Father Urios High School of Ampayon, Incorporated Ampayon, Butuan City

Project in Filipino
The Interrelationship on an Ecosystem
Submitted by: John Pierre Mirafuentes Student Submitted to: Mr. Jan Michael Tuga Biology Teacher

A Hummingbird drinking from Dianthus

Mutualism IS THE WAY TWO ORGANISMS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES BIOLOGICALLY INTERACT IN A RELATIONSHIP IN
WHICH EACH INDIVIDUAL DERIVES A FITNESS BENEFIT ( I. E ., INCREASED OR IMPROVED REPRODUCTIVE OUTPUT).

SIMILAR INTERACTIONS WITHIN A SPECIES ARE KNOWN AS CO-OPERATION. MUTUALISM CAN BE CONTRASTED
WITH INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION, IN WHICH EACH SPECIES EXPERIENCES REDUCED FITNESS, AND EXPLOITATION , OR PARASITISM , IN WHICH ONE SPECIES BENEFITS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE OTHER . MUTUALISM IS A TYPE OF SYMBIOSIS. SYMBIOSIS IS A BROAD CATEGORY , DEFINED TO INCLUDE RELATIONSHIPS THAT ARE MUTUALISTIC , PARASITIC , OR COMMENSAL . MUTUALISM IS ONLY ONE TYPE .

A Python swallowing a small Deer

Predation DESCRIBES A BIOLOGICAL INTERACTION WHERE A PREDATOR (AN ORGANISM THAT IS HUNTING ) FEEDS
ON ITS PREY ( THE ORGANISM THAT IS ATTACKED ). PREDATORS MAY OR MAY NOT KILL THEIR PREY PRIOR TO FEEDING ON THEM , BUT THE ACT OF PREDATION OFTEN RESULTS IN THE DEATH OF ITS PREY AND THE EVENTUAL ABSORPTION OF THE PREY' S TISSUE THROUGH CONSUMPTION .

OTHER CATEGORIES

OF CONSUMPTION ARE HERBIVORE ( EATING PARTS OF PLANTS) AND DETRITIVORY , THE CONSUMPTION OF DEAD ORGANIC MATERIAL ( DETRITUS ). ALL THESE CONSUMPTION CATEGORIES FALL UNDER THE RUBRIC OF CONSUME RESOURCE SYSTEMS . I T CAN OFTEN BE DIFFICULT TO SEPARATE VARIOUS TYPES OF FEEDING BEHAVIORS . FOR EXAMPLE , SOME PARASITIC SPECIES PREY ON A HOST ORGANISM AND THEN LAY THEIR EGGS ON IT FOR THEIR OFFSPRING TO FEED ON IT WHILE IT CONTINUES TO LIVE OR ON ITS DECAYING CORPSE AFTER IT HAS DIED. T HE KEY CHARACTERISTIC OF PREDATION HOWEVER IS THE PREDATOR 'S DIRECT IMPACT ON THE PREY POPULATION . ON THE OTHER HAND , DETRITIVORES SIMPLY EAT DEAD ORGANIC MATERIAL ARISING FROM THE DECAY OF DEAD INDIVIDUALS AND HAVE NO DIRECT IMPACT ON THE " DONOR" ORGANISM ( S).

A Triggerfish creates feeding opportunities for smaller fish by moving large rocks too big for them to shift themselves

Commensalism IS A CLASS OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TWO ORGANISMS WHERE ONE ORGANISM

BENEFITS WITHOUT AFFECTING THE OTHER . IT COMPARES WITH MUTUALISM , IN WHICH BOTH ORGANISMS BENEFIT , AND PARASITISM , WHEN ONE BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS HARMED.

COMMENSALISM DERIVES FROM THE ENGLISH WORD COMMENSAL, MEANING " SHARING OF
FOOD " IN HUMAN SOCIAL INTERACTION , WHICH IN TURN DERIVES FROM THE LATIN CUM MENSA , MEANING " SHARING A TABLE ". O RIGINALLY , THE TERM WAS USED TO DESCRIBE THE USE OF WASTE FOOD BY SECOND ANIMALS, LIKE THE CARCASS EATERS THAT FOLLOW HUNTING ANIMALS, BUT WAIT UNTIL THEY HAVE FINISHED THEIR MEAL.

Sea Anemones compete for the territory in tide pools

Competition IS AN INTERACTION BETWEEN ORGANISMS OR SPECIES, IN WHICH THE FITNESS OF ONE IS LOWERED
BY THE PRESENCE OF ANOTHER . LIMITED SUPPLY OF AT LEAST ONE RESOURCE ( SUCH AS FOOD, WATER, AND TERRITORY ) USED BY BOTH IS REQUIRED. C OMPETITION BOTH WITHIN AND BETWEEN SPECIES IS AN IMPORTANT TOPIC IN ECOLOGY , ESPECIALLY COMMUNITY ECOLOGY . COMPETITION IS ONE OF MANY INTERACTING BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS THAT AFFECT COMMUNITY STRUCTURE . C OMPETITION AMONG MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES IS KNOWN AS INTRASPECIFIC COMPETITION, WHILE COMPETITION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES IS KNOWN AS INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION. C OMPETITION IS NOT ALWAYS STRAIGHTFORWARD , AND CAN OCCUR IN BOTH A DIRECT AND INDIRECT FASHION .