TNG CC MI TRNG CC THM NH V NH GI TC NG MI TRNG

BO CO nh gi ton din nhng vn mi trng c lin quan n sng v bin ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long

H Ni, thng 2/2010

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nh gi ton din nhng vn mi trng c lin quan n sng v bin ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long t vn Vng ng bng Nam B l phn h lu gip bin ca sng Mekong. y l con sng ln th mi trn th gii vi lu vc bt ngun t Ty Tng cao 5.000 m v c tng din tch 795.000 km2, sng ny c chiu di l 4.200 km, chy qua 6 quc gia gm Trung Quc, Lo, Thi Lan, Myanma, Cmpuchia v Vit Nam. Din tch phn chu th sng Mkong l 49.367 km2, bao gm cc phn t ca Trung Quc, Myanma, mt phn Thi Lan, ton b Lo, Cmpuchia v mt phn nm Vit Nam. Vng ng bng Nam B hoc min Ty Nam B hoc Vng ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) bao gm thnh ph Cn Th v 12 tnh Long An, Tin Giang Bn Tre, ng Thp, Vnh Long, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, Hu Giang, An Giang, Kin Giang, Bc Liu, C Mau. Cn c cc iu kin t nhin, hin trng s dng t, hot ng sn xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip, dch v v cc tp qun, sinh hot ca ngi dn vng BSCL, v mt lnh th c th phn chia thnh cc vng mi trng c trng nh sau: Vng th ho, cng nghip ho Vng th ho ti BSCL chim 19%, dn s th khong 3.717.000 ngi vo nm 2007 v 35% vi dn s 7.394,8 ngn ngi vo nm 2015. Vng ny bao gm cc thnh ph, th x, th trn BSCL. TP. Cn Th l trung tm BSCL vi 500-600 ngn dn. Cc th x (tnh l) c quy m 200-250 ngn dn. Cc th trn (huyn l) c quy m t 10 ngn dn hin nay ti 25-30 ngn dn vo nm 2015. Nhng vn mi trng c trng cu vng ny l : - nhim mi trng do nc thi, kh thi, rc thi t cc hot ng sinh hot, dch v, thng mi, bun bn, y t, gio dc, giao thng vn ti, chn nui gia nh ti cc th. - nhim do khi, bi, ting n, nc thi, cht thi rn v cht thi nguy hi t cc khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip, cc c s sn xut CN, TTCN. Vng ven bin Vng ven bin min Ty Nam B bao gm 8 tnh: Long An, Tin Giang, Bn Tre, Tr Vinh, Sc Trng, C Mau, Bc Liu, Kin Giang, trong c 7 tnh c b bin, Long An khng c bin nhng ch cch bin 20 km, nn 4 huyn H Long An c th xem l huyn ven bin. Vng ny c b bin di 736 km, vi 25 ca lch. Ngoi bin c 50 hn o, trong c o ln nh Ph Quc, Th Chu, Hn Khoai, Hn Tre Vng ny pht trin kinh t theo hng: nui trng, nh bt thy sn, nng nghip, ch bin nng, thy sn, xy
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dng cng, kho tng, dch v, du lch. Nhng vn mi trng c trng ca vng ven bin l: - Suy thoi rng ngp mn do ph rng p p nui tm. - Suy gim ti nguyn thy sn. - Suy gim a dng sinh hc. - nhim nc bin v ven bin do hot ng cu cc cu cng, do giao thng vn ti, do nui trng, nh bt v ch bin thy hi sn. - Vn st l v bi t cc ca sng, ven bin - Cc s c do thin tai bo, lt. Vng nng thn Vng ny bao gm cc vng Trung tm ng bng, vng ng Thp Mi, vng bc thm cao, vng ven bin phi ng, vng bn o C Mau, vng Ty Sng Hu, vng T gic Long Xuyn, vng ri ven bin. Vng ny ch yu pht trin nng nghip, m bo nguyn liu cho cng nghip ch bin v xut khu, pht trin thm ngnh ngh cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip hng s ch v dch vu. Nhng vn mi trng c trng ca vng nng thn l : - nhim ngun nc mt, nc ngm do phn, rc, nc thi do sinh hot v cc chung tri chn nui. - Nhim mn, nhim phn do cc cng trnh thy li v chng l. - Gia tng t l mc bnh lin quan n ngun nc nhim. - nhim do s dng thuc bo v thc vt v phn bn trong nng nghip. - nhim do khi, bi, mi hi, nc thi, cht thi rn t cc c s TTCN ven sng. Vng ngp l Xy dng vng ny thnh khu vc sn xut lng thc thc phm hng ho trn c s chuyn i c cu cy trng, c cu ma v thch hp vi sinh thi vng v n trnh l lt. Vng kim sot l c nm: b tr 3 v gm 2 la + 1 mu. Vng kim sot l thng 8: sn xut 2 v: ng Xun v H Thu (ng gp 45% sn lng ca vng l). Cc th x Long Xuyn, Cao Lnh, Sa c nm trong vng ngp l su 1-2 m cn la chn cc XN c tnh cht v quy m thch hp. Nhng vn mi trng c trng ca vng ngp l l: - Nc sch cho dn vng ngp l trong ma l. - Bin php gii quyt cht thi sinh hot (phn, rc, nc thi) ph hp vi iu kin l lt ko di. - Bin php chn ct ngi cht v x l sc vt cht hp v sinh bo v mi trng sau l lt.
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Trc yu cu pht trin bn vng KTXH ti ng bng sng Cu Long, da trn kt qu quan trc cht lng nc mt, cht lng bn y cc dng Sng Tin, Sng Hu v mt s sng nhnh, Bo co ny phn tch mt s vn tc ng mi trng vng sng, bin ca ng bng sng Cu Long t xut cc kin ngh, gii php nhm gim thiu cc tc ng n mi trng. PHN I Nhng vn mi trng c lin quan n sng v bin vng ng bng sng Cu Long 1. Hin trng mi trng v ti nguyn vng ng bng sng Cu Long 1.1 c im kh tng thy vn BSCL co nn nhit cao va tng i ng u. Nhit trung binh nm khoang 26,4 - 27,30C. Chnh lch gia nhit trung binh thang nong nht va thang lanh nht la 3 - 40C. Dao ng nhit ban ngay va ban m la 7 - 80C. Bc xa mt tri BSCL tng i n inh va di dao trong ngay, nng nhiu (s gi nng trung binh 7,2 gi/ngay), nng lng bc xa ln (tng lng bc xa binh qun 150,8 Kcal/cm2/nm). m trung binh nm BSCL vao khoang 82 - 86%. Lng ma hang nm at ti 1.600 - 3.000 mm. Khoang 90% lng ma hang nm tp trung vao cac thang mua ma (t thang V n thang XI). Trong cac thang mua ma, lng ma tng i u nhau, ring thang X, XI lng ma tng i cao khoang 600 mm. Cac thang mua kh (t thang XII n thang IV nm sau) co lng ma nho trung binh khoang 50 mm. BSCL chiu s tac ng cua hai khi nc ln la nc sng Mekong va thuy triu cua bin do o ch thuy vn khu vc phc tap, va chiu anh hng cua h thng sng ngoi, va chiu anh hng cua ch thuy triu bin ng va vinh Thai Lan. Ch nc sng BSCL chia lam hai mua ro rt: mua lu va mua can. Mua lu thng keo dai t 5 - 6 thang, t thang VII n thang XI, XII. Lng dong chay mua lu chim 70 - 80% lng dong chay nm, ring ba thang co dong chay ln nht chim khoang 59%. Mua can keo dai 6,7 thang nhng lng nc trong mua can chi chim 15 - 25% lng nc ca nm. Cac ca sng rach BSCL chiu s chi phi cua thuy triu Nam bin ng va ch triu Vinh Thai Lan, trong o tac ng cua ch triu bin ng la chu yu. 1.2. iu kin ia hinh ia hinh vung BSCL bng phng co hng thp dn t Bc xung Nam. Co hai vung trung ln la ng Thap Mi va ng Bc ban ao Ca Mau. Phia Ty Bc co khu vc nui sot va phia ng, ng Bc co dai phu sa c. Khu vc doc theo bin gii phia Bc vi Cmpuchia co cao 1,5m. Cao toan vung phn b t 0,3 - 4m. Cao trung binh vung BSCL la 0,8m. 1.3. Tai nguyn nc Tng lng nc binh qun hang nm cua sng Mekong khoang 500 km3. Lng nc sng Mekong chay vao nc ta khoang 50 km3, chim 10% tng
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lng nc sng Mekong. Lng nc nay con c b sung bi lng nc ma hang nm tai BSCL khoang 16,8 km3. y la ngun tai nguyn quy gia phuc vu phat trin nng nghip, thuy san va cp nc (ca cho sinh hoat va cng nghip). c im cua ch nc BSCL la giao ng thuy triu cac vung bin xung quanh. Thuy triu cua bin ng co ch ban nht triu chim u th vi bin triu khoang 2,5 - 3m. Trong khi o thuy triu vung vinh Thai Lan lai chu yu co dang nht triu vi bin chi khoang 0,4 - 1,2m. Nc knh rach bi chua la mt kho khn cac vung co nhiu t phen, c bit vao thi ky t thang V - VII khi cac cht axit t trong t bi nc ma u mua ra tri a vao trong knh, Nc knh bi chua lam han ch vic s dung nc ti hoc cp cho sinh hoat. BSCL co tr lng nc ngm ln: 84.267.000 m3/ngay, san lng khai thac an toan c anh gia mc 1.000.000m3/ngay. Hin tai ang c khai thac mc 105.800m3/ngay trong khi yu cu phuc vu cho san xut cng nghip va sinh hoat khoang 1.000.000m3/ngay. 1.4. Tai nguyn t BSCL c tao thanh do trm tich sng ngoi va khoang sinh phen (pyrite) c hinh thanh trong cac lp trm tich m ly. Theo ban th nhng, BSCL gm co t phu sa sng (1,2 triu ha), t phen (1,6 triu ha), t nhim mn (0,75 triu ha), cac loai t khac (0,35 triu ha). Hin nay, trong tng din tich cua ca 13 tinh BSCL (la 3,96 triu ha) a co khoang 2,46 triu ha c s dung phat trin nng nghip va nui trng thuy san, 0,38 triu ha phat trin lm nghip nhng chi co 0,2 triu ha thc s la rng trng. 1.5. Tai nguyn khoang san Cc loi khong sn chnh ti BSCL bao gm : a vi (tr lng anh gia la 145 triu tn, mc khai thac hin nay 2 triu tn/nm); a Andezit, granit (tr lng cua cac loai vao khoang 450 triu m3, tr lng khai thac at 1 triu m3/nm); set gach ngoi (tr lng set khoang 3.000.000 - 40.000.000m3, lng khai thac hang nm khoang 1.000.000m3); cat soi (tr lng khoang 2.000.000 - 10.000.000m3, lng khai thac hang nm nho hn 1.000.000m3); than bun (tr lng tinh toan khoang 370 triu tn (trong o U Minh 300 triu tn), lng khai thac hang nm 500.000 tn); Cac loi khoang san khac: mollipden tai nui Sam (An Giang), bentonit (Hu Giang); nc khoang: thuc loai nc khoang nong (380C - 390C) co Trung Lng (Tin Giang); Vinh Long; Soc Trng; Bac Liu. 1.6. Tai nguyn sinh hoc BSCL co nhiu dang sinh thai t nhin gm cac bai triu, ging cat, m ly ven bin, cac vung ca sng, vung ngp lu, ng trung, m ly than bun. t ngp nc theo mua hoc thng xuyn chim phn ln din tich BSCL. Cac vung ngp nc la h sinh thai t nhin phong phu nht. Cac h
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sinh thai t nhin c trng cua BSCL gm: rng ngp mn ven bin, rng ngp nc ni ia, va h sinh thai vung ca sng. Vi 9 ca sng ln vung ca sng BSCL co nhiu loai tm ca va cac loai nay phu thuc vao tinh trang cua cac ca sng.Vic di c, va sinh san cua cac loai thuy sinh chiu anh hng manh me cua ch sng va thuy triu. BSCL co nhiu loai tm co gia tri kinh t cao va cac loai nay co chu trinh sng phu thuc vao mi trng ca sng. ng vt: H ng vt nguyn thuy BSCL rt phong phu do co h sinh thai t nhin rng ngp mn va rng tram. Tuy nhin do chin tranh, sn bn, anh by va do mt rng nn nhng nm gn y h ng vt suy giam ang k ca v s lng va s loai. S liu thng k cho thy h ng vt tai BSCL co 23 loai co vu, 386 loai thuc b chim, 35 loai bo sat, 6 loai lng c va 260 loai ca. 2. Hin trng cht lng nc ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long 2.1. Hin trng cht lng nc mt 2.1.1. Gi tr pH Nc mt trn sng Tin, sng Hu v cc nhnh sng trong vng Nam B chu nh hng bi thy triu bin ng, c bit vo giai on ma kh, hin tng xm nhp mn ln su vo thng ngun i vi cc con sng. Trong mi trng nc bin, gi tr pH dao ng khong 8,1 (mang tnh kim yu). t phn (acid sulfate soil) vng BSCL t 1,6 triu ha (chim khong 40,29% tng din tch t t nhin ca ton vng) bao gm: phn hot ng (jarosite) v phn tim tng (pyrite). Khi tng pyrite tip xc vi oxy s xy ra phn ng oxy ha, phng thch cc c t (ch yu l nhm, st), gy hin tng acid ha mi trng nc. Vo u ma ma, cc c t ny c ra tri bi nc ma vo ngun nc mt xung quanh, khi l v ton b lng nc b acid ha trong vng phn c ha vo dng nc l v di chuyn xung h lu sng Tin, sng Hu, sau ra bin. Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy: - Trn sng Hu: Gi tr pH c s khc bit gia cc ma trong nm. Vo giai on ma l v cui ma l, gi tr pH mang tnh trung tnh v khng c s bin ng ln gia cc im o. Tuy nhin, vo giai on ma kh, gi tr pH c khuynh hng gia tng (pH > 7,5) ti cc im o vng h lu sng Hu. - Trn sng Tin: Sng Tin l ni tip nhn hu ht khi lng nc phn t vic canh tc nng - lm - ng nghip trong vng phn ng Thp Mi. Do vy, vo ma l, hin tng lan truyn phn lm cho cc im o vng trung v h lu sng Tin c gi tr pH thp hn cc im o thuc vng thng lu. Vo giai on ma kh, gi tr pH kh cao (pH 7,5) ti cc im o thuc vng h lu sng Tin. - Ti cc nhnh sng: c th chia thnh hai vng chnh:
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(a). Vng chu nh hng ch yu t hot ng canh tc nng ng nghip trn vng t phn T Gic Long Xuyn (phn nng) c gi tr pH khc bit r nt gia ma ma v ma kh. Vo giai on ma kh v u ma ma, gi tr pH ti cc im o trn tuyn knh t Rch Gi i H Tin kh thp (pH < 5). Tuy nhin, vo giai on ma l, gi tr pH ti cc im o ny mang tnh trung tnh (pH 7). (b). Vng chu nh hng ch yu bi triu bin ng: theo kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr pH ti cc im o thuc vng ny dao ng khong 7 (trung tnh). Tuy nhin, vo giai on ma kh, gi tr pH o c cao hn so vi cc ma khc trong nm (do nh hng t qu trnh xm nhp mn). 2.1.2. Gi tr nhit (t0C) Ph thuc vo thi gian, thi tit trong ngy v cc ma trong nm m gi tr nhit c s khc bit tng i gia cc im quan trc v giao ng t 31,6 29,8 0C (cui ma ma v theo tng dng sng). 2.1.3. dn in (EC) dn in trong mi trng nc vng Nam B c mi tng quan mt thit vi mn. Theo kt qu phn tch, gi tr dn in nhng vng chu nh hng mn c gi tr EC rt cao, ngc li gi tr EC kh thp nhng vng thng lu ca sng Hu v sng Tin ( mn cao dn n dn din s ln), c th nh sau: - Trn sng Hu v sng Tin: Gi tr EC kh thp v khng c s dao ng ln gia cc im o vo giai on ma l v cui ma ma, ngoi tr mt s im chu nh hng bi nc mn c gi tr EC ln hn 1.000 S/cm. Tuy nhin, vo giai on ma kh v u ma ma, do hin tng xm nhp mn lm cho gi tr EC ti cc im o vng h lu ca hai con sng ny rt cao. - Trn cc nhnh sng: Nhng vng chu nh hng bi nc mn c gi tr EC kh cao, c bit l giai on ma kh v u ma ma. Gi tr EC trong mi trng nc mt ca sng Hu giao ng t 86000 S/cm (u ma ma) n 150 S/cm (cui ma ma) v sng Tin l 28300 S/cm (u ma ma) n 110 S/cm (cui ma ma) 2.1.4. c Nc mt khu vc vi c tnh cha nhiu ph sa lm cho gi tr c trong mi trng nc kh cao. c bit vo giai on ma l, nc l thng ngun mang nhiu ph sa bi lng hng nm cho vng BSCL. Theo kt qu phn tch mu cho thy gi tr c kh thp v khng c s khc bit ln gia cc im o vo giai on ma kh. Tuy nhin, vo giai on ma ma, c bit vo thi im l v, gi tr c trn sng Hu, sng Tin v cc nhnh sng vng BNB kh cao. c ca sng Tin l giao ng t 155-3 NTU (ma l). c ca sng Hu giao ng Hu giao ng t 112 6 NTU.
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2.1.5. Cht rn l lng (SS) Cht rn l lng trong mi trng nc mt (nc sng, knh rch) vng BNB c to thnh do s xo trn trm tch theo dng thy triu, ra tri t , qu trnh bo mn, lng ph sa l lt hng nm cha nhiu ph sa vn chuyn t thng ngun a v, mt phn t qu trnh sn xut cng nghip thi ra ... Nhn chung, cht rn l lng vng BNB b nh hng ch yu bi lng ph sa c trong nc l. Theo kt qu phn tch cho thy rng, hm lng cht rn l lng trn sng Hu, sng Tin v cc nhnh sng c s khc bit rt ln gia cc ma trong nm. Ma l v cui ma ma do nh hng nc l t thng ngun v lm cho hm lng SS vo giai on ny cao hn nhiu so vi ma kh v u ma ma. - Cht rn l lng (SS) trn tuyn sng Hu: Vo u ma l (thng 8-9) t 3 v c t 4 u c gi tr SS cao hn nhiu so vi ma kh, hu ht cc im quan trc u vt tiu chun TCVN 5942-1995 (ct A, ct B) cho thy nc cha rt nhiu ph sa. Cao nht l 271mg/l. t 1 v t 2 gi tr SS u dao ng xung quanh gi tr tiu chun TCVN 5942-1995 ct A. - Cht rn l lng (SS) trn tuyn sng Tin: Vo ma l (cc t 3 v 4) u c gi tr SS cao hn so vi vo ma kh (t 1 v t 2), gi tr cao nht l 281 mg/l. Vo ma kh gi tr SS dao ng tng i xung quanh tiu chun TCVN 5942-1995 ct A. - Cht rn l lng (SS) trn tuyn nhnh sng: Cc t quan trc u cho gi tr thp hn tiu chun TCVN 5942-1995 mc B nhng li cao hn mc A. im c gi tr SS cao nht l > 300mg/l. 2.1.6. Thnh phn hu c Ngun gc gy nhim hu c vng BSCL ch yu t nc thi ca cc khu dn c th khng c x l, nc thi sn xut cng nghip (ngnh ch bin thy sn), nui trng thy sn v canh tc nng nghip thi vo sng rch. Ngoi ra, i vi cc hp cht hu c kh phn hy c kh nng hp ph ln b mt cc ht rn ph sa, sa lng gy nhim n lp bn y sng, pht tn li mi trng nc mt v nh hng n i sng ca ng vt y. Nhn xt v gi tr DO: - Hm lng oxy ho tan ti cc im o trn sng Hu, sng Tin v cc nhnh sng khng c s bin ng ln gia cc ma. - Trn sng Hu, gi tr DO ti mt s im nh thuc h lu vng nui c b (ni tip nhn nc thi th ca Tp. Cn Th) c gi tr DO kh thp. -Trn sng Tin, gi tr DO khng c s dao ng ln gia cc im o. Gi tr DO vo giai on cui ma ma thp hn cc ma khc trong nm v u < 6mg/L. - Gi tr DO trn cc nhnh sng khng c s khc bit ln gia cc ma trong nm. Ti mt s im o (ni chu nh hng nc thi t khu vc ch, tnh C Mau) vo giai on ma ma c gi tr DO < 2 mg/L.
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Nhn xt v gi tr BOD5: - Gi tr BOD5 ti cc im o trn sng Hu, sng Tin khng c s dao ng ln gia cc im o v gia cc ma trong nm. Trn sng Hu, gi tr BOD5 dao ng t 2 8mg/L vo ma kh, 3 5mg/L vo ma l v 3 6mg/L vo u hoc cui ma ma. Tt c gi tr BOD5 o c ca 04 t quan trc ti cc im trn sng Tin v sng Hu u t TCVN 5942-1995 mc B - Gi tr BOD5 ti cc im quan trc trn nhnh sng c s khc bit r nt gia cc im o. Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr BOD5 vo giai on cui ma ma c cao hn so vi cc ma khc trong nm. Nhn xt v gi tr COD: - Gi tr COD dao ng t 5 11mg/L ti cc im o v cc ma trong nm. Trn sng Tin, gi tr dao ng t 5 11mg/L vo giai on ma kh v ma l, t 5 24mg/L vo giai on u ma ma v t 5 21mg/L vo cui ma ma. Ti cc nhnh sng, COD khng c s khc bit ln gia cc im o. Kt qu phn tch cho thy COD vo cui ma ma cao hn cc t khc trong nm. 2.1.7. Thnh phn dinh dng Ngun pht sinh thnh phn dinh dng c kh nng gy nh hng n mi trng nc mt vng Ty Nam B, bao gm: nc thi t qu trnh nui trng thy sn (c bit l thc n d tha t cc lng b), s dng phn bn ha hc trong canh tc nng nghip, nc thi sn xut cng nghip (ch yu l ch bin thy sn), nc thi th khng qua x l. Tuy nhin, y hu ht l nhng ngun thi phn tn cng vi kh nng t lm sch ca sng Tin v sng Hu lm gim ng k thnh phn dinh dng c trong ngun nc. Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy nng cc thnh phn dinh dng nh N-NH4+, N-NO2- ti cc im quan trc trn sng Hu, sng Tin v cc nhnh sng u khng pht hin (N-NO2- < 0,003mg/l v N-NH4+ < 0,1mg/l) hoc mt vi im gi tr cc thng s ny tuy pht hin nhng mc rt thp. Gi tr PO43- u di ngng pht hin (PO43- < 0,1mg/l) ti tt c cc im quan trc trn sng Tin, sng Hu v cc nhnh sng vo giai on ma ma, ma l. Tuy nhin, vo giai on ma kh, gi tr PO43- u pht hin ti tt c cc im quan trc. Gi tr PO43- trn sng Tin dao ng t 0,18 0,75mg/L, sng Hu t 0,23 0,68 v ti cc nhnh sng t 0,23 1,19mg/L v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh. Nhn xt: Nhn chung, cc thnh phn dinh dng Nit v Phtpho trn sng Tin v sng Hu khng cao nhng li bin ng theo ma kh r rt. Ma ma hm lng dinh dng thng thp hn nhiu so vi ma kh. 2.1.8. Coliform Mi trng nc b nhim hu c cng cao s lm cho vi sinh vt gy bnh nh Coliform, E.coli c gi tr cng ln. Ngun gy nhim bn vi sinh trong mi trng nc mt vng BNB ch yu t nc thi th, nui trng v ch bin thy sn.
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Vi lu lng rt ln ca sng Hu v sng Tin v cc nhnh sng c quan trc cho thy qu trnh nhim vi sinh Coliform trn cc tuyn sng c tnh cht cc b tng khu vc . Do vy, ch s Coliform v E.coli c s khc bit rt ln gia cc im o v ph thuc vo kh hu, thi tit theo ma trong nm. Gi tr Coliform vo ma l v cui ma ma kh thp v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh v nc mt TCVN 5942-1995. Tuy nhin, vo ma kh v u ma ma c gi tr Coliform cao hn so vi cc thi im khc trong nm, c bit ti mt s im chu tc ng t khu vc nui c b hay khu th TX. Chu c hay ni tip nhn nc thi ca Tp. Cn Th v vt gp nhiu ln so vi tiu chun nc mt TCVN 5942-1995. Vo giai on ma l hay cui ma ma, do nh hng ca lu lng nc l hng nm lm cho gi tr Coliform ti cc im quan trc kh thp v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh, tiu chun nc mt TCVN 5942-1995. 2.1.9. E.coli Tng t Coliform, gi tr E.coli o c ti cc im quan trc trn sng Hu, sng Tin v cc nhnh sng c s khc bit ln gia cc im o v bin ng theo thi tit trong nm. Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy gi tr E.coli thp vo giai on ma l v cao vo giai on ma kh hoc u ma ma. - Trn sng Hu E.coli c gi tr ln nht vo ma kh 240 MPN/100ml, v u ma ma l 140 MPN/100ml v thp nht l 3 ma kh, u ma ma, ma l v cui ma ma. - Trn sng Tin E.coli c gi tr ln nht vo cui ma ma l 150 MPN/100ml v thp nht l 3 ma kh, u ma ma, ma l v cui ma ma. - Trn nhnh sng E.coli c gi tr ln nht vo u ma ma l 290 MPN/100ml v thp nht l 3 u ma ma, ma l v cui ma ma. 2.1.10. Nhim mn Vo giai on ma kh, hin tng xm nhp mn (ch yu thng qua gi tr ca mn v clorua) ln su vo ni a trong nhng nm gn y, lm nh hng nghim trng n ngun nc, thay i h ng thc vt thy sinh mn cm vi mn. Dc tuyn sng Hu: Theo kt qu phn tch cho thy rng c s khc bit rt ln gia cc im o v ma trong nm. Vo giai on ma kh, do nh hng ca hin tng xm nhp mn lm cho gi tr clorua ti cc im thuc h lu sng Hu c gi tr rt cao v gim dn vo su trong ni a. Dc theo sng Tin : Tng t sng Hu, hin tng xm nhp mn xy ra vo giai on ma kh. Theo kt qu phn tch cho thy hin tng nhim mn xy ra trn ton b cc nhnh ca sng Tin trc khi ra bin. Gi tr clorua rt cao nhng im h lu ca sng Tin v gim dn v pha thng lu.
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Nhn chung cc nhnh sng c quan trc a s nm trong vng chu tc ng nhim mn ca thy triu bin chi phi, vo ma kh v u ma ma c mn kh cao chi phi ton h thng, l vng nui tm nc mn BSCL. 2.1.11. Kim loi nng Hu ht cc kim loi nng tn ti trong nc ch yu dng khng ha tan, chng pht sinh t nhiu ngun gc khc nhau, bao gm sn xut cng nghip, khai thc t phn dng trong canh tc nng lm ng nghip, khai thc , ha cht thuc bo v thc vt. Do c ch hp ph trn b mt ca cc ht keo c trong mi trng nc lm cho cc kim loi nng c lng t xung y sng hoc tch t nhanh trong h ng thc vt thy sinh. Do vy, hu ht nng ca cc kim loi nng trong mi trng nc mt vng SCL u khng pht hin hoc mc thp, c th nh sau: - Nng Cadimi (Cd): vng BSCL pht sinh ch yu t phn bn ha hc trong canh tc nng nghip. Theo kt qu phn tch cho thy rng trn sng Hu, nng Cd hu nh khng pht hin ti cc im o. Tuy nhin, trn cc im quan trc (ch yu l cc nhnh sng trc khi ra bin) thuc h lu sng Tin u pht hin c s hin din ca Cd nhng mc thp (Cd < 0,005). Ti cc im o trn nhnh u c s hin din ca Cd vi nng Cd < 0,0086 mg/L v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh TCVN 5942:1995 (mc A, Cd < 0,01 mg/L). - Nng ch (Pb): hu ht u khng pht hin vo giai on cui ma ma. Tuy nhin, nng Pb u pht hin vo giai on ma kh, u ma ma nhng gi tr o c u khng c s khc bit ln gia cc im o v gia cc t quan trc v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh TCVN 5942:1995 (mc A, Pb < 0,05 mg/L), ngoi tr 1 im c Cd = 0,05mg/L vo giai on ma kh. - Nng st (Fe): vng BNB vi khi lng t phn chua (phn st v phn nhm) chim din tch trn 35% tng din tch t t nhin ca ton vng. Hin tng lan truyn phn vo mi trng nc lm cho gi tr Fe u xut hin dc theo cc tuyn sng nhng do c ch hp ph vo cc ht keo v lng t xung y sng nn gi tr Fe mc thp v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh TCVN 5942:1995 (mc A, Fe < 1mg/L). Theo kt qu phn tch, gi tr Fe trn sng Hu v sng Tin khng c s khc bit ln gia cc im o v gia cc t quan trc, gi tr Cd dao ng t 0,06 0,95mg/L, trn sng Tin t 0,06 0,78mg/L v u t tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5942:1995 (mc A, Fe < 1mg/L). - Arsenic (As): l mt trong nhng kim loi nng c c tnh cao. Nguyn nhn gy nn As trong mi trng nc mt vng BNB ch yu t sn xut cng nghip nng cc nc thuc thng lu sng Mkng hoc do nh hng t tng pyrite trn vng t phn. Cng nh cc kim loi khc, As cng b lng t bi cc ht keo c ngun nc. Do vy, theo kt qu quan trc cho thy gi tr As u khng pht hin ti cc im o vo giai on ma l hoc cui ma
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ma. Gi tr As u pht hin ti cc im o vo giai on ma kh v u ma ma nhng mc thp, c th: trn sng Hu, gi tr As dao ng t 0,0009 0,008mg/L, trn sng Tin t 0,0006 0,011mg/L v trn cc nhnh sng t 0,00051 0,038mg/L v u t tiu chun Vit Nam quy nh TCVN 5942:1995 (mc A, As < 0,05mg/L). Ngoi ra, ti mt s im phn tch b sung kim loi nng nh thy ngn (Hg), km (Zn), ng (Cu) u khng pht hin ti cc im quan trc qua cc t thu mu. 2.1.12. D lng thuc bo v thc vt D lng thuc bo v thc vt ti cc im quan trc khu vc BNB u khng pht hin. 2.2. Cht lng nc mt v thy sinh 2.2.1. Phiu sinh thc vt Thnh phn phiu sinh thc vt trn tuyn sng Hu, sng Tin v cc nhnh sng u c s hin din ca 05 ngnh: Cyanophyta (to lam), Chrysophyta (to silic), Chlorophyta (to lc), Dinophyta (to gip) v Euglenophyta (to mt). (1). Trn sng Hu Trn sng Hu c s khc bit rt ln v s lng v thnh phn loi phiu sinh thc vt gia cc ma trong nm. Vo ma kh c s hin din ca 39 loi thuc cc ngnh nh sau: Cyanophyta vi 9 loi (chim 23,08%), Chrysophyta vi 16 loi (chim 41,02%), Chlorophyta c 9 loi (chim 23,08%), Dianophyta vi 3 loi (chim 7,69%) v 2 loi thuc ngnh Euglenophyta (chim 5,13%). Trong , loi Melosira granulata thuc ngnh Chrysophyta v Microcystis sp. thuc ngnh Cyanophyta phn b rng khp tuyn sng Hu nhng loi Microcystis chim u th v s lng c th. Thnh phn loi phiu sinh thc vt trn sng Hu c tnh a dng cao nht vo giai on cui ma ma vi s hin din ca 96 loi, trong ngnh Chrysophyta c s loi chim t l cao nht (43 loi, chim 44,79%), ngnh Chlorophyta vi 28 loi (chim 29,16%), s loi cn li thuc cc ngnh Cyanophyta, Dianophyta v Euglenophyta. Loi Melosira granulata v Melosira granulata thuc ngnh Chlorophyta chim u th v s lng c th v phn b rng. (2). Trn sng Tin Vo ma kh c s hin din ca 41 loi thuc cc ngnh nh sau: Cyanophyta vi 8 loi (chim 29,51%), Chrysophyta vi 17 loi (chim 41,46%), Chlorophyta c 9 loi (chim 21,08%), Dianophyta vi 5 loi (chim 12,20%) v 2 loi thuc ngnh Euglenophyta (chim 4,88%). Trong , loi thuc ngnh Chrysophyta v Microcystis sp. thuc ngnh Cyanophyta phn b rng khp tuyn sng Hu nhng loi Microcystis chim u th v s lng c th.
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Vi 61 loi phiu sinh thc vt xut hin vo giai on u ma ma, bao gm: Chrysophyta (30 loi, chim 49,18%), Cyanophyta (12 loi, chim 19,67%), Chlorophyta (vi 11 loi, chim 18,11%), cn li thuc ngnh Dianophyta (4 loi) v Euglenophyta (4 loi). Trong , loi Melosira granulata chim u th v s lng c th v phn b rng khp tuyn sng Hu. Thnh phn loi phiu sinh thc vt trn sng Hu c tnh a dng cao nht vo giai on cui ma ma vi s hin din ca 93 loi, trong ngnh Chrysophyta vi 35 loi (chim 37,63%), ngnh Chlorophyta vi 37 loi (chim 39,78%), ngnh Cyanophyta vi 13 loi (chim 13,98%), s loi cn li thuc cc ngnh Dianophyta v Euglenophyta. (3). Trn cc nhnh sng Do s khc bit kh ln v cht lng nc theo khng gian v thi gian nn gia cc im quan trc trn cc nhnh sng c s khc bit rt r nt v thnh phn loi phiu sinh thc vt, c th nh sau: Vo ma kh c s hin din ca 73 loi thuc cc ngnh nh sau: Cyanophyta vi 16 loi (chim 21,29%), Chrysophyta vi 32 loi (chim 43,84%), Chlorophyta c 10 loi (chim 13,70%), Dianophyta vi 6 loi (chim 8,22%) v 9 loi thuc ngnh Euglenophyta (chim 12,33%). Vi 113 loi phiu sinh thc vt xut hin vo giai on u ma ma, bao gm: Chrysophyta (50 loi, chim 44,25%), Euglenophyta (31 loi, chim 27,43%), Cyanophyta (12 loi, chim 10,62%), Chlorophyta (vi 16 loi, chim 14,16%) v Dianophyta (4 loi). Vo giai on cui ma ma vi s hin din ca 84 loi, trong ngnh Euglenophyta vi 29 loi (chim 33,72%), Chlorophyta vi 22 loi (chim 25,28%), Chrysophyta vi 18 loi (chim 20,93%), Cyanophyta vi 11 loi (chim 12,79%) v Dianophyta c 4 loi (chim 6,98%). 2.2.2. Phiu sinh ng vt Cng nh phiu sinh thc vt, phiu sinh ng vt rt nhy cm vi s thay i v iu kin mi trng c nhng c ch thch ng vi s thay i ny. Qua kt qu kho st v phn tch mu cho thy thnh phn phiu sinh ng vt c s hin din ca 5 ngnh l Copepoda (gip st chn cho), Cladocera (gip st ru ngnh), Rotatoria (trng bnh xe), Larva (u trng) v Ostracoda, trong ngnh Copepoda, Cladocera v Larva chim t l cao v thnh phn loi v phn b rng khp cc tuyn sng. Cu trc thnh phn v mt c th phiu sinh c s khc bit kh r nt theo ma trong nm v gia cc im o trn cng tuyn sng Hu, sng Tin cng nh ti mt s im quan trc trn cc nhnh sng. (1). Trn sng Hu - Giai on ma kh c s hin din ca 24 loi thuc 4 ngnh: Copepoda (9 loi), Cladocera (8 loi), Rotatoria (4 loi) v Larva (3 loi).
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- Giai on u ma ma c s hin din ca 23 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (9 loi), Cladocera (4 loi), Rotatoria (5 loi), Larva (4 loi) v Ostracoda (1 loi). - Vo giai on ma l c s hin din ca 26 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (8 loi), Cladocera (12 loi), Rotatoria (2 loi), Larva (3 loi) v Ostracoda (1 loi). - Giai on cui c s hin din ca 28 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (12 loi), Cladocera (6 loi), Rotatoria (3 loi), Larva (3 loi) v Ostracoda (4 loi). (2). Trn sng Tin - Giai on ma kh c s hin din ca 30 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (14 loi), Cladocera (5 loi), Rotatoria (7 loi), Larva (3 loi) v Ostracoda (1 loi). - Giai on u ma ma c s hin din ca 20 loi thuc 3 ngnh: Copepoda (13 loi), Cladocera (5 loi) v Larva (2 loi). - Vo giai on ma l c s hin din ca 24 loi thuc 4 ngnh: Copepoda (12 loi), Cladocera (7 loi), Rotatoria (2 loi) v Larva (3 loi). - Giai on cui ma ma c s hin din ca 23 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (10 loi), Cladocera (9 loi), Rotatoria (2 loi), Larva (1 loi) v Ostracoda (1 loi). (3). Trn cc nhnh sng - Giai on ma kh c s hin din ca 32 loi thuc 4 ngnh: Copepoda (23 loi), Cladocera (3 loi), Rotatoria (2 loi) v Larva (4 loi). - Giai on u ma ma c s hin din ca 33 loi thuc 4 ngnh: Copepoda (19 loi), Cladocera (5 loi), Rotatoria (5 loi) v Larva (4 loi). - Vo giai on ma l c s hin din ca 24 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (10 loi), Cladocera (9 loi), Rotatoria (2 loi), Larva (2 loi) v Ostracoda (1 loi). - Giai on cui ma ma c s hin din ca 27 loi thuc 5 ngnh: Copepoda (16 loi), Cladocera (6 loi), Rotatoria (3 loi), Larva (1 loi) v Ostracoda (1 loi). 2.2.3. ng vt y ng vt y vng BNB c s hin din ca lp cn trng (Insecta) v lp gip xc (Crustacea) thuc ngnh chn khp (Arthropoda); Lp chn bng (Gastropoda) v lp (Bivalvia) thuc ngnh chn mm (Mollusca); Lp giun t t (Oligocheata) v giun nhiu t (Polycheata) thuc ngnh (Annelida). Trong , lp Polycheata v Oligocheata c thnh phn loi chim u th v phn b rng khp cc im quan trc. (1). Trn sng Hu - Vo giai on ma kh c s hin din ca 20 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (3 loi), Oligochaeta (3 loi), Bivalvia (7 loi), Crustaeta (1 loi), Gastropoda (3 loi) v Insecta (3 loi).
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- Vo giai on u ma ma c s hin din ca 20 loi thuc 5 lp: Polychaeta (2 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (6 loi), Crustaeta (5 loi), Gastropoda (5 loi). Giai on ma l c s hin din ca 21 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (3 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (6 loi), Crustaeta (2 loi), Gastropoda (6 loi) v Insecta (2 loi). - Giai on cui ma ma c s hin din ca 23 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (2 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (5 loi), Crustaeta (5 loi), Gastropoda (5 loi) v Insecta (4 loi). - Vo giai on ma kh c s hin din ca 22 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (3 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (4 loi), Crustaeta (6 loi), Gastropoda (3 loi) v Insecta (4 loi). Vo giai on u ma ma c s hin din ca 22 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (5 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (5 loi), Crustaeta (7 loi), Gastropoda (3 loi) - Giai on ma l c s hin din ca 15 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (2 loi), Oligochaeta (1 loi), Bivalvia (2 loi), Crustaeta (3 loi), Gastropoda (3 loi) v Insecta (4 loi). - Giai on cui ma ma c s hin din ca 21 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (3 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (6 loi), Crustaeta (6 loi), Gastropoda (3 loi) v Insecta (1 loi). (2). Trn cc nhnh sng - Vo giai on ma kh c s hin din ca 24 loi thuc 4 lp: Polychaeta (9 loi), Bivalvia (4 loi), Crustaeta (6 loi), Gastropoda (5 loi). - Vo giai on u ma ma c s hin din ca 19 loi thuc 5 lp: Polychaeta (8 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (5 loi), Crustaeta (3 loi), Gastropoda (1 loi). - Giai on ma l c s hin din ca 17 loi thuc 6 lp: Polychaeta (4 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (3 loi), Crustaeta (3 loi), Gastropoda (4 loi) v Insecta (1 loi). - Giai on cui ma ma c s hin din ca 25 loi thuc 5 lp: Polychaeta (8 loi), Oligochaeta (2 loi), Bivalvia (7 loi), Crustaeta (6 loi), Gastropoda (2 loi). 2.3. Cht lng trm tch vng ng bng sng Cu Long 2.3.1. Gi tr pH Gi tr pH trong bn y thch hp cho h ng vt y dao ng t 6,5 9,0. Nu gi tr pH > 9,0 hay pH < 6.5 s gy tc ng xu n h ng thc vt thy sinh, c bit l ng vt y. Ngun gy nh hng ch yu n gi tr pH trong bn y sng vng BNB t qu trnh lan truyn phn v t nc bin.

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Qua kt qu phn tch bn y ao nm 2008 ti cc im quan trc cho thy rng gi tr pH khng c s dao ng ln gia cc ma trong nm. - Trn tuyn sng Hu: gi tr pH dao ng t 6,55 7,93, sng Tin t 6,48 8,53 v ti cc im trn nhnh sng dao ng t 6,50 8,51 (ngoi tr im S29 c gi tr pH kh thp y l ni tip nhn ngun nc t qu trnh canh tc nng nghip trn vng t phn T Gic Long Xuyn). 2.3.2. Thnh phn dinh dng Thnh phn dinh dng trong bn y ao c hnh thnh t qu trnh lng t ca cc cht l lng, hp cht hu c t phn bn trong canh tc nng nghip, nc thi sinh hot ca cc khu th, thc n d tha t hot ng nui trng thy sn, xc b ng thc vt S lng t cc thnh phn dinh dng ny ph thuc vo mt s nhn t nh kch c ht, tnh cht ha hc v s chuyn ng ca nc. a). Hm lng nit tng (Nt) Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng Nt trn tuyn sng Hu v sng Tin c s dao ng ln vo giai on cui ma ma v cc ma khc trong nm 2008. - Trn sng Hu: nhng im h ngun vo giai on cui ma ma (do s bi lng ph sa vo giai on ma l) lm cho hm lng Nt kh cao (Nt > 350mg/kg). Mt khc, hm lng Nt vo giai on ma kh ch dao ng t 20,8 76,5mg/kg. - Trn sng Tin: hm lng Nt c s dao ng kh ln gia cc ma quan trc. Hm lng Nt t gi tr cao nht vo giai on cui ma ma (47 335mg/kg), vo u ma ma (96 216mg/kg), ma l (23,4 70,7mg/kg) v ma kh (19,1 72,6mg/kg). - Trn cc nhnh sng: hm lng Nt t gi tr rt cao vo giai on cui ma ma (225,8 480,8mg/kg) v gia ma l (58,9 455mg/kg). Vo giai on ma kh, hm lng Nt kh thp v ch dao ng t 21,4 65,6mg/kg v tng giai on u ma ma (46 170mg/kg). b). Hm lng photpho tng (Pt) Ngun gy nh hng n kh nng tch t P trong bn y vng Ty Nam B t vic s dng phn bn trong canh tc nng nghip. Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng Pt trong bn y sng vng Ty Nam B c s dao ng ng k theo cc ma trong nm. Vo giai on u ma ma, hm lng Pt t gi tr trung bnh cao nht so vi cc ma khc trong nm. Hm lng Pt (mg/kg) ca sng Hu l giao ng t 93.99-8.19 (cui ma ma) v sng Tin l 58,988,10 (cui ma ma) 2.3.3. Thnh phn kim loi nng Thnh phn kim loi nng trong bn y sng l do qu trnh tch t t nc mt b nhim bn. Ngun pht sinh kim loi nng lm nh hng n cht lng bn
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y sng vng Ty Nam B ch yu t vic khai thc t phn phc v cho canh tc nng nghip, s dng phn bn ha hc v thuc bo v thc vt, khai thc khong sn v chu nh hng t hot ng sn xut v khai thc m cc nc thng lu sng Mkng. a). Hm lng ch (Pb) Qua kt qu phn tch cho thy hm lng Pb khng c s dao ng ln gia cc im quan trc v cc ma trong nm 2008. - Trn sng Hu: Hm lng Pb dao ng t 7,27 22,7mg/kg vo giai on ma kh; 7,33 21,44mg/kg vo giai on u ma ma; 8,4 26,17mg/kg vo giai on ma l v 4,77 18,67 vo giai on cui ma ma. - Trn sng Tin: Hm lng Pb khng c s dao ng ln gia cc im o, im c gi tr Pb cao nht ch t 17,9mg/kg v thp nht l 3,7mg/kg cho c 4 t quan trc. - Trn cc nhnh sng: Hm lng Pb ti cc im quan trc c s khc bit, ti im kho st (y l im chu nh hng rt ln t nc bin, Pb = 43,85-ma kh) c hm lng Pb kh cao vo giai on ma kh. sng Hu l giao ng t 18,67-4,779 mg/kg (cui ma ma) v sng Tin l 27,51-3,70 mg/kg (cui ma ma) b). Hm lng Arsenic (As) - Trn sng Hu: Hm lng Arsenic (As) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 2,91 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 11,58mg/kg. Tuy nhin gi tr trung bnh cng ch dao ng ttrong khong 5,44-7,7 mg/kg. - Trn sng Tin: Hm lng Arsenic (As) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,29 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 23,1mg/kg (u ma ma).Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 5,5-9,9 mg/kg. - Trn cc nhnh sng: Hm lng Arsenic (As) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 4,15 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 11,64mg/kg (u ma ma).Ga tr trung c). Hm lng Cadmium (Cd) Hm lng Cadimium (Cd) u pht hin ti tt c im o nhng mc thp (Cd < 0,68 mg/kg, ngng gy nh hng), ngoi tr im kho st l im bin gii gia Vit Nam v Campuchia, c hm lng Cd > 0,68mg/kg vo giai on u ma. - Trn sng Hu: Hm lng Cadmium (Cd) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,035 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 1,05mg/kg. Gi tr trung bnh cng ch dao ng ttrong khong 0,15933-0,24333 mg/kg. - Trn sng Tin: Hm lng Cadmium (Cd)bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,0047 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 0,61mg/kg (u ma ma).Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 0,15833-0,277 mg/kg.

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- Trn cc nhnh sng: Hm lng Cadmium (Cd) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,01mg/kg cho n cao nht l 0,36mg/kg (u ma ma).Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 0,09522-0,15111 mg/kg. d). Hm lng thy ngn (Hg) Thy ngn c xem l kim loi nng c tnh c t cao i vi h ng, thc vt thy sinh, tch t vo c th sng v lm nh hng nghim trng n sc kho con ngi bng chui thc phm. - Trn sng Hu: Hm lng Thy ngn (Hg) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,04 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 1,47mg/kg. Gi tr trung bnh cng ch dao ng ttrong khong 0,2449-0,9633 mg/kg. - Trn sng Tin: Hm lng Thy ngn (Hg) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,074 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 17,27mg/kg Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 0,2059-2,6683 mg/kg. - Trn cc nhnh sng: Hm lng Thy ngn (Hg) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 0,085mg/kg cho n cao nht l 2,38mg/kg .Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 0,1869-1,5211 mg/kg. e). Hm lng st (Fe) Hm lng Fe trn sng Hu v sng Tin khng c s khc bit ng k gia cc ma trong nm v t mc kh thp (dao ng t 5 30mg/kg) ngoi tr mt s im cao t bin. Tuy nhin, hm lng Fe kh cao ti cc im quan trc trn cc tuyn sng - Trn sng Hu: Hm lng st (Fe) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 6,5 mg/kg (ma l) cho n cao nht l 65,573mg/kg. Gi tr trung bnh cng ch dao ng ttrong khong 17,5622-25,113 mg/kg. - Trn sng Tin: Hm lng st (Fe) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 5,437 mg/kg cho n cao nht l 81,27mg/kg ( ma kh).Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 13,2054-25,5267 mg/kg. - Trn cc nhnh sng: Hm lng st (Fe) bin ng trong khong t thp nht l 13,378mg/kg cho n cao nht l150,54mg/kg (cui ma ma).Ga tr trung bnh cng thay i theo cc ma t 29,1933-48,4558 mg/kg. Nhn chung hm lng st (Fe) trong trm tch y sng khu vc Ty Nam B thng rt cao, phn nh s tc ng ca vng t phn kh ph bin khu vc ny. 2.4. Mt s khu bo tn a dng sinh hc ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long Trong nhng nm va qua, s pht trin ngh nui tm cc vng t ngp gn bin bin cc rng trm, c thnh t nui tm, lm nhim mi trng nc v t. Tc ph rng tng nhanh, hu hi sinh hc cn c nguy c lm t si mn, bin ln v li ch kinh t ngn hn l gi qu t m kinh nghim va qua cho thy. bo v nhng vng thin nhin a dng sinh hc
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cn st li, Vit Nam gn y thit lp Vng BSCL cc vn quc gia v khu d tr sinh quyn (biospheres). Vn quc gia Chm Chim ng Thp, rng nc ngp Tr S An Giang, rng quc gia nc ngp mn C Mau U Minh Thng, rng nc ngp Kin Lng gn Hn Chng Kin Giang l khu d tr sinh quyn (UNESCO Biosphere Reserve). Ti nguyn rng b tn ph nng n v nhiu sinh vt qu him nh su u , ri c c nguy c b tuyt chng. (1). Rng trm Kin Lng (tnh Kin Giang) Khu d tr sinh quyn Kin Giang, rng 11 triu ha, gm khu rng trm Kin Lng - Kin Hi, Vn quc gia U Minh Thng, Vn quc gia Ph Quc c cng nhn bi UNESCO vo nm 2006. y l khu d tr sinh quyn ln nht ng Nam v l mt trong nm khu d tr sinh quyn quan trng Vit Nam, rt a dng v mi trng nh san h, c bin, b bin (dugong), ra bin ( cc hn v o Ph Quc), trm, ri c, su u . (2). Vn quc gia U Minh Thng H sinh thi rng U Minh bn o C Mau vi con sng Trm chy gia rng, chia rng thnh hai khu vc U Minh Thng (thuc tnh Kin Giang) v U Minh H (thuc tnh C Mau). Rng nguyn sinh ch yu tp trung U Minh Thng, c hng trm loi thc vt, ch yu l trm, mp, mt ct, nhiu loi dng x, to, ... nhiu loi b st v lng th (trn, k , c su, ra, rn, ...), cc loi chim (nh c, chim trch, ...) v cn trng, ... Nm 2001, cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra rng U Minh c loi c lng mi (ri c, Lutra sumatrana) qu him nm trong sch Vit Nam v sch th gii. C lng mi trc y cn c phn b Tha Thin, An Giang, Cn Th v C Mau nay th ch cn rng U Minh. K hoch bo tn loi ri c qu him ny cng l mt l do rng U Minh tr thnh vn quc gia. Din tch rng vo nhng nm trc 1950 l khong 400 ngn ha, n nm 1970 cn gn 200 ngn ha v thi im 1990 cn khong 100 ngn ha. S liu iu tra kim k rng nm 1995 cho bit rng c gi tr bo tn thin nhin U Minh H thuc tnh C Mau l 4.200ha, tp trung khu vc V Di v Khu bo tn thin nhin U Minh Thng thuc tnh Kin Giang c din tch rng l 8.053ha. Rng U Minh Thng c chnh thc tr thnh Vn quc gia vo u nm 2002. (3). Rng c dng Tr S Gia nhng cnh ng la bt ngt thuc huyn Tnh Bin, tnh An Giang, l rng trm ngp nc Tr S, c trng thm v ti to li rng t nhng nm u thp nin 1980. Rng Tr S c xp loi l rng c dng c bo v. Rng c din tch 845ha v vng m 645ha. y l vng t acid phn, ngp nc quanh nm trong khu vc Ty sng Hu, quy t nhiu loi cy c, cc loi chim, th qu him nh c trng, c en, in in, le le, di, ... v i khi su u n trong vi nm gn y. Cha phi l rng quc gia nhng rng thuc loi c bo v. y l khu du lch sinh thi mi c sc va c khuyn
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khch m du khch hc hi v cnh quan mi trng rng trm ngp nc h lu sng Cu Long trc khi con ngi n khai hoang lp nghip. (4). Vn quc gia Trm Chim - ng Thp Mi Rng ngp nc Trm Chim, cch th x Cao Lnh 40km, l khu rng duy nht cn li ca vng trng ngp nc rng ln ng Thp Mi. Qua cc h thng knh rch v dn n lp nghip, t nm 1975 n 1995, khong 700 ngn ha c chuyn thnh t canh tc. Nm 1998, Trm Chim, rng khong 7.600ha, c cng nhn l vn quc gia bo v h sinh thi c trng ca vng trng ng Thp Mi. y l vng t quan trng cho nhiu loi chim him nh su u n tr n, kim n v ngh trong ma kh. (5). H sinh thi vng ni St, khu vc Hn Chng Vng ven bin Ba Hn - Hn Chng s lng ng vt ph du kh cao (>25mg/m3). Gn y nht (thng 11/1994) theo kt qu nghin cu ca Trung Tm Bo V Mi Trng (EPC) v Phn Vin Sinh Thi v Ti Nguyn Sinh Vt ti vng ven b bin khu vc Hn Chng c 35 loi ng vt phiu sinh c phn lp. Ph bin nht l cc loi Copepoda (22 loi), Rotatoria (3 loi), Cladocera (3 loi). Ti vng ven b Hn Chng c 91 loi thc vt phiu sinh c xc nh. Phong ph nht v thnh phn l to silic (Bacillariophyta): 80 loi, Cyanophyta: 3 loi, Pyrrophyta: 2 loi. Cc loi to lc (Chlorophyta) v to mt (Euglenophyta) ch c trong knh mn khng cao. C th nhn thy rng knh ni ng s lng thc vt phiu sinh thp (83.000 - 168.000 t bo/m3), nhng bi triu s lng ca chng rt cao (6.880 - 16.140.000 t bo/m3). c bit vng Ni St khu vc Hn Chng cn c xut l khu c sinh cnh c bit thch hp i vi phn loi Su u (Grus antigone sharpii). S lng cao nht l 377 c th c m ti khu vc Hn Chng vo nm 2002. Loi Qum cnh xanh (Pseudibis davisoni) cng c pht hin ti khu vc ny vo nm 1999 v 2003 (Buckton et al. 1999, theo li Nguyn Phc Bo Ho, 2003). Loi ny ang b suy gim nghim trng ti tt c cc khu phn b ca loi trn th gii. 3. Nhng vn mi trng c lin quan n sng v bin vng ng bng sng Cu Long 3.1. Nhng vn mi trng c lin quan n sng vng ng bng sng Cu Long Cc vn mi trng ti BSCL c khi qut nh trong hnh 3.1

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Hnh 3.1: Cc vn v mi trng BSCL. 3.1.1. Nhim mn 1). Mt s tc ng ca qu trnh xm nhp mn ngy cng su V nc sinh hot: cc vng dn c, nc ngt trn cc sng rch l ngun nc sinh hot duy nht, khi nc mn xm nhp s gy ra thiu nc tiu dng m hu qu ca n l dch bnh do s dng thiu nc v sinh. Mt s thnh ph/th trn vng gip ranh mn, nay ranh gii mn tin su vo c th dn n tnh trng thiu nc sinh hot trm trng cho c dn (nh thnh ph Tn An, thnh ph Bn Tre,) V sn xut: Gy hn ni chung vi phm vi ngy cng rng hn, trc ht l cho la ng xun bi v khng th ly nc knh rch ti. Nu nc mn trn ln ng rung s lm cht hng lot trn nhng cnh ng rung ln. Thm ch ngay c khi mn cn thp hn 1% cng c th lm gim nng sut, v nui trng thu sn, nu nc mn trn vo cc ao, a nui thu sn nc ngt, s lm gim nng sut hoc tht thu hon ton. Ngay c i vi ao nui tm nc mn, nu mn cao qu cng lm gim nng sut tm. Do mn tng cao v tin su vo sng rch, cy n tri b thit hi. Chng hn ti vng ng ba sng Tin mt s din tch cy n tri b thit hi. Mi vo gia thng 3, mn cao nht G Cng l 6,65 (cao hn 1998 l 1,6,ti Cu Ni Tin Giang 9,89, ti Lc Thun Bn Tre mn tng ln 10,4, ti M Thanh Sc Trng mn tng ln n 23,9, Tr Vinh 8,4, ) 2). Nhn xt chung v tnh hnh xm nhp mn cc tnh BSCL
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Xm nhp mn din bin rt bt thng ngy ny sang ngy khc, nm ny sang nm khc trn h thng sng ngi knh rch ng bng sng Cu Long. Chng ta c th hiu kh r rng cc yu t nh hng n xm nhp mn trn ton cnh cng nh trn ton nhnh sng, knh v mc nht nh thy trc c chiu hng din bin ca xm nhp mn BSCL. Ngoi nhng mt tch cc, xm nhp mn vn l hn ch rt to ln i vi s pht trin ca BSCL. iu ng ni thm l: vi yu cu pht trin trc mt, tnh hnh mn tr nn nghim trng v bt u bc vo tnh trng bp bnh, mt n nh, c lc tr nn rt bt li. i vi nhng vng b mn nhiu trong ma kh, s khai thc pht trin ang cn bc l mt s mu thun. Vn tip nc ngt cho dn sinh; nc phc v sinh hot v cho cnh quan mi trng ca cng ng trong iu kin cng nghip ho, hin i ho tr nn cp thit v rt kh gii quyt. Cn i su xut bin php cho tng vng vi c im khc nhau: vng thng xuyn mn nhiu, vng b mn mt s thng trong nm, vng bt u b e do, mi vng cn i su vo cc vn m ton b cuc sng kinh t v x hi t ra nh: nc sinh hot, nc cho cy trng v thi v, vn ao, nui trng, nh bt thu sn, cnh quan v mi trng, T c bin php cng trnh (, cng, ) v cch qun l thch hp. 3.1.2. Nhim phn Do nhu cu ci to t phn trng la, h thng knh thu li ngy cng dy c. Knh mng c o p trn vng t phn a vt liu sinh phn su 0,5 - 2m ln b mt. Do , cht lng nc trong vng b nhim nng hn. Cc c t nh: Al3+, Fe2+, H+ trong t phn c dng nc (l, ma) ra tri xung knh rch, lm nhim nghim trng ngun nc. Vic nng nng sut cy trng ti ch do ra phn qua h thng knh rch vng ny li gy thit hi cho vng ln cn. Ngun nc nhim, nh hng thm ch c hi cho sc khe, sinh vng con ngi nhiu thng trong nm. Ngun li thu sn cng gim st do nhim nc phn, chng khng cn ni sinh sng, chim th phi di tr i ni khc. Nhiu vng rng ln, vng h ngun phi b hoang do b nhim phn nng hn, t vic o p knh mng qu nhiu trn vng t phn nng. Trong khi rng Trm l chic my lc nc t nhin khng l. N ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ci thin cht lng nc khng ch cho nc phn ti ch m n cn c th ra phn cho nhng cnh ng b phn ln cn. N c th gip lm gim c hi cho ngun nc thi t cc khu nng nghip ln cn dn v, to ra ngun nc sch cho vng h ngun, trc khi ra bin. Thc vy, cc vt rng t rng trm ngoi vic gip ci thin chua phn (pH) ca nc (trn mt t) v lm gim qu trnh tch t cc ion st v nhm, ngi ta cng dng nc trong rng trm ti x phn cho t nng nghip, lm tng nng sut la. Nc rng Trm c tc dng ra h phn cao hn gp 15 ln so vi nc knh rch khc (Ni & Safford & Maltby, 1998). Ngoi ra, tn rng
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trm cng gi cho mc nc ngm khng qu su, gi cho tng sinh phn (pyrit) iu kin kh oxy. Do , hn ch qu trnh phn ho trong ma kh. Ni c rng trm cht lng nc v t ti dn dn c ci thin l iu vn quen thuc vi ngi dn ng bng sng Cu Long. 3.1.3. nhim v suy thoi t t vng BSCL a s c dng vo mc ch sn xut nng nghip, trong ch lc l trng cy la v cy n tri. Vic canh tc la hin nay ti mt s vng c h s s dng t rt cao, thng thng l 3 v/nm, c nhng ni 7 v/2 nm. Vi mc thm canh cao, thi gian phc hi cho t khng c v lng phn bn ho hc cng vi lng thuc bo v thc vt s dng rt ln lm cho t nng nghip ngy cng b nhim ho cht c, gim mu v mt cn bng dinh dng. Hin nay cha nghin cu k vn ny a ra qui hoch v s dng t hp l, chng din bin suy thoi mi trng t nng nghip. Ngoi khu vc t ph sa ngt, l ang c canh tc di dng vn theo m hnh mng lip, t ai tng i n nh do c bi p hng nm v t c tr li mt phn cht dinh dng thng qua phn bn, vt rng, cc khu vc khc u b t nhiu suy thoi v nhim do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. Cc nguyn nhn c th k n l: - Do hot ng cng nghip, dch v: tu thnh phn v tnh cht ca tng loi hnh m cht thi c nh hng n mi trng t nh nhim kim loi nng, nhim du, - Do cht thi sinh hot: cc bi cha rc thi, h thng thot nc, - Do hot ng nng nghip: + Vng t ngp mn: do hin tng ph rng nui tm nn lng vt rng t i, kh nng phn hu thnh mn lm phong ph ho h ng vt y gim. Dn dn nn y b ngho cht dinh dng cho vic pht trin nui trng thu sn, ng thi tch lu cht bn do s phn hu thc n tha v cht thi ca tm, to iu kin cho mm bnh d pht sinh v pht trin; + Ngoi ra, qu trnh o ao nui tm a tng sinh phn ln mt t bin phn tim tng thnh phn hin ti. Phn ny s c ra trong 1 2 ma ma gip t t b phn i, nhng ngc li nc s b nhim phn; + Bn cnh , do tc ng ca sng, gi, dng chy, t b xi l dn hng nm; + Vng t ging ct: do qu trnh canh tc mu lun canh, lin tc, lng dinh dng hu c trong t b ly i v khng tr li kp nn t b suy thoi dn; + Vng t rung: t b suy thoi theo hng bc mu ho do canh tc 2 3 v la, bn phn ho hc cha cn i hp l, t b chai do t s dng phn hu c, ng thi b nhim do vic s dng phn bn v thuc tr su.
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i vi hin trng cht lng t vng BSCL, cn phi k n vn st l v bi t cc ca sng, ven bin y. Theo cc kt qu kho st ca Trung tm Kin to v Tai bin mi trng Thin nhin (thuc Lin on a cht 6) trong nhng nm gn y cho thy ti khu vc BSCL ang c 2 vn : - Bi t xm thc cc vng ca sng: Tp trung vng ca sng Bn Tre, c bit l khu vc ca Ba Lai v ca C Chin. Xm thc cc ca sng din ra vi qui m nh ch yu lin quan n hot ng thu triu, sng v do cc tch t gia lng lm lch dng chy; - Bi t xm thc ven bin: Tp trung vng ca Ba Lai, pha Nam ca Hm Lung (Vm Rng), pha Bc ca C Chin (Vm H), ln nht l khu sn nghu - pha ng cn ln. 3.1.4. Cc vn kinh t x hi v v sinh mi trng trong l v sau l Cc vn kinh t x hi v v sinh mi trng trong l v sau l bao gm: 1). Cc vn kinh t x hi v VSMT trong thi gian ngp l: nhim ngun nc mt do phn, rc, nc thi b cun theo nc l t thng ngun; - nhim ngun nc mt do cht thi b cun theo nc l t cc ngun nhim ti ch: + Phn, rc, nc thi tn ng t cc nh v sinh, h thng cng rnh, chung tri chn nui, bi rc, cc c s sn xut ... b nc l cun tri xung ngun nc (cc ngun tn ng); + Cc hot ng sng chung vi l thi trc tip phn, rc v nc thi vo ngun nc (cc ngun pht sinh trong l); - Gy nhim bn ngun nc cp cho sinh hot; - nhim do cy ci, hoa mu b cht v b ngm trong nc lu ngy; - nhim do xc cht mt s loi ng vt; - Gia tng kh nng lan truyn bnh dch; - Gia tng au m, bnh tt (nga, gh l, mn , au mt, au bng, tiu chy ...); - nh hng ca nc l ti cc hot ng ti h ngun; - Lng ng bn, rc; - Gy ph hu nh ca v c s h tng; - Gy ph hu nguyn vt liu, sn phm; - Gy hng hc my mc thit b; - Gy nh tr sn xut, sinh hot, giao thng, - Thiu lng thc, thc phm, nc ung, thuc men, qun o.
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2). Cc vn kinh t x hi v VSMT sau thi gian ngp l: - nhim do nc t ng; - nhim do bn lng ng; - nhim do rc thi, xc thc vt cht; - nhim do xc ng vt cht; - Gia tng kh nng pht sinh bnh dch; - Sa cha, v sinh nh ca n nh sinh hot; - Sa cha my mc thit b, v sinh v phc hi sn xut; - Sa cha c s h tng, sa cha ng giao thng, no vt h thng thot nc; - Phc hi h thng cp nc, xc ra ging nc; - Thi b cc vt nguyn vt liu, sn phm b h hng. Cc vn kinh t x hi v VSMT nu trn l c s xut cc gii php VSMT thch hp trong v sau ngp l ti BSCL. 3.1.5. nhim ngun nc t canh tc nng nghip Theo Vin nghin cu h thng canh tc, trng i hc Cn Th, nc tiu thot t rung la, t lip, knh mng mi o, nc thi t nui thu sn, ... hin l tc nhn chnh gy nhim ngun nc ti ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL). Qua kho st cht lng nc nc sng rch, knh mng ti nhiu tnh cho thy trong mu nc tn lu cc cht gm nhng ion gy chua nh nhm (Al), st (Fe), sulphat, phn tha ca phn ho hc (N, P, K), thuc tr su, thuc dit c, ... Cht lng nc tiu thot t nc canh tc va nu rt thp, nh hng khng tt vi mi trng, s dng lu di c hi cho sc kho v gia sc, gia cm. iu ny ph hp vi nh gi ca nhiu nh khoa hc thuc Vin la BSCL: 90% nng dn trong vng s dng phn ho hc, thuc bo v thc vt tu tin, thng xuyn vt mc cho php. Ngoi ra, nng dn thng thuc tha xung rung, ao h, sng rch lm cht lng nc thp thm. Hu qu d thy nht l lng thu sn trn ng rung, sng rch trong khu vc gim mnh. Nhiu vng nh T gic Long Xuyn, bn o C Mau, ng Thp Mi, ... ngun tm c ng cn kit. S pht trin mnh m nui thu sn BSCL vi gn 1 triu ha mt nc hin nay cng gy nhim vi qui m ngy cng ln v a dng v trong qu trnh nui, ngi nui x nc trong ao h ra sng ngi. Lng c tm cng ln th cht thi cng nhiu, nc thi, bn cha phn ca cc loi thu sn, thc n d tha b thi ra, cht tn d ca cc loi vt t s dng trong nui trng nh ho cht, vi, cht khong, kh hu c, kh v c H 2S, NH3,... t ni nui x ra sng rch cng gy nhim cao.
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Vic nui vi k thut cng cao, mt cng ln (nh nui theo hnh thc thm canh, cng nghip) th ngun thi ra cng ln. Chi cc bo v mi trng Ty Nam b kim tra mu nc sng rch nhiu tnh BSCL, kt qu cho thy hu ht cc ao nui c, tm u c du hiu nhim hu c, cc cht COD, BOD, Ni t, Pht pho... u cao hn tiu chun cho php, tc ng bt li n h sinh thi. Nguyn nhn do pht trin nui thu sn trong khu vc ny t pht, thiu qui hoch ng b. Theo S ti nguyn v mi trng Cn Th, hu ht nc cc ao nui (din tch hn 14.000ha) ti a phng u c du hiu nhim hu c. Hm lng cc cht BOD, COD, N t, Photpho, ... cao hn tiu chun cho php. Ngoi ra cn c cc cht c hi nh H2S, NH3+, Coliform. Nhng tc nhn ni trn ang gy nhim mi trng nc ti a phng kh nghim trng. Cc c quan khoa hc khuyn co cc a phng y mnh tuyn truyn, ph bin, hng dn nng dn s dng phn ho hc, thuc bo v v nhng ho cht khc ng theo khuyn co; tng cng kim tra, kp thi ngn chn cc c s sn xut cng nghip cht thi xung sng rch, trnh lm mi trng sng, trc ht l ngun nc b nhim thm. Cc a phng cn phi hp cht ch vi nhau qui hoch pht trin cc vng nui thu sn ph hp vi iu kin t nhin, kh hu ca tng a phng v c bin php gim thiu, tin ti ngn chn pht tn cc cht gy nhim mi trng trong qu trnh nui; u t xy dng nhanh h thng thu li phc v nui trng thu sn nc ngt, mn, l; ph bin rng Lut Bo v mi trng v cc qui nh v kim sot cht thi; tng cng thanh tra, kim tra, x l nghim cc c s, c nhn gy nhim mi trng; tch cc vn ng nhn dn tham gia bo v mi trng, c bit l mi trng nc. 3.1.6. nh hng ca bin i kh hu ng bng sng Cu Long l khu vc chu nh hng nng n nht ca bin i kh hu v nc bin dng. Ngay c trong kch bn t c s thay i nht, n cui th k ny, nhit trung bnh nc ta s tng gn 20C, hng ngn km2 BSCL chm di mc nc bin. Theo bo co ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, trong khong 50 nm qua, nhit trung bnh nm Vit Nam tng 0,5 - 0,70C, mc nc bin dng 20cm. L mt trong 5 quc gia chu nh hng nng n nht ca bin i kh hu ton cu, cc hin tng thi tit cc oan nh bo, l, hn hn, ... i vi nc ta ngy cng tr nn c lit. Hin tng nng ln ca thi tit trong nhng nm qua gy hng lot h lu v sn xut nng nghip, nh hng ti ngun ti nguyn nc, sc kho ngi dn, .. Vi mc nc bin dng cao, hng lot khu vc ng bng ven bin dn bin mt, c s h tng chu nh hng, ... Ngoi ra, vi kch bn v bin i kh hu c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt, ngi dn cng c th t mnh tm cch ng ph vi din bin phc
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tp ca thi tit. V d nh vi hin tng nc bin dng, ngi dn nn xy nh kin c v xa b bin. Trong trng hp c ma bo, cn ch ng theo di thng tin v nhanh chng s tn khi c yu cu. 3.1.7. Tc ng n s c st l b sng Nguyn nhn st l b sng cc tnh trong vng nghin cu ni ring v c vng ng bng sng Cu Long trong nhng nm qua l do nn t yu ph bin ton vng, on sng cong, lung lch khng n nh, ch dng chy phc tp, cu to nn a cht mm ca dng dn to nn bin ng ca dng chy, gy st l bt ng. Nc l v triu cng gy nhiu phn p, c sc bo mn, xoy l mnh, e da nhiu on sng, knh, bin. Ngoi nhng nguyn nhn khch quan do yu t a cht, nn khai thc ct ba bi, t, tri php vi khi lng ln thi gian qua cng l nguyn nhn chnh gp phn gy nn tnh trng st l t ngy cng din bin theo chiu hng nghim trng cc tnh trong vng nghin cu. Tp qun ca ngi dn vng ng bng sng Cu Long sng dc theo cc tuyn sng. Do vy, hin tng st l b sng lm nh hng nghim trng n tnh mng con ngi. Theo kt qu tng hp mt s khu vc b st l in hnh nh sau: Tnh An Giang: Trn a bn tnh An Giang, khu vc sng Tin, hin c 13 im st l, vi cung trt t 2 n 30m/nm, c bit ti cc x Vnh Ha, Tn An (huyn Tn Chu); Kin An, Tn M, Long in A (huyn Ch Mi) l nhng ni st l thng xuyn v nguy him nht, nh hng n hng trm h dn c ng ven sng rch trong khu vc. Dc b sng Hu i qua a bn An Giang hin c n 25 im b st l. Ti cc x: Vnh Trng, Quc Thi, Vnh Lc, Ph Hu, Khnh An (huyn An Ph), Ph Bnh (huyn Ph Tn), c lao Ph Ba, M Ha Hng (thnh ph Long Xuyn) v cn Bnh Thy (huyn Chu Ph) mc st l gia tng. ng lo ngi l ti nhng im ang b st l c s lng dn c sinh sng ng c. Khu vc cn Vnh Trng (huyn An Ph), tng vt t ln lin tc b cun xung dng sng trong thi gian qua, khin hng chc h dn ni y php phng lo s. Tnh ng Thp: Ti ng Thp, tnh trng st l hai b sng Tin, sng Hu cng ang din bin phc tp khi nc l u ngun t Cam-pu-chia v. Hin nay, ton tnh c 99 on b sng ang b st l, vi tng chiu di hn 172km thuc a phn 44 x, phng, th trn, tp trung nhiu nht cc huyn:
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Hng Ng, Thanh Bnh, Chu Thnh v th x Sa c. C ni vt st l n su vo b t 10 n 25m. Khng ch cc tnh thuc u ngun vng l nh An Giang, ng Thp chu nh hng ca tnh trng st l t, m cc tnh Vnh Long, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, C Mau v c thnh ph Cn Th, a bn ven sng Hu cng lin tip xy ra st l t b sng, bin. Ngoi ra, Hot ng giao thng vn ti ng thy gy nn cc tc ng n dng chy t nhin ca sng, sinh ra cc tc ng xi l b sng, sp l cu cng tip nhn v xut hng ha, nh hng n cc cng trnh h tng c s (cu cng, b sng, thay i cc b ch dng chy) nh hng n cc hot ng ca th v cc cm dn c ven sng rch. Hot ng mt cao ca cc phng tin ng thy c tc ng xo trn dng chy, ko theo s vn c ca mi trng nc trong khu vc hot ng bn tu, bn cng. Bn cnh cc ngun thi nh rc thi, nc thi sinh hot, cht thi rn ca phng tin giao thng thy cng nh ngun nc thi sc ra phng tin, nc thi nhim ducha c x l trit thi vo sng rch gy nhim mi trng. c bit cc khu vc cu cng,bn tu, bn xut nhp hng khi quan trc cht lng nc cho thy thng c s hin din ca hm lng du trong nc rt cao, gy nhim mi trng. Trn tuyn sng Hu cn c s bi lng do qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu t ct b cun tri ca hot ng giao thng vn ti thy tc ng n cc ni khc gy bi t trong lng sng v ven b. Hin nay hng nm tuyn sng Hu nh nc phi t chc no vt long sng nhng ni b cn m bo phng tin giao thng c th hot ng an ton. Cm cng ng thy quc t Cn Th phi t chc no vt gn 6 triu m3 ct do qu trnh bi lng lng sng. Ca nh An qu trnh bi lng rt mnh i hi nhiu chi ph u t thng lung m bo cho cc phng tin vn ti ln ng thy ni a v tu bin vo cng hot ng xut nhp hng ha. S c trn du trn sng v trn bin xy ra trong khu vc nghin cu nh: S c trn du nm 2007 trc tip tc ng vo tnh Sc Trng v Tr Vinh gy thit hi cho ngi dn nui trng thy sn ven bin. Cc s c trn du trn sng rch, s c giao thng thy i vi cc phng tin cng hot ng v cc cng trnh h tng ca ngi dn gy cc thit hi rt ng k n kinh t v tnh mng ca con ngi y.

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3.2. Nhng vn v mi trng bin vng ng bng sng Cu Long Nm 2009, Cc iu tra v Kim sot ti nguyn Mi trng bin tin hnh t kho st thng 5/2009 ti mt s im thuc Vng bin Ty Nam B v bin Cn Sn. Ti thi im kho st, hi tit bin vo thi k cui ma kh, tri nhiu my, t ma. Gi Ty Nam vi cp trung bnh khng ch ton vng bin Ty Nam B v bin Cn Sn, bin ng nh. - Nhit trung bnh ca nc bin Ty Nam B l 29,80C v nc bin Cn Sn l 29,50C nm trong gii hn cho php i vi nc bin ven b cho cc mc ch s dng theo QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT, cao hn so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008 t 0,3 0,80C. mui trung bnh nc bin Ty Nam B v bin Cn Sn thp hn k quan trc thng 5/2008 t 0,9 1,14. Cc thng s DO, pH, c nm trong gii hn cho php i vi nc bin ven b cho cc mc ch s dng, t bin ng so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008. - Hm lng trung bnh cc cht dinh dng trong nc bin Ty Nam B v bin Cn Sn nm trong gii hn cho php i vi nc bin ven b cho cc mc ch s dng. Khu vc bin gn ca sng c bin C Mau ti im quan trc s 1, s 2 do nh hng ca ngun nc trong lc a giu dinh dng chy ra bin, c hm lng mui NH4+ vt gii hn cho php i vi nc bin ven b cho vng nc nui trng thy sn (NTTS) v bo tn thy sinh. - Hm lng CN trong nc bin Ty Nam B l 2,31g/l v bin Cn Sn l 2,38g/l nm trong gii hn cho php i vi nc bin ven b cho cc mc ch s dng, gim r rt so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008. - Hm lng du tng mt nc bin Ty Nam B l 0,25mg/l. Hm lng du cao vt gii hn cho php khu vc gn ca sng c bin C Mau (im quan trc s 1, s 2), khu vc ngoi khi pha nam o Th Chu (im quan trc s 6); khu vc ngoi khi bin Kin Giang (im quan trc s 8, s 15). Cc khu vc c hm lng du cao do chu nh hng ca ngun nc nhim du trong lc a chy ra bin, khu vc gn ng hng hi quc t v ni c nhiu tu khai thc hi sn hot ng. - Hm lng cc kim loi nng Cu, PB, Zn, As, Cd, Hg trong nc bin ti tt c cc im quan trc bin Ty Nam B v bin Cn Sn u nm trong gii hn cho php i vi nc bin cho vng NTTS v bo tn thy sinh theo QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT. Nu so vi tiu chun nc bin theo ngh ca ASEAN: hm lng Cu, Pb, Hg trong nc bin Ty Nam B, hm lng Cu v Hg trong nc bin Cn Sn t v vt gii hn cho php. Hm lng trung bnh ca Zn trong nc bin Ty Nam B l 18,72g/l v bin Cn Sn l 14,38g/l gia tng kh r so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008. - bt gp 131 loi thc vt ph du trong vng nc bin Ty Nam B vi mt trung bnh 36.324 t bo/lt, gia tng khong 4 ln so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008. Ch s a dng loi ca qun x thc vt ph du l H'= 4,3. bt gp hin tng thy triu khu vc im quan trc s 5 pha ng nam
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o Th Chu; im quan trc s 11, s 12 khu vc ng nam o Ph Quc bin Kin Giang. Cc loi thc vt ph du in hnh n hoa gy ra hin tng thy triu im quan trc s 5 l Chaetoceros compressus, Chaetoceros distans; im quan trc s 11 l Bacteriastrum hyalinum, Chaetoceros distans; im quan trc s 12 l Pseudosolenia calcar-avis, Chaetoceros compressus, Thalassionema frauenfeldii. Trong vng nc bin Cn Sn bt gp 58 loi thc vt ph du vi mt trung bnh 1.142 t bo/lt, thp hn so k quan trc thng 5/2008. Ch s tng a dng loi ca qun x thc vt ph du l H' = 4,2. Trong t quan trc, xc nh c mt s loi to c th gy c, gy hi cho ng vt thu sinh trong vng nc bin Ty Nam B v Cn Sn. Tuy nhin cc loi ny u c mt thp, in hnh l cc loi: Noctiluca scintillans, Trichodesmium erythraeum, Trichodesmium thiebauti. - bt gp 62 loi ng vt ph du sinh sng trong vng nc bin Ty Nam B vi sinh vt lng trung bnh 587 con/m3 106,97 mg/m3, t bin ng so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008. Ch s a dng loi ca qun x ng vt ph du l H' = 4,1. bt gp 44 loi ng vt phu du sinh sng trong vng nc bin Cn Sn vi sinh vt lng trung bnh 253 con/m3 64,34 mg/m3, bin ng khng nhiu so vi k quan trc thng 5/2008. Ch s tng a dng loi ca qun x ng vt ph du l H' = 4,2. PHN 2. KT LUN V KIN NGH 1. KT LUN - Ch ngp l ng bng sng Cu Long (BSCL) hng nm tc ng nhiu mt n iu kin sinh sng ca ngi dn, n c s h tng, n pht trin kinh t, y t, gio dc v c bit l tc ng n sc kho ca cng ng dn c. - Nhng nm gn y, qu trnh chuyn dch c cu canh tc nng nghip la nc truyn thng sang nui tm nc mn lm cho din bin xm nhp mn gia tng nhanh chng, to nn cc p lc mi i vi h canh tc nc ngt khu vc BSCL. - c bit BSCL cn c vng t phn kh ln tp trung ng Thp Mi, T gic Long Xuyn, Bn o C Mau, ... vi din tch khong 1,5 triu ha. Tc ng ca cc hot ng canh tc nng-lm-ng din ra qu trnh lan truyn phn c tc ng n mi trng nc v t BSCL. - Qu trnh s dng t trong canh tc nng nghip, nui trng thu sn, cng nghip, th ho, ... lm bin i t, suy thoi t gy nhim mi trng. Din tch nui trng thu sn tng ln rt nhanh. Nm 2000 l 445.300ha, n nm 2006 l 699.200ha, vi tng sn lng thu sn nui trng 1.171.001 tn, chim trn 70% sn lng nui trng v trn 60% tng kim ngch xut khu thu sn ca c nc. Din tch trng la c nm gim dn: Nm 2000 l 3.945.800ha, n nm 2006 l 3.773.200ha (trng la ma, la ng xun v la h thu).
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- Cc h sinh thi t ngp nc b tc ng c v quy m v cht lng cc h sinh thi trong khu vc. S c c cht hng lot An Giang, ng Thp, Cn Th, tm cht ko di Bc Liu, C Mau, Kin Giang, Sc Trng, ... gy thit hi kinh t ln n pht trin kinh t - x hi y. Tng lng bn thi v cht thi nui trng thu sn BSCL khong 456 triu m3/nm. c bit, trong nng nghip hng nm s dng khong 2 triu tn phn bn ho hc, 500.000 tn thuc bo v thc vt v cc ch phm nui trng thu sn, ... gy tc ng nhiu mt ti mi trng v sc kho con ngi. - H sinh thi rng ngp mn ven bin, rng trm ngp ng khu vc BSCL b suy gim do qu trnh khai hoang pht trin canh tc nng nghip, ph rng nui trng thu sn. n nay, din tch t lm nghip trong khu vc ch cn khong 356.200ha - trong , rng t nhin ch chim khong 15% v cn li 85% l rng trng ti sinh. - BSCL hin c t nht 81 v tr xi l b sng, b bin v 37 khu bi lng c nguy c gy s c mi trng. S c trn du vo b bin din ra ko di nm 2007 ti cc tnh C Mau, Bc Liu, Sc Trng, Tr Vinh, Tin Giang, ... gy thit hi kinh t v mi trng khu vc ven bin. - Tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot khong 606.267 tn/nm, nc thi sinh hot 102 triu m3/nm, cht thi rn cng nghip 47,2 triu m3/nm, rc thi y t 3.800 tn/nm. Cc ngun thi ny hu ht cha c x l trit ang gy nhim mi trng trm trng. - Ngun nc trn sng Tin, sng Hu v cc ca sng thng ra bin... c cc du hiu nhim bn cht hu c v vi sinh. Quan trc mi trng nc cho thy cc ch tiu b nhim bn l: BOD, COD, Coliform, H2S, NH4, phn st, ... do cc ngun thi sn xut cng nghip, th v cc khu dn c, ngun thi nui trng thu sn, sn xut nng nghip, ... cha x l trit vn tip tc thi vo h thng sng rch trong khu vc. Ngun nc ngm c khai thc v s dng cho sinh hot i sng, sn xut cng nghip, canh tc nng - lm - ng nghip, ... cha c kim sot cht ch, gy tc ng lm st gim mc nc ngm mt s ni, nhim bn tng nc ngm. - Bn cnh , tnh trng nhim Asen cng c pht hin ng Thp, Long An, Kin Giang, An Giang, Vnh Long, Bc Liu, ... Hin nay, BSCL, c tnh cn khong 20-30% s h gia nh cha c nc sch s dng trong i sng v sinh hot, tc ng n sc kho ca nhn dn v c bit l din bin dch bnh i vi con ngi v nhiu loi vt nui. 2. KIN NGH m bo s pht trin bn vng trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ho v hin i ho BSCL, trn c s ca c im a hnh t nhin, kinh t-x hi v phn vng sinh thi..., chnh quyn cc cp v cc c quan chc nng cn tp trung thc hin tt mt s vn c bn sau y: 2.1. Quy hoch pht trin nng- lm- ng m bo an ninh lng thc v bo v h sinh thi t ngp nc c th BSCL. Pht trin sn xut cng nghip,
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cc khu, cm cng nghip phi gn lin vi quy hoch mi trng trong mi quan h chin lc pht trin vng BSCL. 2.2. Quy hoch pht trin th v cc khu dn c, cm dn c gn lin vi quy hoch cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng. Quy hoch pht trin du lch sinh thi gn lin vi c im vng t ngp nc c th ca cc h sinh thi trong mi quan tm bo v mi trng. Pht trin giao thng vn ti ng b, ng thy... c s h tng thun li cho pht trin kinh t- x hi v gii quyt hi ho cc vn ngp mn, ngp l- c bit l i ph vi tnh trng nc bin dng cao khu vc ven bin BSCL. 2.3. Nng cao nng lc qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng cho cc cp chnh quyn v cc ngnh chc nng trong vic thc thi Lut Bo v mi trng v gii quyt cc vn mi trng t ra. Gim st cht ch quy trnh lp v thm nh nh gi tc ng mi trng theo quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng. 2.4. Gim st cc d n u t, t ngay khi xy dng d n, thm nh d n, u t d n v a vo hot ng, kin quyt x l trit cc hnh thc vi phm Lut Bo v mi trng. H tr cc doanh nghip, ch d n u t trong vic la chn cng ngh u t sn xut, vn u t cho cng ngh x l mi trng v thc hin nhim v bo v mi trng ti c s. 2.5. Nng cao nng lc trong vic quan trc cht lng mi trng, ng cu x l kp thi cc s c mi trng, suy thoi mi trng v nhim mi trng. Tng cng nng lc hot ng nghin cu khoa hc mi trng, ng dng cng ngh mi trng v chuyn giao cng ngh mi trng vo thc tin nn KT-XH. m bo ngn nga nhim mi trng, x l nhim mi trng mt cch hiu qu trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ho v hin i ho khu vc BSCL. 2.6. Tp trung nghin cu, ng dng v chuyn giao hiu qu cc cng ngh x l mi trng nh: Cng ngh x l rc thi, nc sinh hot vng t ngp nc BSCL. Cng ngh x l cht thi cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi. Cng ngh x l cht thi y t v bnh vin. Cng ngh x l cht thi trong ch bin v nui trng thu sn. Cng ngh sinh hc trong x l mi trng. Cng ngh cung cp nc sch hp v sinh. Cc cng ngh sn xut v canh tc hp sinh thi vi vng t ngp nc BSCL... 2.7. Xy dng c ch chnh sch hu hiu tng cng hp tc quc t v nghin cu v chuyn giao cng ngh x l mi trng, m rng th trng cng ngh mi trng BSCL m bo s pht trin bn vng kinh t- x hi v bo v mi trng trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc khu vc BSCL. 2.8. Hin trong hot ng quan trc Mi trng bin mi c Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc bin ven b - QCVN 10:2008/BTNMT (ch p dng cho vng nc 0,3 hi l tr vo b). V vy, cn sm xy dng v ban
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hnh Quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng nc bin (vng ngoi 3 hi l) to iu kin thun li cho cng tc nh gi v cnh bo mi trng bin

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TI LIU THAM KHO [01]. Nin gim thng k 2008, Tng cc Thng k. [02]. Din n kinh t ng bng sng Cu Long, www.mekongdelta.com.vn [03]. Din n hp tc kinh t ng bng sng Cu Long, www.mdec.vn [04]. Mekong Delta Master Plan. Profile of environmental and sustainable use of resources in Mekong Delta. NEDECO. August 1991 [05]. Mekong Delta Master Plan. Integrated report on ethno-socio-economic survey of South Mang Thit region. Socio economic counterpart team. November 1992 [06]. Mekong Delta Master Plan. Thematic study on environmental impacts (Volume 1: Main report environmental profile). NEDECO. November 1992 [07]. Master Plan for Mekong Delta in Vietnam. A perspective for sustainable development of land and water resources. NEDECO. June 1993 [08]. Mekong Delta Master Plan. Thematic study on management of water resources (Volume 2: Flood Control). NEDECO. June 1993 [09]. D n UNDP/WB Quy hoch tng th BSCL (VIE/87/031) (19911993) [10], L Bch Ngc v Phng Chnh tr sng v bo v b bin. Kho st, lp BCNCKT v thit k k thut, theo di thi cng cng trnh bo v b sng Cu Long, sng Si Gn, 1995-1998. [11]. Bo co Tng hp Quy hoch tng th pht trin KTXH vng BSCL thi k 1996-2010. [12]. Phng Ch S. Bo co nhim v :"Phng n x l nhim mi trng do l lt cc tnh ng bng sng Cu Long", 1996. [13]. iu tra din bin chua mn BSCL. Trung tm nghin cu thy nng v cp nc. Vin Khoa hc Thy li Min nam. Bo co 1997 v 1998. [14]. Quy hoch l BSCL (giai on ngn hn). Phn vin qui hoch v kho st thy li - 1998. [15]. Nguyn n Nin - Dng Xun Minh. nh gi bc u hiu qa v tc ng mi trng ca cc bin php chng l cp bch T gic Long xuyn. Tuyn tp bo co khoa hc - Vin Khoa hc Thy li Min nam 1998. [16]. Nguyn n Nin - Dng Xun Minh. Bo co cp nht din bin mi trng vng l BSCL. ti KHCN 07-03. 1998. [17]. Phng Ch S. Vin K thut Nhit i v Bo v Mi trng, Nghin cu xy dng quy hoch bo v mi trng vng ng bng sng Cu Long, 1999 [18]. Lm Minh Trit,Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn. Hin trng v gii php v nc sch v v sinh mi trng vng ng bng sng Cu Long, 2000 [19]. Phng Ch S. Nghin cu c s khoa hc v thc tin qun l tng hp mi trng vng ng bng Sng Cu Long (2000). [20]. Phng Chi S. Bo co ti "nh gi cht lng mi trng 1994-1999, Xy dng chin lc quy hoch BVMT tnh Vnh Long giai on 2000-2010" (2000).
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[21]. Phng Ch S. Nghin cu iu tra nh gi tnh hnh nhim v suy thoi mi trng vng ng bng sng Cu Long do qu trnh cng nghip ha v th ha lm c s xy dng quy hoch mi trng phc v pht trin bn vng kinh t x hi (2000). [22]. Phng Ch S. iu tra hin trng mi trng lm c s xy dng Quy hoch mi trng phc v pht trin kinh t x hi bn vng BSCL (2000) [23]. Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn, Hin trng v gii php v nc sch v v sinh mi trng vng ng bng sng Cu Long, 2000 [24]. Phung Chi Sy, Nguyen Vien Dan. The Prevention and Resolution of Environmental Conflicts in the Mekong River Basin-Vietnam (29 pages). Workshop on Environmental Conflicts in the Mekong Delta Basin, Pnom Penh, 9-10 December 2002. [25]. Phng Ch S, Nguyn Th Tin. nh gi hin trng v nh hng pht trin cng ngh mi trng ti khu vc BSCL (13 trang nh my vi tnh). Tuyn tp Bo co Hi ngh KHCN &MT khu vc BSCL ln th 18, t chc ngy 12-13/12/2002 ti Kin Giang. [26]. B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03). K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL, TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, 421 trang. [27]. T Vn Trng. L v i sch chung sng vi l ng bng sng Cu Long.K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, trang 1-17. [28]. o Cng Tin. Tng quan kinh t-x hi ng bng sng Cu Long trong iu kin chung sng vi l. K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 67/8/2004, trang 30-44. [29]. Trn Vn Thanh. Pht trin c s h tng kim sot l v pht trin KTXH vng BSCL. K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, trang 45-65 . [30]. L Sm. Nghin cu xm nhp mn phc v pht trin KTXH vng ven bin BSCL. K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, trang 64-65. [31]. L Sm, Nguyn Hu Nhn. D bo mn nn vng ven bin BSCL qua cc nm 2003-2004. K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v
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Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, trang 64-65. [32]. on Cnh v CTV. Nng trn ha-Gii php ton din nng thn vng ngp l BSCLi ln cng nghip ha v hin i ha (M hnh vng ngp l ng Thp Mi). K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, trang 108-119. [33]. o Xun Hc . Kim sot l v hn ch ngp lt vng ng Thp Mi . K yu Hi tho khoa hc Xy dng lun c khoa hc cho nhng gii php tng th pht trin KTXH v BVMT theo hng chung sng vi l BSCL do B KH&CN, Chng trnh "Bo v Mi trng v Phng trnh thin tai" (M s KC.03) t chc ti TP.H Ch Minh, 6-7/8/2004, trang 413-421. [34]. Nguyn Vn Qun. Bo co ti Bc u nh gi iu kin lm vic ca lao ng BSCL trong hon cnh sng chung vi l nhm xy dng cc kin gii c tnh c th gp phn bo v sc kho ngi lao ng trong khu vc phc v s nghip CNH,HH t nc (M s 98/88/TL), 09/2005 [35]. Phng Ch S. nh gi hin trng, xut cc m hnh v gii php v sinh mi trng kh thi trong v sau l ti ng bng sng Cu Long. Hi tho ti cp Nh nc Nghin cu xut cc gii php v sinh mi trng kh thi trong v sau l ti ng bng sng Cu Long, Cn Th, ngy 23/05/2008.

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