Chng 20 Th in t: SMTP, POP, v IMAP Mt trong nhng dch v ph bin nht ca Internet l th in t (email).

. Nhng nh thit k ra Internet khng th no c th tng tng c s ph bin ca ng dng ny. Trong chng ny chng ta s tho lun v cu trc ca n bao gm mt vi thnh phn. Vo thi k u ca Internet, nhng l th in t th c ni dung ngn v ch c vn bn; v th mi ngi trao i th vi nhau mt cch nhanh chng. Ngy nay, th in t th phc tp hn. N cho php mt l th bao gm vn bn, m thanh, v phim. N cn cho php mt l th c th gi n mt hay nhiu ngi cng lc. Trong chng ny, u tin chng ta s nghin cu v cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng th, gm c 3 thnh phn chnh: phn mm th in t, my ch th in t, v giao thc chuyn th. Sau chng ta s m t cc giao thc thc thi cc thnh phn ny. 20.1 CU TRC Chng ta s a ra 4 kch bn gii thch cho cu trc ca th in t. Chng ta s bt u vi nhng tnh hung n gin nht v sau s i dn n phc tp. Kch bn th t l thng dng nht trong vic trao i th in t. Kch bn th nht Trong kch bn th nht, ngi gi v ngi nhn th l nhng ngi dng (nhng chng trnh ng dng) trn cng mt h thng, h kt ni trc tip vi nhau chia s h thng. Ngi qun tr s to cho h mi ngi mt hp th dng lu tr nhng l th nhn c. Hp th c lu tr trn a cng cu my, l mt tp tin c bit c quyn truy xut hn ch. Ch ngi s hu hp th mi c quyn truy cp n n. Khi Alice mun gi mt l th n Bob, c ta m mt phn mm th in t chun b l th v lu n vo trong hp th ca Bob. L th c a ch hp th ca ngi gi v ngi nhn (tn cc tp tin). Bob c th truy lc v c ni dung trong hp th ca anh ta khi anh ta s dng phn mm th in t. Hnh 20.1 cho ta xem khi nim trn. Hnh 20.1 Kch bn th nht.

N ging nh cch trao i th truyn thng ca cc nhn vin trong mt vn phng. l mt phng th vi hp th ca mi ngi v c tn ca h trn . Khi Alice mun gi th cho Bob, c ta son mt l th v t chng vo trong hp th ca Bob. Khi Bob kim tra hp th cu anh ta, anh ta thy th ca Alice v c chng. Khi ngi gi v ngi nhn th trn cng mt h thng, chng ta ch cn hai phn mm th in t. Kch bn th hai Trong kch bn th hai, ngi gi v ngi nhn l nhng ngi dng (hoc nhng chng trnh ng dng) trn hai h thng khc nhau. Th cn c gi thng qua Internet. Chng ta cn nhiu phn mm th in t (UAs) v my ch th (MTAs) nh hnh 20.2. Hnh 20.2 Kch bn th hai.

Alice cn s dng chng trnh th in t gi th ca c ta v h thng mng ca c ta. H thng (i khi gi l my ch th mail server) mng ca c ta s dng hng i cha nhng l th ang i c gi i. Bob cng cn chng trnh th in t truy xut th c cha trong hp th ca anh ta mng ca anh ta. Tuy nhin, th cn c gi thng qua Internet t mng ch Alice n ch ca Bob. Trng hp ny ta cn hai i l chuyn th (my ch th in t - mail server): mt my khch v mt my ch. Ging nh hu ht cc chng trnh ch-khch trn Internet, my ch cn chy ton thi gian bi v n khng bit lc no th my khch yu cu kt ni vi n. Mt khc, chng trnh my khch, c th c kch hot bi h thng khi c mt l trong hng i c gi i. Khi ngi gi v ngi nhn trn hai h thng khc nhau, chng ta cn hai phn mm th in t v hai my ch th (chkhch). Kch bn th ba Trong kch bn th ba, Bob, trong kch bn th hai, kt ni trc tip vi h thng ca anh ta. Tuy nhin, Alice, khng trong h thng ca c ta. Alice kt ni vi h thng ca c ta thng qua point-to-point WAN nh l modem quay s, DSL, hoc modem bng thng rng, hoc c ta kt ni vo mng LAN ca mt c quan no m c s dng my ch th in t kim sot th

in t; tt c cc ngi dng u cn gi th ca h thng qua my ch th in t ny. Hnh 20.3 cho chng ta thy vic lm ny. Hnh 20.3 Kch bn th ba.

Alice vn cn phn mm th in t son th ca c ta. C ta cn gi l th thng qua LAN hay WAN. Vic ny c th c lm thng qua mt i my ch th in t (ch v khch). Bt c khi no Alice cn gi th, c ta gi phn mm th in t, sau ti lt phn mm th in t s gi my ch th khch. MTA khch thit lp mt kt ni vi MTA ch trn h thng, n ang chy ton thi gian. H thng ch mng Alice a vo hng i tt c th nhn c. Sau n s dng MTA client gi cc th n h thng mng ca Bob; h thng nhn th v lu chng vo hp th ca Bob. Khi thun tin, Bob s dng phn mm th in t ca anh ta nhn th v c chng. Ch rng chng ta cn hai cp chng trnh MTA ch-khch. Khi ngi gi c kt ni vi my ch th in t thng qua LAN hoc WAN, chng ta cn hai chng trnh th in t v hai cp my ch th in t (ch v khch). Kch bn th t Trong kch bn th t v l kch bn thng dng nht, Bob c kt ni vi my ch th in t ca anh ta thng qua WAN hay LAN. Sau khi th n hp th ca Bob, Bob cn truy xut th. y chng ta cn thit lp mt my ch th ch-khch khc, chng ta gi l my ch truy xut th (MAAs). Bob s dng MAA khch truy xut th ca anh ta. My khch gi mt yu cu n my ch MAA, n th chy ton thi gian, v nhng yu cu chuyn th. Hnh 20.4 cho ta xem tnh hung trn. Hnh 20.4 Kch bn th t.

y c hai im quan trng m ta cn nhn mnh. u tin, Bob khng th b qua my ch th v s dng my ch MTA trc tip. s dng my ch MTA mt cch trc tip, Bob nn chy my ch MTA ton thi gian bi v anh ta khng bit c khi no th s n. iu ny ng rng Bob phi my tnh ca anh ta chy ton thi gian nu anh ta c kt ni vi h thng ca anh ta thng qua LAN. Nu anh ta c kt ni thng qua WAN, anh ta phi gi kt ni ny ton thi gian. Ngy nay tnh hung ny th khng th thc hin c. Th hai, Bob cn mt cp chng trnh ch-khch khc: chng trnh truy cp th. iu ny bi v chng trnh ch-khch MTA l mt chng trnh y: my khch y th n my ch. Bob cn mt chng trnh ko. My khch cn ko th v t my ch. Hnh 20.5 cho ta xem s khc bit ny. Hnh 20.5 Push vs Pull

Khi c ngi gi v ngi nhn u c kt ni vi my ch th in t thng qua LAN hay WAN, chng ta cn hai chng trnh th in t, hai cp trm trung chuyn th (ch-khch) v mt cp trm truy xut th (ch v khch). Ngy nay l tnh hung ph bin nht. 20.2 Trnh duyt th Thnh phn u tin ca h thng th in t chnh l trnh duyt th. N cung cp dch v ngi dng tin hnh gi v nhn th d dng hn. Dch v c cung cp bi trnh duyt th Mt trnh duyt th l mt gi phn mm (chng trnh) bao gm: son, c, phc p, v chuyn tip th. N kim sot hp th. Hnh 20.6 cho ta thy nhng dch v tiu biu ca mt trnh duyt th. Son th Trnh duyt th gip ngi dng son th v gi chng i. Hu ht cc trnh duyt th u cung cp cc mu sn trn m hnh v ngi dng ch vic in y thng tin hon chnh mt bc th. Mt vi trnh duyt th cn tch hp thm trnh son tho c th kim tra li chnh t, li ng php, v nhng tc v khc c mong i nh chng trnh x l vn bn tinh xo. D nhin, ngi dng c th lun phin s dng trnh son tho vn bn hay chng trnh x l vn bn yu thch ca h to ra bc th v chn chng, hoc ct v dn chng vo mu th trong trnh duyt. c th Cng vic th hai ca trnh duyt th l c th n. Khi ngi dng gi trnh duyt th, u tin n s kim tra th n trng hp th. Hu ht cc trnh duyt th u c mt hng ghi tng lng th nhn c. Mi l th cha cc trng sau. 1. Trng ghi s. 2. Trng c ta bit trng thi ca th nh l: th mi, th c nhng cha tr li, hoc c v phc p ri. 3. Kch thc ca th. 4. Ngi gi. 5. Trng ch chn thm. Phc p th Sau khi c th, ngi dng c th s dng trnh duyt th phc p li ngi gi. Mt trnh duyt thng cho php phc p th ca ngi gi hoc tt c cc ngi nhn c th. Th phc p thng cha l th gc (tham kho nhanh) v mt th mi. Chuyn tip th Phc p c nh ngha l gi mt bc th n ngi gi hay ngi ng nhn th. Chuyn tip th c nh ngha l gi mt bc th n ngi th ba. Mt trnh duyt th cho php ngi nhn chuyn tip th, c hay khng c ghi ch thm, ti ngi th ba. Kim sot hp th Mt trnh duyt th thng thng to ra hai hp th: hp th n v hp th i. Mi hp th l mt tp tin c nh dng c bit c th c kim sot bi trnh duyt th. Hp th n cha tt c cc th nhn c cho ti khi chng b xa bi ngi dng. Hp th i cha nhng th c gi cho n khi ngi dng xa chng. Ngy nay hu ht cc trnh duyt u c th to ra cc hp th ty bin. Cc loi trnh duyt th Chng ta c hai loi trnh duyt: mt iu khin bng dng lnh v mt l giao din ho ngi dng. iu khin bng dng lnh Trnh duyt iu khin bng dng lnh xut hin t nhng ngy u ca th in t. N vn tn ti nh l mt trnh duyt c bn ti my ch. Mt trnh duyt iu khin bng dng lnh thng chp nhn mt k t lnh t bn phm thc hin nhim v ca n. V d, mt ngi dng c th g k t r, t du nhc dng lnh, phc p n ngi gi th, hoc g k t R phc p n ngi gi v tt c ngi nhn. Mt vi v d ca trnh duyt iu khin bng dng lnh l mail, pine, elm. Mt vi v d ca trnh duyt iu khin bng dng lnh l mail, pine, v elm. Giao din ha ngi dng Trnh duyt hin i hn l giao din ngi dng. Chng cha cc thnh phn giao din ha ngi dng (GUI) cho php ngi dng tng tc vi phn mm bng c bn phm v chut. Chng c cc thnh phn ha nh l cc biu tng, cc thanh menu v cc ca s chng l cho vic truy cp cc dch v d dng. Mt vi v d ca trnh duyt th giao din ha ngi dng l Eudora, Microsofts Outlook, v Netscape. Mt vi v d ca trnh duyt th giao din ha ngi dng l Eudora, Microsofts Outlook, v Netscape. Gi th gi th, ngi dng to mt bc th thng qua trnh duyt th iu ny trng c v ging nh to mt l th gi qua ng bu in. N gm c mt phong b v mt th (xem hnh 20.7). Phong b Phong b thng cha a ch ngi gi, a ch ngi nhn v nhng thng tin khc. Th Th cha phn u th v phn ni dung. Phn u th nh ngha ngi gi, ngi nhn, ch ca th, v mt vi thng tin khc. Ni dung th cha thng tin tht s c c bi ngi nhn. Nhn th

Trnh duyt th c kch hot bi ngi dng (hoc c hn gi kch hot). Nu ngi dng c th, UA s thng bo n ngi dng bng mt ghi ch. Nu ngi dng sn sng c th, mt danh sch c hin th, vi mi dng l ni dung tm tt ca mi th ring bit trong hp th. Tm tt thng bao gm a ch hp th ngi gi, tiu , v thi gian l th c gi hay c nhn. Ngi dng c th chn bt c l th no v xem ni dung ca n tr6en mn hnh. a ch pht th, h thng kim sat th s dng mt h thng a ch vi nhng i ch c nht. Trn Internet, mt a ch gm c hai phn: a ch ca hp th trn my ch th in t (local part) v tn ca domain trn my ch th, cch nhau bi du @ (xem hnh 20.8). a ch ca hp th trn my ch th in t (local part) Local part c nh ngha l tn ca mt tp tin c bit, c gi l ngi dng hp th, tt c cc th nhn c cho ngi dng c cha ly ra bi my ch truy xut th. Tn domain Phn th hai ca a ch l tn domain.