OSI Reference Model: © 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc

OSI Reference Model
www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.
Agenda
The Layered Model Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers Layer 3: Network Layer Layers 47: Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model
www.cisco.com
2-2
The Layered Model
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Layered Communication
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen Fax #:--L: Dutch Ik hou van konijnen
Information for the Remote Translator
Information for the Remote Secretary

Source: Tanenbaum, 1996 www.cisco.com
1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-4
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Location B
Jaime les lapins
Information for the Remote Translator
Information for the Remote Secretary
www.cisco.com
Location A
I like rabbits
Message
Layers
Location B
Jaime les lapins
3 2
Information for the remote translator
Information for the remote secretary
www.cisco.com
Why a Layered Network Model?

7 6 5 4 3 Application Presentation Session Transport Network
2
1
Data Link
Physical
Reduces complexity (one big problem to seven smaller ones) Standardizes interfaces Facilitates modular engineering Assures interoperable technology Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning
www.cisco.com
Devices Function at Layers

7 Application
6
NIC Card
Presentation
Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Hub
5 4 3 2 1
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2-8
Host Layers
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
}
www.cisco.com
Host layers: Provide

accurate data delivery between computers
2-9
Media Layers
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
}
}
www.cisco.com
Host layers: Provide

accurate data delivery between computers
Media layers: Control

physical delivery of messages over the network
2-10
Layer Functions
7 Application
Provides network services to application processes (such as electronic mail, file transfer, and terminal emulation)
www.cisco.com
2-11
Layer Functions
7 6 Application Presentation Network services to applications Data representation Ensures data is readable by receiving system Format of data Data structures Negotiates data transfer syntax for application layer
www.cisco.com
2-12
Layer Functions
7 6 5 Application Presentation Session Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between applications
www.cisco.com
2-13
Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability
Concerned with data transport issues between hosts Data transport reliability Establishes, maintains, and terminates virtual circuits Fault detection and recovery Information flow control
www.cisco.com
2-14
Layer Functions
7 6 5 4 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Network services to applications Data representation Inter-host communication End-to-end connection reliability Addresses and best path
Provides connectivity and path selection between two end systems Domain of routing
www.cisco.com
2-15
Layer Functions
7 6 Application Presentation Session
Network services to applications

Data representation Inter-host communication
5 4
3 2
Transport
Network Data Link
End-to-end connection reliability

Addresses and best path Access to media
Provides reliable transfer of data across media Physical addressing, network topology, error notification, flow control
www.cisco.com
2-16
Layer Functions
7 6 5 4
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Network services to applications Data representation
Inter-host communication
End-to-end connection reliability
3
2 1
Addresses and best path

Access to media Binary transmission Wires, connectors, voltages, data rates
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Peer-to-Peer Communications
Host A 7 6 5 4 3 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Segments Host B Application Presentation
Session
Transport Network Data Link Physical
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Packets
Frames
2
1
Data Link
Physical
Bits
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
Presentation Session Transport Network
} {
Data
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Application
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
} {
Data Network Data Header
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Application
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
} {
Data Network Data Header Frame Network Header Header Data Frame Trailer
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Application
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
Data Encapsulation
Host A Host B
Application
} {
Data Network Data Header Frame Network Header Header Data Frame Trailer
Application
Data Link
Physical
Data Link
Physical
0101101010110001
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Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers
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Physical and Logical Addressing
0000.0c12.3456
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2-24
MAC Address
24 bits 24 bits
Vendor Code
Serial Number
0000.0c12. 3456
ROM RAM
MAC address is burned into ROM on a network interface card
www.cisco.com
2-25
Layer 3: Network Layer
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Network Layer: Path Determination
Which Path? Which Path?
Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the internetwork

www.cisco.com
2-27
Network Layer: Communicate Path
2 4 1 3
5
6 8
9 10 7 11
Addresses represent the path of media connections
Routing helps contain broadcasts

www.cisco.com
2-28
AddressingNetwork and Node

Network 1 Node 1 2 3 1
2.1 1.2 1.3 1.1 3.1
2 3
Network addressPath part used by the router Node addressSpecific port or device on the network
www.cisco.com
2-29
Protocol Addressing Variations

General Example
Network 1 Node 1
TCP/IP Example
Network 10.
Host
8.2.48 (Mask 255.0.0.0)
Novell IPX Example

Network 1aceb0b.
Node 0000.0c00.6e25
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Network Layer Protocol Operations

X
A A C C
Each router provides its services to support upper layer functions

www.cisco.com
2-31
Network Layer Protocol Operations

X
A A C C
Host X
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
B B
Host Y
Router C
Network Data Link Physical Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Router A
Network Data Link Physical
Router B
Network Data Link Physical
Each router provides its services to support upper layer functions www.cisco.com
2-32
Multiprotocol Routing
Routing Tables IPX 3a.0800.5678.12ab IP 15.16.50.3
Token Ring
Novell Apple
IPX 4b.0800.0121.ab13
DEC
IP
AppleTalk 100.110
VAX
DECnet 5.8
Token Ring
VAX
IP 15.16.42.8
AppleTalk 200.167 IP 15.17.132.6
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DECnet 10.1
Routers pass traffic from all routed protocols over the internetwork
CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 2-33
Routed Versus Routing Protocol

Routed protocol used between routers to direct user traffic
Examples: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet
Network Protocol Protocol Name Destination Exit Port Network to Use 1.0 2.0 3.0 1.1 2.1 3.1
www.cisco.com
2-34
Routed Versus Routing Protocol

Routed protocol used between routers to direct user traffic Examples: IP, IPX, AppleTalk, DECnet Routing protocol used only between routers to maintain routing tables Examples: RIP, IGRP, OSPF
www.cisco.com
2-35
Static Versus Dynamic Routes

Static Route Uses a protocol route that a network administrator enters into the router
Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
www.cisco.com
2-36
Static Route Example
A A
Point-to-point or circuit-switched connection
Only a single network connection with no need for routing updates
B B
Fixed route to address reflects administrators knowledge

Stub network
www.cisco.com
2-37
Adapting to Topology Change
A A
B B
D D
C C
Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route?

www.cisco.com
2-38
A A
B B
X
D D C C
www.cisco.com
2-39
A A
B B
X
D D C C
Can an alternate route substitute for a failed route? YesWith dynamic routing enabled
www.cisco.com
2-40
LAN-to-LAN Routing Example

Host 4 Network 1
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Network 3
E0 E1 To0
Network 2
Token Ring
Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing Network Interface 1 2 3
E0 To0 E1
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LAN-to-LAN Routing
From LAN Host 4 Network 1
802.3 Net 2, Host 5
Network 3
E0 E1 To0
to LAN Network 2
Token Ring
Host 5
802.5 Net 2, Host 5
Routing Table
Destination Outgoing Network Interface 1 2 3
E0 To0 E1
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LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
To LAN
2.4
B B
www.cisco.com
2-43
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 Data
To LAN
2.4
B B
www.cisco.com
2-44
LAN-to-WAN Routing
Data
From LAN
1.3 2.4 Data
1.3
Token Ring
Token Ring
1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4 Data
To WAN
A A
Frame Relay
Frame Relay 1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4 Data
To LAN
2.4
B B Ethernet 1.3 2.4 Data 1.3 2.4

www.cisco.com
Data Data
2-45
Layers 47: Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application Layers

www.cisco.com
Transport Layer
Segments upper-layer applications Establishes an end-to-end connection Sends segments from one end host to another Optionally, ensures data reliability
www.cisco.com
2-47
Transport Layer
Segments Upper-Layer Applications
Application
Electronic Mail File Transfer Terminal Session
Presentation
Session
Transport
Application Port
Data
Application Port
Data
Segments
www.cisco.com
2-48
Transport Layer
Establishes Connection
Sender
Receiver
Synchronize
Negotiate Connection
Synchronize Acknowledge
Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
www.cisco.com
2-49
Transport Layer
Sends Segments with Flow Control
Transmit
Sender Receiver Buffer Full Process Segments
Stop
Not Ready
Go
Ready Resume Transmission
Buffer OK
www.cisco.com
2-50
Transport Layer
Reliability with Windowing
Window Size = 1 Send 1
Sender
Receive 1 Ack 2
Send 2 Window Size = 3
Receive 2 Ack 3
Receiver
Sender
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3 Send 4
Receive 1 Receive 2 Receive 3 Ack 4
Receiver
www.cisco.com
2-51
Transport Layer
An Acknowledgement Technique
Sender Receiver
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Send 1 Send 2 Send 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ack 4 Send 4 Send 5 Send 6 Ack 5 Send 5

Ack 7
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Transport to Network Layer

End-to-End Segments
Routed Packets
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2-53
Session Layer
Network File System (NFS) Structured Query Language (SQL) Remote-Procedure Call (RPC) X Window System AppleTalk Session Protocol (ASP) DEC Session Control Protocol (SCP)
Service Request Service Reply
Coordinates applications as they interact on different hosts

www.cisco.com
2-54
Presentation Layer

login:
Text Data
ASCII EBCDIC Encrypted
Graphics Visual images

PICT TIFF JPEG GIF
Sound
MIDI
Video
MPEG QuickTime
Provides code formatting and conversion for applications

www.cisco.com
2-55
Application Layer
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
Word Processor Spreadsheet Database Design/Manufacturing Project Planning Others
NETWORK APPLICATIONS
File Transfer
Remote Access Client-Server Process Information Location
Presentation Graphics Electronic Mail
INTERNETWORK APPLICATIONS
Electronic Data Interchange World Wide Web E-Mail Gateways
Special-Interest Bulletin Boards

Financial Transaction Services Internet Navigation Utilities Conferencing (Voice, Video, Data)
Network Management
Others
Internetwork applications Others can extend beyond the enterprise (i.e., to suppliers, etc.)
www.cisco.com
2-56
Summary
OSI reference model describes building blocks of functions for program-toprogram communications between similar or dissimilar hosts Layers 47 (host layers) provide accurate data delivery between computers Layers 13 (media layers) control physical delivery of data over the network
www.cisco.com
2-57
Presentation_ID
www.cisco.com
58

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OSI Reference Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

The Layered Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Information for the Remote Translator

Information for the Remote Secretary

Information for the Remote Translator

Information for the Remote Secretary

Information for the remote translator

Information for the remote secretary

Why a Layered Network Model?

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

Devices Function at Layers

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Host layers: Provide

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Host layers: Provide

Media layers: Control

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network services to applications

End-to-end connection reliability

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network services to applications Data representation

Addresses and best path

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

Layers 1 & 2: Physical & Data Link Layers

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Physical and Logical Addressing

CSE: Networking FundamentalsOSI Model

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Layer 3: Network Layer

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Layer: Path Determination

Which Path? Which Path?

Layer 3 functions to find the best path through the internetwork

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Network Layer: Communicate Path

Addresses represent the path of media connections

Routing helps contain broadcasts

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

AddressingNetwork and Node

1999, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Protocol Addressing Variations

Novell IPX Example