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Aeolian Vibration Monitoring
Aeolian Vibration Monitoring
Modern structures slender plain with low structures, slender, plain, internal damping, are very sensitive to windwindinduced motions motions.
The overhead transmission lines are the mechanical structures with the greatest extension of slender flexible elements:
the conductors
Overhead conductors are subjected to various wind induced vibrations and oscillations. Those called aeolian vibrations are th most recurrent and Th ll d li ib ti the t t d the most dangerous
for the fast accumulation of fatigue cycles (vibration frequencies 5120 Hz) and hi h b di stress at th fitti clamps. d high bending t t the fitting l
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
These motions, if not mitigated within safety limits, can determine fatigue failures of the conductor strands,
damages to other line components and bl k-out of the lines. d black t f th li blackStudy Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Typical fragile shape i.e. without deformation of the material near th f t the fracture area.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Fatigue failures develop at points where the motion is constrained e.g. where the conductor is secured to fittings
Typical location are: suspension clamps, damper and p p , spacer clamps, etc.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Another damaging effect of conductor vibration is the loosening of fittings clamps not suitably designed or incorrectly installed.
at the beginning, the abrasion of the conductor outer layer due to th l t the clamp sliding movements. lidi t
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Increasing the looseness, the strands are broken by the hammering of the clamp.
If left unattended this process will lead to the complete conductor failure.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Fittings whose natural vibration frequency fall in the range of conductor vibration frequencies may fail for fatigue.
Vibration dampers incorrectly dimensioned or wrongly distributed can fail for fatigue while protecting the conductor.
Five methods are commonly used for the assessment of vibration severity on overhead transmission line conductors: 1. Analytical prediction of vibration intensity 2. Tests on outdoor experimental spans 3. Laboratory tests on short spans 4. 4 Vibration measurements on actual lines 5. Conductor inspections on actual lines Each method offers its own contribution to the total picture. Although they are inter-related, their limitations and concepts interare somewhat different different.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
The most comprehensive medium to predict the vibration behaviour of a conductor is the computer simulation performed by means of specific computer programs. f db f ifi t Others methods based on abacus diagrams and abacus, nomographs can only provide qualitative information. For example, the procedure proposed by CIGRE TF 22.11.04 in the brochure titled Safe Design Tension with Respect to Aeolian Vibration can usefully determine whether additional Vibration damping (normal or special) is required or not but can not provide data about the damping system to apply.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Computer analysis is mainly used at design stage to anticipate the vibration behaviour of single and bundled conductors and t d fi d to define, when necessary, th most suitable d h the t it bl damping i system. Calculations are based on the energy balance between the energy introduced by the wind and the energy dissipated by the vibrating conductors with and without and relevant damping units.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Vib. frequencies and wave lengths Antinode vibration amplitudes Max strains at the suspension clamp
Vib. frequencies Vib f i and wave lengths Vib. Vib amplitude of the antinodes and of the dampers Strains at suspen. & damper clamps Number and positioning of the p dampers
Computer p analysis
Outdoor test stations exposed to natural wind have been built in several Countries worldworld-wide for research and development purposes and for the comparative evaluation of damping systems proposed f t d for important transmission line projects.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
The high costs involved in these test stations can be afforded only by Power Authorities and Research Institutes
Conductor
Concrete block
Concrete block
provide data about conductor self-damping, fatigue selfendurance of conductor-clamp systems conductorand effectiveness of vibration dampers.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
InIn-span transducers
For the measurement of vibration levels along the span miniature accelerometers are normally used used.
accelerometer
Contactless displacement transducers (laser or eddy current based) are also used on very light conductors.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Test span layout for conductor self-damping measurements self damping in accordance with IEEE 664 Standard
Test span Accelerometers Shaker
Load cell
Computer
Transducer amplifiers
DAC interface
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Effectiveness test on vibration dampers in accordance with IEC 61897 and IEEE 664 Standards
The power dissipated by the conductor p p p y plus damper is compared with the p p power introduced by the wind for a certain number of tunable harmonic vibrations of the span, at constant speed or constant bending strains.
Strain gauges Tension clamp Rigid clamp Conductor C d t accelerometers Tension clamp Rigid clamp Shaker Constant tension device
damper
Concrete block
The power dissipated by the conductor plus damper shall be greater than power introduced by the wind.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
On O new lines li - as final check of the damping system - to compare different damping systems On lines in operation p
- for assessment of vibration intensity - to evaluate the conductor residual life - to investigate the cause of damages
The direct method to evaluate the conductor vibration severity is the measurement of the conductor bending strain at the clamp mouth mouth,
performed by means of strain gauges glued on the outer layer strands strands. This technique, had been used for a limited period of time but then was abandoned in favour of methods more suitable for field fi ld application. li ti
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
These vibration measurements are based on the bending amplitude method proposed by the IEEE paper 31 TP 6565156, 156 1965
Yb 89 mm The bending amplitude Yb is the peak to p g p p peak vibration amplitude measured at 89 mm (3.5 inches) from the last point of contact between the conductor and the suspension clamp clamp.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
89 m bending strain
In a number of cases, the bending amplitude can be converted into b di i t bending strain using th P ff b t i i the Poffemberger and S d Swart (P&S) t formula. In other cases, the conversion factor can be determined by means of laboratory t t fl b t tests.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
HILDA
TVM 90
Vibrec 400
Vibrec 500
Only Vibrec500 and Pavica are still available on the market market.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Modern aeolian vibration recorders are a microprocessor based, battery powered, self-contained devices. The battery selfautonomy is 3-6 months 3- months.
Vibration b at o sensor
VIBREC|500 WT
The most recent version of the vibration recorder Vibrec 500 allows wireless connection with the ground instrumentation.
89 mm
The vibration sensor is positioned at 89 mm from the last point of contact between the conductor and the suspension clamp.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
On small conductors and shield wires as well as at damper and spacer clamps vibration recorders with split sensor can be used.
Another type of vibration recorder is installed on the conductor, with the clamp positioned at 89 mm
89 mm
from the last point of contact between the conductor and the suspension clamp.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
The tip of the vibration sensor is positioned at the last point of contact between the conductor and the suspension clamp.
This vibration recorder measures the so-called inverted sobending b di amplitude. lit d
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Due to its low weight (about 0.6Kg) this recorder can be installed along the span near dampers, spacers and other fitting clamps.
International Standards and recommendations for aeolian I t ti l St d d d d ti f li vibration measurements on overhead transmission lines
IEEE paper 31 TP 65-156 1965 65-156, Standardization of conductor vibration measurements CIGRE SC22 WG04 Recommendations for the evaluation of the lifetime of transmission line conductors ELECTRA n63, 1979 n CIGRE SC22 WG11 Guide to vibration measurements on overhead lines ELECTRA n163 1995 n163, IEEE Par P1368 2006 Guide for Aeolian Vibration Field Measurements of Overhead Conductors
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
CIGRE
A bending stress/stain endurance limit can be derived from The CIGRE Safe Border Line and usually taken at 5x108 cycles. This value correspond to a bending stress of 9.09 MPa and to a bending strain of 264 peak to peak.
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The limits are valid only for conventional suspension clamps with and without armour rods.
No specific values are available for other conductors and conductor /clamp combinations. These values can be obtained through laboratory tests. tests
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The curve shows for each stress level the number of cycles n to be expected in one year.
The stress curve is compared with a universal S-N curve Sknown as safe border line (or with the S-N curve of the Sspecific conductor) showing for each stress level the number of cycles N that can be endured indefinitely.
1 Lifetime = i ni 1 N i
Considering the remarkable scatter in the conductor C id i th k bl tt i th d t fatigue characteristics, conductor life expectancy is considered to have only qualitative significance.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Bending amplitude
P&S or lab tests Miners rule Bending stress/strain Lifetime EPRI IEEE CIGRE limits
EPRI limits
Utility limits
Bending amplitude
Miners rule
EPRI limits
Utility limits
Criteria adopted by the industry for the evaluation of vibration severity of overhead conductor
Criteria for the C it i f th assessment of aeolian vibration severity t f li ib ti it on aluminium based conductors, resulting from the review of 80 Utility Specifications
Max bending amplitude Max bending strain 16%
58%
Lifetime
6%
No requirements
0%
20%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
50%
40%
30%
51%
20%
27%
10%
18%
4%
0% 150 200 247 300
Criteria for the assessment of aeolian vibration severity on steel based shield wires, found in 15 Utility Specifications
13% 67%
20%
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
Required values of maximum bending strain for steel based conductors (13 specs reviewed)
35% 30%
25%
20%
15%
30%
10%
5%
10%
During the survey, it was found that, in the industry, evaluation criteria of vibration severity are frequently p y q y prescribed with no consideration of whether the relevant reference limits, available literature, a ailable in literat re are applicable or not to the specific conductor and/or conductor/clamp combination. d t / l bi ti CIGRE SC B2 and IEEE WG on Conductor Dynamics are y committed to provide the industry with detailed and comprehensive guides on this subject.
Subspan oscillation has been studied extensively in p y wind tunnels and outdoor test laboratories but to a much lesser extent on actual transmission lines for lack of suitable instruments instruments. Recently, a subspan oscillation recorder has been made available on the market market.
and connected via cable to the recorder body installed on the nearest spacer. t
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Layout of the subspan under test displacement transducer spacer subspan recorder body spacer
connecting cable
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
The installation of the recorders can be also performed on live p lines using the bare hand technique.
Conductor inspections
Some general procedures are available that are suitable, to a limited extent, for assessing the occurrence of conductor damages produced by severe wind induced vibrations. They are: Visual inspection Thermographic inspection e og ap c spect o Radiographic inspection Electro-magneticElectro-magnetic-acoustic inspection
Visual inspection
It is appropriate when there is a specific evidence that damages or at least severe vibrations have occurred occurred.
For example, black spots on the surface of the conductors may i di t severe vibrations. indicate ib ti
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
However, stand failures in inner layers can not be visually detected and strand failures inside clamps and or below armour rods can be overlooked unless these components are removed.
Thermographic inspection
Can be performed from the ground but can only detect joints j i t problems and not strand f il bl d t t d failures.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Thermographic inspection
Tests demonstrated that failures of up to three strands do not produce appreciable temperature variations variations.
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06
Radiographic inspection
Can detect strand failures but it is costly complex and not completely reliable. Strand failures are sometimes overlooked.
Radiographic inspection
Radiographic inspection
Electro-magneticElectro-magnetic-acoustic inspection
Can be performed on energized lines to detect strand failures and steel strand corrosion. f il d t l t d i
Study Committee B2 - Technical Advisory Group B2-AG-06