. 53 -$: ': ,rn!--- 6
.' ,;. 5
7 4 8
, ri-.... $-- 10
'. 9
;' ':: 64 \
:,\):, $-49/<+0
I]
13
1m 14
15
'$--16
o
l I [
1
Ii'
2
,
..
.......
22
23

-.. 25

Ef1

e-
NOT RECORDED
PRESENT
COMMON
ABUNDANT
SCALE

='
o
....-4
Q)
..g
U

=
(
Q.)
Q.)

41 I
~ ~ { J
' ..
IOPHON SPONGE
94-95
88-90-f-trJ
178-180
2
< D ~ 5 _ 6 4
19
'CD 20
22
at-
NOT RECORDED
23
Et-
PRESENT
..:: . .$-- 24
a-
COMMON
012
I I iii' ,
e-
ABUNDANT
SCALE
42 \
I'
<Y
CRUMB-Of-BREAD SPONGE (Halichondria)

\-4

2
4
=' ED '; 'm-..
if) 7
8
ED - 9
o
II

ill 13
'aj
/(1 14
.g
MAINE
HI) 15

S
U
I
..El1-- 19
]
$ 20
S

(
rn
' ..$- 22
NOT RECORDED
EI7

PRESENT
.-
Et
..::
:..-- 24
Q,)
Q,)
'l. COMMON
o 1 2
1 i I I I-
j
ABUNDANT
SCALE

43
1
7.2 CNIDARIA ---..
SOFT CORAL
MOON JELLYFISH
(Gersemia) TUBULARIA
3

"l\
1\ Planula

-J"
JS'''hi''o""
COMMON SEA ANEMONE
..... I
(Metridium)
.
.
\
'" ,: Strobila
NODDING NOSEGAY

T (Corymorpha)

','"

.....
t,
. . .
. , YStrobila releasing ephyra
\
ANTENNULARIA
ephyra
CLAVA
OBELIA HYDROID
7.2 CNIDARIA - HYDROIDS, ANEMONES, JELLYFISH, ETC.
INTRODUCTION: Cnidarians occur throughout the study area; some
times in great abundance. Some species, particularly hydroids, have specific
habitat requirements and special effort must be made to search them out.
As a result many species which have been recorded by others as occurring
in the area were not recorded by our field team and it is clear that addition
al distributional work is required. However, like the sponges, this would re
quire a survey of the same magnitude as this general survey. Many of these
species would be of academic interest only and would not have any fisheries
application because of their small size and relative rarity.
t
44
HABITAT I AREA ABUNDANCE
.- .
DESCRIPTION
SPECIES
1. Corymorpha pendula-Nod Size-5 to 6 cm; Color-transparent, pink;
ding nosegay Form-solitary polyp with root-like hold
fast.
2. Tubularia sp. Pink-hearted Size-small polyp on 6 to 10 cm stalk;
Hydroid Form-single polyps forming large clusters
3, Clava sp. Size-to 5 mm; Color-pink; Form-individual
polyps in clusters.
4, Obelia sp. Size-l cm; Color-white; Form-branching
stalk with small terminal polyps. I
5. Antennularia sp. Size-l0-15 cm. Color-whitish; Form-single
stalk with short branching, usually in
clusters.
6. Hydractinia sp. Size-to 5 mm; Color-pink, red; Form-usually
found on shells of Pagurus sp.
7. Lucernaria quadricornis
I
Size-to approx. 6 cm; Color-gray green to
brown; Form-solitary
8. Pelagia noctiluca Size-to approx. 7 cm; Color-transparent,
brown,; Form-cup shaped.
9. Cyanea capillata-Red Arctic Size-to approx. 50 cm; Color-red, brown,
Jellyfish translucent; Form-typical with long
10. Aurelia au rita-Moon JeIl
Y
-!
tentacles.
Size-to 25 cm; Color-white, transparent;
fish Form-flattened cups, four gonad rings
11. Aurelia schyphistoma Size-to 5 mm; Color-white; Form-typical
I 12. Halistaura-like
hydroid.
Size-to 10 cm; Color-wh ite, transparent;
Form-flat cup, oval with white cross
13. Alcyonium digitalum Size-to 10 cm; Color-translucent pink;
Form-typical soft coral
14. Gersemia sp. Soft coral Size-8 to 10 cm. Color-red; Form-branching
15. Edwardsia sipunculoides Size-9 cm; Color-light brown; Form-long.
16. Tealia felina-Dahlia anemone Size-to approx. 15 cm; Color-red, white
Form-typical with many thick tentacles
f-
Z
w
(f)
w
a:
t:l.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Z
0
~
~
0
()
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x
x
x
x
x
x
f-
z

0
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::)
co

-l

0
f
a:
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f-
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-l

0
f=
en
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(f)
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0
0
t:l.
W
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i=
(f)
w
>
a:

I
~
x
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x
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(f)
t9
z
-l
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x
x
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(f)
f

0
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(f)
~
()
0
a:
a:
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x x
x
x
x x x
x
x x
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x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
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x
x x
f-
w
z
a:
W
~
x
x
(f)
-l
-l
w
I
(f)
0
0
z
::)

(f) ~
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
t9
Z
~
~ DISTRIBUTION
~
W
w
a:
u..
~
()
0
a:
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Figure 7.2.1
Figure 7.2.2.
Site-70
Figure 7.2.3
Figure 7.2.4
Sites-78, 164
Figure 7.2.5
Site-169
Sites-l, 158
Site-151
Figure 7.2.6
Site-39
Figure 7.2.7
Figure 7.2.8
Figure 7.2.9
Figure 7.2.10
17. Bunodactis stella-Green
I
Size-to approx. 5 cm; Color-green; Form-j
anemone typical
x x x x x x Figure 7.2.11
.
45
L ~ R E A ABUNDANCE
HABITAT
;
-
(9
(f) Z
SPECIES
DESCRIPTION
....J
I
<t:
ZZ
....J
....J
I
0
<t:
0
Z O<t: 0 I 0
W
: ? : ~
Cl.:I<:: 0::
i=
(f)
W
:?::::J
W
u W
I
a:J
eo 0:: 0a:J
Z
:::J
Cl. u<t: <n 1-0::
:I<::
:E
u
0 :E
(f)
0::
I
~
w
W
>
<n <n
<n
0 I
0:: Z (f)
a:
....J
W
0
Z <t:
W
0:: ....J
<t:
:::Jz
0
0
W W
: ? : ~
:r: ....J
....J Z W
I 0::
:s: Cl. LL :::J :s: (f) LL
DISTRIBUTION
18. Metridium senile-Common Size-to approx. 20 em; Color-brown, white,
anemone red, orange; Form-typical x x x x x x x Figure 7.2.12
19. Cerianthus borealis Size-to approx. 25 em; Color-light brown ,
body, tentacles green striped; Form-burrow
ing anemone, gelatinous tube. x x x Sites-157, 158, 159, 171
20. Cupulita cara Size-to approx. 50 em; Color-mostly trans
parent; Form-floating strings x x Figure 7.2.13
\ 46 \
91-93
94-95
88-90----t-t.:r
MAINE
.:9;:
.
o 1 2
,
.....
I" " ; iii I I
SCALE
7,2.1 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
NODDING NOSEGAY (Corymorpha)
" 126-127
120-125 I

'." 128-130

;.: './
136-143, "',
,',
55
$ 2
':
,t( 54 -$JlI:H..'I'\ti1-
"53-(1)::: 'Ht--- 6
,"" 4
63-64 '0
52
, .

,:' ,-ttt--- 1J
;'" 50
1
64 49/ 48
19
'ill 20
NOT RECORDED
22
Ett
23
Et-
PRESENT

a-
COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT

>

='
(f)
o
...-.4
'a.>
.g
e

u

]
I

...-.4
rJJ

CL)
CL)

47 \
88-90 ----+I-rl'
86-87--(
MAINE
. .:,:.
012
l I , Ii' ,
SCALE
:P/J"
TUBULARIA Sp.
2
W ~ 5
'-1--7
m
6
4
8
UL 9
II
1I) 13
I ~ 14
15
$--- 17
,$--- 18
y.
.$-- 19
:<D 20
"I!-- 21
-.$-- 22
'-'Jd-)-- 23
~ 2 4
ffi-
Et-
~ . -
NOT RECORDED
PRESENT
COMMON
e- ABUNDANT
48 \
94-95
178-180

88-90----L.a'
012
' ..
,1'
I ! " I . I , " I
SCALE
\.J/ :611.: ,
.
',.,,'
OBELIA Sp.
" 126-127
120-
125
4
,'/:j 15-119 jJ
. ."/

-, '0
"":::' '" . ',128-130
: (. ,;
Ie: ":
136-143..
56-59
.
" 3
'. 53 -e: !
:'" ; f. -: 5
.:i
:,
:: ",

64
' \
50
49
11
l
:
;.. 47
",
.
:
. '.
;. -',
.
...
,.'
19
Q 20
.. e-- 24
22
23
....

. 26
EfJ
Et

e-
NOT RECORDED
PRESENT
ABUNDANT
COMMON

;>

o
.....c

.g

S
U
]

(

49 \
I
; ~ 6
....
ANTENNULARIA Sp.
94-95
88-90 ----++.:r
2
~
w:if- 5 6 4
8
11
",(I) 13
14
MAINE
15
19
'ffi 20
22
~
NOT RECORDED
23
~
PRESENT
~ 2 4
,.:"::
~
COMMON
..
012 .....
. ,
e-
ABUNDANT
SCALE
50 \
STAURO MEDUSAE (Lucernaria, Haliclystis)
22
23
.1-- 24
20
II
$
$--14
15
2
~
h { ~ 5 6 4
"m-- 7 8
(J) ~ 9
.
..:....
SCALE
94-95
012
,
i
l
NOT RECORDED
Ef1
Et-
PRESENT
~ - COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
~
~
='
rJJ
o
~
'aj
.g
~
U
~
I
.-c
=
~
..--t
t
rn
Q.)
Q.)
~
51 \

94-95

86-8'-(
MAINE
..::'
..
....... 012
L I I I I ' ,
MOON-JELLYFISH (Aurelia)SCYPHISTOMA
8
ED-'---- I 0 9
""'(1)
2

4 ffi .; ._
II
13
19
18
22
23

EIt-
NOT RECORDED
E}-..
PRESENT

COMMON
--
ABUNDANT
SCALE
52 I
1'.6'
SOFT CORAL (Alcyonium)
I
I

i
I ..
88-90 -----LL:I'"'
Ii

2

6
4
(IJ .
8
(1) 9
II
"'l..(l) 13
f 14
MAINE
:.\.1/
IS
""
:<D 20
NOT RECORDED
22
Ef1
"\.::"ffi-- 23
PRESENT
Et-
..:: . :e:r-- 24
COMMON
..
.......
.
012
ABUNDANT
I " " ; iii i I e-
SCALE

='
(f)
o

'""Qj
.g

U

I

=

...-4

Q)
Q)

53 \
.$-- 24
22
' - . . : . & ~ 23
11
1m 14
15
2
SOFT CORAL (Gersemia)
. p ~ .
:.~ .~ ' ..
.: ': .
SCALE
012
l i I [ I ' ,
94-95 j< :7
\
E1t- NOT RECORDED
Et- PRESENT
'it- COMMON
e-- ABUNDANT
54
1
--
91-93-----f.-j....}f
94-95

..:; .
012
, i [ ii' ,
SCALE
...
.......

EDWARDSIA (Anemone)
2

6
::s
5 4
en
8
!..!L
9
o
II
.....-4
",m 13
1)
1fT) 14
.g
15

U

]
I
(

.....-4
NOT RECORDED
22
EIj
23
Et-
PRESENT
.:ar- 24
QJ
QJ
COMMON
ABUNDANT

55 I
; ~ { J
7.2.10 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF \
THE DAHLIA SEA ANEMONE (Tealia) ,
88-90 --l-.U'"
86-87-(
2
~ 5 6
4
(J) "ffi-7 8
(1)>---J' 0 9
II
..... ffi 13
iT-,
:=
14
15
o
..)
..}
III
Q]
o
Q
~
cJ
19
.....
$--17
,$--18
. 'Iff
(J) 20
o
l i 1
1
ii'
.:: .
2
t
.....
'. ' .......
22
23
~ 2 4
Eft-
NOT RECORDED
E) PRESENT
~ . COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
SCALE
56 I
THE GREEN ANEMONE (Bunodactia)
22
23
_:at-- 24
20
11
-$--17
$--18
).
--er-- 19

1m 14
/tn 15
ill 13
o
-J
-J
W
OJ

37 (J
- 2
4
w-; -m-
7
8
en 9

94-95 it' :>7'

SCALE
012
t i [ I I ' ,
MAINE
ED
NOT RECORDED
Et-
PRESENT
COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT

>

='
r.J)
o

'Qj
.g

ro
U
,
.-c
ro
=
.......
(
en
Q.)
Q.)

57
1
.!' {}/
THE COMMON ANEMONE (Metridium)
88-9O------J--I..X

MAINE

m
2
6
4
8
10
-- 9
"\(1)
(ill
Jm
II
13
14
IS
..er-- 19
:<D 20
o
1 2
----'
SCALE

'.$- 22
'-:,(II 23
$-- 24
Eft- NOT RECORDED
Et- PRESENT
COMMON
e- ABUNDANT
58 1
' ~ c /
' ..
\
CUPU LITASp.
- 2
" ' ~ 5 6
This map shows records only. Cupulita
.' 4
. ' ~ - - - - - 7 is free-swimming and when present
8
occurs throughout the area.
(I) !.iL- 9
II
...... (1) 13
14
1m 15
NOT RECORDED
22
ffi-
PRESENT
23
Et-
$-- 24
~
COMMON
..
o 1 2
e-
ABUNDANT
SCALE
~
>
~
='
(J)
o
.....
G)
..g
~
ttl
U
]
I
~
.....
t
CIJ
~
~
~
59
CTENOPHORA
7.3 INTRODUCTION: Only Beroe cucumis (Site 55) was recorded
in the study area during the field season, several species (Pleurobrachia
pileus, Bolinopsis infundibulum) are a dominant part of the free-swiin,
ming fauna. Through the years, we have observed these species in the
hundreds or thousands, throughout the study area.
SPECI ES: The following species of Ctenophores have been recorded
by Linkletter (1976) in Passamaquoddy Bay.
Class-Tentaculata (Sea Gooseberries and Sea Walnuts)
Order-Cydippida
Family-Pleurobrachi idae
Pleurobrachia pileus (Fabricius)
Mertensia ovum (Fabricius)
Z3 eTENQPHORA
Bolinopsis
Order- Lobata
Family-Bolinopsidae
Bolinopsis infundibulum Muller
Pleurobrachia
Family-Bolinidae
Bolina alata Agassiz

Class-Nuda
Order-Beroida
Family-Beroidae
Beroe cucumis Fabricius
(,
60 \
7.4 PLATYHELMINTHES-FLATWORMS
INTRODUCTION: Flatworms are small, often inconspicuous species
which occur throughout the area; both intertidally and subtidally, Many ap
pear to have specific habitat requirements and their distribution is restrict
ed as a result. The only species which were located in large numbers were \
Notoplana and Procerodes.
SPECI ES: The following species of flatworms have been recorded for
Passamaquoddy Bay.
Class- Turbellaria
Order- Alloeocaela
FamiIy-Plagiostomidae
Plagiostomum album Hyman
Family-Monocel idae
Monocelis sp.
Order-Tricladida
Family-Proceroditae
Procerodes littoralis (Strom)
Foviella affinis (Aersted)
Z4 PLATYHELMINTHES
Family-Uteriporidae
Uteriporus vulgaris Bergendal
Order-Polycladida
Family-Plenniidae
Discocilides e/lipsoides (Girard)
Family-Stylochidae
Stylochus e/lipticus (Girard)
FamiIy- Leptopl an idae
Notoplana atomata Muller)
,,':'
"i:'
i:\

I
Procerodes
Notoplana
65
11

7.4.1 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE FLAT
WORM NOTOPLANA ATOMATA
""\(1) 13
((f) 14
15
2

. 5 4
ill ..'"

78-80
HABITAT AREA ABUNDANCE
o
(f) Z

I-<{ U
DESCRIPTION Z (f) 0 ::2:
I-Z<{e<{O w a:t

SPECIES

w::2:::::l
w
(I)w u O
Z
<{-OO_ww

DISTRIBUTION
1. Procerodes littoral is Size-5mm; Color-black, brown Sites-111, 172, 174
x IX
X x
2. Foviella affinis Size-to 7 mm; Color-yellowish brown x X x Sites-lOg, 111, 152, 172.
3. Notoplana (Leptoplana) Size-to 2.5 cm; Color-brown, black. X x x x Figure 7.4.1
atomata I

>

(JJ
o
...-.4
...-.4
Q)
..g

U

I

=
ctJ
...-.4
(
(/'J
Q)
Q)

61 \
7.5 RI BBON WORMS
Cerebratulus
Amphiporus
Lineus
7.5 RHYNCHOCOELA (NEMERTEA)-RIBBON WORMS
INTRODUCTION: Ribbon worms are a common and widespread group
of animals in the study area. They occur in a variety of habitats and are,
generally, small worms most commonly encountered intertidally.
;
l?
Z en
~
-l
~ ()
f
-l DISTRIBUTION DESCRIPTION -l 0 SPECIES z en 0 f
0 f

a:
~
Z w
w
en z 0 f 0 en 0 0 > a: ~ Z a.. ~ w l? -l a:
a: ~ Z ~

w
en 0 W -l i= Z a: w
:)
w
() 0
~ 0 w eo w z w 0 f 0 :) -l I eo w a: 0 :) 0 Z -l a: I z
j::: a.. U a: :) en ~ LL a.. LL en ~ ~ en
1. Lineus sp. Size-to 2 cm; Color-white, black, brown,
red, green; Form-long, thin Figure 7.5.1 x x x x
2. Amphiporus-Cherry worm Size-4-6 cm; Color-red, dorsally, white
ventrally; FormWat, long,wide. Figure 7.5.2
3, Cerebratulus lacteus
x x x x x
Size-to approx. 30 cm; Color-cream, white;
Form-long, flat Sites-n,77 x x x
62 \
\.
178-180
94-95

84-85
..:: :
...
o
I""
1 2
-----'
...
......
SCALE
7.5.1 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE /
RIBBONWORM L1NEUS Sp.
2 / EXPECTED TO OCCUR INTERTIDALLY
AT CAMPOBELLO
6
4
-7
m 8
!.Q.-
9
..,-$---- II
".El)- 12
. '.ED 13
f 14
15
45
$--17
$---- 18
).

20
"(1!-- 21
'.ID-- 22

:at- 24
,'.

. 26
Eft- NOT RECORDED
Et- PRESENT
COMMON
.. ABUNDANT

>

::s
(fJ
o

GJ
.0..
o

U

I
.-c

=

Q)
Q)

\
63 )
!'d
7.5.2 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE
RIBBONWORM AMPHIPORUS Sp.
94-95
88-90
2 EXPECTED TO OCCUR INTERT/DALLY
AT CAMPOBELLO
6 4
-7
(J) 8

"'.$- 12
, '\.(J) 13
in
14
:'J7
MAINE'
22
E9 NOl I'ECORDEI>
23
Et
. ,
'E&-- 24
COMMON
25
012
-----"
.', ABUNDANT
rw 15
SCALE
64
7.6- Z 9 ROUNDWORMS, ARROWWORMS , BRYOZOA, BRACHIOPODS
7.6 ASCHELMINTHES-ROUNDWORMS
GENERAL: No roundworms were recorded during this survey.
7.7 CHAETOGNATHA-ARROWWORMS
GENERAL: Arrowworms are of irregular occurrence in the study area.
However, when they do occur they usually do so in large numbers (thou
sands).
7.8 ECTOPROCTA (BRYOZOA)-MOSS ANIMALS
INTRODUCTION: Bryozoans are of widespread and abundant occur
rence in the study area. Identification of species is difficult and time con
suming. Consequently, this group was divided into the following categories:
1. SUBTIDAL-ERECT BRANCHING
2. SUBTI DAL-ENCRUSTING
3. INTERTIDAL-BRANCHING
SPECI ES: Linkletter (1976) has recorded the following species in the
Passamaquoddy Bay area:
Class-Gymonlaemata
Order-Ctenostomata
Family-Alcyonidiidae
Alcyonidium polyown (Hassall)
Fam Ily-Plustrell idridae
Pleutrel/idra hispida (Fabricius)
Family- Vesicularidae
TriticeI/a pedicel/ata Alder
Order-Cyclostomata
Family-Crisiidae
Crisia ebumea (Li nnaeus
C. denticulata (Lamarck)
Family-Tubul iporidae
Idmonea atlantica Johnston
Tubulipora liliacea (Pallas)
Family-Oncousoeciidae
Oncousoecia disastoporides (Norman)
Fam i Iy- Lichenoporidae
Lichenopora hispida (Fleming)
L. verrucaria (F abricius)
Order-Cheilostoma
Suborder-Anasca
Family-Aeteidae
Aetea anguina (Linnaeus)
Fami Iy-Scrupariidae
Eucratea loricata (Linnaeus)
Family-Membraniporidae
Membranipora sp.
Family-Electridae
Electra pilosa (Linnaeus)
Family-Calloporidae
Cal/opora aurita (Hincks)
Family-Bugulidae
Bugula simplex Hincks
B. turrita (Desor)
Dendrobeania marrayana (Johnston)
Fam i Iy-Scrupocellari idae
Tricel/aria gracilis (Van Beneden)
T. peachii Busk
T. temata (Ellis & Solander)
Caberea allisii (Fleming)
SUborder-Ascophora
Family-Hippothoidae
Hippotha hyalina (Linnaeus)
Family-Sch izoporellidae
Schizoporel/a sp.
Fami Iy-Microporell idae
Microporel/a ciliata (Pallas)
Fam i Iy-Celleporinidae
Turbicel/epora canaliculata (Busk)
Family-Escharellidae
Escharel/a immersa (Fleming)
Family-Smittinidae
Parasmittina jeffreysi (Norman)
Porel/a smitti Kluge
Rhamphostomel/a costata Lorenz
Family-Chei loporinidae
Cryptosula pal/asiana (Moll)
Family-Myriaporidae
Myriapora subgracila D:Orbigny
I
65
66
SUMMARY Ot= SPECIES RECORDED
C)
(J) Z
~
-.J
~ U I--
<! -.J DESCRIPTION SPECIES ~ DISTRIBUTION -.J 0 (J) z
0
I- I- 0 Z a: w <! <!
w (J) (J) ~ z 0 f= (J) 0 0 0 (J) a: > C) a- Z w I- a: -.J
~ a: z ~ w (J) 0 f= <! W Z -.J w w a:
0 ~ <! ::::> U w 0 00 Z w w 0 I- 0
-.J 00 ::::> I a: 0 0 w Z -.J :::J a: <! Z I
a- U (f) i= <! a: (J) ~ a u. ::::> (J) ~ u. ~
1. Subtidal, Erect branching Variable size and color x x x x x x x Figure 7.8.1
species
2. SUbtidal, Encrusting Variable size and color x x x x x x x Figure 7.8.2
3. Intertidal, Branching Variable size and color x x x x Figure 7.8.3
\
66

'.
SUBTIDAL ENCRUSTING BRYOZOA
\

2
?f=
&t-: _ 5
6
4
11
"ill 13
15
$--17
19
J) 20

"'$-- 22
ffi- NOT RECORDED
"'=-- 23
Et- PRESENT
..:: . .'-24
COMMON
..
....
.... 012
, I I I I ' , __ ABUNDANT
. 26
SCALE
68 I
D<J
SUBTIDAL ERECT BRYOZOA

86'7 .

II
7!l-KO
13
14
MAINE
15
[6
o
..)
..)
I<J
I1J
o
Q

q:
(J
20
p
.. '!t-- 21
'.E9--- 22
NO'T (-<[COHOEO E1)
-23
E)- PI-lFSEN'T
.-_. 24

COMMON
012 2:=;
L [ I l I ' t
AE\UNDAN'T

SCALE

='
rfJ
o
.-..
...-4
.g
o

U

.-..
en
t
o
o

67
INTERTIDAL BRANCHING BRYOZOA
\
88-90-..
86-87-
E
l(t
160-161
2
162-165
166-169

5
6
4
170-172
DEER ISLAND
8

11
"""(I) 13
MAINE
173 '1:1)

m 15
",

\-4
='
en
o
.......
Q)
.g

(tj
U

.......
NOT RECORDED
22
Eft
23
( PRESENT
Et
..:: :
,:e- 24
Q)
Q)

COMMON
o 1 2
.:.
l i , i ( , , ABUNDANT
e-
SCALE

69
1
I
7.9 BRACHIOPODA - Brachiopod
INTRODUCTION: Only one species of brachiopod (Terebratulina
septentrionalis) occurs in the study area. This'living fossil' is common
from low water to all depths where substrate is suitable, throughout the
study area.
Distribution and abundance records are shown in Figure 7.9.1. This
species is generally subtidal in distribution on rock surfaces. In shallow
water they occur on the under surfaces of rocks and under overhangs.
In deep water they grow abundantly on the upper surfaces of rocks
and ledges. In some areas, they are common on shells, particularly on
the Horse Mussel. They are common to abundant throughout the study
area.
70
:!'{J
THE ATLANTIC BRACHIOPOD (Terebratulina)

>
M

2
4
='
ED ....,.. . 8
(fJ

o
II
.......c
---..a 13

f 14

;'J7 15
"'"

S
U
I

'ED 20
S
,...... =

(/'J
'E&--- 22
Eft- NOT RECORDED
23
Et- PRFSENT
_$-- 24

Q.) COMMON
Q.) :. .
012
l [ t Ii
e- ABUNDANT
SCALE
.

71 I
TENRIDGED WHELK
(Neptunea)
,\
1('" ..')'

" ' , 'I"

AEOLIDIA
,

NORTHERN WHELK
(Buccinum)
HELICAL TOP SHELL ROSY TOP SHELL
(Margarites helicinus)
BASKET SHELL
(Nassarius trivittatus)
DENDRONOTUS
HORSE MUSSEL
(Modiolus)
TRUNCATED CLAM
(Mya lruncata)
SOFTSHELLED CLAM
(Mya)
(&".' ,
"
QUAHOG
(Venus)
ICELAND SCALLOP
(Chlamys)
(Anomia)

t::, '"
GIANT PIDDOCK
(Zirphaea)
MUSCULUS

'c .,'
,', .' "i:/
..."

tnt ....,

ARCTIC SAXICAVE
(HiateJla)
CHITON
(Ischnochiton)
7.10. MOLLUSCA

i
.)
CHINK SHELL
COMMON PERIWINKLE
(Margarites costalis) (Lacuna)
(Littorina littorea )
ROUGH PERIWINKLE
(Littorina saxatiJis)
6
MOON SNAIL
(Lunatia)
MUD SNAIL
INassarius obsoletus)
DOG WHELK
(Thais)
SEA SCALLOP
(Placopecten)
JINGLE SHELL
STIMPSON'S WHELK
(Col us)
. ,fPi
/10."';:
SHIP WORM
(Teredo)

I
(t,.
1
I
f
"'" !
.'
''-., ROSSIA
"
LIMPET
PUNCTURELLA CUpAND-SAUCER SLIPPER SHELL ONCHIDORIS
(Acmaea)
(Crucibulum) (Crepidulal COMMON SQUID
(Illex)
72
SUMMARY (,-= SPECIES RECORDED
DESCRIPTION
SPECIES
1. Ischnochiton alba-White
Chiton
2. Ischnochiton ruber-Red
chiton
3, Tonicella marmorea
4, Acmaea testudinalis-Limpet
5. Margarites sp.
6. Littorina littorea
7. Littorina obtusata
8. Littorina saxatilis
\
9. Crucibulum striatum-Cup
and Saucer
10. Crepidula fornicata-Slipper
Shell
11. Lunatia heros-Moon Snail
12. Velutina sp.-Velvet Shell
13. Thais lapillus-Dog Whelk
14, Buccinum undatum-North
ern Whelk
15. Neptunea decemostata-l0
Ridged Whelk
16. Colus stimpsoni-Stimpsons
Whelk
17. Acanthodoris (Lameflidoris)
pilosa
18. Onchidorus sp.
19. Dendronotus sp.
Size-2 cm; Color-white; Form-typical
chiton.
Size-2.5 cm; Color-red; Form-typical chiton
Size-4 cm; Color-red; Form-typical chiton
Size-3.5 cm; Color-dull cream, bluish grey,
irregular bars; Form-cone.
Size-l cm; Color-pi nk, iridescent, pearly;
Form-typical gastropod
Size-3 cm; Color-grey, black; Form-typical
Gastropod
Size-l cm; Color-brownish-yellow; Form-
typical Gastropod
Size-l cm; Color-grey, brown; Form-typical
Gastropod
Size-2.5 cm; Color-white, brown; Form-
cup-shaped
Size-5 cm; Color-greyish white; Form-cup
shaped, slipper shaped
Size-l0 cm; Color-wh ite, grey. Form-typical
Gastropod
Size-2 cm; Color-brown; Form-cup shaped
Size-4 cm; Color-white, yellow, orange,
black; Form-typical Gastropod
Size-l0 cm; Color-light brown, yellowish;
Form-typical Gastropod
Size-ll cm; Color-yellowish brown; Form-
typical Gastropod
Size-to approx. 10 cm; Color-brown;Form-
Spindle shaped.
Size-2 cm; Color-black-brown; Form-oval
cup
Size-2 cm; Color-white; Form-oval-cup
Size-7 cm; Color-reddish, purple, white
flecks; Form-slug-like with tufts
.
t:l
efJ Z
~
-l
a
~
~
c.>
I
-l
-l
DISTR IBUTION ~ 0 (f) z
l-
I- Z 0 a: w ~
a
~ w
>
(f) (f)
Z 0 (f) I-
a 0
a: ~ z a.. w
a:
C) I -l
~ z
a:
f=
~ w (f) a ~ z -l W w
:::)
w
I
co 0 a:
~
Z
a.. c.> ~
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x x
x x x
x x
x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x
w a:
~ c.> a
a co w z 0 w
a
:::)
i=- a:
0
(f)
x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
:::) -l I W Z -l a: ~ I
:::) ~ (f) LL. ~ a.. (f) LL. ~
x Figure 7.10.1
Figure 7.10.2 x
Site- 169 x
Figure 7.10.3 x
Figure 7.10.4
P<
x x Figure 7.10.5
\
x x Figure 7.10.6
x x Figure 7.10.7
x Site-39
Site-45 x
x Figure 7.10.8
x Site-132
x Figure 7.10.9 x
x x x Figure 7.10.10
x x Figure 7.10.11
Figure 7.10.12 x x
)< x Figure 7.10.13 x x
x
x Figure 7.10.14 x
!
73 \
HASiT,o,T I I AREA ABUNDANCE
.
19
C/) Z
u
~
..J
~
f-

..J
..J
DESCRIPTION DISTRIBUTION

~ SPECIES 0 C/) z Q
l-
I Z a:

0
w
w C/) C/) j:::: ~ z 0 C/) 0 0 0 C/) > a: Z 0.. I 19 w ..J a:
ll:
Z
~ Z ~ j:::: C/) 0
w
W ..J w w a:
0 ~
I
U ~ 0 w OJ w z w 0
0 ::::i OJ ~ I w 0 a: 0 ..J Z ~ a: I Z
0.. C/) i=- ll: U C/) ~ LL C/) 0.. 5: ~ LL 5:
20. Coryphella sp. Size-3 cm; Color-pinkish red, white tufts;
Form-slug-like Figure 7.10.15 x x x x x x x x x x
21. Aeolidia papillosa Size-8 cm; Color-brawn-green; Form-slug
like Figure 7.10.16 x x x x x
22. Mytilus edulis-Blue Mussel Size-8 cm; Color-bluish black; Form-typical
Bivalve Figure 7.10.17 x x x x x x x x x
23. Musculus sp. Size-4 cm; Color-greenish brown; Form-
typical Bivalve Sites-51,132 x x x x x x
Size-16 cm; Color-black, brown; Form 24. Modiolus modiolus-Horse
Mussel Figure 7.10.18 typical Bivalve x x x x x x x x
25. Chlamys islandicus Size-to approx. 10 cm; Color-reddish,
brown often encrusted; Form-typical
scallop usually attached to substrate Figure 7.10.19 x x x x
26. Placopecten magellanicus Size-20 cm; Color-brown, white; Form
typical Bivalve Figure 7.10.20 x x x x
27. Anomia sp. Figure 7.10.21 Size-2 cm; Color-white; Form-flat circle x x x x x x x
28. Astarte sp. Size-3 cm; Color-dark brown; Form-typical
Bivalve Site-l04 x x x x
29. Arctica islandica-Ocean Size-l0 cm; Color-dark brown, black;
Quahog Sites-20,91 Form-typical Bivalve x x x
30. Macoma balthica Size-3 cm; Color-chalky white; Form-
typical Bivalve Figure 7.10.22 x x x x
31. Ensis directus-Razor clam Size-12 cm; Color-brownish-green; Form-
typical Bivalve Site-83 x x x
Size-12 cm; Color-white; Form-typical 32. Myaiareilaria-Soft-Shelled
Clam Figure 7.10.23 Bivalve x x x x
33. Mya truncata Size-8 cm; Color-white; Form-typical
Bivalve Sites-71, 106 x x x x x
34. Hiatella sp. Size-5 cm; Color-white; Form-typical
Bivalve Figure 7.10.24 x x x x x x x x x
74

THE WHITE CHITON (Ischnochiton alba)
94-95

,
\
i
I

"'-;.(1)
2

6
4
'-1-7 8
(J) UL 9
II
14
15
13
ill
19
20
.:0:. $--24
'-:,,(1) 23

....Ej}- 22
EB NOT RECORDED
Et- PRESENT
a- COMMON
..
'e'.
012
, I i I I ' , __ A8UNOANT
. 26
SCALE

>

ifJ
o
...-4
a)
..g

U

]
I

...-4
C1J

75 I

RED CHITON (Ischnochiton ruber)
88-90-I--+.-l"'
86-87--(
2
6
''I ......
4
11
13
fa 14
MAINE
15
22
Ef1-.. NOT RECORDED
23
Et-
PRESENT
28
.... " 24
..:; :

COMMON
:, . ..
012
e-
ABUNDANT
l Iii t
SCALE
76 I
--<:t-- 19
ATLANTIC LIMPET (Acmaea)
22
23
~ 2 4
II
-$--17
;-.
I ~ 14
15
a 13
<l) 20
:'::
2
~
~ 1 ! - S 6 4
. f--7 8
(j) ~ 9
~ .:
:. ~ .....
86-87-(
88-90
SCALE
012
l""iii::l
1\"
E&-
NOT RECORDED
Et-
PRESENT
COMMON
~
e-
ABUNDANT
~
:>
~
='
en
o
,...-.4
G)
..g
~
ro
U
I
.-c
=
~
--t
rn
~
Q)
Q)
~
77\
: ~ { J ' :
TOPSHELL (Margarites)
94-95 / ~
88-90-------H:rr
86-87-(
2
~
.m'1!-_5 ~ 6 4
8
()) !.Q.... 9
'\.ill
II
13
MAINE.
/EI 14
15
$--16
19
'(I) 20
o
..:: .
2 1-------,
.
'"
22
23
:er---- 24
ffi-
E)
~ -
e-
NOT RECORDED
PRESENT
COMMON
ABUNDANT
SCALE
78
1
II
0$--16
'00
$--17
,$--18
)".
.0ID--- 19
EXPECTED TO OCCUR INTERTIDALLY
ON ALL SHORES
'ill 20
(ro 14
15
"ill 13
22
23
28
24
COMMON PERIWINKLE (Littorina littorea)
- 2

W'it-= 5 4
m- 7 8
(j) ill..- 9

:. '.
......
SCALE
012
\ iii i ' ,
i'
Ii
r
NOT RECORDED
EIt-
E}- PRESENT
COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT

::J
(f)
o

13
.g

(Tj
U
t

(Tj
=

rJ)

Q)
Q)

79 \
NOT RECORDED
Et-
PRESENT
Efj
'l-
COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
80 \
22
.:$-- 24
14
15
II
~
:-v
2
ffi 13
o ,'$-17
-J
jj
t1)
o
~ /67-- 19
J
SMOOTH PERIWINKLE (Littorina obtusata)
~ . d
8 8 - 9 0 ~
94-95
86-87-(
..:': :
SCALE
012
l j iii ' t
23
---

' ..
ROUGH PE RIWI NKLE (Littorina saxatilis)

86-87-(
2
:t=S
6
m
4
CD
8
9
II
";(1) 13
/ill 14
MAINE
15
19
'CD 20

".ID-- 22
E3f
NOT RECORDED
..: :

:er- 24
E)- PRESENT
,.0.

COMMON
012 ......

\ I I I I .I ABUNDANT
. 26
SCALE

>

::J
(J)
o
...-4
Q)
,.g
s
U

]
I

......-4
(
C/)
Q.)
Q.)

81

" ,
7.10.8 DISTRIBUTiON AND ABUNDANCE OF THE
MOON SNAI L (Lunatia)
94-95
'I:

2
,. 6
'w?!l-=- 5 4
'--7 8
ED !..Q.... 9
II
ill 13
14
MAINE
15

19
o(J) 20
NOT RECORDED
22
EI1
23
Et-
PRESENT
..:': .
'it-
COMMON
.
012
l i I t. i '
e-
ABUNDANT t
SCALE
82 \
22
23
@--24
19
11
~ 13
o(j) 20
tp) 14
Jm 15
2
DOG WHELK (Thais)
' ~ r J
' ..
..
.....
..:;.
94-95---
SCALE
o 1 2
-------'
MAINE
NOT RECORDED
Eft-
Et-
PRESENT
~
COMMON
---
ABUNDANT
~
>
~
:J
if)
o
~
'0
,.g
~
ctS
U
I
.-0
=
ctS
......-4
~
~
~
~
83 \
0{j
NORTHERN WHELK (Buccinum)
KX-I)()
-" -,
X4-;-)
4
f)f I "
I/O-In
II
__ ' 7K-IW
I_l
"/3
14
"lINE
15
- _
$- II,
\
l (f) - 17
-J
J
lJJ
(&
o
J.
IK
([)
/J

Q
ED - I Ii
<{
u
., $ -20
/I
2 I
E[)-
, l
,-,A?

()- 1'1011 'd NI
-\
Elt- 24
(,{)MM()N
..
o I 2
Et -'.. .. Eft ')

ttl ! !; iii i I I\tU 'Nf ,I\N I
'
SCALE \,
84
7HHU-
SCALE
o I 2 .
n" I ' ; I i iiI
-
16
15
$-17
Et--- I')
$--20
2
TEN-RIDGED WHELK (Neptunea)
!'(3
'--. ~ "
86"1\
_.
22
ED-
NOt ',f( ()I{I'.Il
23
E) PRf<,fN I
-- .'4
~
COMMON
2S

ABuNUANl
21>
~
>
~
='
ifJ
o
~
~
Q)
..c
S
o
cd
U
I
.-0
~
ct1
~
t
(/)
Q.)
Q.)
~
85

' ..
7.10.12 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF\
STIMPSON'S WHELK (Colus)
94-95-----
88-90 -----L...L:1"
2
11
(J) 13
14
MAINE
15
18
19
'ill 20

'-$---- 22
Ef1 NOT RECORDED

Et-. PRESENT
.:ar- 24
a-. COMMON
..
o 1 ----,2
.. ABUNDANT
86 \ I SCALE if"', "" )c:\ <; I
f,-r: .I
of

NUDIBRANCH ONCHIDORIS
MAINE
..::.
012
Iii I
SCALE
2
4
OJ '.""
II
(j) 13
1m 14
15
<b 19
20
22

='
en
o
.....-4
G)
.g

U

I

,.$
NOT RECORDED
E11-
23
Et-
PRESENT
$-- 24
Q)
a--
COMMON
:. '. Q)
......
e-
ABUNDANT

87 I
94-95 /
88-90--+H"
l

NUDIBRANCH DENDRONOTUS
2

(l) .' ._ 5 4
8
ill..-
9
II
,(1) 13
n...

14
15
18
19
20

',,(&--- 22
Eft- NOT RECORDED
23
Et- PRESENT

COMMON
:. ".
.',
.......
012
__ ABUNDANT
'i iii'
, 26
SCALE
88
.:
~ ~ ?s,
SALMON-GI LLED NUDIBRANCH (Coryphellal
- 2
' J 1 r ~ 6 4
ED . 'ffi---7
8
CD ill- 9
11
"'(. 13
(ill 14
15
19
W;;;;;J
JJ
'-".m-- 22
NOT RECORDED
23
61--.
PRESENT E)--
28 .,...,
\
,$----
24
a-
COMMON
'.
I I 1 I I
e-
ABUNDANT
o 1 2
1
SCALE
~
~
='
r.n
o
...-.4
Q)
.g
~
ro
U
I
~
ro
...-.4
(
(/)
~
~
~
89 I
012
I i [ I I
SCALE

NUDIBRANCH AEOLIDIA
. 2
6 4
8
(1)+-<--1" a. 9
11
",,(1) 13
14
15
18
19
-.. "'-U 'C

".
.\
I
NOT RECORDED
22
EI1
23
E)- PRfSENT

COMMON

e-
ABUNDANT
26
90 \
..
BLUE MUSSEL (Mytilus)
I
1
88-90--LA-'

"'''''-, 2
;>
\-4
='
en
I(J)
."'1/
.$-12
. \..
II
14
15
J3
o
...-4
G:3
.g

U
,

o
II \
SCALE
1
Ii"
2
...
.......
(D
22
23
:$-- 24

. 26
20
Ejj- NOT RECORDED
Et-
PRESENT
COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
=
ro
.......
(/)

G.)
G.)

91 I
f"
88-90 ---I--h-l"
MAINE
..:: :
012
\ , , I I ' t
SCALE

HORSE MUSSEL (lVIodiolus)
1I
"'-;tII 13
;..,..

14
15
44
o
-J
-J
4J
18
([)
o
Q
19
o
"El?-- 21
-.E!7-- 22
Efj- NOT RECORDED

Et- PRESENT
.:at-- 24
'it. COMMON
e- ABUNDANT
:<D 20
921
<3
ICELAND SCALLOP (Chlamys)
I
1
I
88-90 -----I--+-.-T
MAINE
86-87-(
173 ""
al/1
6
2
6
4
8
10
9
II
13
}-;
$ 14
15

='
tfJ
o

o
..g

U
I

=

o
l j I
..::.
SCALE
1
I I
2
: ..
.......
22

.-Gr-- 24
EI1-
Et-

-
NOT RECORDED
PRESENT
ABUNDANT
COMMON

Q)
Q)

93 I
6
GIANT SCALLOP (Placopecten)
91-93
94-Y5
88-90
86-87
In-Ilia M
fi' 2
!l4-85
'. '\
162-1(15
M
166-169
,
,
-
53-e::-'
- , -
I)f f, R I Sl.AND
In
... .-)
170-172
1'-J'" .r'
:j \ \-1 II

71),XO
'-JI!"'\ '-.:L.
173
15
'$--16
'$--17
Nor r'fCORlIE.D
22
Eft
-- 23
E)- PRf<;fNl

COMMON
!5
012
l t I I I j
',,-
.-., ABUNDANT

SCALE
94
-uJ
7.10.22 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF MACOMA I
".
94-95

EXPECTED TO OCCUR IN
MUDFLATS ON ALL SHORES
\
8

II
";.ill 13

MAINE.
15
22
23
E11
NOT RECORDED
.er-- 24
PRESENT

COMMON
o
, I (
1
ii'
2
,
...
.......
-./67-- 25

e-
ABUNDANT
SCALE
96 \
'!'(j
JINGLE SHELL (Anomia)

;>
2

6
4
84-85 m '._ ='
(f)
o
II

?K-Hl)
,\(1) 13
Q)
1m 14
.g
MI\INI
15

U

=

rJ)
NOl I<FCOROED
22
E!1
23
E} PRfSENl
ED- 24
Q.)
COMMON
a
Q.) o I 2 25
I I " I ; Ii ; i I AAUNDANl
SCALE
."

95
94-95

.:; ,
012
l i ( I I ' ,
SCALE

THE SOFT-SHELLED CLAM (Mya)
I
(
I
I

2

::s
(/)
iT
:"V
"'"";(1)
II
14
15
13
o
....-4

.g

,:er-- 24

20
,',

. 26

--ED- 22
'$"-17
61--- 18
).
"El7--- 19

EI7
Et
'it
e-
PRESENT
NOT RECORDED
COMMON
ABUNDANT
cd
U
I
""C
=
cd
....-4

97 ,
94-95

..:,,;.
012
\ ( [ ( i , ---------.J
SCALE
98 I

ARCTIC SAXICAVE (Hiatella)
I
I
(
(
.

m
2
6
4

:-r
'\ill
14
IS
II
13
20
19
22
23
:ar- 24
EI1-
NOT RECORDED
Et-
PRESENT
COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
Z11 ANNELIDA
MYXICOLA
AMPHITRITE
GLYCERA
SPIRORBIS ,CLYMENELLA I PECTI NARIA NEREIS I
7.11 ANNELIDS-SEGMENTED WORMS
INTRODUCTION: Segmented worms are a common group
that are well represented throughout the intertidal and subtidal zones and
are particularly abundant in mud-flat basins. Although a baitworm industry
exists (Nereis, Glycera) no harvesting takes place in the study area. Myxicola
infundibulum is collected sUbtidally and used for research work around the
world.
7.12 SIPUNCULOIDEA
INTRODUCTION-Sipunculids have been recorded in the area,
but none were recorded during this survey.
99 \
SUMMARY SPECIES RECORDED
(:J
Z UJ
u

:i:!:
I
0
DISTRIBUTION DESCRIPTION SPECIES 0
UJ
ZZ I
I- a:

ec:r: w
w
0 UJ UJ Z 0 UJ 1-0
> a: Z (:J I- w a: a: w
UJ W wI 00 Z
0
a:

w
u w w I-eo w 0
:::>z :I: oeo w eo a: Z a: z:::> I
a.. U I-a: -UJ a.. LL. LL. :::> UJ
1 . Lepidonotus sp. Size-6 cm; Color brown; Form-typical
worm, scale covered back Figure 7.11.1 x x x x x x x P<
2. Harmothoe sp. Size-5 cm; Color-red, black, some white;
Form-typical worm Figure 7.11.2 x x x x x x x x x
3. Glycera sp. Size-16 cm; Color-pink, white, grey; Form-
typical worm-like
Site-72,77 x x x
4. Nephthys sp. Size-l0 cm; Color-white, light brown; Form-
typical worm
Figure 7.11.3 x x x x
5. Nereis virens Size-30 cm; Color-red, green; Form-typical
worm
6. Nereis pelagica Size-6 cm; Color-red, green; Form-typical
worm
Site-49 x x x x x x
7. Capitella capitata Size-to approx. 10 cm; Color-Head-reddish,
body-yellow; Form-typical worm
Site-77 x x x
8. Arenicola Size-12 cm; Color-green, brownish red,
tufted gills; Form-typical worm
Site-72 x x x x
9. Clymenella sp. Size-l0 cm; Color-red with dark red bands;
Form-bamboo-like
10. Ammotrypane aulogaster Size-5 cm; Color-translucent; Form
Amphioxus-like
Sites-72, 77 x x x x
11. Arabella iricolor Size-30 cm; Color-light brown, iridescent;
Form-very long, thin.
Site-72 x x x x
12. Pectinaria gouldii Size-7 cm; Color-light brown, sandy; Form-
live in tusk-shaped tubes of cemented sand
Site-72 x x x x x
Size-16 cm; Color-red, Form-bulky worm,
with many fine tentacles
13. Amphitrite sp.
Figure 7.11.6 x x x x x x x x x
14. Pherusa plumosa Size-10 cm; Color-brawn-black; Form-pen
shaped
Sites-72-109 x x x x
15. Potamilla sp. Size-9 cm; Color-reddish brown body, fans
green with black stripes; Form-brown tubes,
fan shaped when feeding
Figure 7.11.7
x x x
Size-12 cm; Color-green, brown, black;
Form-body typical worm, anterior fanned
16. Myxicola infundibulum
Figure 7.11.8 x x x x x x x circular feeding tentacles
Size-6 cm; Color-white; Form-calcareous 17. Filograna sp.
Sites-39, 72,120 x x x x tubes, slender, intertwining
100 \
SPECIES
18. Spirorbis sp.
19. Tubifex sp.
I AREA ABUNDANCE HABiTAT
DESCRIPTION
Size-5 cm; Color-white; Form-calcareous
tubes shaped like a coil
Size-12 cm; Color-red; Form-long, thread
like.
t-
z
w
(/)
w
a:
0..
z
0
~
~
0
u
x
x
...J
t <{
z
0
<{
i=
0
a:
Z
::>
w
t-
CO
Z
<{
x
x
...J...J
<{a
0
0
_0..
I-w
COo
::>
(/)1
x x
u
~
0
a:
x
0
::>
~
x
0
Z
<{
(/)
(/)
w
>
a:
<{
:::c
:s:
x
(/)
(9
z
...J
a:
x
~
(/)
t
<{
0
...J
l.L.
U)
~
<..>
0
a:
a:
w
0
Z
::>
x
x
t-
w
Z
a:
w
:s:
(/)
...J
...J
w
:::c
(/)
x
;
(9
Z
~
~ DISTRIBUTION
:s:
(/)
W
w
a:
l.L.
Figure 7.11.9
Figure 7.11.10
101
I
; ~ . t J
SCALE WORM (Lepidonotus)
94-95 ./ ~
J
88-90--L.A'
I
86-8'-(
I!
2
II
'lID 13
I ill 14
15
o 'E&--17
-J
I.:
-J
I1J
W
.$--18
o
a.
(J
~
.......
NOT RECORDED
22
Eft
23
Et-
PRESENT
. ~ 2 4
~ - COMMON
.. .
012 ". ~ ....
ABUNDANT
, " " ; iii i I e-
SCALE
102 \

7.11.2 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE /
SCALE WORM (Harmothoe) //
,
I
I'
!j
I'
l

.' 5
ill ' .. 7
<D.
2
6
4
8
UL
9
""'i,(l)
I
II
13
14
15
II
>

='
tJJ
0
....-4
....-4
Q)
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ro
U
I

012
t Iii. I _I 1
SCALE
'ill 20
22
23
:m-- 24
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NOT RECORDED
E} PRESENT

COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
=
ro
....-4
C1J
(
Q.)
Q.)

103 \
11
22
:61-- 24
".:.ffi 23
15
m 13
7.11.3 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OFf
NEPHTHYS Sp.
2

mr0f- 5 6 4
8

.. :
94-95
SCALE
o I 2
\ [ i [. i ' ,
r
ffi- NOT RECORDED
Et- PRESENT
'it- COMMON
e- ABUNDANT
104 \
. ~ / J
7.11.4 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF THE \
CLAM WORM (Nereis) .
f1
ill . : . ~ 5
~ 7
ED
13
2
6
4
8
ill-
9
..,.e:T--- 1I
... .(J7-- 12
. \$
1m 14
15
$--17
012
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SCALE
..
......
22
23
.r- 24
Eft-
NOT RECORDED
E}- PRESENT
~ - COMMON
e-
ABUNDANT
~
>
\-4
='
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......-4
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~
U
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.-c
c=
~
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(
C1J
Q.)
Q.)
~
105 \
BAMBOO WORM (Clymenella)
22
23
:$--- 24
15
II
~ - - 1 4
m 13
fr-
;'-L7 45
.....
2
: ~ 6 '
' ..
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94-95
012
l t I I i J.
J
,
NOT RECORDED
E1t
Et-
PRESENT
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ABUNDANT
e--
106 I
--
94-95
88-90--LJ..X'
MAINE
012
:. .:.
l I I [ i I
SCALE

7.11.6 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF(
AMPHITRITE Sp.
2
. ," 3 6
" - 5 4
m
8
(]) ill- 9
II
""m 13
20

'"ar-- 22
'-':.ill 23
.$-- 24
..'

, 26
I

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o
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U

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NOT RECORDED
Eft
Et
PRESENT
e

COMMON OJ
OJ
ABUNDANT

107 \
EB- NOT RECORDED
Et- PRESENT
'it- COMMON
e- ABUNDANT
108 \
II
..... 23
.:ar-- 24

-.$-- 22
'(I) 20
"\.(J) 13
'$-- 16
o
...J
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III
QJ
o
Q

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POTAMILLA
2
4
(f)': '--7
(1) ill-
.:;.
8
9

.:
: .:..
94-95

86-87/-1
SCALE
012
I i ( Ii' ,
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
II
-
. Il
14

__
15
1<>
(!) - I..,
(;!1----- IX
\-
E&-- .--- I ()
$----20
E!t-- I-E)
27
211
4
44
<)
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a
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37 J
7.11.8
MYXICOLA
- 36
35
_34
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K4-K5-
l'
\..
f.
7k-KO-
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NOII<fC<II<lIl::I)
!3

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() Pllf '-,f N r

) 61- 24
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012
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o

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l)

ro
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t
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109
0{J
7.11.9 DISTR I BUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
THE COl LWORM (Spirorbisl
l)1-'J) .

X4g" -,
II
7K
1.\
14
MAHlE
15
44 fa) Ir,
.oS (
o C1t- 17
1,'1.
..;
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o

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u
$.------ 20
p . 36
35 , '
Nt)1 1<1 l l'l.../llt II
ED
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2K

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"\ \/" '" L
o 1 ?
"
AHIIJr)/\N!
ITrr" iii I I
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SCALE

110

X4-XS
, h., ()
MI\INE '''\
..

NUl
22
Ef1

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c"OMMON
a
,,
o J
1\'-11 INI )1\1'\11

DirE! ; i Et.d
(,
SCALE
l:lX-<)()--
Il:l
14

J .I
II
$ 17
$ If>
ill 20
2l:l
C
J
J
4J
OJ
o
Q

u
TUBIFEX Sp.
D
'" ""-....
"
"6-X7-(
-
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2 .

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o
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111
ARTHROPODA
. . . .' .
. .
. . .... .'
. '. ' .:t.; '.',
,',I' . """\

BEACH FLEA
HYPERIA TRYPHOSA
BEACH HOPPER (Gammarus)
(Orchestia)
, . Ijj,c_",

SPI RONTOCARIS
EUPHAUSID SHRIMP
t d
(Meganyctiphanes)

. -';'. " - "

..).lnl\' .....
CAPREllA
f)
. X ---.

111 \
-.
PANDALUS SAND SHRIMP
(Crangon )
fr.. ..1.r.
. ',/J
-'" .

'.J\\ .
.
.- GREEN CRAB
(Carcinus)
ROCK CRAB
(Cancer)
'-.
,//"

.! - .,;' '-,.
. ? . ,
t
. ')
\,._-
l......'-..} \ /
LOBSTER
SEA SPIDER SEA SPIDER
(Homarus)
(Pycnogonum) (Nymphon)
BARNACLE
(Balanus balanoides)
.... ,.:: ..
'-'.",8-.
:!>.ii: II' _.': .
"::,: : .', .
BARNACLE
BARNACLE BARNACLE
(Balanus balanus)
(Balanus hameril (Balanus crenatus)

MYSIS STENOLEPIS

.
NEOMYSIS AMERICANUS
'i
IDOTEA L1MNORIA
GOOSE BARNACLE
(Lepus)
112
SUMMARY (of SPECIES RECORDED
SPECIES
1. Nymphon sp.
2. Pyenogonum littorale
3. Balanus balanoides
4. Balanus balanus
5. Balanus erenatus
6. Limnoria lignorum
7. Gammarus sp.
8. Tryphosa sp_
9. Orchestia sp.
10. Caprella sp.
11. Mysis sp.
12. sp.
13. Meganyctiph,lIles norvegiea
14. Spirontocaris sp.
15. Pandalus montagui
16. Crangon septemspinoslls
17. Homarus americanus
18. Pagu rus sp.
19. Hyas sp.
20. Cancer sp.
I AREA ABUNDANCE
DESCRIPTION
I
Z
w
(/)
w
a:
Q..
Size-to approx. 5 em; Color-light brown,
red; Form-Sea spider. x
Size-to approx. 2.5 em; Color-light brown,
white; Form-short legged, sea spider. x
Size1 em; Color-white; Form-typical
barnacle
Size-4 em; Color-white, often encrusted;
Form-typical barnacle
Size-to approx. 3 cm; Color-white; Form-
typical barnacle x
Size-5 cm; Color-black, grey; Form-small
sowbug shaped x
Size-3 cm; Color-green, brown
Size-to approx. 6 mil); Color-pink; Form-
typical flea x
Size-1 cm; Color-ol ive green
Size-3 cm; Color-red, white, semi-transparent
Form-Mantis-like x
Size-3.5 cm; Color-transparent, white; Form-
typical shrimp
Size-2 em; Color-transparent, white; Form-
typical shrimp x
Size-to approx. 4 cm; Color-pinks, red;
Form-typical shrimp x
Size-7 cm; Color-multi-coloured; Form-
typical shrimp x
Size-7 cm; Color-transparent with red
stripes; Form-typical shrimp
Size-8 cm; Color-mottled brown and black;
Form-typical shrimp
Size-60 cm; Color-dark green, yellow, orange
red.
Size-lO cm; Color-red, white, brownish red
Size-7 cm; (carapace). Color-brown, light
red oftenencrusted; Form-"spider crab"
Size-14 em; (carapace); Color brick red,
white ventrally; Form-typical crab.
I
ZZ
0

::2:::>
om
0
-l

a
I-
a:
w
I-
z
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
-
-l
-l
0
a

0

I-
W
o m
::>
(/) I-a:
x
x
b<
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
HABITAT
00
::>z

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
(/)
w
>(/)

I-l
3:ii:
(f)
0

a:
01
w
a:z
wa:
o_
ZW
::>3:
(/)
I

0
-l
u..
x
(/)
-l
-l
w
I
(f)
x
x

Z

DISTRIBUTION
3:
(/)
W
w
a:
u..
Sites-57, 58, 72
Site-109
Figure 7.13.1
Figure 7.13.2
Figure 7.13.3
Sites-172-174
Figure 7.13.4
Sites-151,154
Sites- 72, 89, 152, 154
Figure 7.13.5
x Figure 7.13.6
x Sites-90, 152
x Site-72
Figure 7.13.7
Figure 7.13.8
Figure 7.13.9
Figure 7.13.10
Figure 7.13.11
Figure 7.13.12
Figure 7.13.13
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
113
SUMMARY C>F SPECIES RECORDED
O'
19
en Z
u
~
I-
~
~
<{
0
~ DESCRIPTION DISTRIBUTION ~ SPECIE:S
I-

~ 0 z en Cl
I
Z <{ 0:: W
w
~ en en Z 0 i= 0 en 0 Cl > 0:: Z 0 I CQ w 19

Z
~ 0::
::2: 0:: z ~ w en Cl i= w ~ w w 0::
0 ::J ~ U W 0 eo z

~
0 W w I 0
lD ::J I 0:: 0 W 0 Z <{
U
~ ::J 0:: I Z
0 0:: en i= ~ lL en 0 ~ lL ::J 3: en
21. Carcinus maenas Size-10 cm; (carapace); Color-green with
black and yellow; Form-typical crab Figure 7.13.14 x x x x x x x x
'1111
XX-9ll
n I 7
prEI; ISn:J
SCALE
-
13

$--- 17
$--- IX
- I)
FIELD RECORDS ONLY
OCCURS ON ALL ROCI<Y SHORES
$---20
-- 14
15
'2
THE BARNACLE (Balanus balanoides)
0(j
"

R4-RC,
7K-,;(j

74-7')
",-_

....
t

>

='
r.fJ
o

(1)
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ro
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01
t
en
NOl I< I- C( l d:.. I)
23
E} PRFt..LN'
ffi-- 24
a
(1)
COMM(lN
(1)
2.'\

ABlJNLJ/\N'
2c.

115
IK
17
14
Ih

13
Et
--$-- 21
- '$ -
- II
:<D 20
o
-J
...j
UJ
QJ
o
Q

q:
(J
THE BARNACLE (Balanus balanus)
3.
l

%.
D(3

'-----'-.
"
"
"'
84i>S

,

i>i>-90
7H-KO-
2
IT""liiil
178-IRO
MAINF
NO I l<rUJlIl>!:1)
22
Eft
-- 23
Et
I'll[ '>F N1
_$--- 24
a

lOMMON
2'
o 1
I\Bl 'Nl )AN 1
2h
SCALE
116
P{J
THE BARNACLE (Balanus crenatus)
94-95 ./
()
86-",-(
2
84-85 -+-1.\/
n-KO-
13
- 14
a
.,J
.,J
it
2
<
37 (}
(f1---- 17
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;>

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o

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(1)
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U

=
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NOT I<F( ()I-{UEI)
22
EI1
--- 23
E) PRE'>l.NI

COMMON

EI1- -' 5
o I 2
AHUN[)ANI
I " " ; iii i I "'-
2(,
SCALE
""

117
D{j
BEACH FLEA (Gammarus)
' J 4 - ' J 5 ~
~ ~ - 9 0
R6X7-<f[
'2
FIELD RECORDS ONLY
OCCURS ON ALL SHORES
II
7H-kO
i;&-- --- 14
15
o
-J
-J
4J
([)
o
Q
"
~
(J
-.(!)--- 21
'$--- 22
ED NOT I<LU)HULD
34
'-:.tl) :'.3
I 21.)
28
Et- Pflf "l N r
EIt-- 24
'it COMMON
..
25
o 1 2
$---20
t [ [ I "I t ABUNDANT I
SCALE
118
'6
CAPRELLA-lIKE SPECIES

2
II
14
IS

$-- 18
).
.4-1'.1
(J) 20
p
.. '

. 'EI1-- 22
- 23
".
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o
b u, ! ,
1
; iii i
2
I
25
SCALE

='
en
o

.g

C\S
U

d
C\S

(
rJ)
NOT "fC()Hl>l:.IJ
EI1
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.-
Q,)
Q,)

COMMON
ABUNOANI

I
119
H6-H7
84-H)
IK-KU"

EB-
NCH I<H.(iHI I)

E). N I
(OMMON
'it
U
, "
J
I II I ! ; Ii i i
tlAIJNLJIIN r
SCALE

J J
--- 23
14
15
13
II
Gj----17
,.
$------
).

2
o
..J
..J
III
o
Q
YJ

<.J
MYSIS
D(J
""10--
,
...
". - ......
'-
'-.
p
. "
<)6-97

2
\

120
2
THE SHRIMP SPIRONTOCARIS
.2'\
22
26
.. 23
20
J I

'-,
1\4-1\5
7xxO
SCALE
91-43
o J 2
ITT!!"ii,'

17K-liW
Eft- NO!
E). PRf';ENI
a COMMON
AHliNUI\NI

;>

::s
fJJ
o
o

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u

.-0

=

t
rn
Q,)
Q,)

121
EI1
IK
14
II,
15
1.1
1/
m - 17
.El1 - I')
$---- 20
C
J
J
U1
QJ
o
Q

q:
o
SHRIMP PANDALUS MONTAGUI
'6
p
....
" ........ "

2",/-$
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7 H-ii(J
"
r-J . v r. '-"\oL
n
;>
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M/\INI
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2.2
ED-
N(l! I<f- ( lJHlII: I)
- 23
ct
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24
COMM()N

25
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o
o-TI
I
!;
2(1
SCALE
122
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) )
.:()
--- 23
2H
2
-45
Illi- --
. 44 IH)
Ii,
L1 ($ - 17
oJ
oJ
'"'
([)
0
Q
;:c.-- -IlJ

q
37 u
:E!t--. - 20
34
I )<.)
:-8. 'c:JV .
o(j :
THE SAND SHRIMP (Crangon)
p
,
l)1)-90-t""\!IY
W
'6'"'-(
--

715-,'0)()

.. t; 1, __
Pv ,2 )

178'''>{
"

.' .
------..--.

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o
II
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IJ
Q)
- 14

IS

Cd
U
I
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=
Cd
....-4
CJ)
N( ) I I - ( \) I} t- 1 J
ED
PHf <,tN I

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t
Q)

COMMON
t;r;n I .1
i
'l ,,";
" Q) i Ii I
J\HI)NUI-\N I
I "Ace ","
A '--......
.
- \'
.
I \ I()
I

123
o()
THE LOBSTER (Homarus)
IH\ - () ._-<-,
R6-"-(
17K-I KO
2
X:.1R5
II
\..
7
X-Xli I l
-_." ..
1.:1
_4-:=..1(. r- ""'--... 71-"';
'ft
,(9 -
ill

"

...../
."'.

2X
l
J
-J
lJ.}
llJ
a
Q

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(J
'(1l 17
- IK
.EJ1------. I \i
$- - 20
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) )
23

ED
E)
N(\I 1/ f- ( CJ1< 1'1
Pll! <-.t Nl
I)
SCALF
I 2
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n
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2()
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C{)MMnN
A81IN()/\N I
124

MIlINI J'"
- \
-<r '--.
-
o 1
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)
A "( ..
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N(ll Id-( 'HI/Ilil
23
Et
Pll! <"'1 N 1
'-,
24

COMMON
2S
I\HlJNI l/,N 1
I ! ! " ; i ; Ii I

SCALE
1.\
. - - 14
-- II

-- II>
o JG-.-- 17
i (t- -- I,,;
o .
Q '
- I')
u
THE HERMIT CRAB (Pagurus)
.!,<)

f.1-
',,

;
...

---
'0.".-(
XHYO, -
..
70
"".. ..5\\ ./
2
,l
2-:j

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r.n
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t=

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t
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Q)

125
I
Eft- NOT nECORDED
23
Et- PRESENT
'it' COMMON
__ ABUNDANT
THE TOAD CRAB (Hyas)
2
15
'-'-l1J
$-- 24
'$--17

, i,E&- 22
'4-- 19
:<D 20
a
-J
-J

{[J

'<
u
6 4
-7
(1) 8

''-\;.<O II
':$- 12
',(j7--- 13

SCALE
o 1 2
''''''lilll
25
126
22
- 23
20
15
II

';(1) 13
THE ROCK CRAB (Cancer)
2
!l()
'
88-90
SCALE
o J 2

NOT RECORDED
Et1
Et
PRESENT
COMMON
ABUNDANT
.

>
\-4
='
fJJ
o
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......
Q)
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U

c:=

......
(
rJ)
Q)
Q)

127

THE GREEN CRAB (Carcinus)

94-95

86-87-<
2 NOT RECORDED ON CAMPO
BELLO, BUT MAY OCCUR IN
EMBAYMENTS

6
4
''''-7 8
(f) y
11
14
15
22
(31-. NOT IjECOROEfJ
23
Et-
PRfSENT
28 ..,...,
.: ....
l$-- 24

COMMON
25
012
ABUNDANT
\"\1'11111
SCALE
128
1J1
.. 4 CHIN'-J R AlA
A
'ill' ;p
. .. ,' .
,.(1,

\,'
I ....
MUDSTAR .. .. ,'
PTERASTER
SAND DOLLAR
(EchinarachniusJ
(Ctenodiscus)
'
",
HIPPASTERIA " i

/'
,',
!r'

1.) , .-\\
,
-"'1' ;",
(" " ,;;,' .
-'
BLOOD STAR
(Henricia) LEPTASTERIAS
")
5' )
SEA URCHIN
(Strongylocen trotus)
. 'L
'"J"
'x.' \_.>lli\' II' ,
I ...J"'
SUNSTAR
(Solaster papposus
J' BRITTLESTAR
" ' L,.... , (AmphiophoJisl
1\
J 1\+\ .
BRITTLESTAR
(Ophiopholis)
/
COMMON STARFISH
(Asterias
SUNSTAR
(Sol aster endeca)
BASKET STAR
(Gorgonocephalus)

SEA CUCUMBER
(Cucumaria
129
SUMMARY ( , ~ SPECIES RECORDED
TAREA ABUNDANCE HABITAT
t9
(/) Z
...J
::
~
I--
<t:
u
SPECIES DESCRIPTION
z ...J
...J
0 ~ DISTRIBUTION
0
(/)
I- I-- Z
<t: <t:
0
w a:
~ Z 0 I- 0
(f) (f) LU
0 0 >
(f)
w
~
a:
~ t9 I- a: Z
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(f)
(f) z ;::: :: 0
a:
z <t:
w
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~ :)
w w
U 0 <t: 0
a:
w
I-
en
0
Z 0 w w
a: 0 en
Z
:) 0
:)
<t:
:I: ...J
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:I: a:
a u <t: (J) I=- a: ~ (/) ~ a- LL :)
~ (f) LL
1. Psolus fabricii
Size-12 em; Color-red; Form-oval, 6 em;
thick; plates; attaches by suction discs x x x x Figure 7.14.1
2. Psolus phantapus
Size-14 em; Color-white with brown;
Form-cylindrical with pointed ends x x x x Sites-136,157
3. Cucumaria frondosa
Size-24 em; Color-black, grey; Form-cucum
ber shaped with multi branching tentacles x x x x x Figure 7.14.2
4. Leptosynapta roseola
Size-10 em. Color-light rose-transparent;
Form-cucumber shaped with small tent
acles x x x x x x Figure 7.14.3
5. Strongylocentrotus droe
bachiensis
Size-9 em; Color-light green; Form-3 em
thick circle covered with spines x x x x x x x x x x Figure 7.14.4
6. Echinarachnius parma
Size-10 em; Color-black, reddish brown;
Form-disc shaped, hence name "sand
dollar"
x x x x x Figure 7.14.5
7. Hippasteria phrygiana Size-to approx. 26 cm; Color-orange;
Form-Five rayed star with stout arms x x x I>< Figure 7.14.6
8. Solaster endeca
Size-24 em; Color-purple, red, orange;
Form-7-13 rayed starfish x x x x Figure 7.14.7
9. Solast.er papposus
Size-16 cm; Color-banded red and white;
Form-8-14 rayed starfish. x x x x Figure 7.14.8
10. Pteraster militaris
Size-to approx. 10 em; Color-orange, red
mottled; Form-typical star x x x I>< x Figure 7.14.9
11. Henricia sp.
Size-12 cm; Color-red, orange, yellow,
various combinations; Form-5 rayed starfish x x x x x x x x Figure 7.14.10
12. Asterias forbesii
Size-16 cm; Color-dark green; Form-typical
five rayed starfish x x x x
Sites-151, 153, 168
13.Asterias vulgaris
Size-24 em; Color-orange, yellow; Form-
typical five rayed starfish x x x x x x x x x x Figure 7.14.11
14. Le ptaste rias sp.
Size-5 cm; Color-dark green, brown; Form-
typical five rayed starfish x x x x Figure 7.14.12
15. Gorgonocephalus arcticus
Size-to approx. 2.5 em; Color-yellow, white
Form-small disc-five multi-branching arms x x x x Figure 7.14.13
130
SPECIES
16, Ophiopholis aculeata
17, Amphipholis squamata
I AREA ABUNDANCE
DESCRIPTION
Size-14 cm; Color-purple, red, white, band
ed combinations; Form-disc 2 cm;Five
long slender arms
Size '2 em; Color-white, light pink; From-
typical Brittlestar
I-
z
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DISTRIBUTION
Figure 7.14.14
Site-72
131
D(}
THE SCARLET PSOLUS (Psolusl
2
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A8UNDANl
132
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THE SEA CUCUMBER (Cucumaria)
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133
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134
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'!'d
7.14.5 DISTRI BUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
THE SAND DOLLAR (Echinarachnius)
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TH E SU NSTA R (Solaster endeca)
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139
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THE COMMON STARFISH (Asteriasvulgarisl
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91-93 (I V
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THE BASKET STAR IGorgonocephalus)
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144
25
THE BRITTLE STAR IOphiopholis)
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..J SPECIES 0 z (f)
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l 0 I Z a: w <! w (f) (f) Z 0 (f) i= 0 0 0 > (f) a: Z a... I- w <.9 ..J a:
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1. Boltenia ovifera Size-24 cm; Color-dark red, orange, en
crusted; Form-attaches to rock by stalk. x Figure 7.15.1 x x x x x
2. Boltenia echinata Size3 cm; Color-dark red, white; Form-
ball shaped with tubercles each bearing
spines, cactus-like x x Figure 7.15.2
3, Halocynthia pyriformis
x x x x x
Size-10 cm; Color-orange, red, wh ite;
Form-barrell shaped x Figure 7.15.3 x x x x
4. Molgula sp. Size-2.5 cm; Color-transparent, encrusted;
Form-ball shaped Figure 7.15.4 x x x x x x x x x x
5. Botryllus Size10 cm; Color-dark brown, encrusted;
Form-irregular oval mass. Sites-51, 132 x x x x x x
Z15 PROTOCHORDATES
..:t"

.
BOLTENIA ECHINATA
SEA GRAPE
(Molguia )
SEA POTATO
(Boltenia ovifera)

\\
"\

7.15 PROTOCHORDATA Acorn worms and Tunlcates.
INTRODUCTION: The protochordates occur throughout the study
area and are represented by a small number of species, generally in tide
pools and subtidally. This group has no direct commercial value although
two species, the sea peach and sea potato are presently being used In can
cer research.
146
D{J
THE SEA POTATO (Boltenia ovifera)
91-93 --..r
9 4 - 9 5 ~
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THE TUNICATE SOLTENIA ECHINATA
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148
94-95
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91-<))
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THE SEA GRAPE (Molgula)
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SCALE
150
Z16 CHORDATA
A. FISHES: Numerous species of fish occur in the study area. How
ever, many species tend to avoid divers and, consequently, they are
poorly represented by sight records. Species which have been recorded
in the study area are listed in Table 7.16.1. Commercial species are dealt
with in the section on the area fishery.
B. BI RDS: Many species of marine birds uti I ize the study area or im
mediate vicinity as shown in Table 7.16.2. Areas which have been identified
by the Canadian Wildlife Service as significant (Figure 7.16.7) include:
1. Head Harbour Passage including islands and waters be
tween Deer Island and Campobello - Major feeding, breeding
and staging area for wide assemblages of marine birds. Strong
currents and upwellings produce excellent feeding grounds. The
l<Jrgest concentrations of sea birds in the study area occur
here. (National Significance). Kno,-\,n breeding colonies
occur as follows:
(a) White Horse Is. - Gulls, Cormorants, Guillemols, Eiders,
Puffins (rare). Staging site for Kittiwakes.
(b) Nubble Is. - Gulls, Cormorants ( 7) and Guillemots.
(c) Hospital Is. - As above.
(d) Sandy Is. - Gulls, Eiders.
(e) Tinker Is. - Gulls and Cormorants (7)
(f) Casco Is. - Gulls, Eiders and Cormorants (7)
(g) Popes Is. - Gulls.
Species using the area include: Common Loon, Grebes, Petrels (rare),
Cormorants, Great Blue Heron, Canada Goose, Brant (7), Black Duck,
Scaup, Goldeneye, Bufflehead, Old-squaw, Eiders, Scoters, Mergansers,
Plovers, Sandpipers, Phalaropes, Glaucous Gull, Herring Gull, Black
backed-Gull, Bonoparte's Gull, Kittiwake, Common Tern, Arctic Tern,
Razor-billed Auk, Atlantic Murre, Dovekie, Guillemot, Puffin (rare).
2. Deer Island Point - Major feeding and staging area for wide
assemblage of marine birds. Strong currents and upwellings
produce excellant feeding grounds. Essentially an extension
of Head Harbour Passage (National Significance).
Species using the area include: Common Loon, Grebes, Petrels (rare),
Cormorants, Great Blue Heron, Canada Goose, Brant (7), Black Duck,
Scaup, Goldeneye, Bufflehead, Old-squaw, Eiders, Scoters, Mergansers,
Plovers, Sandpipers, Phalaropes, Glaucous Gull, Herring Gull, Black
backed-Gull, Bonaparte's Gull, Kittiwake, Common Tern, Arctic Tern
Razor-billed Auk, Atlantic Murre, Dovekie, Guillemot, Puffin (rarel.
C. MARINE MAMMALS: The following species of marine mammals
occur in the study area:
RIGHT WHALE
Formerly abundant in the North Atlantic, the northern right whale
was reduced to a remnant stock by the beginning of the twentieth cent
ury. Despite having been completely protected for several decades, the
population in the western North AtlantiC has recovered only very slow
ly, and even now only numbers in the high hundreds at the most. There
is every indication that the eastern North Atlantic stock was completely 151
exterminated. In August 1971 about six right whales came into the Inner
Quoddy region, and were observed for several weeks before they gradually
moved out towards Grand Manan. There is some evidence that they re
gularly penetrate into waters off eastern Grand Manan; their occurrence
between Deer Island and Campobello Island is regrettably, a rather ex
ceptional event which appears to be related to occasional surges of warm
er-than-usual surface water into the Bay of Fundy approaches.
HUMPBACK WHALE
We know of only one reliable report of humpback whales coming into
the Inner Quoddy region, fifteen years ago.
FINBACK WHALE
This is the most common species of large whale in the Bay of Fundy
at the present time. It appears during June or July when euphausid shrimp
concentrations start to form in surface waters. Up to ten different individ
uals have been counted in the inner Quoddy region at one time (in the
vicinity of Deer Island and Campobello Island) although three or four is
more usual. Once the animals have moved into the inshore belt of water,
their appearance is relatively predictable until summer squalls break up
the euphausid shrimp shoals in surface waters, and drive the schools of
young herring deeper. The feeding areas of the Inner Quoddy animals seem
to be quite limited and related to tidal conditions, according to the pre
liminary observations by Arnold and Gaskin (1972) and Gaskin (1976).
MINKE WHALE
Although not as commonly observed as the finback, largely because
it is smaller and frequently unobtrusive in its behaviour, the minke whale,
whjch feeds on alewives, capelin and herring, is a regular summer migrant.
HARBOUR PORPOISE
The harbour porpoise is by far the most abundant cetacean in the Bay
of Fundy, and is almost certainly one of the most important species of
the upper trophic levels in the coastal marine food web, feeding on her
ring, mackerel, small gadoid fish, and squid. Concentrations in the Inner
Quoddy region in August, particularly in Letite and its approaches, and
off Head Harbour P a s ~ a g e and the shelf of White and Spruce Islands, are
nearly as high and occur over a larger area. The size of schools increases
as the season progresses, with up to 15 animals per group being seen in
the Letite area in September. Shortly after, these groups are only en
countered on the edge of the Grand Manan Channel current, about
half way between Deer Island and the Wolves Islands. The formation of
large schools, final concentration in the Letite and Head Harbour ap
proaches, movement of the offshore current boundary all appear to be
152 stages which presage the start of the offshore winter migration. In fact
the overall migration pattern closely relates to that of the principal food
species, herring and mackerel.
WHITE-BEAKED AND WHITE-SIDED DOLPHINS
Sporadic sightings of "large black and white sea porpoises" are report
ed to us by fishermen, usually only during the winter months in the Inner
Quoddy region, and then infrequently. In summer, white-beaked dolphins
have been seen once off Whitehorse Island, near Deer Island, by University
of Guelph workers.
PHOCID SEALS
HARBOUR SEAL
Harbour seals in the Inner Quoddy subregion, have been sighted much
more frequently during the last four summers (1973-77) Than in the four
previous to that (1969-72 inclusive). This can be attributed to the removal
of the long-standing Department of Fisheries bounty, and particularly to
the retirement from active hunting of the last full-time bounty hunter in
the immediate area. The present population in the Inner Quoddy and Grand
Manan regions combined is estimated by us to be in the low hundreds, on
the basis of observations over the last eight years.
SPECIES
1. Myxine glutinosa
2. Raja sp.
3. Osmerus mordax
40 Apeltes quadracus
5. Gasterosteus aculeatus
6. Pollachius virens
7. Anarhichas lupus
8, Pholis sp.
9. Macrozoarces americanus
10. Hemitripterus americanus
11. Myoxocephalus sp.
12. Cy cl opterus
13" Liporis sp.
14. Pseudopleuronectes american
us
15. Lophius amerieanus
DESCRIPTION
Size-to approx. 50 cm; Color-grey with
white, sometimes pinkish; Form-eel like
Size-to approx. 60 cm; Color-variable-usually
some shade of brown; Form-flat triangular
with tail
Size-30 cm; Color-back bottle green, sides
silver; Form-common Smelt
Size-6 cm; Color-brownish-olive above,
mottled darker; silvery below; Form-typical
Stickleback
Size-8 cm; Color-silver; Form-typical
Stickleback.
Size-75 em; Color-silvery-grey with pinkish
reflections; Form-typical fish
Size150 cm; Color-slate-blue, olive-green,
purplish-brown; Form-massive Eel-like, tusk
like teeth.
Size-15 cm; Color-variable brownish, reddish;
Form-Eel-like.
Size-90 cm; Color'yellow, reddish-brown,
green, mottled; Form-Eel-like.
Size-to approx. 60 cm; Color reddish brown;
Form-sculpin-like
Size-40 cm; Color-variable; Form-large head,
spines.
Size-to approx. 40 cm; Color-variable-blue,
green, red, yellow; Form-stout, dorsal hump,
rough skin
Size-to approx. 8 cm; Color-variable; Form-
Tadpole shaped
Size45 cm; Color-muddy to reddish brown,
sometimes spotted or mottled; Form-typical
Flounder
Sizeto approx. 120 cm; Color-grey or dull
green; Form-large head and mouth sm. body
t9
Ul Z
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x
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x
x
x
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x
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x x x x Sites-47,70
x
x
x x x x
x
Sites - 12,58,103,112
Site - 90
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sites - 90, 174
Figure 7.16.1
Figure 7.16.2
x x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Sites' 1, 48, 53, 60
Figure 7.16.3
Site-103
Figure 7.16.4
Figure 7.16.5
x
x
x
x x
x
x
Sites' 4, 9, 138, 162
Sites - 20, 109, 169
x x
x
x x x x
x
Figure 7.16.6
Site 58
153
TABLE 7.16.1 FISHES RECORDED IN THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY
MARSII'OB RANCIIII L liparis (Striped Seasnail)
Ilrllsille hrosillc ( 'usk)
l'ungit ius pllngitius (Nincspinc St ickleback )
I\mtlichthys dentatus (Summer Flpunder)*
Myxine glutinosa (Hagfish)
Fnchelyopus cimbrius (Fllurbeard ruckling)
P oblongus (Fourspot Flounder)*
Petromyzon marin us (l.amprey)
Cadus Illorhua (Atlantic Cod)
Scophthalrnus aquosus (Windowpane)
Melanogrammus aeglefinlls (Iladdock)
Glyptocephalus cynoglossus (Witch Flounder)
SEtAell1l
Merluccius bilinearis (Silver Hake)
Hippoglossoidcs platessoides (American Plaice)
Microgaddus tomcod (Atlantic Tomcod)
II hippogJossus (At lant ic Halibut)
Carchurias taurus (Sand Shark)*
I'ollachius vircns (Pollock)
Liopsetta putnami (Smooth Flounder)
Alopias vulpil1us (Thresher Shark)*
lIrophycis chuss (Squirrel Hake)
Pseudopleuronectes all1cricanus (W inter Flounder)
Carcharodon carcharias (White Shark)
Newmia bairdi (Marlin Spike)*
Monacanthus hispidus (Plane head Tilefish)*
Lamna nasus (Porbeagle)
Zenopsis ocellata (American John Dory)*'
Mola mola (Ocean Sunfish)*
Mustelus canis (Smooth Dogfish)"'
Roccus americanus (White Perch)
Lophius american us (Monkfish)
Rh izoprionodon terrae novae (Atlant ic Sharpnose
R. saxatilis (Striped Bass)
Shark)*
Stenotomus chrysops (Scup)*
Somniosus microcephalus (Greenl<lnd Shark) Tautoga onitis (Tautog)*
* RARF OR OCCASIONAl OCCURRENCE
Sq ualus acan th liS (Spiny Dogfish) f'autugolabrus adspersus (Cunner)
Raja erinacca (Little Skate) Ammodytes americaJius (American Sand Lance)
Sarda sarda (Atlantic Bonito)*
R occllata (Winter Skate)
R. Iaevis (l3arndoor Skale)
Swmbel' colias (Chub Mackerel)
S. scombrus (Atlantic Mackerel)
Torpedo nobiliana (Atbntic Torpedo)
R. radiata (Thorny Skate)
Thunnus thynnus (13luefin Tuna)
Anarhichas lupus (Atlantic Wolffish)
PISCES A. minor (Sputted Wolffish)*
Pholis gunnellus (Rock Gunnell)
Acipenser oxyrhynchus (Atlantic Sturgeon) Cryptacanthodes maculatus (Wrymouth)
Alosa pseudoharcngus (A lewjfe) Lumpenus lumpretaeformis (Snake Blenny)
A. sapidissima (American Shad) Ulvaria subbifurcata (Radiated Shanny)
Brevoortia tyra nnus (M enhadcn ).* Lycenchelys verrilli (Wolf Eelpoul)*
Clupea harenglls (Ilerring) Macrozoarces amcricanus (Ocean pout)
Etrunlcus sad ina (Roundllcrring)* Poronolus triacanthus (Butterfish)
Corcgonus cIupeaforlllis (l.ake Whitefish)* Meniclia menidia (Atlantic Silverside)
Salillo salar (Atlantic Sall11on) Sebastes Illarinus (Redfish)
Salvelinus fontinalis (I3rook Trout) Prionotus carolinus (Northern Searobin)
Mallotus villosus (Capclin)* P evolans (Striped Searobin)*
Osrnerus mordax (Smelt) Artedicllus uncinatus (Arct ic Ilookear Sculpin)*
Maurocliclls muelleri (Muller's l'earlsides)* Cynllwcanthus triwspis (Arctic Staghorn Sculpin)*
Anguilla rostrata (American Eel) Ilelllitripterus american us (Atlantic Sea Raven)
Conger ocean iCllS (Conger Eel-larva 1)* I'vI yo x< lcepha Ius octodecelll spinosus (I.onghorn
Scumbcrcsox sallrus (Atlantic S;lllry)*
Sculpin)
l-Iyporhal1lphus sp. (Col11mon llalfbeak)*
M scorpius (Shurthurn Sculpin)
Fundulus hcteroclitus (Mull1lllichog)
Tnglups mlifraYI (Mailed Sculpin)*
S y n ~ n a t h us fuscus (Nort hern Pipefish) Aspidllplwrllides mllnupterygius (Alligatorfish 1*
Apcltcs quadracus (Fourspine St icklcback) ('yduptertls lumpus ( I ulllpfish)
Casterosteus aculeatus (Thrcesplne Stlckkh;lck I lumierlltrcll1l1s SPIl1PSUS (.\tlanllc SpinY I 1I111pl ish)*
C whcatlandi (Illackspolted Sticklehack) [Ipans atlallllcuS (,\tlaillic "leasnail)
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TABLE 7.16.2 MARINE BIRDS OCCURRING IN THE STUDY AREA AND VICINITY
Porzana carolina (Sora)
Cavia imlllcr immer (Colllmon Loon)
Charadrius melodus (Piping Plover)
Cavia stellata (Red-thro<lted Loon)
Chilrad rius sem ipal ma tus (Sem ipa Ima ted Plover)
Colymbus grisegena holboelli (Holbodl's (;rebe)
Oxyeehus voeiferus voeiferlls (Killdeer)
Colymblls auritus (llorned Grebe)
Pluvialis dominiL:a dominica (American Golden Plover)
Podilymbus podiceps podieeps (Piect-billed Crebe)
Sqllatarolil squalarola (Black-bellied Plover)
Thalassogeron ehlororh y neh os (Yellow-nosed Alba t ross)
Arcl1<.lria interpres morinella (Ruddy Turnstone)
Puffinus griseus (Sotty Shearwaler)
Actitis (Spotted Silndpiper)
Puffinus gravis ;realer Shearwater)
Tota nus mela no leueus (Grea tel' Ye110w-lcgs)
Flllillarus gladalis (Allantic Fulinar)
Totanus flavipes (Lesser Yellow-legs)
Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Leach's Petrel)
Arquatella maritima (Purple Sandpiper)
Oceanites oceanicus (Wilson' Petrel)
Pisobiil melilnotos'(l'ectoral Sandpiper)
Moris bassana ;a nncl)
Pisobia fllscicollis (White-rumped Sandpiper)
Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Furopean Cormoranl)
Pisobla mlnutilla (Leilsl Sandpiper)
Phalacrocorax auritus auritus (Douhle-cresled t 'ol'lllorant)
Pelidna alpina sakhalina (Red-hacked Sandpiper)
Ardea herodiils herodias (Grl'at \3luc Ileron)
l.lmnooroillus grrseus (I)"witcher)
13ulorides vireseens vin'scens (1'::151ern C;reen Ikron)
Et'ellnctes pllsillus (Scnlipalmatcd Sandpiper)
Nycticurax nycticorax hoactli (\3lack-erowned Night lIeron)
Crocethia alba (Sanderling)
Bolaur1l5 lentiginosus (American Bittern)
Phalaropus fnlicarirus (Red Phalaropc)
Ixob rych liS ex i lis (Least 13 iltern )
Lobipes lob<ltus (Northern Phalarope)
Branta canadensis canadensis (Col1ll1lon Can:,d:1 (;OOSl')
Slercorarius parasiticus (Parasilic Jaq:>:arl
Branla bernicla hrola (American I:lranl)
LJrus hyperhoreus (Claucous Gull)
Anas platyrhynchos (Mallard)
l.arus Ielleopterus (Iceland (;llll)
Anas ruuripcs (Black Duck)
L<trus marinus (Creat Black-backed Cull)
Dafila acuta tl..itzihoa (Allleric.tnPintail)
Larus argentatus smithsonianus (Herring Gull)
Neltion carolinense (Grcen-winged Teal)
Lanls philadelphia (Bonaparte's Gull)
Qucrquedula discors (13luewinged 'fe.lI)
Rissa tridactyla tridactyla (AtlantiC Klttiw<lke)
Nyroca maTila (Grea tel' Sca u p Duck)
Sterna hirundo hirundo (Common Tern)
Glaueionctta c1angula americana (!\mnic,ln (;oldcn-cyc)
Sterna pilradisaea (Arctic Tern)
Charitonetta albeo!;1 (Buflle-head)
Alea lorda (Rawr-billed Auk)
Clanl'.ula hyemalis (Old-squaw)
Uria aillge aalge (Atlantic Murre)
SOlllaleria Illollissima dressni (!\nll'l'lc:lll "idnJ
Uria 10m via lomvia (Brllnnich's Murre)
Melanitta dcglandi (White-winged SUlll'11
Aile aile (J)ovekie)
Melanitla perspicillata (Surf Scoter)
Cepphus grylle grylle (Blilck Guillemot)
Oidemia amcrieanil (American Scoter)
Fratl'l'cula arclica ilrctica (Atlantic Puffin)
Mergus serratoI' (Red-hreasted Mergansl'l')
161
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7'17 PLANTS
Fucus
7.17 ALGAE-Seaweeds
INTRODUCTION: Algae are well represented and abundant intertidal
Iy In the survey area; less so in the subtidal area, Several species have pre
sent commercial value (Ascophyllum, Chondrus, Rhodymenia) but no 163
lisher v ex Ists
SUMMARY [If-' SPECIES RECORDED
l?
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1. Chondrus crispus
Small branching red algae; Color-maroon
with purple iridescence x x x x x Figure 7.17.1
2. Corallina officinalis
Small pink branching coralline algae x x x x Site - 24
3. Lithothamnion
Pink calcareous encrusting algae x x x x x Figure 7.17.2 x
4. Rhodymenia
Thin bladed branching red algae; Color-
reddish maroon x x x Figure 7.17.3
5. Phycodrys
Small red branching x x x Figure 7.17.4
6, Polysiphonia
Small branching algae on ascophyllum x x Figure 7.17.5
7. Unidentified red alga Small filamentous x x x Site - 126
8. Porphyra
Brown translucent, filmy :IE' x x X x x x x Figure 7.17.6
R Desmerestia
Large multi-branch ing brown algae x x x Figu re 7.1 7.7
100 Laminaria
Large flat blade on stalk. Golden brown x x x x x x x x Figure 7.17.8
11. Agarum
Large flat blade on stalk. Many circular
holes in blade, brown x x x x x x x Figure 7.17.9
12. Alaria
Large flat blade with rib running through
out, on stalk, golden brown, yellow x x x x x x x x x Figure 7.17.10
13. Ascophyllum
The most common rockweed. Olive green
with many air bladders x x Figure 7.17.11 x
14. Unidentified Brown alga
Small filamentous x x x x Sites - 88, 110
15, Fucus vesiculosus
Brown, with bladders, branching with
yellow reproductive structures at ends of
blades x x x Figure 7.17.12 x
16. Fucus edentatus
Large species near low water mark. Large
blades, no air bladders x x x Figure 7.17.13
17. Enteromorpha sp.
"Mermaids hair", green, transluscent x x x x x Figure 7.17.14
18. Ulva
"Sea lettuce" green, transluscent x )< x x x x x x x x Figure 7.17.15
1. Zostera
Green grasslike plant rooted in mud.
Blades to 30 cm; x Sites - 72, 77 x x x
164
OJ
IRISH MOSS (Chondrus)
94-95
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L1THOTHAMNION
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DU LSE (Rhodymenia)
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168
POLYSIPHONIA LANOSA
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ROCKWEED (Ascophyllum)
FIELD RECORDS ONLY
OCCURS ON ROCKY SHORES
THROUGHOUT THE AREA
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175
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ROCKWEED (Fucus vesiculosus)
91-93 ---t--+4(
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FIELD RECORDS ONLY
OCCURS ON ROCKY SHORES
THROUGHOUT THE AREA
1A-X5 . ~
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14
15
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22
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- 23
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SCALE
176
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ROCKWEED (Fucus edentatus)
94-95

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177
. ~ ( J
ENTEROMORPHA
91-93
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179
8. ECOLOGICAL EVALUATION
8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SHORE ZONES: Walking downward on
to the beach, one passes through the following major regions (Figure 8.1.1):
1. THE SUPRALITTORAL FRINGE. The uppermost part of the beach
which is not normally submerged but is subject to extremely high tides
and wave action at high water, 2. THE INTERTIDAL REGION. All of the
beach between the high water mark and the low water mark, 3. THE SUB
TIDAL FRINGE. A small band at low water which is only occasionally ex
posed during extremely low tides, 4. THE SUBTIDAL REGION. All of
that area, below the low water mark, which is never exposed to the air.
Each of the above regions is broken down into a series of zones which
vary from habitat to habitat, but which can be defined as an area of the
shore occupied by one or more distinctive and abundant marine species
of plants and/or animals.
8.2 ROCKY SHORES: Because the numbers of plants and animals
which occur on a rocky shore are great and the various associations which
occur between these organisms and this shore type are somewhat complex
and vary geographically, we have attempted to illustrate these relationships
diagramatically in Figure 8.2.1. The drawing itself provides a reasonably
accurate illustration of what you would see both intertidally and subtidally
on a simple rocky shore. Each zone is indicated along the top and the depths
are given on the right hand margin. A list of species which occur in each zone
is given, Those organisms listed in a box are the INDICATOR SPECI ES,
that is those species wh ich occur only in that zone or occur there in concen
trated numbers. Those organisms listed outside of the box occur in more than
one zone and are not concentrated in any particular zone. We have not used
common names because many species have none and there is ambiguity with
some that do.
The Terrestrial Habitat. This is the area above the direct influence of
tides and waves where effectively terrestrial conditions allow the growth
of grasses, herbs, shrubs, trees, etc. In many areas, particularly those ex
posed to open water, wind and salt spray may affect the growth of these
plants for many hundreds of yards inland and such areas are usually char
acterized be very hardy plant species, many of which are stunted due to ex
posure.
The White Zone. This narrow zone, which lies between the terrestrial
habitat and the zone of salt tolerant Iichens, mayor may not be present
on any particular shore. It is subject to extreme wave action and, where
it is present, is usually devoid of life.
The Buff Zone or Lichen Zone. This is a transitional lOne which is ex
posed to waves and spray at high tide. The rock in this area is typically cov
180 ered with a profuse growth of salt-tolerant lichens which may grow as high
as the first grasses and shrubs. This zone is interesting because these plants
are, in fact, terrestrial in character, but have developed the ability to sur
vive and flourish in an area of high salt concentration. Many species of
lichens are present on the rocky shores of the Bay. The three most com
mon species are the colorful orange Xanthoria parientina and the black
lichens Lichina pygmaea and Verrucarina maura (Thomas, 1973).
The Barnacle Zone. This is the first major zone occupied by strictly
marine organisms. Located well up on the shore, it presents a harsh en
vironment for those animals and plants which occur there since they are
covered by the tide for only a few hours each day and are subject to pro
longed exposure to the extreme heat and cold of summer and winter. The
predominant species at this level, on most rock substrate throughout the
Bay, is the Common or Acorn Barnacle, Balanus balanoides. In areas where
salinities are low, it is replaced by Balanus improvisus. In many areas, the
small hardy rockweed Fucus spiralis grows side by side with the barnacles.
These are the two major and distinctive species of this zone although the
periwinkles Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata and the Beach Flea, Gam
marus oceanicus range up into this zone, particularly where the rock or
beach is dampened by drainage from the upper shore.
The Rockweed Zone. The major portion of the intertidal area of all
rocky shore is covered with a profuse growth of rockweed. The two most
common species are Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophy/lum nodosum. A.
nodosum is a large species, reaching 3 to 4 feet in length, and several plants
usually grow from the same holdfast. The somewhat smaller Fucus vesiculosus
grows scattered throughout the Ascophyllum. Both of these algae form
a thick protective blanket over the shore which is vital to the survival
of most intertidal animals since they provide a cool, damp, dark con
dition during the absence of the tide. The distinctive animals of this
zone can easily be located by lifting the rockweeds. Beneath them, you
will find large numbers of the periwinkles Littorina saxatilis, L. obtusata,
and L. littorea or the Dogwhelk, Thais lapillus, and their abundant egg
capsules. This is also the domain of the Beach Flea, Gammarus oceanicus
which is found beneath any small rock along with ribbon worms, Nem
atode worms, and flatworms. The stalks of the rockweeds serve as the
attachment for small algae such as Polysiphonia lanosa and Ectocarpus.
sp. tiny pink hydroids, Spirorbis, and Bryozoans. As one proceeds down
the shore towards the lower limit of the rockweeds, you encounter greater
numbers of the large Common Periwinkle, Littorina littorea and begin
to find other species of the lower tidal area such as the starfish, Lepta
sterias and the rock Blenny, Pholis. In the proper circumstances, through
out the rockweed zone, you will also encounter other algae such as the
green filamentous Enteromorpha, the sea Lettuce, VIva lactuca, and the
Red Sea Lettuce, Porphyra. The Rockweed Zone ends abruptly 3 or 4
feet above the mean low water mark and gives way usually to two nar
row zones which contain plants and animals which can withstand brief
exposure to the air.
The Chondrus - Gigartina Zone. Although not universally present, a
narrow band of Irish Moss, Chondrus crispus, or the similar Gigartina
stel/ata form dense mats just above the low water mark. Other algae such
as the dulse, Rhodymenia palmata, Enteromorpha, VIva, Monostroma,
and Coral/ina may be found in this lone. Animals include an overflow of
the Commor. Periwinkle from the zone above. The Limpet, Acmaea testu
dinalis begins here and can be found attached to most rock surface. During
warmer weather, the starfish Asterias vulgaris and A. forbesii as well as
the Green Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), reach up into
this lone. Under the rocks, you will commonly encounter the chiton
(lschnochiton), numerous Slennies, Scale worms (Lepidonotus), small
sea cucumbers (Cucumaria), brillant purple and yellow encrusting Sponges,
and other species.
The Mytilus Zone. In many areas, a relatively broad band of firmly
attached Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) marks the effective end of the inter
tidal region. Dulse, Enteromorpha, VIva, Monostroma, Coral/ina, starfish,
urchins, chitons, blennies, and scale worms all occur in this zone as well as
the preceeding zone. With the exception of the winter months, starfish are
common on most mussel beds and feed leisurely on these bivalves by
everting their stomachs into the mantle cavity and eating them "on the
half shell".
The Laminaria Zone. The truly subtidal realm begins here and there
is an abrupt change in both the character of the substrate and the types
of plants and animals which are encountered. The Laminaria Zone reaches
from extreme low water to a depth of 15 feet or so. This zone is not char
acteristic of many rocky shores, but where it is present, the kelps Lamin
aria and Alaria often grow in profusion. Their strong, greatly branched
holdfasts provide security for worms, brittlestars and other animals, while
the blades of these plants serve as a substrate for many smaller forms such
as the tiny hydroid Obelia. In addition, beautiful translucent shrimp and
fishes such as sculpins and young lumpfish seek the protective seclusion
offered by these plants. The encrusting pinkish red alga Lithothamnion
begins here and in most rocky areas virtually covers exposed rock surfaces.
Limpets, chitons, urchins, and starfish are common on the rocks and sub
tidal species such as Sea Peaches, Blood Stars, Sabellid worms, nudibranchs,
and the common anemone, Metridium senile will be found in this upper
subtidal lone.
The Lithothamnion Zone. The characteristic species of this zone is
Lithothamnion, an encrusting coralline red alga, which grows to depths
of approximately 40 to 60 feet and sparsely to greater depths. This zone
represents the upper area where light penetration is sufficient to support
reasonably profuse plant growth. Many species of fine filamentous algae,
numerous reds, as well as the peculiarly formed Sea Collander, Agarum.
are common in this shallow zone, particularly during the summer months
Urchins, Sea Anemones, and Sea Peaches are distinctive animal species.
Although they are also found in deeper water, they tend to occur In great
er numbers in this zone. In particular, the green sea urchin is extremely
abundant in the upper part of this zone and in many localities hundreds of
these animals will form a broad blanket over the bottom. Such concentrations
are less common in deeper water where they tend to be spread randomly
over the bottom. Since this animal is a grazer, it is probable that more
plant food is available in shallow water where light penetration is at its
maximum. Another Echinoderm, the sea cucumber, Cucumaria frondosa,
also grows in abundance in this zone in restricted localities and, where it
occurs, is distinctive of this zone. The numerous other species which occur
in the Lithothamnion Zone are, for the most part, also found in the deep
er "Algae Poor" Zone and do not appear to have vertical distributions
which are controlled by depth.
The "Algae Poor" Zone. To a diving biologist who is familar with
the subtidal distribution of plants and animals, a depth gauge is only
a relatively useful tool. The presence of Lithothamnion, certain brown
and red algae and large numbers of sea peaches, urchins, and anemones,
clearly indicates shallow depth; As one proceeds to depths of 50 to 60
feet, the character of the bottom and bottom fauna undergoes a gradual
but dramatic change. The algae become sparse and deep water animals
begin to dominate the landscape. The compl2x form of the beautiful
Gorgon's Head or Basket Star, Gorgonocephalus, becomes a common
sight, while white and yellow sponges become common. The Sea Potato,
Soltenia ovifera is another common deep water animal which, in areas
that are for some reason particularly suited to it, forms spectacular
"gardens" composed of thousands of individuals. Somewhat less obvious
are the many small and inconspicuous species wh ich are common here,
but are rarely encountered in shallower zones.
8.3 MUDDY SHORES. Muddy shores are second only to rocky shores
in the abundance and diversity of marine organisms which they support.
This is, in part, due to the fact that the character of muddy shores ranges
from silt to hard, compacted mud covered with shingle and
each type of muddy bottom supports a distinctive assemblage of animals.
The quality of water in a muddy embayment greatly influences species
diversity as well. In general, pollution results in a decrease in the number
of species present and an increase in the numbers of species which are
tolerant to the pollutants or resultant decrease in oxygen (Reish, no date,
1957,1966,1970, 1973.)
Figure 8.3.1 shows a generalized view of the species composition and
zonation of a typical muddy shore in the study area.
Terrestrial Zone. The upper limits of most muddy shores have ledge,
sand, boulder or cobble beaches. However, where these do not occur
muddy shores are often surrounded by a margin of typical marsh plants.
Elsewhere, one may find a different assemblage of plants dominated by
beach grass or beach pea and a number of other species. 181
The Drift Zone. Detached seaweeds and other drift commonly con
centrate at the upper limit of the tide and usually support a large resident
population of Beach Hoppers (Orchestia sp).
The Upper Beach. The upper beach is usually barren of distinctive
species. Seaweeds, barnacles, beach fleas, and similar species are usually
common, however, on or near embedded rocks.
The Mya Zone. The soft-shelled clam is usually the dominant organ
ism in the mid-littoral area with worms which are found most commonly
lower on the beach, occurring here in small numbers. The green alga En
teromorpha, periwinkle, dog whelks and a few other species are common
on the mud surface.
The Clymenella Zone. Just below the Mya Zone, the bamboo worm,
Clymene//a, often forms a narrow band where it occurs in large numbers.
Clymene/la is not universally present on all muddy shores, but is com
mon enough to be distinctive in many areas. Other species, particularly
the Beak-throwers, Glycera and Nephthys and very large clam worms,
Nereis, are occasionally taken here as well.
The Nereis Zone. The lower littoral area of many muddy beaches
supports a wide variety of worms of wh ich two species, Nereis virens
and Nephthys incisa, are usually dominant. Other species include
Glycera, Amphitrite, Cerebratulus, Arabella, Saccoglossus.
The Brown Alga Zone. Subtidally, to a depth of 30 or 40 feet, many
muddy shores are characterized by the presence of a fine brown alga
covering the mud surface. This Zone has a faunal assemblage which is
partly intertidal and partly subtidal in character. Many of the species
listed above occur here as well. However, grazers, such as sea urchins,
may be common and free swimming animals such as Mysids, sand
shrimp, smelt, sculpins, flounders and sticklebacks are usually common.
Gastropods and Crabs are usually found on these bottoms as well.
The Algae-Poor Zone. In deep water, faunal assemblages vary widely.
However, they do support a wide range of species including: on the
surface, the complete range of bottom-dwelling fishes, Scallops, gastropods,
urchins, starfishes, burrowing anemones, etc, and in the mud such species
as scaphopods, yoldia, maldanid worms, cockles. etc. The distribution
of many of these species will be discussed later.
8.4 SANDY SHORES. As previously indicated, sandy shores are
usually relatively barren, largely because they provide an unstable sub
strate. Marine organisms are usually absent from sandy shores except in
areas of muddy sand and around rock outcrops and boulders. The sand
dollar may occur intertidally in level areas near low water and are often
dominant subtidally. Free-swimming and surface-roaming creatures are
182 often common as well. In deeper water,sandy bottoms are usually well
mixed with mud and often support a varied fauna similar to that des
cribed for deep-water muddy shores.
8.5 MIXED SHORES. Mixed shores are those which combine the
three major substrates, rock, mud, and sand. Where each substrate occurs
it tends to have the same faunal assemblage as on the pure shore type. As
a consequence, mixed shores have a greater diversity of species than any
of the other shore types previously discussed.
8.6 TIDE POOLS. Tide pools are bodies of water, both large and
small, which are trapped in depressions in the intertidal area. They are
important, because they create a unique habitat which supports both
intertidal and subtidal animals. Species composition is diverse and in
cludes sponges, hydroids, anemones, ribbon worms, annelid worms, barn
acles, isopods, shrimp, beach fleas, crabs, sea spiders, bivalves, gastropods,
nudibranchs, starfish, urchins, sea cucumbers, sea squirts, and fishes.
8.7 BRACKISH PONDS AND ESTUARIES. Brackish ponds and
upper estuaries are distinctive because of the relatively low salinity and
warm temperatures found at such sites. Because of these conditions
such sites support a distinctive and rich assemblage of plants and animals
which is truly unique.
8.8 MAN-MADE HABITATS. We believe that man-made habitats
have contributed significantly to the presence of benthic invertebrates
in the study area. Indeed, many species occur abundantly only at such
sites. Ballast piles from ships, wharves, and weirs, as well as rock-fill break
waters create an artificial rocky shore which supports the same assemblages
of animals found on a natural rocky shore.
Wooden structures such as piers, weirs, pi! ings, floats, and so on
usually have an abundant and diverse growth of marine organisms. Of
particular interest is the abundance of sponges, hydriods, sea squirts,
worms, and scavenging gastropods and echinoderms as shown in Figure
8.8.1.
8.9 PELAGIC HABITATS. The open water areas of the study area
are vital both biologically and economically. It is here that most of the
important economic fish species, herring, cod, pollock, haddock, shrimp,
etc, occur. In addition, many other important and unique species occur
here as well; including Octopus, unusal benthic squid, the sharks, tuna,
seabirds. and whales.
The animals of the pelagic habitat draw largely on the plankton pro
duced by the plants and animals of the inshore areas and an intricate
balance exists between these habitats.
8.10 THE DEER ISLAND ARCHIPE LAGO - A THEORETICAL
EXPLANATION OF ITS HIGH PRODUCTIVITY. The tremendous diversity
and abundance of marine organisms in this area is, we believe, the result of
a unique set of bathymetric and oceanographic conditions. The Archipelago
is composed of over 40 islands and numerous ledges packed into a relative
Iy small area. In addition, the bottom varies widely and abruptly from sev
eral feet in depth to over 300 feet; in some areas such changes in bottom
profile occur within a few dozen yards. The extremely high tides of the
area force, twice daily, an enormous volume of water among these islands
resulting in currents reaching 5 knots in some areas. In addition, the ex
tremely varied bottom topography results in efficient vertical mixing
through the entire column of water. This phenomenon is indicated by the
upwellings and rips which can be observed throughout the area. Such mix
ing has two important c o n s e q u e n c e s ~ 1) it distributes nutrients to all levels
and makes them available to greater numbers of animals, at all depths,
than would normally be possible and 2) it brings "feed" organisms and
nutrients to the surface where they are more readily available to fishes,
birds, and mammals.
The net result of this mixing phenomenon is that food in the form of
plankton, reaches most of the bottom surface and, consequently, that
bottom supports a greater abundance of life; particularly filter feeders.
Since most organisms release gametes or larvae directly into the sea, this
abundance of bottom-dwelling invertebrates results in a localized increase
in plankton which raises the productivity of the area. In addition, phyto
plankton, produced at the surface of the open Bay, are sucked into the
area and distributed throughout the water column; a phenomenon which
does not occur elsewhere where there is poor vertical mixing.
The peculiar current patterns of the area also produce unique "poc
kets" where diversity and abundance of marine organisms is extremely
great; veritable underwater "gardens". This appears to occur when large
volumes of water pass through shallow channels which drop to great depths
at the mouth. In these cases, plankton is compressed into a small volume
of water travelling at great speed. When this water reaches the mouth of
the channel, velocity decreases sharply as the drop-oH is reached and
plankton, in large quantities, settle down over the face of the drop-off.
In such cases, plankton-dependent organisms occur in large numbers
along with the scavengers and predators which feed on them. Such areas,
contribute significantly to the plankton base.
To anyone who works daily in this area the productivity of the area is
obvious. You then see the tens of thousands of seabirds in Head Harbour
Passage; plankton blooms; the enormous schools of feed fish, herring, and
ground fish; the great whales, the impressive surface swarms ot' krille, and
the fishermen whose livelihood has depended on these creatures.
"
other species. The balance can be so delicate that the removal, through
over fishing or pollution, of small, apparently insignificant species, can re
sult in the virtual collapse of the system as a whole.
Head Harbour Passage appears to be one of the centers of productivity
in the Bay of Fundy. Almost all of the species in the bay, from the tiniest
planktonic form to whales, can be found in this area during the highly
productive months of July, August, and September. Huge surface swarms
of Euphausid shrimp appear during this period. It is this animal which is
the basic food for larger species and wh ich is directly responsible for the
valuable herring and ground fishery of the area. An extremely delicate
animal, the Euphausid shrimp would be greatly affected by increased pol
lution in the bay. As it goes, so will the fishery. Figure 8.10.1 illustrates
the basic food chain at Head Harbour Passage. The solid 1Illes show the
direction in which the energy flows. The sun (1), particularly during the
summer months, provides the energy for the blooming of small micros
copic plants called phytoplankton. These plants are food for large plankton
ic animals called Zooplankton (2), and together they are food for numerous
species of intertidal and subtidal animals (3 and 4), krille such as Euphausid
and Mysid Shrimp (5), smaller fish (6), and birds. (11) Together with medium
sized fish (7) which feed on them, the Euphausid and Mysid shrimp and
smaller fishes are food for the larger species such as tuna and sharks (8),
whales, porpoise, and seals (9), and man (10).
But the story does not end there. The corpses of the large species are
returned rapidly into the system by scavenging starfish, urchins, sea fleas,
and other creatures. Even during life, all of the animals are returning vital
materials to the sea. The nutrients (12) in the unknown tons of droppings
which all marine animals release daily, are vital along with the energy of
the sun, to the growth of the phytoplankton, the basic food-stuff of the
sea.
In other words, "the food web" is a fragile chai n and the loss of val
uable and unique areas may not result from direct effects on the species
which are being harvested. In the Head Harbour Passage, collapse could
result from:
1. LARGE SEABIRD KI LLS. The droppings from
seabirds are significant since they contribute a
major source of nutrients to the water. Their re
moval would reduce the productivity of the area
resulting in lower plankton levels and. consequent
ly, the food available to commercial fish and in
vertebrate species.
2. INTERRUPTION OF THE FOOD WEB. The food
In any marine system, the "food web" is the complex interaction be
web at Head Harbour Passage, during the peak sum
tween all the plants and animals in that system. The existence of each mer and fall fishing period, hinges around a prolific
species, is either directly or indirectly dependent on the existence of bloom of plantonic creatures of which the Euph 183
ausid shrimp (krille) is the principal species. Un
fortunately, Head Harbour Passage is one of the few
areas where this species surface swarms in large num
bers. Being a delicate animal, significant numbers of
these animals would be killed by an oil spill which
occurs during the swarming period. The result would
be a reduction in "feed" for commercial fish species,
birds, and marine mammals.
3. PENETRATION OF OILS INTO THE FOOD WEB.
Population reductions and tainting of fish meat may
result from penetration of sublethal and continuous
doses of oils, or other pollutants into the local.food
web. Little research has been done in th is field, but,
deleterious effects may result from interference with
reproductive functions, genetic changes, or reduction
of physical resistance to disease.
8.11 KEY AREAS. As outlined in the previous paragraphs the study
area is considered to be ecologically unique. This is reflected by the val
uable fishery of the area. An analysis of distribution and abundance of
marine plants and animals shows a number of key areas as shown in Fig
ure 8.11.1.
8.12 DISTRIBUTION OF MAJOR GROUPS. Distribution and abund
ance evaluations were prepared for major animal groups and plants and are
presented in Figures 8.12.18.12.7. As can be seen most groups are well
represented in the study area.
8.13 HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS. The relationships between sub
strate, depth and occurrence of marine species is more or less typical for
those species which occur in the study area as indicated by 13 transects
presented in Figures 8.13.1 to 8.13.13.
t
SUPRALITTORAL ZONE

SUPRALITTORAL FRINGE
MIDLITTORAL ZONE
\r ::..:J;. .:';
INFRAI ITTORAL FRINGE
VV;S':::;':';:. :.:). ::::';'.:;::::;:':;,:,1---
INFFlALlTTORAL 7()Ni

w
Z
o
N
....J

cr:
o

....J
8.1.1 A GENERALIZED SCHEME OF INTERTIDAL ZON
ATION. E.H.W.S., extreme high water of spring tides;
E. L.W.S., extreme low water of spring tides. (After
Stephenson and Stephenson, 19721.
184
ALGAE POOR ZONE lITHOTHAMNION ZONE
LAMINARIA ZONE MYTILUS ZONE CHONDRUS ZONE ROCKWEED ZONE I BARNACLE ZONE LICHEN ZONE
Large Complex Sponges
Modiolus
Plaoopocten
Gorgonocephalus
Boltenio
Chalina
lophon

Obelia
Gursemitl
Motrldium
TOlliia
Spirorbis
Potamilla
Myxloola
Hom"rvs
balilnus
CaproU.
P8n<Jolu$
Spironlocalis
Pauurui
cancer
HY8$
Sea Spiders
Chitom
Musculus
Chlamys
PUflClurclla
Cfucibulum
Cropidula
Margarltas
Buccinum
Colus
Noplunt=8
Ptorastor
Honricl"
Solilslcr
C,osS851cr
Astorii'U
Ophiopholis
Strongylocelltrotus
Cucumllria
PsohJ:;
$ynapltl
Bryozoans
TC1ubraIUlillil
Boltcni<:'l cchinalJ
H"Jocynlhia
VaflOU$ Fid'
Metridium
Strongylocentrotus
Cucumaria
Agarum
lithothamnion
Lcucosolenio
S<:yph.
Chl'llina
Halichondrln
lophon
Tubularli
Obelia
Luoornarhl
Go.samlo
Toalie
Spirorbls
MyxiCOlu
Balanus biJlanus
Cl'lprella
PandiJlus
SpirOntOcilllS
HomofllS

Cancer
Hyos
Soli Spidors
Chi tons
Mytilus
Modiolus
Musculus
Chlamys
Acmouo
Puncturolla
Margilritcs
Lacuna
Buccinum
Colus
Neplunca
Onchidoris
Horlfir.ID
Solastcr
CrOSS<Jstor
Asiorios
Ophionholls
PsoJus
Synapu.l
Boltenh.l
H:llocynthlil
VilrlOU$
Alaria
laminiJfla
Corallin"
RhocJymcnla
Chondrus
Milo-d Reds
Mi>l.l,;d U, owns
I..........D.......
Alaria
Laminaria
L ithothamnion
LeucQsolenia
Scyphe
Halichondria
Tubul.Jria
Obulia
Lucornario
Malridium
TOlllia
Lopidonotus
Amphitrite
Spirorbis
Myxicola
Balanus
CaproltD
Pondailu;
Homarus
Pngurus
COllefH
Hyus
SOd SPleJOrl
Chit.ons Puncturollo
Mytilus Margarlttls
Muscu!us Lacuna
Anomia ThaIs
..
Chondrus
Gigartina
Balanus
Carcinus
Chitons
Acmaoe
Littorlno
Th'i'
Astorias
Ulva
Enteromorpha
Coralline
Rhodymenia
Othel Algao
Mytilus
Norels
lopidonotus
Amphitrito
Cistonidos
Balanus
Unciolft
Carcit'\us
Chiton,
Hiolclla
Acmaoa
littorina
Astcriu
StronQylocontrotus
Synapta
UI..,Q
Enteromoprhll
Laminorio
Corililino
RhodymCJni<l
Chondrus
Gigllrtina

Colus Astorias
Nuptunoa Ophiopholis
Corypholla Strongvlocentrolus
Dondronotu$ Cucumafla

Asoophyllum
Fucus
Littorina
Balanus
Gammarus
C lilve
lcpidonotus
Carcinus
Chltonl
Acmiloa
Thols
Leptestcrills
Synaptn
BrYOloam
ur..,u
Entoromorpho
H&kXyA.this Chondrus
Various Fish Mhwd Roch
Agarum MlXod Crowns
Coralline

Balanus balanoides
Fucus spiralis
..
Lichens
......,

- ," .... -

..
8.2.1 GEN ERALIZED PROF ILE OF A ROCI<Y SHORE IN TH E STUDY AR EA showing zonation and principal organisms
occurring in each zone. Species in bold faced type are characteristic of the zone either in terms of occurrence or abundance.
185
TERRESTRIAL
HABITAT
FLOTSAM ZONE BARNACLE ZONE
Salttolenmt grasses.
herbs and shrubs.
Orchestia
Plant Debr is
Balanus
Gammarus
Littorina
My.
Ascophyllum
Fucus
MYA ZONE
Mya
Gammarus
littorina
Lineus
Thais
Enteromorpha
CLYMENELLA ZONE
Clymenella
Ccrchr.uulus
Glycera
Nephthys
Gammarus
My.
Liuo,ina
Sypapta
Entcromorpha
lineus
NEREIS ZONE
Nereis
Nephthys
Cc'ebratulus
Edwardsla
Glvccra
Gammarus
My.
Littorina
Synapta
Amphitrite
Cistenidcs
MYlilus
Polin ices
Lunata
Asteria!>
Oolichlioglossus
Enteromorpha
Zostera
ALGAE ZONE
Filamentous Brown
Algae
NortJis
AmphItrite
Cistcnides
Mysis
Crangon
Ensls
Polinices
Lunatia
Asterias
Strongylocentrotlls
GaSh!rostcus
Osmcrus
Microgaddus
Cryplacanlhoidcs
Hemitriptcrus
Myoxocephal us
Plcudo plcuroneClc s
Chorda
ALGAE POOR ZONE
Corymorpha
Ccrianlhus
Matdanids
Mysis
Caprella
Pandalus
Spironlocarls
Crangon
Homarlls
Pagul'us
Cancel
Hyas
Nympl10n
Placopcctcn
EnS1S
Vcncricardia
Clinocardium
Yotdia
Dcntalium
Crucibutum
Crcpiduta
Buccinum
Cetus
Neptunca

Heoricia
C,osS<)Sler
Astcrias
Strongyloceouol
Myxinc
Mict ogaddus

Myoxoccphatus
PseudoptcuronCclcs
Other Fish

I
!
J
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8.3.1 GENERALIZED PROFILE OF A MUDDY SHORE IN THE STUDY AREA showing zonation and principal organisms occuring
in each zone. Species in bold faced type are characteristic of the zone either in terms of occurrence or abundance.
186
- -
E
Balanus
El110rOmorllh,1
Obelia
DEEPER SUBTIDAL BOTTOM AREA FLOATS LOWER LITTORAL SHALLOW SUBTIDAL MID LITTORAL UPPER LITTORAL
Uivil
Mc!ridlum
Balanus
Mol(lula
PandaIus
$pirontocarls
Spirorhis
MYlilus
Laculld
Coryphcll<t
BALANUS MeUt(jlum ULVA MYTILUS Laminana
Teilha Scypha PORPHYRA Alaria
MYSIS Chalina
Neomysis
Other Sponges
Halrchondr 1(1
Tryphosa
Strongy loecntl at us
Pandalus
Obol,a
Tubularia
Spirontocaris
Other HydrOlds CfilnQOn
Aur61la scyphisloma Homarus
PagufUs
Teilila
Metndiurn
Cancer
Hyas Narcis
Chitons Lcpidon01Us.
Plftcopccten
$pirorbis
ArnphllrilC
Crepidula
Myxlcola Cfucibulum
Buccinum
limnorca
Sillanus
Calus
E,Jprclia NorHunt:,l
AcOlis f'llndillus
ASlerias
CiHcinus
$plrontocilr 1$
St'Of"l9yloccnlrOILJS
Hyas CUC\Jm,HI'1
eh,IOllS Tcrcbr;llulina
.-.,:; I:!.-::." ': "::;":.
Ha10cynthld Musculus
Hc-rnll,iplcru"
H"llcIlJ
AIiOrTlltJ
Myoxoccplwlus
AcmaciJ Hcmllfiplcrus
Ld(;Una
BUCCInum
Acolis
Coryphelld
DelldronOlus
HCmic:ia
ASlcrl<lS
Sirollgyloccnirotu",
Cucumafla
Bryozoans
Botryllus
Halotylllhl<l
MOlgula
l3oltcnl<l
Diller TunKdlcS
Pholis
Pollactuus
Agdrurn
Laminaria
Alaria
Mytilus
Metridium
Lcucosolen;a
Scypha
Tubular,a
Obolia
Other Hydrolds
Auretia scyphlstomt:l
MClridium
TealiJ
NerOls
lopidollo(uS
Amphitrite
Spirorbis
Myxicola
Bal,:tnus
Hyas
Anomia
Hiiltclla
Acolis
COl vph<:lla
DC'IdrOilotus
ASlcri,u
BrY01.o,Jns
Molgul'l
Olher Tlllllr..i)WS
8.8.1 GENERALIZED PROFILE OF ORGANISMS OCCURRING ON WOODEN MAN-MADE STRUCTURES showing general
depth relationships. Species in bold faced type are characteristic of the zone in terms of occurrence or abundance.
187
--/
11. SEABIRDS, GULLS
TERNS, ETC.
/
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STATION NUMBER & SURFACE DISTANCE (Meters)
o 3 6 9 12 16 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 46 48 61 64 67 60 63 66 69 72 76 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 106 108 SPECIES
1--_ . _. _ 1-=--'---" P LAN T S
P P P --1---1- _. --I- ._--..f----- Rockweed (Ascophyllumj
__ If ,f A A _ _I-' ..__ ._ _ _ I- ._ Rockweed (Fucus.veslculosus)
-f--+--+--f----if---I--+--I--t'r........-+':p:--+::-t::-.. -:.'. '__1-' _ 1-_. Li th0 I hamni on
_ r-- P 'p._ P - .f__1-=-- __..",-- _1-__'__ . _ __ __ Polysiphonia lanosa
f---I--+-+--t--Ir--I---t--+::--t--Ir--+--t----t--t-1L-.1-'-jc'-P-+L-.I-'-j---t- Dulse (Rhodymenia)
1-. p _._1- __ -_. '- -._- "- . ---- ' __1--_ _ _ Sea Lettuce (Ulva)
ANIMALS
_. 1--- . I- --f.-ip = .. -.:'" .. - _+_--1-_____ '_1-_ Green Anemone (BunodacllS)
f---t-.+-t--j--f--- P I.. _. __ . .___ _.. _ _---f------ _ r-- _.1- Common Anemone (Metridium)
""f.' (' Limpet (Acmaea)
1--+-+-+---I----'f--t--+-il.L. ._..e .-fE'- _..e - .-- - - __1-_ Smooth Periwinkle (Littorina obtusata)
IP __ _ . _ .. _1-___ Rough Periwinkle (Littorina saxatilis)
Ip _ ...,_ __._ __ _ _ _. . Dog Whelk (Thais)
_ _ _. .. _ . _ _.. _,,,_ ___ Barnacle (Balanus balanoides)
--I-- -1---1- - ----- - - ... -. - . - -'" - .-
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o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
STATION NUMBER & SURFACE DISTANCE: (Meters)
SPECIES
8.13.2
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-- -. ---
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- --r'
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f--- --I--
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ANIMALS
'- --
Unidentified Sponge
P Ip Ip P i P Ip
--
C
Erect Bryozoan
-- -- . . - ._-- - -1---.' . _. -
- 1- ..- -
Limpet (Acmaea)
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_. IP P IP
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P P P Beach Flea IGammarus) 1-- 1--.- t----fL--

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PLANTS
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._-
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ANIMALS .. .. _-- . 1- f-- - -
P P P Haliclona (Dead Man's Finger Sponge)
-f-. --f- .- -
P C C Unidentified cup-shaped sponge _. _. _. --_. _.- --- - .. f-. - - f -
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3
ZONE NUMBER:
3
TRANSECT NO:
1 of 2
DRAWING NO:
PHYLA:
LOCATION: Nancy Head, Campobello,
N.B.
DATE: June 29. 1978
RECORDER(S): R.K. Bosien
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I
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0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 4 27 3033 36 39 42 46 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
-..
SPECIES
Balanus balanus (Barnacle)
Beach Flea (Gammarus)
Shrimp (Pandalus montagui)
Hermit Crab (Pagurus)
Common Starfish (Asterias vulgaris)
Sea Cucumber (Cucumaria)
Henricia (Blood Star)
Scarlet Psolus. (Psolus fabricii)
Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus)
Sea Potato (Boltenia ovifera)
Cunner (Tautogolabrus)
Blenny (Pholis)
Sea Bass
-
...;

:::>
I
<t:
0

0
a:
u.
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f
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8.13_3b
ZONE NUMBER:
TRANSECT NO:
DRAWING NO:
3
3
2 of 2
PHYLA:
LOCATION:Nancy Head, Campobello,
NoB,
DATE: June 29, 1978
PRESENT P
., COMMON C
ABUNDANT A
,.
Research Associates Ltd I
Lord's Cove, Deer Island,N.a

202
o
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I I I I I I I I I -i . . " .... 20
9 1 j I I I I . . . . . . . . . . .
ZONE NUMBER: 3
6 1 ., . . . . ...., " 10
TRANSECT NO: 4
3:0 . , __.. __ .._-.__ 0
...:
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1

PHYLA:
-1OJ :::::l
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OLD WEIR STAKES
... - ..

15.2
,18.3
SAND
-21.3
-24.4
LOCATION:Herring Cove, Campobello.
N.B.
DATE: June 29, 1978
RECOADER(S): Rol<o Bosien
PRESENT
p
COMMON C
ABUNDANT A
Associates Ltd
/ '. I\Marine Island.N.R
Lord's Cove,

ttttsu,1
titititsy/ .
..
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o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 :W 42 45 -'l'3 51 5
P
. 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 99 102 105 108
.-, ----------
8.13.4
203
_ _ __
I
2
2
:;:)
r
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2
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((
LL
I

0
W
o
STATION NUMBER & SURFACE DISTANCE (MtlHtrs)
Iii
90 93 96 99 102 106 108
I I I I t I , I
-+f--'+-+
f- -.
- +-P--+----+---+--+---+---1
--+
P
I I I I I I I I
o 3 6 9 12 16 18 21 211 27 30 33 36 39 42 4648 61 64 67 60 63 66 69 72 76 78 81 84 87
----+- I I \ I, , I I II \ I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I
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--+ I I II I

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9.'1
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6.1 " . . . . . . . . . . . 20
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-6.1 I.
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-9.1
-12.2
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II I I I II
+---+--+
I I I 1--1-4 - ... .+--.
!
84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
3 6 9 27 30 33 42 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 8'
204 !
SPECIES
PLANTS
Lithothamnion
ANIMALS
crumb-ol-bread Sponge I Hallchondria)
Unidentified Sponge
Amphiporus
Scale Worm (Lepidonotus
Rock Crab (Cancer)
Shrimp (Pandalus montagud
Northern Whelk (Buccinum undatum)
Nudibranch (Dendronotus)
Red Chiton (Ischnochiton ruber)
Ten-ridged Whelk (Neptunea)
Great Piddock (Zirphaea)
- -+-. I I I
Brittlestar IOphiopholisJ
Sea Cucumber (Cucumaroa)
Sea Raven (Hemitripterus)
:E
-30 o
LL
40
a:

to ., . ..' . ::r:
I,., , .. : . , A .
." : .. ,... '0:' ' .... -....." ".. ...'" .......: ...........: ...... : ......... :
-50\t
w
o
60
. BOULDERS OVER MUDDY SAND
-70
. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-80
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
-90
L--..... _-L.--l-.._' I I I' I I
8.13.5
ZONE NUMBER:
3
5
TRANSECT NO:
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1
PHYLA:
LOCAliON: Lubec Narrows/Lighthouse
Campobello. N.B,
DATE: November 3D, 1977
RECORDER(S): M. Flewelling
PRESENT P
COMMON C
.ABUNDANT A
"
i :\
Reseanfl Associates Ltd
Lord's Cove Deer Island,N B.
c?FR ' .
'::UUSU

I
--
-6.1
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2
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I
<!
o
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a.
lL
I
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o
SPECIES
o 3 6 9 12 16 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 46 48 61 64 67 60 63 66 69 72 76 78 81 B4 87 90 93 96 99 102 106 108
I
PLANTS
Rockweed (Ascophyllum)
-.-
Winged Kelp (Alaria)
I rish Moss (Chondrusl
Enleromorpha
Kelp (Laminaria)
Lithothamnion
Rockweed (Fucus edentatus)
Rockweed (FucLls vesiculosus)
Sea Lettuce (Ulva
Eel Grass (Zostera)
Brown filamentous alga
ANIMALS
Green anemone (Bunodact,s)
Edwardsia
P
coil vyorm (Spirorbis)
Cf-H
--+-- -+- I 1--/---+--+- I I I -I--+-+- + ..
p-
Limpet (Acmaea)
Nudibranch ICoryphella)
.. .:+... 11:t-: c.

Nudibranch (DendronolUs)
P Common Periwinkle IL,ttofina litlnrea)
Rock Crab (Cancer)
e-- _ _ :: :- - pP:: p P:-
- _.. . -- . - -- -- - . _.
.-1- . V c . c_ C-fc _ .__
Crab (Carcinus
p p p P P P P- P P - - p Sand Shrimp (Crangon) - f{- . .. -. -- P --+,--P
P rJE
Mysis stenolepis PPP P PPP
-- - . - . -- .. ... t--t----r---t--t-1
.- - .-- c--P P P P
-1f Tryphosa P +- . - - _.
f-,p,.-.+---l'""p,.--t---t--t---t- P
Comr)1on Starfish ( Asterllls vulgaris)
-
8.13.6
9.1 C C C C P P F:_ - IP I +--+
--+- I I I I I I , I I 30
6.1
20
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9.1
12.2
j
15.2 ::
18.3
21.3
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MUD
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MUDDY SAND
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60
-70
-80
-90
BOULDERS ON SAND
o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 42 45 48 51 5'1 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
._-------- ._-_. -_." .. ---'. _....-.
ZONE NUMBER: 3
TRANSECT NO:
6
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1
PHYLA:
LOCATION; Friers Bay.Campobello,
NoB,
DATE: November 30,1977
PRESENT P
COMMON C
.ABUNDANT A

Research Associates Ltd
Lord's Cove, Deer Island,N.B.

2m

r- 0 3 6 9 12 16 18 21 27 30 33 36 39 42 46 48 61 64 67 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105
108
1 SPECIES I
2
2:
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-- I I , \ I I I I 11 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

I-- I I +----11----4 1 I 1\ I I 1-
-- -l-- -41-+---1-
- --t- f----f---- - -- -- - -- _. - f---- p
f---------+-4---+-_+__+_ - - -- - --- - --- - - --f---- -- p P -I-- -- --- 1--- - --
Myxicola
Nudibranch (Coryphella)
-- ,-, . f---- -- ---I- - --f-----1- - - - -r---- - - t--'-1---+--+----If--1
I I I I I I't-- -_- .:._ 1 __ _, - r-' C
Venericardia
I I I I I I I ,-t-- A Hermit Crab (Pagurus)
Basketstar (Gorgonocephalus)
1.- -'- -. --__ c-!-- c!--- - - 1-- -I- c
-r----' - .- , I-- -I-- f-- -- , I-- P - -
H
P Blood Star ( Henricia)
35 117 '16 i - 21 "12'"12 -TT 27- 38- C;-S 19'---+----+---1--1---1'---1
- .-. --- ._- -
26
Sea Urchin ( Strongylocentrotus)
I--+----t-I-- --
f
F1m-- ---- '1 -- --- --- -- _. - =---- -r-=--f-c--r------f---f--+---+--f----j
Sculpin (Myoxocephalus) -
-- - -"1-- - -i -- - -- - ---' 2 --r---
I--t-----j-- -+- _. -... --+--+- ,.+ .... Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes)
--f- -f-- --. - - -- -- ,- t--- - 1--1-----t---f-----+---jF---I
---t- ---t--i-- ---t - --t----r--t-- - 1-- - -- - f--- r---f--- f--- I--I- ---- f--- ----+---;----+--1
-- -- - -+--J- .+- -1-. +--+_. -+ -+-- r--- . --- -
I I I +-- --I- -+- I I I I j
. ._
ffif
-
I- ----+-
-=:m- T I I -+ +---+- I 1- - -
I I -, --t- --- -r----
- ___-:-:' - -_ . - - --j- I I I I
I I -+-+--+- --, ---1--- --- -
8.13.7
9.1. I I I I I I I l I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 30
ZONE NUMBER: 3
TRANSECT NO: 7
10. _
u.
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1
o
:-10
-3.0 PHYLA:

20
'1 . . . . . . . . : : : : : : : : : : : : :::
o j -- " . . . . . .. .. -40
...:
-6.1
I I -1---+---1-+-+- I I I
Enteromorpha
. -+--- - - - - -.- -f---+--+
Filamentous brown alga
1-' -f-- - -- -- -f-- -I--- - r-- -- Ir
A L j thothamnion
ANIMALS
I- -I- -- --I--- - ,- --- f-- f----I-' r---l-\o<-
I- -- 1--1--- c-- b-- ro-- - -I-:- -
I-- -'-r----- _ A A A C A A A A Nodding Nosegay (Corymorpha)
1-- 1-- ---
C Soft Coral (Gersemia)
-9.1 '
j . . : : ': ': ',':" : . : - ::".:::
-12.2
. .
-15.2
-18.3
-21.3
-24.4
COARSE SANp BOULDERS
1 I ! I I I I t I ,! I I I It, I I I !, , !
o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
I
__ I ,
-------------+1----- ----------- -

LOCATION: Sandy Island,N.B.
DATE: July 30,1975
.::.,'.;.,:::.:::.,::.::::.::'.:>:<::.:.::: ":'::': >,i .;:::.'.: ;.::::: -50
RECORDER(S): A, MacKay
. .
-50
PRESENT
o COMMON
eABUNDANT
(/)
-70
W
...J MUD OVER SAND
-80
en Research Associates Ltd
en
" Lord's Cove Deer Island N.B.
, , w
-90 .... 0..
..... ......
I
206
2
2:

1-
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n::
lL
I
f
a..
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o
0 3 6

12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 4648 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 106 108
SPECIES
PLANTS
'p

-- - ----- - - --... - -- I- -- - - - --f---
Rockweed(Ascophyilum)
f---- --
p-
f-- -
P -
C

f=- --- ---1--- - - - I----f - - - -

C
- - - --" I--- --- I-- -I-
Lithothamnion
p-
- -I- --
Dulse (Rhodymenia)
P
- -
--
I--- I- - - -- - - 1-- -- .
C C
-- - -
- _.
" - - - -r- I--- . - - -- --I- - - - -I---
Sea Lettuce (Ulva)
C C C
-
P
-- --+- - -- - --e -- -
Unidentified Brown
f- - - - -- I- -... -- - -

- - - I--- - - - - I- --I- - 1--- -- ---I----1----
ANIMALS
--
C Antennularia
c-_ 1- - I--- - - -- f-- -
Red Chiton (I schnochiton ruberl
-- -- -- -- f- --1---.
1__
- -
f-;
. ---f-- - -
_...
-----1-- ._-
-
Horse Mussel (Modiolus)
-- - -- - - --I- - - - - 1-- I--- - - f---
1
. 2.-f -
r
-- - - -
Common Starfish (Asterias vUlgaris)
- - - - --
C C C Basketstar (Gorgonocephalus)
--I--. - [p
- . - _.. -
- . f- - --- - 1---I- - -- c--- I - - - - - f - --f--
BrittJestar (Ophiopholis)
- -- -. -- _. - - .. -- - - - I---1-- - . - --
Sunstar (SoJaster papposusJ 1
-g
71 32
f-o-
19- <I
:2 1
- f.- - ---I-
_...
- - --f-- -
49 104 96 99 62
- -- p
- - - - I- --
Boltenia ovifera (Sea Potato)
"p
- - - - -- e--- . - ---- -1---I- -
Sea Grape (Molgula)
-I . f-- - - - I-- - - . 1---. - - - f-
-- -- --- - . "-- - - f --I-- 1---. - - - - -
- -- -_. 1---- - --- --I -
-
-- - - - - - -- - . - - _.
-
I-- - - --- - - - -_.
- c- - - -- - - - -
--- --- - - -- - - - -
_. .
- -- -- -- - . - - -
_.
- - ---- -
- - - - -- - - -.' .. -" - - - - - - - . -. -- .
... -- _.". - - - - -- - -
_.
- - -- - -. - - - .
- --
- - ---I- -- - . . - - -- I - - . - -
-- - -- - -. . -- - - - - - ---. -- -- - - - .. -- - - --- - .. ------
_.
8.13.8
9.1 30
6.1

. .

20
ZONE NUMBER: 3
3.0

. .

10
TRANSECT NO: 8
..:
0 0
u.
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1

PHYLA:
-3_0

-10
:::>
I
-6.1
: : : :

-20'

0 LOCATION: Simpson's Island, Deer
-9.1

Island, N.B,

-30 0 DATE: Sept, 6,1975
0
CC
-12.2

0

-40
u.
I RECORDER(S): R. K. Bosien
v,
:x: 6
01
-15.2

. .00
0

-50
I

,e PRESENT P
d c)
w
-18.3 .

-60
0
COMMON C

ABUNDANT A
-21,3

-70
COBBLE WITH OCCASIONAL
.
-24.4

BOULDERS AND SOME SI LT
-80
'. \Marine Research Associates Ltd

.

-90
lord's Cove, Deer Island,N.R
:uxascr,

I -'-
,
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 3033 36 39 42 45 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
---
-------- _.__ . ---_.
_. ____._ - - ___._0_
207
---
--
--

I
SPECIES o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39 42 46 48 61 64 67 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 106 108
PLANTS
Rockweed (AscophylluonJ
___ _A _ _. -f-- _ _ -- f-- - _ _ -. _-. . __ -- '. -=.. __ _ -. --. __ . . =_ .
Enteromorpha
- j"- -Iil'
fi1
--
lIm
I.
-'I--- .. ----- "l'-m-'
A._ A P p. L,E. __ . _._ _. _ Rockweed (FucusJ
P P P
Lithothamnion
I--J--+--+.::-- -- p' ;;:- - _... .. -- - ._..... - - - - - - _... -
2'
2'
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2'
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a
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Sea Lettuce (Ulva)
ANIMALS
f----I-----+--I'--I--- --_. - - --. - I I I I I I I I
-' - I I 1-- -+-- +._
Sea Anemone (Metridium)
I----+--+--+ I-
iCpqfl=F-f--=f-:-f--f'. .
A _ _ _ __
. -- _. -_. - - -- -
-

1
.-. t -t---+--+-
I I +-1--+- I I I
-t--+-- I I I
Blood Star (HenriciaJ
I I I -+-+- .+- .---l-H--I- I I 1-+- _. _...
t .. ..-
- .
Flounder (PseudopleuronectesJ
I I I I I I
I-+-----+-!-- -1---1----l- I 11-+ -+--- -- ..
I I I --+--+---1---+---.--1-
I-I--_J'=1- =-
.. -+.--l----J-- I I I I I I
- - --- -
a=t
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_. -- _._- -
- -
I---l--.-+---I--+-+---+--t-t+
-- . -i-' ._-+-.. -
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8.13.9
I I , I
I I I I I 130
I I I I I I I I I I I I . . . 20

ZONE NUMBER: 3
I 10_
91
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'1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -'

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TRANSECT NO: 9
6.1 -10 e-
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1
" . . . .

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LOCATION: Fish Island, Deer Island,
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DATE: July 23, 1975
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P __ P _ P__ .f __ A . _ A . -l Rockweed (Ascophyllum)
--1
Unidentified Brown Alga
- f- -- - - - ---t-E '---
I rish Moss (Chondrus)
E -.- f--- P P - - -r- . -I- - - 1-- f-,g..- - - --I---- - 1-- f- -I- ---t----j-------j
P P P P P P C C P P P P P _ Enteromorpha
-- - I-- .-f---- --I- - tp - P P -p -!p"- tp- P . "'-- - f- - -- I'---- __ - - - I- +---+------1
Rockweed (Fucus edentatus)
--1---1--I--f--::: p-Ir.:
p
-T.:- p - 1--- P C - C C C P C C C C P P C C
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-I-- --f---I-'--- - - - _. f---- - - -- - f--O-- - - -- --- -- f- -. -- -- f- --I-
Lithothamnion
- - 1------1---- - - --I- r---- -- - - - - r-- --1-- ---- f----I---- Ip-- - ---
Polysiphonia lanosa
Porphyra
P P C p P P
Dulse ( Rhodymenia)
P P P P A C - P---I-C----- P p _ P -tp- --If>- -- ip-
1P
=r:+---
Seil Lettuce (Ulva)
ANIMALS
I I I I -+-----1-
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e---
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-t-t-I I I I I I
P Ribbon worm (Cerebratulus)
I----+--- -+- I I I
unidentilied Ribbon Worm
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Leptoplana (eggs)
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Limpet (Acmaea)
Arctic Saxicave (Hiatel'a)
Common Penwinkle (Littorlna littorea)
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ZONE NUMBER: 3
TRANSECT NO: 10
DRAWING NO: 1 of 2
PHYLA:
LOCATION: Butler's POint, Deer
Island, N.B.
DATE:
RECORDER(S}: R.K. Bosien
PRESENT P
COMMON C
.ABUNDANT A

lord's Cove, Deer Island,N.B.

209

----

---
i
;t
SPECIES
o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 27 30 33 36 39 42 46 48 51 64 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
Soft-shelled Clam (Mya) t=t I I I 1
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Dog Whelk (Thais)
-
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Beach Flea IGammarlls) I .. - _. - . -....
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Starfish (Leptaslerias)
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9.1 I I I I I I I II I I I I I

ZONE NUMBER: 3
6.1
.. ..' .:.\ . -.: :::.. .. .. '.' .... :.' .....
TRANSECT NO: 10
t 10 3.0 .. , . _ .,_,. ,..._..." ",.,: ,.:.. ' .. " ', ....:';.....'c: .... ,.:'........>:: .', ., .. , ., ."=.. . ...: . . . .. -". 30
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DRAWING NO: 2 of 2
2
I I I I I 10 0
2 PHYLA:
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0
I 6.1 LOCATION: Butler's Point, Deer 20
"I
Island, NoB.
9.1 30 DATE:
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SPECIES
93 96
I
PLANTS
Rockweed (Ascophyllum)
I rish Moss (Chondrus)
Dulse (Rhodymenia)
Rockweed (Fucus vesiculosus)
Lithothamnion
Polysiphonia lanosa
- -.
--
Sea Lettuce (Ulva)
ANIMALS
Cherry worm (Amphlporous )
_. Beach Flea (Gammarus)
Limpet (Acmaea)
Common Periwinkle (Lillorina lillorea)
-
Smooth Periwinkle (L. obtusata)
Rough Periwinkle (L. saxatilis)
Soft-shelled Clam (Mya arenana)
Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis)
Dog Whelk (Thais)
Starfish (Leptastenas)
-
-- .
-
8.13.11
ZONE NUMBER: 3

TRANSECT NO; 11

...;
u..
DRAWING NO: 1 of 1

PHYLA:
::>
I

LOCATION; West coast 01 Deer Island
at Bayview Christian Camp, N .B.
a

DATE: March 21. 1978
0
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RECORDER(S); M. Flewelling
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I-
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PRESENT
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.ABUNDANT A

. \ \Marine Research Associates Ltd
, Lord's Cove Deer Island N a
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o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 27 30 33 36 39 42 46 48 61 64 67 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 106 108 SPECIES
.- --f--- . C __ __ . ... .. Beach Flea (Gammarus)
1---+----+-.-+--- -_ C r _ . __. .. _ ._. _ _ _1--__I-- f--- Common Starfish (Asterias vulgarIS)
f-=---I--._- .- -- -- -1--'- P P _ _. I- - . _.__ .._ . - _.. . r _ _ _I- Blood Star (Henricia)
1 f--- __ .. -f--. '- . _ _ I- _ '" Starfish (Leptasterias)
f----+---1---I--i--f--- --.. 1-. -t.. - -"-- .-e- _ _ _I-- _ '_1-- _1--1-_ Brittlestar IOphiopholis)
I---+--+-+---f---jf-- --+--I----+i- -+----;1----;--- -'-r--- .- ._- -f-- ._1---._1---- .._ ._. _ Sea Urchin (Strongylocentrotus)
1--__ _ __I-. ..'-P. .. p_-. -- ._ I- __ .. _ .. _I- _ _ _ Sea Potato (Boltenia ovifera)
I---+---+-+---f-.--- . --. -- _ .. -. f-- - . - - - .- - .- . -. - - +----lr--+-.-j
,.-. - I---- - -.- --I-- - - - I- - -. ---1-- _. -1-- ...- '-1-- f-- - - - -1--
..- - - . ... - -.. - - -f---- .- ,.-- I- - -1-
f----+--+--j--f---f----+-+--lI--t---I--+---\---f--- - _. . . . - -- - - - _.. I- -- - . . C--- . -+--1----1---1--+-1
f----+--+-+--t---f-----t--+--jt--t-- - - -- - --I--- . . --- . 1-. .- f-- - -- - -1--+---+--+--+----1
I---+--+-+--t--f----+-+--lf--t---t--t--t------ .. ....-- -_. - ... -1- .. .- - - .
I---+--+-+-t--t----t--.. - .. "-". -r-,.-- ---I-- .-- f-
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f--.-+---f.--- - -_. - --,.---r -- -- -- . -- . . "-' - _. --- - - - - - -I-' - +----+,.---+--1
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9.1
6.1 ; . 20 ZONE NUMBER: : /
3.0 . . " 10. TRANSECT NO: 13
o 01;;0.//.//X">,.. 0 f DRAWING NO: 2012

-3.0 1" -10 PHYLA:

r:/
I ......
-6.1. . . UJ" 20 0 LOCATION: Deer Island Point Deer
UJ I t9 Island, N.B.
9 1 t9 . . -30 0 DATE: March 7,1978 . .
o 0 ...J a:
12.2 . Z -40 u. RECORDER(S): R.K.Bosicn
0 I ,
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...J 0 ...J ABUNDANT A
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UJ co /
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UJ zOO '.' Lord's Cove Deer Island N a
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o 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 4 27 3033 36 39 42 46 48 51 54 57 60 63 66 69 72 75 78 81 84 87 90 93 96 99 102 105 108
.---_._------------_... , .... _- -
214
9.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRY. There are
three major fisheries in the study area: herring, lobster, aile! ground
fish, Scallops and clams are harvested seasonally to supplement incomes.
As of March 5, 1977, there were one hundred and th IIty-six fisher
men registertd in Statistical District 51 (Fisheries and Marine Service
Statistics). This figure does not, however, give a true picture of the
of the entire fishery effort as these statistics do not include unlicensed
fishermen or fishermen's helpers,
Fish processing plays a major role in the economy of the study area
and ex isting operations al'e shown in Figure 9.1.1. Herring processing
provides approx imately 180 jobs on Deer Island and Campobello.
Groundfish processing and lobster pounds also provide substantial em
ployment.
9.2 PROCESSING OPERATIONS AND RESEARCH ESTABLISH
MENTS. The following is a list of existing processing operations 111 the
study area:
Deer Island
1. H.W. Welch Limited, Farihaven, N.B. - Herring processor.
2. H.B. Nickerson and Sons Ltd. , Fairhaven Lobster pounds
and wholesale shipping.
3. Arthur Barteau's Pound - Doctors Cove, Lobster pound.
4. Charles Barteau's Pound - Leonardville, two lobster pounds.
5. Arthur Barteau's Pound - Leonardville, lobster pound.
6. English Island Sea Foods Ltd - Lambertville, Lobster pound.
7. Conley's Lobster Company Northern Harbour, two lobster
pounds.
8. Marine Research Associates Ltd. - Lord's Cove.
Campobello
1. H.W. Welch Limited - Wilsons Beach, Herring processor
2. Jackson Bros. Ltd. - Wilsons Beach, Groundfish processors
3. Look's Lobster Pound - Snug Cove.
9.3 PRINCIPAL FISHING AREAS. Areas which are important to
the local fishery were documented and are presented in Figures 9.3.1 to
9.3.8.
9.4 ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES
INTRODUCTION: Where available,statistics for each fishery are pro
vided. The value of these statistics, however, IS questionable since fish
caught in one District are often landed in another District. Herring caught
in thp stIJdv iUf>a, for example, are often landed at Black's Harbour, Back
9. THE FISHERY
Bay, or at various locations on the Maine coast. This practice IS deter
mined by the location of processing facilities, markets, and the home
port of fishermen involved. It must be stressed, therefore, that available
statistical data do not reflect the value of any fishery in the study area
and reflect only the general level of fishing activity in the Bay of Fundy
as a whole.
This flaw in statistical gathering methods has been recognized and pro
grams have been initiated at the Biological Station in St. Andrews, N.B.,
to document catches statistically in relation to actual catch locality. Pre
sently, this program includes herring (Groom and lies, per. comm., 1977,
1978) and the offshore fishery (Scarratt, per. comm., 1978). These pro
grams will be of considerable value in the decision making process, part
icularly as it relates to the establishment of conflicting industrial develop
ments in key fisheries areas.
The following Weir landings for 1977 were kindly supplied by the
Marine Fish Division, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, St And
rews, N.B
Herring Landings (tons)
District 49 (Saint John) 97.00
District 50 (Grand Manan) 6741.00
District 51 (Deer Island-6892.00) 8423.00
(CampobeIl0-1531.00)
District 52 (Western Charlotte) 1896.00
District 53 (Pea Pt. to Pt. Lepreau) 4445.00
Nova Scotia 5174.00
These data clearly demonstrate the relative Importance of the study
area in terms of the herring weir fishery.
MOLLUSCA
,'1. Littorina littorea (Common periwinkle) - This is a part-time fishery
with sporadic landings. Table 9.4.1 gives recorded landing data for the
period 1947 to 1973 (Caddy and Chandler 1976). Periwinkles are common
at a number of local ities and occur throughout the study area. Harvesting
is done by hand at low tide and some attempts have been made at trapping
and dragging (Cook 1976).
\/2. Buccinum undatum (Northern Whelk) This edible whelk has not been
exploited In the study area. It is common but would reqUire further study
to determine whether sustained yields would justify a fishery. Elsewhere,
they are fished using strings of baited traps and are also caught III lobster
traps.
215
'- 3. Mytilus edulis (Blue mussel) - The common edible blue mussel is readily
available in the study area but suffers from lack of market. Therefore, there
are no data for landings. According to Caddy et ai, (1974), "Problems of
market acceptance appear to be the only major drawback to the develop
ment of a large and thriving mussel industry in this country". They are
harvested by hand intertidally, raked or dredged subtidally and can be
easily cultured.
1/4. Volsella (modiolus) modiolus (Horse mussel}-The horse mussel has never
been marketed in the Canadian Maritimes (Caddy et al. 1974), although
abundant in the study area. They can be harvested by hand on low spring
tides, dragged subtidally or harvested by scuba divers.
l--5. Placopecten magellanicus (Giant Sea Scallop) - Scallops are common in
the study area, but not abundant enough to sustain a large fishery at the
present time. Most scallops are harvested in the winter to supplement
income. Landings for 1947-1973 in District 51 are shown in Table 9.4.1.
Most scallops are harvested by drags with some landings made by scuba
divers.
\./6. Mya arenaria (Soft-shelled clam) . The clam fishery is a traditIOnal.
though sporadic, fishery. The amount of effort put into this fishery IS
determined to a large degree by the availability of other species and by
the seasonal nature of closures. Landings in District 51 for the years
1947-1973 are given in Table 9.4.1. Clams arp. harvested manually with
a clam hoe but hydraulic harvesters do ex ist.
7. /lex illecebrosus (Squid) - Squid were not recol'ded during the field survey,
but are occasionally abundant in the study area. There have been landings
of squid from the study area but no steady market has developed. Because
markets are known to exist, further investigations could be made into this
species which is readily caught in large quantities by local fish draggers
and in weirs_
ANNELIDA
1. Glvcera sp. (Bloodworm) - There is an established market for baitworms.
However, their abundance is too limited to produce a viable fishery. Blood
worms are usually harvested by hand digging.
v' 2. Nereis virens (Sandworms) . This species IS common In the study area
at a limited number of sites. The flats at these sites, however. are not ex
tensive enough to support any large scale commercial operation.
3. Myxicola infundibulum (Feathered fan worm) ThiS annelid IS currently
harvested by M.R.A. for use in research and information on harvesting and
216 marketing can be found in MacKay (1977).
ARTHROPODA
1. Meganyctiphanes norvegica (krille, Euphausid shrimp) - This species is
abundant on a seasonal basis in the study area and is commercially utilized
by other countries. Further investigation should be made to determine the
feasibility of establishing a fishery. Research is also required into harvesting
and processing methods.
2. Pandalus borealis and P. montagui (Commercial shrimp) Both species
of shrimp are present but no fishing takes place in the study area due to
bathymetric and regu latory restrictions. Caddy and Chandler (1976) re
cord landings for District 51 o-f 807,095 Ibs. in 1968; 31,000 Ibs. in 1970;
33,617 Ibs in 1971; 653 Ibs. in 1972; and 39,230 Ibs. in 1973. Shrimp
are usually caught in a specially constructed trawl but some attempts have
been made to capture them in rectangular netted traps.
3. Homarus americanus (American lobster) - A good commercial fishery
for lobster ex ists in the study area. The landings for District 51 1947
73 are given in Table 9.4.1. Lobsters are fished using standard lobster
traps during regulated seasons (November 15 to .June 24).
, 4. Cancer borealis (Rock crab) . Rock crabs are a common catch in lobster
traps in the study area. However, due to lack of market this species is us
ually discarded. There are no official landings recorded for District 51 but
small quantities are taken for domestic use on occasion. Lack of market
demand and low landed prices prevent utilization at the present time.
Because they are caught along with lobster in the same traps and are
handled in any event, a market would produce immediate landings and
this potential fishery is worthy of further investigation.
ECHINODERMATA
-1. Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Sea urchin) . As indicated In a
survey of the sea urchin roe industry (MacKay, 1976) a good market
for sea urchin roe exists. Urchins are abundant 111 the study area.
Urchins are harvested using scallop drags, divers, traps, tassel drags,
manual shore collection and surface rakes.
CHORDATA
1. Squalusacanthus (Dogfish) Dogfish are a common species in the
study area on a seasonal basis when they become a undesirable part
of fish draggers and weir fishermen's catches. Although used in other
countries as a food fish, no markets have been established at present.
v2. Raja sp. (Skate) Skate are commonly caught by fish draggers in the
study area but no market currently ex ists.
v3. Cll/pea harengus hareng/ls (AtlantiC hprrlng) The Atlantic herring IS
the most valuable fishery in the study area and landings for District 51
are shown in Table 9.4.1. Approximately seventy-three weirs are built
each year in the study area and herring are also caught in "shutoff
seines".
- 4. Gadus I/Iorhua (Cod) Cod are fished commercially by fish drag, trawl,
gillnet and handline in the study area. Landings for District 51 . 1970
1974 are given in Table 9.4.1.
;; 5. Melanogrammus aeglefinis (Haddock) . Haddock are fished cammer
ically by fish draggers, trawl and gillnet in the study area. Table 9.4.1
gives landings for District 51 . 1970 1974
1/6. Pollochius virens (Pollock) Pollock al'e fished commercially by fish
draggers, tr3wl, gillnet, and handline in the study area. Landings for
District 51197074 arc shown in Table 9.4.1
. Scoil/ber scombrus (Atl(ll1tlc Mackerel) Mackerel h a V l ~ been an
occasional catch in the weirs of the study area and, in the past, have been
sold for fertilizer or fish meal. At the present time a good market for fresh
mackerel exists and has resulted in experimental mackelel seiners in the
study area. Groom (1977) reports catches of 424,085 Ibs. in 1975, 12,423
Ibs. in 1976, and 125,150 Ibs. in 1977 for District 51.
8. Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Winter flounder) Winter flounder are
fished commercially in the study area by fish draggers Landings for Dis
trict 51 . 1967 1973 are shown in Table 9.4,1.
ALGAE
t 1. Chondrus crispus (Irish moss) Irish moss IS common In the study iJrea
bu t has never been commercially harvested. According to Nelsh (1973)
"II ish moss was found in qualltities far too small to permit commerCial ex
ploitation in Charlotte County",
2. Rhodvmenia palmata (Dulse) . Dulse is common in the study area, but
no harvesting takes place. Neish (1973) considers several sites within the
study area to be suitable for dulsing operations. These sites are shown in
Figure 9.3.6.
3. Porphvra sp . . PorphYla IS present in the study area ancJ because of Its
high market values (in 1973, $32,00 per dry pounc!. Nelsh, 1973) IS
worthy of examination for a fishery or culturing purposes,
4. Laminaria sp. (Devils apron) Laminarlans all' present to common III
the study area but, III aLII OpllllOIl, al e not al>llndant enuugh to lustily
a fishery. As well, Nrish (1973), III hiS survey of the dlstrlbutlun of
cammer-clally useful algaf', does 1101 UH1Sldlli tlw study ill eCi hal vrSlahl,'
5. AscophV/lum nodosum (Rock weed) . Ascophyllum IS an abundant spec
les in the study area but no harvesting takes place. The development of a
seaweed industry would create a fishery for this species which can be used
as rock weed meal
217
-----
TABLE 9.4.1 AVAILABLE FISH LANDING STATISTICS FOR THE STUDY AREA (From: FRB, 1974, Caddy and Chandler,
1976).
YEAR S.S. CLAM' L1TTORIN/\' SCALLOP' LOBSTER' HERRING" COD" HADDOCK" POLLOCK" WINTER FLOUNDER'
1947 0 0 ;3000 94
1948 13000 0 18000 114
1949 224000 0 25000 89
1950 147000 Cl 34000 77
1951 157000 0 12000 74
1952 0 0 43800 58
1953 6700 16000 71500 116
1954 36200 800 383(10 110
1955 48800 0 38900 123
1956 0 0 71200 138
1957 833 0 57702 142
1958 0 0 20532 144
1959 0 0 21805 114
1960 0 0 12442 170
1961 4000 1900 37155 182
1962 0 2240 12"210 167
1963 14400 8000 12240 184
1964 800 0 10366 132
1965 0 0 4057 128
1966 2200 30400 2155 114
1967 0 34255 800 81 45715
1968 13900 1575 7895 97 8453
1969 22550 38802 0 141 10340
1970 42635 10290 336 130 14441 569 284 276 7588
1971 37425 13460 1335 111 12659 690 369 291 7382
1972 5250 13000 1272 88 22728 752 258 269 24860
1973 3950 18750 4095 95 12497 779 118 517 29668
1974 15000 13000 66 20156 969 136 479
- Weight in Ibs.
< * - Weight in thousands Ibs.
218
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9.1.1 PROCESSORS AND RESEARCH FACI L1TIES
D.:
. English Island Sea Foods - Lobster Pound
Marine Research Associates Ltd.
.... ----- Charles Barteau - Lobster Pounds (2)
Arthur Barteau - Lobster Pound
Conleys Lobster Company Lobster Pounds (2)
H.W. Welch Limited - Herring processor
/ / Jackson Brothers Ltd. - Groundfish Processor
V / H.W. Welch Limited Herring Processor
---- .. " H.B. Nickerson & Sons Ltd Lobster pound and wholesale
shipping of lobster.
.. .,. .. ... Arthur Barteau - Lobster Pound
: /,Look's Lobster Pound
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10. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank Mr. Nihat Ozerdem, Kerry Wilson, Bill Groom
and Russel Henry of the New Brunswick Department of Fisheries for their
advice and assistance.
Other individuals who assisted in various ways are:
Margaret MacKay, MRA
Stewart McKay, MRA
Myles Flewelling, MRA
John Gilman, MRA
Rick Balabuck, MRA
Keith Pendleton, Deer Island
Reid Brown, Deer Island
Blair Lambert, Fisheries and Marine Service, Deer Island
David Scarratt, Biological Station, St. Andrews
Frnest Wentworth, St. Andrews
Reginald Richardson, Deer Island
Lou Van Guelpen, Huntsman Marine Laboratory, S1. Andrews
Hazen Mitchell, Deer Island
Stan Lord, Deer Island
Walter Kozak, Fisheries and Marine Service, S1. Andrews
228
MARKS ON ROCKY SHORES. W.II. Freeman and Company.
San Francisco. 1972.
Smith, R.I (Ed) KEYS TO MARINE INVERTEBRATES OF TilE
WOODS HOLE REGION. Marine BioI. Lab, 1964
Thomas, M.L.H. 1973. THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF OIL POL
LUTION ON INTERTIDAL ORGANISMS IN WESTERN N.B.
Report to Eastport Working Group. unpublished.
Thomas. M_L.H. 1973a. EFFECTS OF BUNKER C OIL ON INTER
TIDAL AND LAGOONAL BIOTA IN CHEDABUCTO BAY. N.S. J.
Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30.83-90.
U.S. Envirollll\cnt<ll Protection Agency. DRAFT I:NVIRONMI'N1AL
IMPACT STATl-MLNT .. rOR TilL CONSTRUCTION OF A 2)0.000
BARREL IDA Y OIL RLFINLRY AND MARINE TERMINAl. I ASl
PORT. MAINE. FPA. Regioll I, Buston. 1976.
Warsoll, AP. BUIAVIOUR ANI) DISTRIBUTIONAL FCOLO(;. 01
IIARBOUR PORPOISF INIlIL F1SIIIIARBOUR REGION <H
SOUTHI;RN NEW BRUNSWICK. M.Sc. TIlcsis.U of Guelph 91 Pl' ..
llJ76.
12. CREDITS
Drawings on the following pages are protected by Copyrights to Arthur MacKay 4, 22, 32, 35,44, 60,
62,72,99,112,129,146,151,163,184,185,186,187,188,189.
233

Bay of Fundy Resource Inventory - Vol. 3 Deer Island and Campobello, NB, 1978

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1\'-11 INI )1\1'\11

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Blue Mussel (Mytdus) C - .. -. . 1;-- -

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Lord's Cove Deer Island,N B.

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