10-30

10-46 A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with two open feedwater
heaters. The net power output of the power plant and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis
P III P II P I
fwh
fwh I
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
6
5
4
3
2
1
10
9
8
7
T
10 MPa
1 - y
8
5
6
3
y
4
0.2 MPa
5 kPa
0.6 MPa
9
1 - y - z
7
10
2
1







s

(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 95 . 137 20 . 0 75 . 137
kJ/kg 0 2 . 0
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 5 200 /kg m 0.001005
/kg m 001005 . 0
kJ/kg 75 . 137
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 5 @ 1
kPa 5 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 10.35
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 600 10,000 /kg m 0.001101
/kg m 001101 . 0
kJ/kg 38 . 670
liquid sat.
MPa 6 . 0
kJ/kg 13 . 505 42 . 0 71 . 504
kJ/kg 0.42
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 200 600 /kg m 0.001061
/kg m 001061 . 0
kJ/kg 71 . 504
liquid sat.
MPa 2 . 0
3
3
5 6 5 in ,
3
MPa 6 . 0 @ 5
MPa 6 . 0 @ 5
5
in , 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in ,
3
MPa 2 . 0 @ 3
MPa 2 . 0 @ 3
3
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
)
`
=
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
)
`
=
P P w
h h
P
w h h
P P w
h h
P
pIII
f
f
pII
pII
f
f
v
v v
v
v v

( )(
kJ/kg 7 . 2618
6 . 2201 9602 . 0 71 . 504
9602 . 0
5968 . 5
5302 . 1 9045 . 6
MPa 2 . 0
kJ/kg 8 . 2821
MPa 6 . 0
K kJ/kg 9045 . 6
kJ/kg 8 . 3625
C 600
MPa 10
kJ/kg 73 . 680 35 . 10 38 . 670
9 9
9
9
7 9
9
8
7 8
8
7
7
7
7
in , 5 6
=
+ = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
)
= + = + =
fg f
fg
f
pIII
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
w h h

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-31
( )( ) kJ/kg 0 . 2105 0 . 2423 8119 . 0 75 . 137
8119 . 0
9176 . 7
4762 . 0 9045 . 6
kPa 5
10 10
10
10
7 10
10
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heaters. Noting that Q , 0 pe ke W
& &
FWH-2:
( ) (
5 4 8 5 5 4 4 8 8
out in
(steady) 0
out in
1 1
0
h h y yh h m h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
system
= + = + =
=
= =

& & & & &
& &
& & &

)
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
8 5
). Solving for y,
07133 . 0
13 . 505 8 . 2821
13 . 505 38 . 670
4 8
4 5
=

=
h h
h h
y
FWH-1: ( ) ( )
3 2 9 3 3 2 2 9 9
1 1 h y h z y zh h m h m h m h m h m
e e i i
= + = + =

& & & & &
where z is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
9 5
) at the second stage. Solving for z,
( ) ( ) 1373 . 0 07136 . 0 1
95 . 137 7 . 2618
95 . 137 71 . 504
1
2 9
2 3
=

= y
h h
h h
z
Then,
( )( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 2 . 1388 8 . 1556 0 . 2945
kJ/kg 1556.8 137.75 2105.0 1373 . 0 07133 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 0 . 2945 73 . 680 8 . 3625
out in net
1 10 out
6 7 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h z y q
h h q

and
( )( ) MW 30.5 = = = kW 540 , 30 kJ/kg 1388.2 kg/s 22
net net
w m W &
&
(b) 47.1% = = =
kJ/kg 2945.0
kJ/kg 1556.8
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-32
10-47 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A steam power plant operates on an ideal regenerative
Rankine cycle with two feedwater heaters, one closed and one open. The mass flow rate of steam through
the boiler for a net power output of 250 MW and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 10 . 192 29 . 0 81 . 191
kJ/kg 29 . 0
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 300 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( )
( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 0 . 2755 5 . 2047 9935 . 0 87 . 720
9935 . 0
6160 . 4
0457 . 2 6317 . 6
MPa 8 . 0
K kJ/kg 6317 . 6
kJ/kg 5 . 3476
C 550
MPa 5 . 12
kJ/kg 727.83 MPa 12.5 ,
C 4 . 170
/kg m 001115 . 0
kJ/kg 87 . 720
liquid sat.
MPa 8 . 0
kJ/kg 52 . 574 09 . 13 43 . 561
kJ/kg 13.09
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 300 12,500 /kg m 0.001073
/kg m 001073 . 0
kJ/kg 43 . 561
liquid sat.
MPa 3 . 0
9 9
9
9
8 9
9
8
8
8
8
5 5 5 6
MPa 0.8 @ sat 6
3
MP 8 . 0 @ 6
MPa 8 . 0 @ 7 6
6
in , 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in ,
3
MPa 3 . 0 @ 3
MPa 3 . 0 @ 3
3
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
= = =
= =
= =
= = =
)
`
=
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
fg f
fg
f
a f
f
pII
pII
f
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h P T T
T T
h h h
P
w h h
P P w
h h
P
v v
v
v v

1-y-z
z
y
3
Closed
fwh
P II
P I
Open
fwh
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
5
6
4
7
2
1
11
10
9
8
T
7
9
5
6
3
4
0.3 MPa
z
10 kPa
0.8 MPa
12.5
MPa
y
10
1 - y - z
8
11
2
1
s
( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 0 . 2100 1 . 2392 7977 . 0 81 . 191
7977 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 6317 .
kPa 10
kJ/kg 5 . 2578 5 . 2163 9323 . 0 43 . 561
9323 . 0
3200 . 5
6717 . 1 6317 . 6
MPa 3 . 0
11 11
11
11
8 11
11
10 10
10
10
8 10
10
= + = + =
=
6
=

=
)
`

=
=
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heaters. Noting that Q , 0 pe ke W
& &

( ) ( ) ( ) (
4 5 6 9 4 5 5 6 9 9
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
0
h h h h y h h m h h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
= = =
=
= =

& & & &
& &
& & &

)
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-33
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine (
5 10
/ m m & & = ). Solving for y,
0753 . 0
87 . 720 0 . 2755
52 . 574 83 . 727
6 9
4 5
=

=
h h
h h
y
For the open FWH,

( ) (
3 10 2 7 3 3 10 10 2 2 7 7
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1 1
0
h zh h z y yh h m h m h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
= + + = + + =
=
= =

& & & & & &
& &
& & &

)
where z is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
9 5
) at the second stage. Solving for z,

( ) ( ) ( )( )
1381 . 0
10 . 192 5 . 2578
10 . 192 87 . 720 0753 . 0 10 . 192 43 . 561
2 10
2 7 2 3
=

=
h h
h h y h h
z
Then,
( )( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 1249 1 . 1500 1 . 2749
kJ/kg 1 . 1500 81 . 191 0 . 2100 1381 . 0 0753 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 1 . 2749 36 . 727 5 . 3476
out in net
1 11 out
5 8 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h z y q
h h q

and
kg/s 200.2 = = =
kJ/kg 1249
kJ/s 250,000
net
net
w
W
m
&
&
(b) 45.4% = = =
kJ/kg 2749.1
kJ/kg 1500.1
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-34
10-48 EES Problem 10-47 is reconsidered. The effects of turbine and pump efficiencies on the mass flow
rate and thermal efficiency are to be investigated. Also, the T-s diagram is to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input Data"
P[8] = 12500 [kPa]
T[8] = 550 [C]
P[9] = 800 [kPa]
"P_cfwh=300 [kPa]"
P[10] = P_cfwh
P_cond=10 [kPa]
P[11] = P_cond
W_dot_net=250 [MW]*Convert(MW, kW)
Eta_turb= 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_turb_hp = Eta_turb "Turbine isentropic efficiency for high pressure stages"
Eta_turb_ip = Eta_turb "Turbine isentropic efficiency for intermediate pressure stages"
Eta_turb_lp = Eta_turb "Turbine isentropic efficiency for low pressure stages"
Eta_pump = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"

"Condenser exit pump or Pump 1 analysis"

Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[11]
P[2]=P[10]
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0) {Sat'd liquid}
v1=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=0)
w_pump1_s=v1*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump1=w_pump1_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[1]+w_pump1= h[2] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])

"Open Feedwater Heater analysis"
z*h[10] + y*h[7] + (1-y-z)*h[2] = 1*h[3] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
T[3]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[3]"
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)

"Boiler condensate pump or Pump 2 analysis"
P[5]=P[8]
P[4] = P[5]
P[3]=P[10]
v3=volume(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0)
w_pump2_s=v3*(P[4]-P[3])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
w_pump2=w_pump2_s/Eta_pump "Definition of pump efficiency"
h[3]+w_pump2= h[4] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])

"Closed Feedwater Heater analysis"
P[6]=P[9]
y*h[9] + 1*h[4] = 1*h[5] + y*h[6] "Steady-flow conservation of energy"
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[6],x=0) "h[5] = h(T[5], P[5]) where T[5]=Tsat at P[9]"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-35
T[5]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[5],h=h[5]) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[6]"
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[6],h=h[5])
h[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[6],x=0)
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[6],x=0) "Condensate leaves heater as sat. liquid at P[6]"
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[6],x=0)

"Trap analysis"
P[7] = P[10]
y*h[6] = y*h[7] "Steady-flow conservation of energy for the trap operating as a throttle"
T[7]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])
s[7]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[7],h=h[7])

"Boiler analysis"
q_in + h[5]=h[8]"SSSF conservation of energy for the Boiler"
h[8]=enthalpy(Fluid$, T=T[8], P=P[8])
s[8]=entropy(Fluid$, T=T[8], P=P[8])

"Turbine analysis"
ss[9]=s[8]
hs[9]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss[9],P=P[9])
Ts[9]=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss[9],P=P[9])
h[9]=h[8]-Eta_turb_hp*(h[8]-hs[9])"Definition of turbine efficiency for high pressure stages"
T[9]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[9],h=h[9])
s[9]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[9],h=h[9])
ss[10]=s[8]
hs[10]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss[10],P=P[10])
Ts[10]=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss[10],P=P[10])
h[10]=h[9]-Eta_turb_ip*(h[9]-hs[10])"Definition of turbine efficiency for Intermediate pressure
stages"
T[10]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[10],h=h[10])
s[10]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[10],h=h[10])
ss[11]=s[8]
hs[11]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=ss[11],P=P[11])
Ts[11]=temperature(Fluid$,s=ss[11],P=P[11])
h[11]=h[10]-Eta_turb_lp*(h[10]-hs[11])"Definition of turbine efficiency for low pressure stages"
T[11]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[11],h=h[11])
s[11]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[11],h=h[11])
h[8] =y*h[9] + z*h[10] + (1-y-z)*h[11] + w_turb "SSSF conservation of energy for turbine"

"Condenser analysis"
(1-y-z)*h[11]=q_out+(1-y-z)*h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"

"Cycle Statistics"
w_net=w_turb - ((1-y-z)*w_pump1+ w_pump2)
Eta_th=w_net/q_in
W_dot_net = m_dot * w_net
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-36

turb

turb

th
m[kg/s]
0.7 0.7 0.3916 231.6
0.75 0.75 0.4045 224.3
0.8 0.8 0.4161 218
0.85 0.85 0.4267 212.6
0.9 0.9 0.4363 207.9
0.95 0.95 0.4452 203.8
1 1 0.4535 200.1




0.7 0.75 0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1
0.39
0.4
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
200
205
210
215
220
225
230
235

turb

t
h
m
[
k
g
/
s
]

turb
=

pump





0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
s [kJ/kg-K]
T
[
C
]
12500 kPa
800 kPa
300 kPa
10 kPa
Steam

1,2
3,4
5,6
7
8
9
10
11


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-37
10-49 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater
heater. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 61 . 192 80 . 0 81 . 191
kJ/kg 0.80
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 800 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( ) ( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 7 . 2494 1 . 2392 9627 . 0 81 . 191
9627 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 8692 . 7
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 8692 . 7
kJ/kg 3 . 3481
C 500
MPa 8 . 0
kJ/kg 1 . 2812
MPa 8 . 0
K kJ/kg 7585 . 6
kJ/kg 0 . 3502
C 550
MPa 10
kJ/kg 12 . 731 26 . 10 87 . 720
kJ/kg 10.26
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 800 10,000 /kg m 0.001115
/kg m 001115 . 0
kJ/kg 87 . 720
liquid sat.
MPa 8 . 0
8 8
8
8
7 8
8
7
7
7
7
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
in , 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in ,
3
MPa 8 . 0 @ 3
MPa 8 . 0 @ 3
3
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
)
`
=
fg f
fg
f
pII
pII
f
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
w h h
P P w
h h
P
v
v v

10 MPa
1 - y
6
3
4
y
10 kPa
0.8 MPa
7
5
8
2
1
s
6
1-y
7
6
P II P I
Open
fwh
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
4
3
2
1
8
5
y
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heaters. Noting that Q , 0 pe ke W
& &

( ) (
3 2 6 3 3 2 2 6 6
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1 1
0
h h y yh h m h m h m h m h m
E E E E E
e e i i
= + = + =
= = =

& & & & &
& & & & &

)
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
6 3
). Solving for y,
2017 . 0
61 . 192 1 . 2812
61 . 192 87 . 720
2 6
2 3
=

=
h h
h h
y
Then, ( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 6 . 1466 5 . 1838 1 . 3305
kJ/kg 5 . 1838 81 . 191 7 . 2494 2017 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 1 . 3305 1 . 2812 3 . 3481 2017 . 0 1 12 . 731 0 . 3502 1
out in net
1 8 out
6 7 4 5 in
= = =
= = =
= + = + =
q q w
h h y q
h h y h h q
and kg/s 54.5 = = =
kJ/kg 1466.1
kJ/s 80,000
net
net
w
W
m
&
&
(b) 44.4% = = =
kJ/kg 3305.1
kJ/kg 1466.1
in
net
th
q
w

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-38
10-50 A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater
heater. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis


9
10
Mixing
chamber
1-y
7
y
P II P I
Closed
fwh
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
4
3
2
1
8
5
6
T
10 MPa
1 - y
6
3
4
10
9
y
10 kPa
0.8 MPa
7
5
8
2
1








s


(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 13 . 731 26 . 10 87 . 720
kJ/kg 10.26
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 800 10,000 /kg m 0.001115
/kg m 001115 . 0
kJ/kg 87 . 720
liquid sat.
MPa 8 . 0
kJ/kg 90 . 201 09 . 10 81 . 191
kJ/kg 10.09
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 10,000 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in ,
3
MP 8 . 0 @ 3
MPa 8 . 0 @ 3
3
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
)
`
=
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

= =
= =
= =
pII
pII
a f
f
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
P
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v
v
v v

Also, h
4
= h
9
= h
10
= 731.12 kJ/kg since the two fluid streams that are being mixed have the same enthalpy.
( )( ) kJ/kg 7 . 2494 1 . 2392 9627 . 0 81 . 191
9627 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 8692 . 7
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 8692 . 7
kJ/kg 3 . 3481
C 500
MPa 8 . 0
kJ/kg 7 . 2812
MPa 8 . 0
K kJ/kg 7585 . 6
kJ/kg 0 . 3502
C 550
MPa 10
8 8
8
8
7 8
8
7
7
7
7
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
= + = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-39
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heaters. Noting that Q , 0 pe ke W
& &
( ) ( ) ( )( ) (
3 6 2 9 3 6 3 2 9 2
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1
0
h h y h h y h h m h h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
= = =
=
= =

& & & &
& &
& & &

)

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
3 4
). Solving for y,

( ) ( )
2019 . 0
90 . 201 13 . 731 87 . 720 7 . 2812
90 . 201 13 . 731
2 9 3 6
2 9
=
+

=
+

=
h h h h
h h
y
Then,

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 6 . 1466 8 . 1837 5 . 3304
kJ/kg 9 . 1837 81 . 191 7 . 2494 2019 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 5 . 3304 7 . 2812 3 . 3481 2019 . 0 1 13 . 731 0 . 3502 1
out in net
1 8 out
6 7 4 5 in
= = =
= = =
= + = + =
q q w
h h y q
h h y h h q

and
kg/s 54.5 = = =
kJ/kg 1467.1
kJ/s 80,000
net
net
w
W
m
&
&
(b) 44.4% = = =
kJ/kg 3304.5
kJ/kg 1837.8
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-40
10-51E A steam power plant operates on an ideal reheat-regenerative Rankine cycle with one reheater and
two open feedwater heaters. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler, the net power output of the
plant, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis
High-P
Turbine
5
P III
1-y-z
12
11
z
10
4
Open
fwh II
1-y
y
P II P I
Open
fwh I
Condenser
Boiler
Low-P
Turbine
6
3
2
1
8
7
9

T
9
10
z
1500
8
1 - y
5
6
3
y
4
250 psia
1 psia
40 psia
140 psia
1 - y - z
11
7
12
2
1








s


(a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),

( )
( )( )
Btu/lbm 84 . 69 12 . 0 72 . 69
Btu/lbm 0.12
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 1 40 /lbm ft 0.01614
/lbm ft 01614 . 0
Btu/lbm 72 . 69
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
psia 1 @ 1
psia 1 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
Btu/lbm 41 . 380 31 . 4 09 . 376
Btu/lbm 4.31
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 250 1500 /lbm ft 0.01865
/lbm ft 01865 . 0
Btu/lbm 09 . 376
liquid sat.
psia 250
Btu/lbm 81 . 236 67 . 0 14 . 236
Btu/lbm 0.67
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 40 250 /lbm ft 0.01715
/lbm ft 01715 . 0
Btu/lbm 14 . 236
liquid sat.
psia 40
in , 5 6
3
3
5 6 5 in ,
3
psia 250 @ 5
psia 250 @ 5
5
i , 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in ,
3
psia 40 @ 3
psia 40 @ 3
3
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
pIII
pIII
f
f
n pII
pII
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
P
w h h
P P w
h h
P
v
v v
v
v v

Btu/lbm 5 . 1308
psia 250
R Btu/lbm 6402 . 1
Btu/lbm 5 . 1550
F 1100
psia 1500
8
7 8
8
7
7
7
7
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-41
( )(
Btu/lbm 4 . 1052
7 . 1035 9488 . 0 72 . 69
9488 . 0
84495 . 1
13262 . 0 8832 . 1
psia 1
Btu/lbm 0 . 1356
psia 40
R Btu/lbm 8832 . 1
Btu/lbm 3 . 1531
F 1000
psia 140
Btu/lbm 8 . 1248
psia 140
12 12
12
12
10 12
12
11
10 11
11
10
10
10
10
9
7 9
9
=
+ = + =
=

=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
)
`

=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h
s s
P
)
)

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heaters. Noting that Q , 0 pe ke W
& &
FWH-2:
( ) (
5 4 8 5 5 4 4 8 8
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1 1
0
h h y yh h m h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
= + = + =
=
= =

& & & & &
& &
& & &

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
8 5
). Solving for y,
1300 . 0
81 . 236 5 . 1308
81 . 236 09 . 376
4 8
4 5
=

=
h h
h h
y
FWH-1
( ) (
3 2 11 3 3 2 2 11 11
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
1 1
0
h y h z y zh h m h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
= + = + =
=
= =

& & & & &
& &
& & &

)
where z is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
9 5
) at the second stage. Solving for z,
( ) ( ) 1125 . 0 1300 . 0 1
84 . 69 0 . 1356
84 . 69 14 . 236
1
2 11
2 3
=

= y
h h
h h
z
Then,

( )( ) ( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
Btu/lbm 4 . 671 4 . 744 8 . 1415
Btu/lbm 744.4 69.72 1052.4 1125 . 0 1300 . 0 1 1
Btu/lbm 8 . 1415 8 . 1248 3 . 1531 1300 . 0 1 41 . 380 5 . 1550 1
out in net
1 12 out
9 10 6 7 in
= = =
= = =
= + = + =
q q w
h h z y q
h h y h h q

and
lbm/s 282.5 =

= =
Btu/lbm 1415.8
Btu/s 10 4
5
in
in
q
Q
m
&
&
(b) ( )( ) MW 200.1 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Btu 1
kJ 1.055
Btu/lbm 671.4 lbm/s 282.5
net net
w m W &
&

(c) 47.4% = = =
Btu/lbm 1415.8
Btu/lbm 744.4
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-42
10-52 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater
heater is considered. The temperature of the steam at the inlet of the closed feedwater heater, the mass flow
rate of the steam extracted from the turbine for the closed feedwater heater, the net power output, and the
thermal efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

( )
kJ/kg 85 . 265 43 . 14 42 . 251
kJ/kg .43 14
88 . 0 / ) kPa 20 12,500 )( /kg m 0.001017 (
/
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in , 1 2
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
=
=
= =
= =
pI
p pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v
Low-P
turbine
9
10
11
Mixing
Cham.
1-y
7
y
PII PI
Closed
fwh
Cond.
Boiler
High-P
turbine
4
3
2
1
8
5
6

/kg m 001127 . 0
kJ/kg 51 . 762
liquid sat.
MPa 1
3
MPa 1 @ 3
MPa 1 @ 3
3
= =
= =
)
`
=
f
f
h h
P
v v

( )
kJ/kg 25 . 777 73 . 14 51 . 762
kJ/kg 73 . 14
88 . 0 / ) kPa 00 10 12,500 )( /kg m 001127 . 0 (
/
in , 3 11
3
3 11 3 in ,
= + = + =
=
=
=
pII
p pII
w h h
P P w v

Also, h
4
= h
10
= h
11
= 777.25 kJ/kg since the two fluid streams which are being mixed have the same
enthalpy.

( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 5 . 3220 6 . 3185 5 . 3476 88 . 0 5 . 3476
kJ/kg 6 . 3185
MPa 5
K kJ/kg 6317 . 6
kJ/kg 5 . 3476
C 550
MPa 5 . 12
6 5 5 6
6 5
6 5
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
= =
=

=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
s T
s
T
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P



( )
( )( )
C 328 =
)
`

=
=
= =
=

=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
8
8
8
8 7 7 8
8 7
8 7
8
7 8
8
7
7
7
7
kJ/kg 1 . 3111
MPa 1
kJ/kg 1 . 3111 1 . 3051 9 . 3550 88 . 0 9 . 3550
kJ/kg 1 . 3051
MPa 1
K kJ/kg 1238 . 7
kJ/kg 9 . 3550
C 550
MPa 5
T
h
P
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
s T
s
T
s


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-43

( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 2 . 2492 9 . 2347 9 . 3550 88 . 0 9 . 3550
kJ/kg 9 . 2347
kPa 20
9 7 7 9
9 7
9 7
9
7 9
9
= =
=

=
=
)
`

=
=
s T
s
T
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P


The fraction of steam extracted from the low pressure turbine for closed feedwater heater is determined
from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the feedwater heater. Noting that
,
& &
Q W ke pe 0
( )( ) ( )
1788 . 0 ) 51 . 762 1 . 3111 ( ) 85 . 265 25 . 777 )( 1 (
1
3 8 2 10
= =
=
y y y
h h y h h y

The corresponding mass flow rate is
kg/s 4.29 = = = kg/s) 24 )( 1788 . 0 (
5 8
m y m & &
(c) Then,

( )( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 1 . 1840 42 . 251 2 . 2492 1788 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 7 . 3029 5 . 3220 9 . 3550 25 . 777 5 . 3476
1 9 out
6 7 4 5 in
= = =
= + = + =
h h y q
h h h h q
and
kW 28,550 = = = kJ/kg ) 1 . 1840 7 . 3029 )( kg/s 24 ( ) (
out in net
q q m W &
&
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
39.3% = = = = 393 . 0
kJ/kg 3029.7
kJ/kg 1840.1
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-44

Second-Law Analysis of Vapor Power Cycles

10-53C In the simple ideal Rankine cycle, irreversibilities occur during heat addition and heat rejection
processes in the boiler and the condenser, respectively, and both are due to temperature difference.
Therefore, the irreversibilities can be decreased and thus the 2
nd
law efficiency can be increased by
minimizing the temperature differences during heat transfer in the boiler and the condenser. One way of
doing that is regeneration.


10-54 The exergy destructions associated with each of the processes of the Rankine cycle described in
Prob. 10-15 are to be determined for the specified source and sink temperatures.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-15,

kJ/kg 8 . 1931
kJ/kg 72 . 2650
K kJ/kg 5412 . 6
K kJ/kg 0912 . 1
out
4 3
kPa 50 @ 2 1
=
=
= =
= = =
q
q
s s
s s s
in
f
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic. Thus, i
12
= 0 and i
34
= 0. Also,

( )
( ) kJ/kg 351.3
kJ/kg 1068
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
K 290
kJ/kg 1931.8
5412 . 6 0912 . 1 K 290
K 1500
kJ/kg 2650.8
0912 . 1 5412 . 6 K 290
41 ,
4 1 0 41 destroyed,
23 ,
2 3 0 23 destroyed,
R
R
R
R
T
q
s s T x
T
q
s s T x





10-55 The exergy destructions associated with each of the processes of the Rankine cycle described in
Prob. 10-16 are to be determined for the specified source and sink temperatures.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-16,

kJ/kg 9 . 1897
kJ/kg 2 . 3173
K kJ/kg 5995 . 6
K kJ/kg 6492 . 0
out
in
4 3
kPa 10 @ 2 1
=
=
= =
= = =
q
q
s s
s s s
f
Processes 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic. Thus, i
12
= 0 and i
34
= 0. Also,
( )
( ) kJ/kg 172.3
kJ/kg 1112.1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
K 290
kJ/kg 1897.9
5995 . 6 6492 . 0 K 290
K 1500
kJ/kg 3173.2
6492 . 0 5995 . 6 K 290
41 ,
4 1 0 41 destroyed,
23 ,
2 3 0 23 destroyed,
R
R
R
R
T
q
s s T x
T
q
s s T x

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-45
10-56 The exergy destruction associated with the heat rejection process in Prob. 10-22 is to be determined
for the specified source and sink temperatures. The exergy of the steam at the boiler exit is also to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-22,

kJ/kg 8 . 1961
kJ/kg 4 . 3411
K kJ/kg 8000 . 6
K kJ/kg 6492 . 0
out
3
4 3
kPa 10 @ 2 1
=
=
= =
= = =
q
h
s s
s s s
f
The exergy destruction associated with the heat rejection process is
( ) kJ/kg 178.0 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
K 290
kJ/kg 1961.8
8000 . 6 6492 . 0 K 290
41 ,
4 1 0 41 destroyed,
R
R
T
q
s s T x
The exergy of the steam at the boiler exit is simply the flow exergy,

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 3 0 0 3
0
3
0
2
3
0 3 0 0 3 3
2
s s T h h
qz s s T h h
=
+ + =

where
( )
( )
K kJ/kg 2533 . 0
kJ/kg 95 . 71
K 290 @ kPa 100 , K 290 @ 0
K 290 @ kPa 100 , K 290 @ 0
= =
= =
f
f
s s s
h h h
Thus, ( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 1440.9 = = K kJ/kg 2532 . 0 800 . 6 K 290 kJ/kg 95 . 71 4 . 3411
3




10-57 The exergy destructions associated with each of the processes of the reheat Rankine cycle described
in Prob. 10-32 are to be determined for the specified source and sink temperatures.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-32,

kJ/kg 8 . 2133 42 . 251 2 . 2385
kJ/kg 1 . 352 1 . 3105 2 . 3457
kJ/kg 0 . 3140 54 . 259 5 . 3399
K kJ/kg 2359 . 7
K kJ/kg 7266 . 6
K kJ/kg 8320 . 0
1 6 out
in , 45
in , 23
6 5
4 3
kPa 20 @ 2 1
= = =
= =
= =
= =
= =
= = =
h h q
q
q
s s
s s
s s s
f
Processes 1-2, 3-4, and 5-6 are isentropic. Thus, i
12
= i
34
= i
56
= 0. Also,

( )
( )
( ) kJ/kg 212.6
kJ/kg 94.1
kJ/kg 1245.0
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
K 300
kJ/kg 2133.8
2359 . 7 8320 . 0 K 300
K 1800
kJ/kg 352.5
7266 . 6 2359 . 7 K 300
K 1800
kJ/kg 3140.0
8320 . 0 7266 . 6 K 300
61 ,
6 1 0 61 destroyed,
45 ,
4 5 0 45 destroyed,
23 ,
2 3 0 23 destroyed,
R
R
R
R
R
R
T
q
s s T x
T
q
s s T x
T
q
s s T x

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-46
10-58 EES Problem 10-57 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved by the diagram window data entry
feature of EES by including the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies. Also, the T-s diagram is to be
plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

function x6$(x6) "this function returns a string to indicate the state of steam at point 6"
x6$=''
if (x6>1) then x6$='(superheated)'
if (x6<0) then x6$='(subcooled)'
end
"Input Data - from diagram window"
{P[6] = 20 [kPa]
P[3] = 8000 [kPa]
T[3] = 500 [C]
P[4] = 3000 [kPa]
T[5] = 500 [C]
Eta_t = 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_p = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"}
"Data for the irreversibility calculations:"
T_o = 300 [K]
T_R_L = 300 [K]
T_R_H = 1800 [K]
"Pump analysis"
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
P[1] = P[6]
P[2]=P[3]
x[1]=0 "Sat'd liquid"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
W_p_s=v[1]*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
W_p=W_p_s/Eta_p
h[2]=h[1]+W_p "SSSF First Law for the pump"
v[2]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"High Pressure Turbine analysis"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]
hs[4]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Ts[4]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-hs[4])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[4],P=P[4])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$,s=s[4],P=P[4])
h[3] =W_t_hp+h[4]"SSSF First Law for the high pressure turbine"
"Low Pressure Turbine analysis"
P[5]=P[4]
s[5]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s_s[6]=s[5]
hs[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Ts[6]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
vs[6]=volume(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Eta_t=(h[5]-h[6])/(h[5]-hs[6])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
h[5]=W_t_lp+h[6]"SSSF First Law for the low pressure turbine"
x[6]=QUALITY(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-47
"Boiler analysis"
Q_in + h[2]+h[4]=h[3]+h[5]"SSSF First Law for the Boiler"
"Condenser analysis"
h[6]=Q_out+h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
x6s$=x6$(x[6])
"Cycle Statistics"
W_net=W_t_hp+W_t_lp-W_p
Eff=W_net/Q_in
"The irreversibilities (or exergy destruction) for each of the processes are:"
q_R_23 = - (h[3] - h[2]) "Heat transfer for the high temperature reservoir to process 2-3"
i_23 = T_o*(s[3] -s[2] + q_R_23/T_R_H)
q_R_45 = - (h[5] - h[4]) "Heat transfer for the high temperature reservoir to process 4-5"
i_45 = T_o*(s[5] -s[4] + q_R_45/T_R_H)
q_R_61 = (h[6] - h[1]) "Heat transfer to the low temperature reservoir in process 6-1"
i_61 = T_o*(s[1] -s[6] + q_R_61/T_R_L)
i_34 = T_o*(s[4] -s[3])
i_56 = T_o*(s[6] -s[5])
i_12 = T_o*(s[2] -s[1])


0.0 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[
C
]
8000 kPa
3000 kPa
20 kPa
3
4
5
6
Ideal Rankine cycle with reheat
1,2

SOLUTION

Eff=0.389
Eta_p=1
Eta_t=1
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'
h[1]=251.4[kJ/kg]
h[2]=259.5[kJ/kg]
h[3]=3400[kJ/kg]
h[4]=3105[kJ/kg]
h[5]=3457[kJ/kg]
h[6]=2385[kJ/kg]
hs[4]=3105[kJ/kg]
hs[6]=2385[kJ/kg]
i_12=0.012[kJ/kg]
i_23=1245.038[kJ/kg]
i_34=-0.000[kJ/kg]
i_45=94.028[kJ/kg]
i_56=0.000[kJ/kg]
i_61=212.659[kJ/kg]
P[1]=20[kPa]
P[2]=8000[kPa]
P[3]=8000[kPa]
P[4]=3000[kPa]
P[5]=3000[kPa]
P[6]=20[kPa]
Q_in=3493[kJ/kg]
Q_out=2134[kJ/kg]
q_R_23=-3140[kJ/kg]
q_R_45=-352.5[kJ/kg]
q_R_61=2134[kJ/kg]
s[1]=0.832[kJ/kg-K]
s[2]=0.8321[kJ/kg-K]
s[3]=6.727[kJ/kg-K]
s[4]=6.727[kJ/kg-K]
s[5]=7.236[kJ/kg-K]
s[6]=7.236[kJ/kg-K]
s_s[4]=6.727[kJ/kg-K]
s_s[6]=7.236[kJ/kg-K]
T[1]=60.06[C]
T[2]=60.4[C]
T[3]=500[C]
T[4]=345.2[C]
T[5]=500[C]
T[6]=60.06[C]
Ts[4]=345.2[C]
Ts[6]=60.06[C]
T_o=300[K]
T_R_H=1800[K]
T_R_L=300[K]
v[1]=0.001017[m^3/kg]
v[2]=0.001014[m^3/kg]
v[3]=0.04177[m^3/kg]
v[4]=0.08968[m^3/kg]
vs[6]=6.922[m^3/kg]
W_net=1359[kJ/kg]
W_p=8.117[kJ/kg]
W_p_s=8.117[kJ/kg]
W_t_hp=294.8[kJ/kg]
W_t_lp=1072[kJ/kg]
x6s$=''
x[1]=0
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-31
x[6]=0.9051
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-48
10-59 The exergy destruction associated with the heat addition process and the expansion process in Prob.
10-34 are to be determined for the specified source and sink temperatures. The exergy of the steam at the
boiler exit is also to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-34,

( )
( )
kJ/kg 8 . 3749
kJ/kg 1 . 3375
kJ/kg 8 . 2664 , kPa 10 K kJ/kg 3870 . 8
K kJ/kg 7642 . 7
kJ/kg 0 . 2902 , MPa 1 K kJ/kg 8464 . 6
K kJ/kg 5995 . 6
K kJ/kg 6492 . 0
in
3
6 6 6
5
4 4 4
3
kPa 10 @ 2 1
=
=
= = =
=
= = =
=
= = =
q
h
h P s
s
h P s
s
s s s
f

The exergy destruction associated with the combined pumping and the heat addition processes is
( ) kJ/kg 5 . 1289
K 1600
kJ/kg 3749.8
8464 . 6 7642 . 7 6492 . 0 5995 . 6 K 285
15 ,
4 5 1 3 0 destroyed
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
R
R
T
q
s s s s T x

The exergy destruction associated with the pumping process is
Thus,
kJ/kg 1289 = = =
= = =
5 . 0 5 . 1289
kJ/kg 53 . 0 09 . 10 62 . 10
12 destroyed, destroyed heating destroyed,
, , , 12 destroyed,
x x x
P v w w w x
a p s p a p

The exergy destruction associated with the expansion process is
( ) ( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 247.9 = + =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
K kJ/kg 7642 . 7 3870 . 8 5995 . 6 8464 . 6 K 285
0
36 ,
5 6 3 4 0 34 destroyed,

R
R
T
q
s s s s T x

The exergy of the steam at the boiler exit is determined from

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 3 0 0 3
0
3
0
2
3
0 3 0 0 3 3
2
s s T h h
qz
V
s s T h h
=
+ + =

where

( )
( )
K kJ/kg 1806 . 0
kJ/kg 51 . 50
K 285 @ kPa 100 K, 285 @ 0
K 285 @ kPa 100 K, 285 @ 0
= =
= =
f
f
s s s
h h h
Thus,
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 1495 = = K kJ/kg 1806 . 0 5995 . 6 K 285 kJ/kg 51 . 50 1 . 3375
3

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-49
10-60 The exergy destruction associated with the regenerative cycle described in Prob. 10-44 is to be
determined for the specified source and sink temperatures.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-44, q
in
= 2692.2 kJ/kg and q
out
= 1675.7 kJ/kg. Then the exergy destruction
associated with this regenerative cycle is
( ) kJ/kg 1155 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K 1500
kJ/kg 2692.2
K 290
kJ/kg 1675.7
K 290
in out
0 destroyed,
H L
cycle
T
q
T
q
T x





10-61 The exergy destruction associated with the reheating and regeneration processes described in Prob.
10-49 are to be determined for the specified source and sink temperatures.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis From Problem 10-49 and the steam tables,

kJ/kg 6 . 668 7 . 2812 3 . 3481
K kJ/kg 6492 . 0
K kJ/kg 8692 . 7
K kJ/kg 7585 . 6
K kJ/kg 0457 . 2
2016 . 0
6 7 reheat
kPa 10 @ 2 1
7
6 5
MPa 8 . 0 @ 3
= = =
= = =
=
= =
= =
=
h h q
s s s
s
s s
s s
y
f
f
Then the exergy destruction associated with reheat and regeneration processes are

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) | | kJ/kg 47.8
kJ/kg 214.3
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

6492 . 0 2016 . 0 1 7585 . 6 2016 . 0 0457 . 2 K 290
1
K 1800
kJ/kg 668.6
7585 . 6 8692 . 7 K 290
2 6 3 0
0
0
surr
0 gen 0 regen destroyed,
67 ,
6 7 0 reheat destroyed,
s y ys s T
T
q
s m s m T s T x
T
q
s s T x
i i e e
R
R

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-50
10-62 A single-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat source. The
power output from the turbine, the thermal efficiency of the plant, the exergy of the geothermal liquid at
the exit of the flash chamber, and the exergy destructions and exergy efficiencies for the flash chamber, the
turbine, and the entire plant are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for
geothermal water (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6)

kJ/kg.K 6841 . 2
1661 . 0
kJ/kg 14 . 990
kPa 500
kJ/kg.K 6100 . 2
kJ/kg 14 . 990
0
C 230
2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
1
=
=
)
`

= =
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
x
h h
P
s
h
x
T

kg/s 38.19 kg/s) 230 )( 1661 . 0 (
1 2 3
= =
= m x m & &

K kJ/kg 7739 . 7
kJ/kg 3 . 2464
95 . 0
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 8207 . 6
kJ/kg 1 . 2748
1
kPa 500
4
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
=
=
)
`

=
=
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
x
P
s
h
x
P

K kJ/kg 8604 . 1
kJ/kg 09 . 640
0
kPa 500
6
6
6
6
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
x
P
kg/s 81 . 191 19 . 38 230
3 1 6
= = = m m m & & &
2
production
well
reinjection
well
separator
steam
turbine
1
Flash
chamber
6
5
4
3
condenser
The power output from the turbine is
kW 10,842 = = = kJ/kg ) 3 . 2464 8.1 kJ/kg)(274 38.19 ( ) (
4 3 3 T
h h m W &
&

We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for dead state properties

kJ/kg 3672 . 0
kJ/kg 83 . 104
0
C 25
0
0
0
0
=
=
)
`

=
=
s
h
x
T
kW 622 , 203 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 .14 kJ/kg)(990 230 ( ) (
0 1 1 in
= = = h h m E &
&

5.3% = = = = 0.0532
622 , 203
842 , 10
in
out T,
th
E
W
&
&

(b) The specific exergies at various states are
kJ/kg 53 . 216 kJ/kg.K ) 3672 . 0 K)(2.6100 (298 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 (990.14 ) (
0 1 0 0 1 1
= = = s s T h h
kJ/kg 44 . 194 kJ/kg.K ) 3672 . 0 K)(2.6841 (298 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 (990.14 ) (
0 2 0 0 2 2
= = = s s T h h
kJ/kg 10 . 719 kJ/kg.K ) 3672 . 0 K)(6.8207 (298 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 (2748.1 ) (
0 3 0 0 3 3
= = = s s T h h
kJ/kg 05 . 151 kJ/kg.K ) 3672 . 0 K)(7.7739 (298 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 (2464.3 ) (
0 4 0 0 4 4
= = = s s T h h
kJ/kg 97 . 89 kJ/kg.K ) 3672 . 0 K)(1.8604 (298 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 (640.09 ) (
0 6 0 0 6 6
= = = s s T h h
The exergy of geothermal water at state 6 is
kW 17,257 = = = kJ/kg) 7 kg/s)(89.9 .81 191 (
6 6 6
m X &
&
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educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-51
(c) Flash chamber:
kW 5080 = = = kJ/kg ) 44 . 194 53 kg/s)(216. 230 ( ) (
2 1 1 FC dest,
m X &
&

89.8% = = = = 0.898
53 . 216
44 . 194
1
2
FC II,

(d) Turbine:
kW 10,854 = = = kW 10,842 - kJ/kg ) 05 . 151 10 kg/s)(719. 19 . 38 ( ) (
T 4 3 3 T dest,
W m X
&
&
&

50.0% = =

= 0.500
)kJ/kg 05 . 151 10 kg/s)(719. 19 . 38 (
kW 842 , 10
) (
4 3 3
T
T II,

m
W
&
&

(e) Plant:
kW 802 , 49 kJ/kg) 53 kg/s)(216. 230 (
1 1 Plant in,
= = = m X &
&

kW 38,960 = = = 842 , 10 802 , 49
T Plant in, Plant dest,
W X X
& & &

21.8% = = = = 0.2177
kW 802 , 49
kW 842 , 10
Plant in,
T
Plant II,
X
W
&
&







Cogeneration

10-63C The utilization factor of a cogeneration plant is the ratio of the energy utilized for a useful purpose
to the total energy supplied. It could be unity for a plant that does not produce any power.

10-64C No. A cogeneration plant may involve throttling, friction, and heat transfer through a finite
temperature difference, and still have a utilization factor of unity.

10-65C Yes, if the cycle involves no irreversibilities such as throttling, friction, and heat transfer through a
finite temperature difference.

10-66C Cogeneration is the production of more than one useful form of energy from the same energy
source. Regeneration is the transfer of heat from the working fluid at some stage to the working fluid at
some other stage.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.