Fundamentals of Telecommunication

Fitri Yuli Zulkifli

Signals Convey Intelligence

Telecommunication deals with conveying information with electrical signals.

What is Frequency?

What is Phase?
A relative measurement that describes the temporal relationship between two signals that have the same frequency. The degree is a measure of time in terms of the frequency, not of an angle

Modulation
Is a process of impinging that useful information on the carrier Demodulation is the recovery of that information from the carrier at the distant end near the destination user IEEE defines modulation as a process whereby certain characteristics of a wave, often called carrier, are varied or selected in accordance with a modulating function

The three generic form of Modulations:

Amplitude Modulation (AM) Frequency Modulation (FM) Phase Modulation (PM)

ANALOG MODULATION vs DIGITAL MODULATION

Comparison of AM, FM, and Digital Encoding Techniques

Parameter
Signal-to-Noise Ratio

AM
Low-to-Moderate

FM
Moderate-High High

Digital

Performance vs. Attenuation Transmitter Cost Receiver Cost

Sensitive Moderate-High Moderate

Tolerant Moderate Moderate-High

Invariant High High

Receiver Gain Adjustment

Often Required

Not Required

Not Required

Installation

Adjustments Requires

No Adjustments Required

No Adjustments Required

Multichannel Capabilities

Require High Linearity Optics

Fewer Channels

Good

Performance Over Time

Moderate

Excellent

Excellent

Environmental Factors

Moderate

Excellent

Excellent

Thank You