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CHNG 6

BO V CHNG S XM NHP IN P CAO SANG IN P THP

6.1. S nguy him khi c s xm nhp t in p cao sang in p thp Khi cch in ca my bin p b h hng th khng nhng c th xy ra hin tng chm v m cn c th c s xm nhp t in p pha cao (s cp) sang pha thp (th cp). Lc ny pha th cp c in p cao rt nguy him khng nhng cho ngi m cn cho cc thit b. Ta ln lt xt cc trng hp sau: 6.1.1. Mng in pha s cp v th cp u c trung tnh cch in:
a b c Ubsc Uasc UA UC UB
UO Cc Cb

Uasc Uo U Ucsc
c

Ua Ub Ubsc

Ucsc

Ca

Yc TB2

a.

Hnh 6.1: Xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp a. S nguyn l b. th vec t

b. Gi s my bin p c cp bin i in p l 6000/380V v pha s v th cp u trung tnh cch in i vi t. Cng gi thit rng in tr cch in v in dung ca cc pha trong mng in l nh nhau th: UA = UB = UC = 6000 = 3460V 3

Khi c s xm nhp in p cao t pha s cp sang pha th cp th trung tnh pha in p 380 s ni in vi pha in p cao do n cng c in p bng 3460V. Nu t ni dy ca my bin p l Y/Y0 thi trung tnh h p s c in p trng vi in p pha A ca pha cao p Do vy t th vect ta c: in p pha a pha s cp so vi t: Uasc = 3460 + 220 = 3680 V in p pha b,c so vi t:
2 Ubsc = Ucsc = 3460 + a .220 = 3460 + a.220 = 3350V

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Nh vy khi c s xm nhp in p t pha cao sang pha thp th in p cc pha pha th cp s tng ln rt cao. V cch in ca thit b in v li in pha h p khng c tnh ton vi gi tr in p cao (khi c s xm nhp in p) nn s xm nhp in p ny rt nguy him v n s ph hng cch in ca cc thit b in h p, kt qu l s xut hin dng chm t t mng h p qua in tr nI t ca cc thit b h p (thng c tr s khng qu 4 ) v ngun cao p, y chnh l dng chm t trong mng c trung tnh cch in c tr s khng ln (530A). Lc ny in p trn v thit b h p s l U=I.R vn c th gy nguy him cho ngi. (v d nu I= 20A, R=10 th U=20.10=200V- nguy him). Tm lI khi c s xm nhp in p cao t mng s cp (c trung tnh cch in) sang mng th cp (h p- cng c trung tnh cch in) th s nguy him khng nhng cho ngi m c cho cc thit b in h p. 6.1.2. Mng in s cp c trung tnh cch in cn phia h p c trung tnh trc tip ni t: Lc ny nu c s xm a Uasc Ua nhp in p cao sang in p b c thp th s c s chm t Uc Ub 0 mt pha ca mng cao p v Uo dng in ny (dng in TBD Ucsc Ubsc dung) c th xc nh theo R0 cng thc: U.(35.l c + l d ) Hnh 6.2 Id = (A) 350 Trong : U: in p dy ca mng cao p. lc, ld: chiu di ca cc mng in cp v mng ng dy trn khng c s lin h v in vi nhau (km). T th vect ta c in p cc dy pha so vi t s bng: Pha a: Uasc = Id.Ro + 220 = U0 + 220 R0: in tr ni t ca trung tnh ngun. Gi s R0 = 4 v Id = 30A: Pha a: Uasc = 4.30 + 220 =340V Pha b,c:
2 Ubsc = Ucsc = 120 + a.220 = 120 + a .220 = 190V

Trong trng hp ny in p ln nht trn dy trung tnh (cng chnh l in p trn v cc thit b in h p) cng c th c gi tr tng i cao v bng : Uo = Id.Ro Vi tr s dng chm t trong mng ny (cao p c trung tnh cch in) thng khng ln (khong 5-30A) th nu Ro ln th Uo c th s nguy him cho ngi. Tr
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s in p ny ph thuc vo in tr ni t ca trung tnh R0, nu R0 ln th in p s ln v ngc li. Tuy nhin vi cc thit b h p, khi c xm nhp in p cao sang thp th in p ca cc pha so vi v thit b ( c ni vi dy trung tnh) vn khng thay i v bng in p pha nn khng nguy him cho thit b h p. 6.2. Cc bin php bo v chng xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp: 6.2.1. Mng in c trung tnh cch in pha s cp (cao p) v c trung tnh trc tip ni t pha h p: Cc bin php bo v chnh l: - Ch to, s dng cc MBA c cht lng tt, lc cn thit c th phi s dng loi MBA c thm mn che gia cun s v th cp. - Chn gi tr ni t cun h p ca MBA R 0 thch hp.Qua phn tch trn ta thy trong trng hp ny khi c s xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp ta c th gim in p ca cc pha pha h p so vi t bng cch chn gi tr in tr ni t trung tnh R0 mt cch thch hp. Quy phm quy trnh chn R0 4 (vI mng 380/220 V) l tho mn - Thc hin ni t lp li dy trung tnh nhiu ln. V lc ny : U = I d .Rtd = I d .
R0 .Rl < I d .R0 R0 + Rl

Trong : - Rt: in tr tng ng ca cc in tr ni t lp li . 6.2.2. Mng in c trung tnh cch in pha s cp (cao p) v c trung tnh cch in pha h p: Trong trng hp ny, ngoi cc bin php bo v nh mng c trung tnh cch in pha cao p (mc 5.2.1 trn), th cn phi tnh ton, chnh nh bo v r le c th ct nhanh li cao p (pha s cp MBA) khi c xm nhp in p cao sang thp. 6.2.3. Bo v chng s xm nhp in p cao sang in p thp khi in p cun s cp b hn 1000V.

220/24V

220/24V

a.

b.

Hnh 6.3. Cch ni my bin p c in p pha s cp nh hn 1000V a. Mng in c trung tnh cch in b. Mng in c trung tnh ni t

Trong

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cc trng hp khi in p cun s cp b hn 1000V, chng s xm nhp in p t pha cun s cp sang pha th cp ngi ta phi ni u dy ca cun th cp vi t (trong mng c trung tnh cch in) hoc vi dy trung tnh (trong mng c trung tnh ni t).

Ngoi cc bin php ni t v ni dy trung tnh nh xt cn c thm bin php ni t ph hoc ni t trung tnh ph tc l t thm mt cun chn gia cun s v cun th cp ca my bin p v cun ph ny li c ni t hoc ni dy trung tnh (ph thuc vo ch trung tnh ca mng).

B mn H thng in - Khoa in - Trng i Hc Bch Khoa Nng