TANGGIAP.

VN

1
BT NG THC
A. Tnh cht lu tha bc hai:
Ngay t lp 7 hc sinh bit nhn xt v du ca mt s c lu tha chn nm
c tnh cht ca lu tha bc hai
Bnh phng hay lu tha bc hai ca mi s u khng m
(*)
Du = xy ra khi a = 0.
Lp 8 hc sinh c lm quen vi hng ng thc:
(A - B)
2
= A
2
2AB + B
2

Nu s dng tnh cht (*) th


Vic khai thc v s dng sng to bt ng thc (I) gip hc sinh rn luyn t
duy v hnh thnh phng php chng minh cng nh cch thc hnh thnh bt ng
thc mi t bt ng thc bit.
T bt ng thc (I):

(a b)
2
0 a
2
+ b
2
2ab

c 3 BT (I), (II), (III) du = xy ra khi a = b.
B. Khai thc tnh cht lu tha bc hai.
I/.Khai thc bt ng thc (I): (a b)
2
0
T bt ng thc (I) ta c th i bin t A = ay; B = bx khi (I) tr thnh:
(ay bx )
2
0 a, b, x, y
Du = xy ra khi ay = bx
y
x
b
a
=
Khai trin v bin i: a
2
y
2
2axby + b
2
x
2
0
a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2


2axby
a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+a
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
a
2
x
2
+ 2axby + b
2
y
2

(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2
Nh vy ta c bi ton:
1.Bi ton 1:
A
2
0 a
a
b
b
a
+ 2 (II)
(a + b)
2
4ab (III)
(A - B)
2
0 A,B (I)
TANGGIAP.VN

2
Chng minh rng : (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2

(Bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki cho 2 b s a, b, v x, y)
khc su cc phng php chng minh bt ng thc ta s chng minh bi ton
bng nhiu cch
- Phng php 1: Dng nh ngha : A > B A B > 0.
+ Lp hiu A B.
+ Chng t A B > 0.
+ Kt lun A > B.
+ Cch 1 : Xt hiu : (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2
= a
2
x
2
+ a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
- a
2
x
2
- b
2
y
2
2axby
= a
2
y
2
- 2axby + b
2
x
2

= (ay - bx)
2
0 lun ng a, b, x, y.
Vy (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2

Du = xy ra khi
y
x
b
a
=
- Phng php 2 : Php bin i tng ng.
+ Bin i A > B A
1
> B
1
A
2
> B
2
(*)
+ Vy A > B.
+ Cch 2 : Ta c (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2

a
2
x
2
+ a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
a
2
x
2
+ 2by + b
2
y
2

a
2
y
2
- 2axby + b
2
x
2
0
(ay bx)
2
0 lun ng a, b, x, y.
Du = xy ra khi
y
x
b
a
=
Bt ng thc cui cng l ng.
Vy (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2

- Phng php 3 : S dng bt ng thc bit
+ Cch 3 : Ta c (ay - bx)
2
0
a
2
y
2
2aybx + b
2
x
2
0
a
2
x
2
+ a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
a
2
x
2
+ 2by + b
2
y
2
(cng 2 v a
2
x
2
, b
2
y
2
).
(a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2

- Phng php 4 : Phng php phn chng.
+ Gi s c iu tri vi kt lun.
TANGGIAP.VN

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+ Suy ra iu mu thun vi gi thit hoc iu bit.
+ Gi s sai kt lun ng.
+ Cch 4: Gi s (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) < (ax + by)
2

a
2
x
2
+ a
2
y
2
+ b
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
< a
2
x
2
+ 2by + b
2
y
2

a
2
y
2
2aybx + b
2
x
2
< 0
(ay - bx)
2
< 0. V l
Vy (a
2
+ b
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
) (ax + by)
2

Bn phng php trn th hin trong 4 cch gii bi ton 1 l 4 phng php thng
thng chng minh bt ng thc.
Khai thc tip tc bt ng thc (I) ta c:
(ay - bx)
2
0
(az - cx)
2
0 (ay - bx)
2
+ (az - cx)
2
+ (cy - bz)
2
0
(cy - bz)
2
0
Khai trin, chuyn v cng vo 2 v BT : a
2
x
2
+ b
2
y
2
+ c
2
z
2
ta c:
a
2
x
2
+a
2
y
2
+a
2
z
2
+b
2
x
2
+b
2
y
2
+b
2
z
2
+c
2
x
2
+c
2
y
2
+c
2
z
2
a
2
x
2
+b
2
y
2
+c
2
z
2
+2axby+2axcz+2bycz
(a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (ax + by +cz)
2
2.Bi ton 2 :
CMR : (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) (ax + by +cz)
2
( BT Bunhiacpxki cho 2 b 3 s a, b, c v x, y, z).
Gii
Xt hiu : (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
)(x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
) - (ax + by +cz)
2
=a
2
x
2
+a
2
y
2
+a
2
z
2
+b
2
x
2
+b
2
y
2
+b
2
z
2
+c
2
x
2
+c
2
y
2
+c
2
z
2
- a
2
x
2
- b
2
y
2
- c
2
z
2
-2abxy-2acxz-2bcyz
=(a
2
y
2
-2abxy+b
2
x
2
)+(a
2
z
2
2acxz+c
2
x
2
)+(b
2
z
2
-2bcyz+ c
2
y
2
)
=(ay - bx)
2
+ (az - cx)
2
+ (cy - bz)
2
0
Du = xy ra khi
z
c
y
b
x
a
= =
Bng cch lm tng t ta c th pht trin bi ton BT Bunhiacpxki tng qut:
(a
2
1
+ a
2
2
++ a
2
n
)(x
2
1
+ x
2
2
++ x
2
n
) (a
1
x
1
+ a
2
x
2
++ a
n
x
n
)
2
Du = xy ra khi
n
n
x
a
x
a
x
a
= = = ...
2
2
1
1

rng nu a v x l 2 s nghch o ca nhau th ax = 1 (x =
a
1
)
T bi ton 2 ta c th t ra bi ton:
3.Bi ton 3:
TANGGIAP.VN

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Cho ba s a, b, c l 3 s dng
Chng minh rng: (a + b + c)(
a
1
+
b
1
+
c
1
) 9
Gii
Theo bi ton 2 (BT Bunhiacpxki):
(a + b + c)(
a
1
+
b
1
+
c
1
) )
1 1 1
(
c
c
b
b
a
a + +
2

(a + b + c)(
a
1
+
b
1
+
c
1
) 3
2
= 9
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c.
T bt ng thc (x+ y+ z)(
x
1
+
y
1
+
z
1
) 9
t a + b = X; b + c = Y; c + a = Z ta c BT:
2(a + b + c)(
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
) 9
(
c b
a
+
+
c a
b
+
+
a b
c
+
+3) 9

c b
a
+
+
c a
b
+
+
a b
c
+

2
3

Bi ton tm c:
4.Bi ton 4:
Cho a, b, c l 3 s dng CMR:
c b
a
+
+
c a
b
+
+
a b
c
+

2
3

Gii
p dng bi ton 2 tac:
(a+b+c+b+c+a)(
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
) )
1 1 1
(
a c
a c
c b
c b
b a
b a
+
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
2

2(a + b + c)(
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
) 9
(
c b
a
+
+
c a
b
+
+
a b
c
+
+3) 9

c b
a
+
+
c a
b
+
+
a b
c
+

2
3
(1)
Ta tip tc khai thc bi ton 4 theo 2 bc sau:
- Bc 1 : Nhn 2 v ca (1) vi a+b+c > 0.
(a + b + c)(
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
)
2
3
(a + b + c)
- Bc 2 : Khai trin rt gn v tri sau chuyn v ta c:
TANGGIAP.VN

5
c b
a
+
2
+
c a
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
c b a + +

y l ni dung ca bi ton 5
5.Bi ton 5 :
Cho a, b, c l 3 s dng
CMR:
c b
a
+
2
+
c a
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
c b a + +

Chng minh bi ton 5 ta c th dn t bi ton 1 theo hng khai thc i n
kt qu. Nhng ta c th gii c lp nh sau:
- Phng php 1: p dng bt ng thc bi ton 2
[(
2
)
c b
a
+
+ (
2
)
a b
b
+
+(
2
)
a b
c
+
][( c b + )
2
+ ( c a + )
2
+ ( b a + )
2
]

2
) ( b a
b a
c
c a
c a
b
c b
c b
a
+
+
+ +
+
+ +
+

2(a + b + c)(
c b
a
+
2
+
c a
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2
) (a + b + c)
2

c b
a
+
2
+
a c
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
c b a + +
(pcm)
- Phng php 2: p dng bt ng thc C si
c b
a
+
2
+
4
c b +
2
4
.
2
c b
c b
a +
+
= a

a c
b
+
2
+
4
a c +
b

a b
c
+
2
+
4
a b +
c
Vy
c b
a
+
2
+
a c
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
c b a + +
(cng theo v 3 BT trn )
Ta tin hnh khai thc bi ton 5 bng cch:
+Trang b thm cho bi ton 5 iu kin : abc = 1.
+ p dng BT C si cho 3 s dng :
a + b + c 3
3
abc = 3x1 = 3
6.Bi ton 6:
Cho a, b, c l 3 s dng tho mn : abc = 1.
CMR
c b
a
+
2
+
a c
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
3
(2)
TANGGIAP.VN

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Gii
Theo bi ton 5
c b
a
+
2
+
a c
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
c b a + +

2
3
2
1 3
2
3
3
= =
x abc

c b
a
+
2
+
a c
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
3

Xem xt bi ton 6 ta nhn thy:
+ Nu t a =
x
1
; b =
y
1
; c =
z
1
abc =
xyz
1
= 1.
Khi : x + y =
a
1
+
b
1
=
ab
b a +
= c(a + b).
Tng t : y + z = a(b + c).
z + x= b(c + a).
Do BT (2)
) (
3
c b a
a
+
+
) (
3
c a b
b
+
+
) (
3
b a c
c
+

2
3
.

) (
1
3
z y x +
+
) (
1
3
x z y +
+
) (
1
3
y x z +

2
3
.
7.Bi ton 7:
Cho x, y, z l 3 s dng tho mn : xyz = 1
CMR :
) (
1
3
z y x +
+
) (
1
3
x z y +
+
) (
1
3
y x z +

2
3
.
Gii
t a =
x
1
; b =
y
1
; c =
z
1
abc =
xyz
1
= 1.
Ta c : x+y = c(a+b)
y+z = a(b+c)
z+x = b(c+a)
Do :
) (
1
3
z y x +
+
) (
1
3
x z y +
+
) (
1
3
y x z +
=
c b
a
+
2
+
a c
b
+
2
+
a b
c
+
2

2
3
(theo bi ton 6)
TANGGIAP.VN

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Nh vy t tnh cht v lu tha bc hai ta khai thc c chm 7 bi ton t d
n kh hoc rt kh mt khc cng rn luyn t duy sng to ca hc sinh.
II/.Khai thc bt ng thc II.
a
b
b
a
+ 2
t 0 > = x
b
a
th .
1
x a
b
= Ta c ngay bi ton:
8. Bi ton 8:
Cho s dng x.
Chng minh rng: x +
x
1
2.
Khai thc bi ton 8 ta thy: x. 1
1
=
x
.
Do nu ta dng 4 s dng a, b, c, d tho mn : abcd=1.
Khi : ab=
cd
1
(cd= )
1
ab

Ta khm ph c bi ton mi:
9. Bi ton 9:
Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s dng tho mn abcd=1
CMR: ab + cd 2 (hoc ac + bd 2; ad + bc 2)
(Chng minh bt ng thc ny ch cn a v bi ton 8 bng cch dng iu
kin abcd=1)
Li c: a
2
+ b
2
2ab ; c
2
+ d
2
2cd.
Do : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
2ab + 2cd
Lin kt vi bi ton 9 ta c: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
2(ab + cd) 4
10. Bi ton 10:
Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s dng tho mn abcd=1
CMR: : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
4
Tip tc lin kt bi ton 9 v 10 ta c:
11. Bi ton 11:
Cho a, b, c, d l 4 s dng tho mn abcd=1
CMR: : a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ ab + cd + ac + bd 10
Gii
T iu kin a. b, c, d > 0 v abcd=1
Ta c: : ab =
cd
1
; ad =
bc
1
; ca =
bd
1

TANGGIAP.VN

8
Do : (ab + cd) + (da + bc) + (ac + bd)
= (cd + )
1
cd
+ (bc + )
1
bc
+ (bd + )
1
bd
2 + 2 + 2 = 6 (Bi ton 9)
M a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
4 (bi ton 10)
a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ d
2
+ ab + cd + ac + bd 10
Du = xy ra khi a = b = c = d
Vy t bt ng thc (II) ta khai thc thnh 1 chm 4 BT (8 11 )
III. Khai thc bt ng thc III: (a + b)
2
4ab a, b
L bt ng thc a ra mi quan h ca bnh phng1tng vi tch cu chng.
khai thc BT (III) ta thm iu kin a,b l 2 s dng.
Chia 2 v ca (III) cho ab(a + b) ta c:
ab
b a +

b a +
4

a
1
+
b
1

b a +
4

12. Bi ton 12:
Cho a,b l 2 s dng
Chng minh rng:
a
1
+
b
1

b a +
4

Gii
Xt hiu
a
1
+
b
1
-
b a +
4
=
) (
4 ) ( ) (
b a ab
ab b a b b a a
+
+ + +
=
( ) )
2 ) (
b a ab
b a
+

0
Vy
a
1
+
b
1

b a +
4

Du = xy ra khi a=b
Khai thc bi ton 12 tng t nh cch khai thc bi ton 1.
Ta c:
a
1
+
b
1

b a +
4
c
2
+ d
2
4

b
1
+
c
1

c b +
4


c
1
+
a
1

a c +
4

Do nu cng theo v ca 3 BT trn ta c:
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
(
2
1
+
a
1
+
b
1
)
1
c

13. Bi ton 13:
Cho a, b, c l 3 s dng.
CMR:
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
(
2
1
+
a
1
+
b
1
)
1
c

Gii
TANGGIAP.VN

9
Theo bi ton 12:
b a +
1
(
4
1
+
a
1

b
1
)
c b +
1
(
4
1
+
b
1

c
1
)
a c +
1
(
4
1
+
c
1

a
1
)
Cng theo v ca 3 BT trn:
b a +
1
+
c b +
1
+
a c +
1
(
2
1
+
a
1
+
b
1
)
1
c

Du = xy ra khi a=b=c
Khai thc bi ton 13 bng cch :
+ t a= x + y; b= y + z; c= z + x
=
a
1

y x +
1
(
4
1
x
1
+
y
1
)
=
b
1
z y +
1
(
4
1
y
1
+
z
1
)
=
c
1

x z +
1
(
4
1
z
1
+
x
1
)
+ Thm iu kin : +
x
1

y
1
+
z
1
= 4
Ta hnh thnh bi ton 14 l mt BT l mt bi thi i hc khi A nm 2005. iu
ny cng chng t vic hc sinh nm chc kin thc ngay t lp di l v cng quan
trng.
14. Bi ton 14:
Cho x, y, z l cc s dng tho mn: +
x
1

y
1
+
z
1
= 4
CMR:
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x 2
1
+ +
1
(i hc khi A nm 2005)
Gii
- Cch 1
Ta c :
z y x + + 2
1
=
) ( ) (
1
z x y x + + +

4
1
(
y x +
1
+
z y +
1
)
16
1
(
x
1
+
y
1
+
z
1
+
z
1
)
Tng t:
z y x + + 2
1

16
1
(
x
1
+
y
1
+
z
1
+
z
1
)
z y x 2
1
+ +

16
1
(
x
1
+
y
1
+
z
1
+
z
1
)
TANGGIAP.VN

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Cng theo v 3 BT trn:
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x 2
1
+ +

16
1
. 4 ( +
x
1

y
1
+
z
1
)
M +
x
1

y
1
+
z
1
= 4
Vy
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x 2
1
+ +
1
Du = xy ra khi x = y = z =
3
4

- Cch 2:
Ta c
z y x + + 2
1
=
) ( 2
1
z y x + +

4
1
(
x 2
1
+
z y +
1
)
x 8
1
+
16
1
(
y
1
+
z
1
) =
x 8
1
+
y 16
1
+
z 16
1

Tng t:
z y x + + 2
1

x 16
1
+
y 8
1
+
z 16
1

z y x 2
1
+ +

x 16
1
+
y 16
1
+
z 8
1

Cng theo v cc BT:
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x 2
1
+ +

4
1
(
x
1
+
y
1
+
z
1
)=1
Vy
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x + + 2
1
+
z y x 2
1
+ +
1
Khai thc bi ton 14 bng cch t vo tam gic ta c:
15. Bi ton 15:
Xt tam gic ABC c: BC = a, CA = b, AB = c, chu vi a+b+c = 2p khng i.
CMR:
c b a
ab
2 + +
+
c b a
bc
+ + 2
+
c b c
ac
+ + 2

2
p

Gii
p dng bi ton 12
Ta c:
c b a
ab
2 + +
=
) ( ) ( c b c a
ab
+ + +

4
1
(
c a
ab
+
+
c b
ab
+
)
c b a
bc
+ + 2

4
1
(
b a
bc
+
+
c a
bc
+
)
c b a
ac
+ + 2

4
1
(
a b
ca
+
+
b a
ca
+
)
Cng theo v ca 3 BT ta c:
c b a
ab
2 + +
+
c b a
bc
+ + 2
+
c b a
ac
+ + 2

4
1
(
c a
ab
+
+
c b
ab
+
+
b a
bc
+
+
c a
bc
+
+
a b
ca
+
+
b a
ca
+
) =
4
1
(a + b + c) =
4
1
.2p =
2
p

TANGGIAP.VN

11
Du = xy ra khi ABC u c a = b =c =
3
2p

Tip tc khai thc bi ton trong tam gic v mi quan h gia cnh ca tam gic v chu
vi ca n ta c:
16. Bi ton 16
Trong ABC c chu vi a + b +c = 2p ( a, b, c l di 3 cnh ).
CMR :
a p
1
+
b p
1
+
c p
1
2 (
a
1
+
b
1
+
c
1
)
Gii
Nhn xt : p - a =
2
c b a + +
- a =
2
a c b +
> 0 ( v b + c > a bt ng thc tam gic )
Tng t : p - b > 0 ; p- c > 0.
Mt khc : p - a + p - b = 2p - a - b = c
p - b + p - c = a
p - c + p - a = b
Do ta ngh n vic dng bt ng thc bi ton 12 nh sau:
a p
1
+
b p
1

) ( ) (
4
b p a p +
=
c
4

b p
1
+
c p
1

a
4

c p
1
+
a p
1

b
4

Cng theo v ca bt ng thc ta c :
a p
1
+
b p
1
+
c p
1
2 (
a
1
+
b
1
+
c
1
)
Du = xy ra khi ABC u