Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang .

Quan he song song

16

2.13 a) Ta co MN // AB (ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABC) Hai mat phang (MNP) va (ABD) co P chung va lan lt cha MN va AB song song nen chung cat nhau theo giao tuyen PQ // MN Vay t giac MNPQ la hnh thang A b) I la iem chung cua hai mat phang (ACD) va (BCD) . Vay I thuoc giao tuyen CD cua hai mat phang nay . Goi E la trung iem cua BD. Khi P di ong tren oan DE th PQ < MN nen I thuoc tia Dt noi dai cua CD Khi P trung vi E th PQ = MN ,khi o t giac MNPQ la hnh bnh hanh nen I chay xa ra vo tan tren tia Dt Khi P di ong tren oan EB th PQ > MN nen I thuoc tia Ct noi dai cua DC Vay iem I di ong tren ng thang CD ngoai tr oan CD Xet phan ao. 2.14 a) Ta co EF // AB // CD ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAB) .Hai mat phang (EFM) va( SCD) co M chung va lan lt ch EF va CDsong song nen giao tuyen cua chung la MN // EF Vay thiet dien la hnh thang EFMN b) Tng t mat (EFI) cat AD tai J va thiet dien EFIJ la hnh thang

Q I P D

B N C

E N F A M J D

3. ng thang song song vi mat phang

A.Tom tat giao khoa 1. V tr tng oi gia ng thang va mat phang Cho ng thang a va mat phang (P).Ta co ba trng hp : a) ng thang a va mp(P) co hai iem chung phan biet th ng thang a nam tren mp(P),tc la a mp(P) b) ng thang a va mp(P) co mot iem chung duy nhat A th ta noi a va (P) cat nhau tai A va viet a (P) = { A}

c) ng thang a va mp(P) khong co iem chung nao th ta noi ng thang a song song vi mat phang (P), hoac mat phang (P) song song vi ng thang a ,hoac a va (P) song song vi nhau va viet a // mp(P) nh ngha : Mot ng thang va mot mat phang goi la song song vi nhau neu chung khong co iem chung

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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a D A a P P P D

a D

2. ieu kien e mot ng thang song song vi mot mat phang nh l 1 : Neu ng thang a khong nam trong mat phang (P) va song song vi mot ng thang nao o nam tren (P) th a song song vi (P) 3. Tnh chat a nh l 2 : a Neu ng thang a song song vi mot mat phang (P) th moi mat phang b D (Q) cha a ma cat (P) th cat (P) theo b Q giao tuyen song song vi a
P P

He qua 1 : Neu mot ng thang song song vi mot mat phang th no song song vi mot ng thang nao o cua mat phang He qua 2 : Neu hai mat phang phan biet cung song song vi mot ng thang th giao tuyen cua chung (neu co) cung song song vi ng thang o nh l 3 : Neu a va b la hai ng thang cheo nhau th qua a , co mot va ch mot mat phang song song vi b
b'

b Q P

a b P a

B. Giai toan Chng minh ng thang song song vi mat phang ta co the chng minh ng thang o song song vi mot ng thang nam trong mat phang. V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M la trung iem cua CD,E la trung iem cua AM va F la trung iem cua BM. a) Chng minh rang EF song song vi cac mat phang (ABC) va ABD) b) Lay diem N tren canh AC .Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mp(NEF) Thiet dien la hnh g? Giai

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

A

18

a) EF // AB ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac ABM ) Vay EF //mp(ABC) va EF // mp(ABD)

N E

I B K F C M L D

b) Ta co EF // mp(ABC) nen mp(NEF) cat mp(ABC) theo giao tuyen NK //AB//EF Gia s KF cat BD tai L.Hai mp(NEF) va (ABD) co L chung va EF // AB nen giao tuyen cua chung la LI // AB// NK Vay thiet dien la hnh thangNKLI

V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh tam O.Goi M , N va P lan lt la trung iem cua BC ,AD va SA. a) Chng minh SC va SD song song vi mp(MNP) b) Xac nh thiet dien cua hnh chop vi mat phang (R ) qua O va song song vi CD va SA Giai a) Ta co NP // SD (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAD .Do o SD // mp(MNP) .Hai mat phang (MNP) va (SAB) co iem P chung va lan lt cha MN va AB song song nen giao tuyen laPQ // AB . Do o Q la trung iem cua SB . Khi o ta co MQ // SC (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SBC .Vay SC // mp(MNPQ)
S

b) Ta co MN // CD nen mp(R) qua O va // CD th mp( R) cha MN.Hai mat (R) va (SAD) co N chung va (R ) // SA ,do o ( R) cat (SAD) theo giao tuyen NK // SA . V mp(R ) // CD nen (R ) (SCD) = HK // CD // MN Vay thiet dien la thnh thang MNKH.
C. Bai tap ren luyen

Q A

H N O D

2.15 Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F la trong tam cac tam giac ACD va BCD. a) Chng minh EF song song vi cac mp(ABC) va mp(ABD) b) Mat phang (P) qua EF cat t dien ABCD theo hnh g?

2.16 Cho t dien ABCD .Lay iem M tren canh BC. Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi AB va CD cat t dien ABCD theo hnh g? 2. 17 Cho hnh thang ABCD (AB//CD) va iem S ngoai mat phang hnh thang. Lay iem M tren canh CD .Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi SA va BC a) Mat phang (P) cat hnh chop SABCD theo hnh g? b) Tm giao tuyen cua mp(P) vi mp(SAD)
2.18 Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF co canh chung AB va khong cung nam tren mot mat phang. a) Goi O va O lan lt la tam cua ABCD va ABEF .Chng minh OO song song vi cac mp(ADF) va (BCE)

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

19

b) Goi M va N lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac ABD va ABE.Chng minh MN song song vi mp(CEF)
D. Hng dan giai 2.15 a) Goi M la trung iem cua CD th E AM va F BM Theo tnh chat trong tam ta co :
A

Suy ra EF song song vi cac mp(ABD) va mp(ABC) b) Mat phang (P) qua EF // mp(ABC) nen (P) (ABC) = HJ // AB // EF . Tng t (P) (ABD) = IK // AB// EF. Vay thiet dien la hnh thang HIKJ 2.16 Mat phang (P) qua M va song song vi AB nen (P) (ABC) = MN//AB A (P) (ABD) = HK // AB Mat phang (P) // CD nen (P) (BCD) = MK // CD H (P) (ACD) = NH // CD Vay MN // HK // AB va N MK // NH //CD Suy ra thiet dien MNHK la hnh D K bnh hanh B
M C B J

ME MF 1 = = Vay EF // AB MA MB 3

E K F C M

I D

H N B

2.17 a) mp(P) // BC nen mp(P) cat hai mat phang (ABCD) va (SBC) theo hai giao tuyen MN va HK song song vi BC.Mat phang (P) // SA nen (P) (SAB) = NH // SA Thiet dien la hnh thang MNHK

b) ng thang MN cat ng thang AD tai E .Hai mat phang (P) va (SAD) co E chung va SA // mp(P) nen giao tuyen la ng thang d qua E va song song vi SA
2.18 a) OO la ng trung bnh cua tam giac BDF nen OO//DF Vay OO // mp(ADF) CDFE la hnh bnh hanh nen CE // DF do o OO // CE Vay OO // mp(BCE) b) Goi H la trung iem cua AB M la trong tam tam giac ABD nen M DH va N la trong tam tam giac ABE nen N EH va ta co :
F O' N A M O D C H B E

Vay MN // mp(CEF)

HM FN 1 = = .Do o MN // DE ma DE nam tren mp(CEF) HD FE 3

4 . Hai mat phang song song

A .Tom tat giao khoa 1. V tr tng oi cua hai mat phang phan biet Cho hai mat phang phan biet ta co hai trng hp :

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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a) (P) va (Q) co iem chung th chung cat nhau theo mot ng thang b) (P) va (Q) khong co iem chung th ta noi chung song song vi nhau (hoac song song) ,k hieu (P) // (Q) hay (Q) // (P) nh ngha : Hai mat phang goi la song song neu chung khong co iem chung

P Q

2. ieu kien e hai mat phang song song nh l 1 : Neu mat phang (P) cha hai ng thang a va b cat nhau va cung song song vi mat phang (Q) th (P) song song vi (Q)
b a P

b a P

b' a'

3. Tnh chat Tnh chat 1 : Qua mot iem nam ngoai mot mat phang,co mot va ch mot mat phang song song vi mat phang o He qua 1 : Neu ng thang a song song vi mat phang (Q) th qua a co mot va ch mot mat phang (P) song song vi mat phang (Q) He qua 2 : Hai mat phang phan biet cung song song vi mat phang th ba th song song vi nhau Tnh chat 2 : Neu hai mat phang (P) va (Q) song song th moi mat phang (R ) a cat (P) th phai cat (Q) va cac giao tuyen cua chung song song
a
R

a'

a"

A
P a P

A'

B Q
Q b Q

B1

B'

C
R

C1

C'

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song 4. nh l Ta-let (Thales) trong khong gian nh l 2 (nh l Ta-let) Ba mat phang oi mot song song chan ra tren hai cat tuyen bat k cac oan thang tng ng t le

21

nh l 3 : (nh l Ta-let ao) Gia s tren hai ng thang cheo nhau a va a lan lt lay cac iem A,B,C va A,B,C sao cho

song,tc la chung cung song song vi mot mat phang.

AB BC CA .Khi o ba ng thang AA,BB,CC lan lt nam tren ba mat phang song = = A ' B ' B 'C ' C ' A '

5. Hnh lang tru va hnh hop nh ngha hnh lang tru : Cho hai mat phang (P) va (P) song song.Tren (P) cho a giac AB . .D.. Qua cac nh A , B , . . . , D , ta ve cac ng thang song song vi nhau, lan lt cat mp(P) tai A, B, . . ., D. Ta c hnh lang tru , k hieu AB . . .D. AB. . .D. Neu ay cua hnh lang tru la tam giac ,t giac,ngu giac v.v. . .th lang tru tng ng goi la lang tru tam giac,lang tru t giac , lang tru ngu giac v.v

A B

C B Lang tru tam giac

Trong lang tru , cac canh ben AA, BB . . .song song va bang nhau Cac mat ben ABBA, BCCB. . . la hnh bnh hanh Hai ay AB . . .D va AB. . D bang nhau va co cac canh tng ng bang nhau.

Lang tru t giac

Hnh hop : Hnh lang tru co ay la hnh bnh hanh c goi la hnh hop. Hnh hop co: 6 mat eu la nhng hnh bnh hanh, cac mat oi dien th song song va bang nhau. 12 canh chia lam 4 nhom, moi nhom 4 canh song song va bang nhau. 4 ng cheo cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng.
A D S

B O A'

D' A' B' C'

D'

B'

C'

A B C

6. Hnh chop cut nh ngha : Cho mat phang (P) khong qua nh hnh chop va song song vi mat phang ay va cat cac canh ben hnh chop . Hnh gii han bi (P) va mat phang ay goi la hnh chop cut. Tnh chat : Hai ay la hai a giac co cac canh tng ng song song va t so cac cap canh tng ng bang nhau

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

22

B.Giai toan

Cac mat ben la nhng hnh thang Cac ng thang cha cac canh ben ong qui tai mot iem

Chng minh hai mat phang song song ta chng minh mat phang nay cha hai ng thang cat nhau song song vi mat phang kia V du 1 : Trong mat phang (P) cho hnh bnh hanh ABCD .Qua A,B,C,D lan lt ve cac na ng thang Ax, By, Cz, Dt song song vi nhau va nam ve mot pha oi vi mat phang (P).Mat phang (Q) lan lt cat Ax, By, Cz, Dt tai A, B, C, D. a) Chng minh mp(Ax,By) song song vi mp(Cz,t) b) Chng minh t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh c) Chng minh AA + CC = BB + DD Giai a) Ta co Ax // Cz (gia thiet) va AB // CD ( canh oi hnh bnh hanh) Vay mp(Ax,By) // mp(Cz,Dt) b) mp(Q) cat hai mat phang songsong (Ax,By) va (Cz,Dt) theo hai x D' tuyen AB // CD z Tng t mp(By,Cz) // mp(Ax.Dt) .Do o mp(Q) cat hai mat nay y A' t O' theo hai giao tuyen BC // AD C' Vay t giac ABCD la hnh bnh hanh B' c) Goi O va O la tam hai hnh bnh hanhABCD va ABCD .Ta
A D O B C

co : OO =

Vay AA + CC = BB + DD.

AA '+ CC ' (ng trung bnh cua hnh thang ACCA) 2 BB '+ DD ' va OO = (ng trung bnh cua hnh thang BDDB). 2

V du 2 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh tam O .Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua SA va CD. a) Chng minh mp(OEF) song song vi mp(SBC) b) Goi M la trung iem cua SD va N la trung iem cua OE . Chng minh MN song song vi mat phang (SBC) Giai
S

M E

a) Ta co OF // BC ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac BCD) va OE // SC ( ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAC) Vay mp(OEF) // mp(SBC) b) Ta co EM // AD (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SAD) do o EM//OF .Suy ra MN nam tren mat phang (OEMF) Ma mp(OEMF) // mp(SBC) Vay MN // mp(SBC)

O B C

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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V du 3 : Cho hai na ng thang Ax va By cheo nhau .Hai iem C va D lan lt di ong tren Ax va By sao cho AC = BD . a) Chng minh rang CD luon luon song song vi mat phang co nh b) Trung iem M cua CD chay tren ng nao? Giai a) Ke Bt // Ax va lay iem H tren Bt sao cho BH = AC Ta co AC // BH va AC = BH nen t giac ABHC la hnh bnh hanh Do o CH // AB Mat khac BH = BD nen tam giac BDH can tai B, do o DH song song vi phan giac ngoai Bz .Vay mp(CDH) // mp(ABz) Ma CD nam tren mat phang (CDH) nen CD // mp(ABz) co nh

x C

O M B N z D y H t

b) Goi O la trung iem cua AB va N la la trung iem cua DH .Ta co MN // OB va MN = OB nen OMNB la hnh bnh hanh, suy ra OM // BN. V tam giac BDH can nen trung tuyen BNcung la phan giac cua goc yBt , do o N di ong tren tia phan giac trong Bzcua goc yBt co nh .Vay M di ong tren tia Ou // Bz

V du 4 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi M la trung iem cua BC a) Chng to mp(AAM) cat BC tai N va AN//AM b) Chng minh rang ng thang AC song song vi mp(BAM) c) Tm giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) Giai
A N B O' O C' M B' C

a) Hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) song song cat bi mat phang (AAM) theo hai giao tuyen AN // AM , do o N la trung iem cua BC. b) Ta co AN // AM va NC // BM. Do o mp(ANC) // mp(BAM) Vay AC // mp(BAM) c) Goi O la tam hnh bnh hanh ABBA va O la tam hnh bnh hanh ACCA Hai mat phang (ABC) va (ABC) co hai iem chung O va O nen giao tuyen cua chung la OO

A'

V du 5 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD. a) Chng minh rang bon ng cheo cua hnh hop cat nhau tai trung iem cua moi ng b) Chng minh rang tong bnh phng cac ng cheo cua mot hnh hop bang tong bnh phng tat ca cac canh cua hnh hop o. Giai a) Ta co AA // CC va AA = CC nen t giac ACCA la hnh bnh hanh, do hai ng cheo AC va AC cat nhau tai trung iem moi ng Tng t cac t giac ABCD va ADCB la hnh bnh hanh.

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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Vay bon ng cheo AC, AC, BD va BD giao nhau tai trung iem O cua moi ng b) Ta chng minh tnh chat : Trong hnh bnh hanh tong bnh phng hai ng cheo bang tong bng phng cac canh A Xet hnh bnh hanh ABCD, theo nh l ham cos ta co : 2 2 2 AC = AB + BC 2AB.BC.cosB BD2 = AB2 + AD2 2AB.AD.cos A ma goc A va goc B bu nhau nen cosA = - cosB B C Vay AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + BC2 ) Ap dung tnh chat nay vao cac hnh hanh: A' ACCA AC2 + AC2 = 2(AC2 + AA2) D' 2 2 2 2 BDDB BD + BD = 2(BD + BB ) Vay AC2 + AC2 + BD2 + BD2 = 4AA2 + 2(AC2 + BD2 ) C' (v AA = BB) B' 2 2 2 = 4AA + 4( AB + BC )
V du 6 : Cho hnh chop cut tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi S la giao iem cac ng thang cha cac canh ben va G va G la trong tam cac tam giac ABC va ABC. Chng to AG // AG Giai Goi M va M la trung iem cua BC va BC th trong tam G thuoc AM va trong tam G thuoc AM.Hai mat phang song song (ABC) va (ABC) cat bi mat phang AGA theo hai giao tuyn AG // AG C. Bai tap ren luyen 2.19 Cho hai hnh bnh hanh ABCD va ABEF co canh chung AB va khong nam trong cung mat phang . a) Chng minh mp(CBE) // mp(ADF) b) Lay iem M tren ng cheo AC vi MC = 2AM va iem N tren ng cheo BF vi NF = 2BN .Cac ng song song vi AB ke t M,N lan lt cat AD va AF tai M va N.Chng minh mp(DEF) // mp(MNNM) 2.20 Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh bnh hanh.Goi O la tam cua hnh bnh hanh , M va N lan lt la trung iem cua SC va SD . a) Chng minh mp(OMN) song song vi mp(SAB) b) Goi E va F la trung iem cua CD va ON .Chng minh EF song song vi mp(SBC) 2..21. Cho t dien ABCD.Goi M va N la hai iem di ong tren hai ng thang AB va CD. Chng to iem I nam trong mat phang co nh 2.22 Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC. Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua cac canh AA va AC a) Dng thiet dien cua hnh lang tru vi mat phang (MNB) b) Dng thiet dien cua lang tru vi mp(MNP) vi P la trung iem cua BC 2..23 Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD a) Chng minh mp(BDA) song song vi mp(BDC) b) Chng minh ng cheo AC i qua trong tam G1 va G2 cua hai tam giac BDA va BDC va AG1 = G1G2 = G2C
S

A'

G' M' B'

C'

A G B M

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song D. Hng dan giai

25

2.19 a) Ta co BC // AD va BE // AF Vay mp(CBE) // mp(DAF) b)MM // DC nen theo nh l Ta-let trong tam giac ACD ta co

N' A

N B M' M C

AM ' AM 1 : = = AD AC 3 AN ' BN 1 NN // AB nen ta co : = = AF BF 3 AM ' AN ' Do o : MN // DF = AD AF

D

Ta co EF // NN ( cung song song vi AB) va DF // MN Vay mp(DEF) // mp(MNNM). 2.20 a) Ta co MN // CD va AB // CD nen MN // AB Ta co MO // SA Vay mp(OMN) // mp(SAB) b) Ta co OE // BC va ON // SB Vay mp(OEN) // mp(SBC) Suy ra EF // mp(SBC) 2.21 Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua AD va BC .
A M E y B x F C N I D

M F A D

O B C

IM EA Ta co : = =1 IN ED IM IN hay = EA ED

Do o theo nh l Ta-let ao th ba ng thang EI , AM , DN cung song song vi mot mat phang. Neu ke Ex // AB va Ey // DC th EI nam trong mat phang (xEy) co nh

2.22
K

N A Q B M HC

a) ng thang MN cat ng thang CC tai K .ng thang BK cat BC tai Q . Vay thiet dien cua hnh lang tru vi mat phang (MNB) la t giac MNQB b) ng thang PK cat BC tai H va ng thang MN AC tai E .ng thang PE AB tai R . Vay thiet dien cua lang tru vi mat phang (MNP) la ngu giac MNHPR .

A' R B' P

C'

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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2.23 a) Ta co BD // BD va BA // CD Vay mp(BDA) // mp(BDC) b) Goi O . O va M la tam cac hnh bnh hanhABCD,ABCD va ACCA. Trong hnh bnh hanh ACCA,ng cheo AC cat AO tai G1 va cat CO tai G2 .Ta co AO // AC va AC = 2AO A Do o hai tam giac G1AC ong dang vi tam giac G1OA ,ta co :

G1 A ' A ' C ' = = 2 .Vay G1 la trong tam cua tam giac BDA v G1O AO
AO la trung tuyen cua tam giac nay. Tng t
B

G2C AC = = 2 nen G2 la trong tam tam giac BDC G2O ' C ' O '

G1 A' O' M G2

Mat khac ta co OG1 // CG2 va O la trung iem cua AC nen AG1 = G1G2 Tng t OG2 // AG1 nen CG2 = G1G2
B'

D'

C'

5. Phep chieu song song

A. Tom tat giao khoa 1. nh ngha phep chieu song songTrong khong gian cho mot mat phang (P) va ng thang d cat mp(P). Vi moi iem M trong khong gian ,ve ng thang qua M va song song vi d hoac trung vi d. ng thang nay cat mp(P) tai M . Phep at tng ng moi iem M trong khong gian vi iem M cua mp(P) nh tren goi la phep chieu song song len mp(P) theo d M phng d, mp(P) goi la mat phang chieu, ng thang d goi la D phng chieu M goi la hnh chieu song song (hoac anh) cua iem M qua phep chieu song song Neu M vach mot hnh (H) va hnh chieu M cua no vach hnh M' (H) th (H) goi la hnh chieu song song cua hnh (H). P

Neu M thuoc mat phang chieu (P) th hnh chieu song song cua M la M.

2. Tnh chat Tnh chat 1 : Hnh chieu song song cua mot ng thang la mot ng thang He qua : Hnh chieu song song cua mot oan thang la mot oan thang, cua mot tia la mot tia
a Q d a M d Q R a' M' P P b' b M N

a'

M' N'

Tnh chat 2 : Hnh chieu song song cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng thang song song hoac trung nhau

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Chng 2. ng thang va mat phang . Quan he song song

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Tnh chat 3 : Phep chieu song song khong lam thay oi t so cua hai oan thang nam tren hai ng thang song song
A B d C D d C D D A' B' C' A' D' P C' D' B' D B A

3. Hnh bieu dien cua mot hnh khong gian nh ngha : Hnh bieu dien cua mot hnh (H) trong khong gian la hnh chieu song song cua hnh (H) tren mot mat phang hoac hnh ong dang vi hnh chieu o Ngi ta chng minh rang :Hnh chieu song song cua mot ng tron la mot ng elip hoac la ng tron (ac biet co the la mot oan thang).V vay ta thng dung ng elip lam hnh bieu dien cua ng tron ,tam cua elip bieu dien cho tam cua ng tron B. Giai toan V du 1 : Cho t dien ABCD.Goi G la trong tam tam giac ACD. a) Chng minh rang hnh chieu song song Gcua iem G tren mat phang (BCD) theo phng AB la trong tam cua tam giac BCD b) Goi E,F,H lan lt la trung iem cua AB,AC,AD.Hnh chieu cua tam giac EFH la hnh g? Giai a) Goi M la trung iem cua CD th G AM va GA = 2GM .Hnh chieu song song cua AM theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la BM .Do o hnh chieu song song cua iem G A tren mp(BCD) theo phng AB la iem G BM va GB = 2GM (tnh chat 3) Vay G la trong tam tam giac BCD Hnh chieu cua iem E theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la B .Hnh H E chieu cua trung iem F cua AC theo phng AB tren mp(BCD) la trung iem K cua BC va hnh chieu cua trung iem H cua AD la trung F G iem N cua BD.Vay hnh chieu cua tam giac EFH theo phng AB N D tren mp(BCD) la tam giac BKN B
G' K C M

V du 2 : Cho oan AB song song vi mp(P) .Goi A va B lan lt la hnh chieu song song cua A va B tren mp(P) theo phng cua ng thang d cho trc .Chng minh rang AB = AB.Phan ao co ung khong? Giai Ta co AB // mp(P) va AB = (ABBA) (P)

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do o AB // AB Ta co AA // BB // d Vay ABBA la hnh bnh hanh Suy ra AB = AB Phan ao sai v neu lay iem C tren ng thang BB vi AC = AB th hnh chieu cua AC van la AB = AC nhng AC khong song song vi mp(P)
C. Bai tap ren luyen

A d

D A' P B'

2.24 Chng minh rang hnh chieu song song cua hnh bnh hanh tren mp(P) theo mot phng d cho trc thng la hnh bnh hanh 2.25 Cho ng thang a cat mat phang (P) tai A .Goi a la hnh chieu song song cua a tren mp(P) theo phng d cho trc. a) Chng to a qua A b) Lay hai iem B va C tren a va goi B , C lan lt la hnh chieu song song cua B va C tren mp(P) theo phong d .Chon phng d sao cho BC = BC 2.26 Cho tam giac ABC nam ngoai mat phang (P).Gia s BC song song vi (P) va AB va AC lan lt cat (P) tai D va E.Hay chon phng chieu d sao cho hnh chieu cua tam giac ABC tren (P) theo phng d la mot tam giac eu D.Hng dan giai

2.24 Theo tnh chat 2 th hnh chieu song song cua hai ng thang song song la hai ng thang song song hoac trung nhau.Hnh bnh hanh la t giac co cac cap canh oi song song nen hnh chieu song song cua no tren mat phang chieu (P) thng la hnh bnh hanh .Neu phng chieu d song song vi mat phang cua hnh bnh hanh th hnh chieu cua hnh bnh hanh la mot oan
A C d D B' A' D' P C' P a' A B' C' d B B a C

2.25 a) Ta co iem A a va iem A mp(P) ,do o hnh chieu song song cua A tren mp(P) theo phng d nao o cung la iem A.Ma hnh chieu song song cua ng trang a tren mp(P) la a ,Vay A a b) Neu BC = BC th t giac BCCB la hnh thang can canh ay BBva CC.Do o AB = AB .Lay iem B tren mp(P) sao cho AB = AB va chon phng d song song vi BB 2.26 Ta co BC // mp(P) nen BC //DE // BC Do o neu tam giac ABC la tam giac eu th tam giac ADE cung la tam giac eu. Vay trong mat phang (P) ta dng tam giac eu ADE biet canh DE cho trc. Chon phng d // AA
A

B A' B' D C'

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Cau hoi trac nghiem cuoi chng 2

Cau 1 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung? a) Hai ng thang khong co iem chung th cheo nhau b) Hai ng thang khong song song th cheo nhau c) Khong co ng thang nao cat ca hai ng thang cheo nhau d) Hai ng thang cheo nhau neu chung khong cung nam trong mot mat phang Cau 2 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung ? a) Cho ng thang a // mp(P) va ng thang b bat ky nam trong mp(P) th a song song vi b b) Hai ng thang phan biet cung song song vi mot mat phang th chung song song c) Co duy nhat mot mat phang i qua mot iem va mot ng thang khong cha iem o d) Ca ba cau tren eu sai Cau 3 : Cho t dien ABCD.Cac menh e sau menh e nao ung: a) Co ba cap ng thang cheo nhau la AB va CD, AD va BC ,AC va BD b) Cac oan thang noi trung iem cac cap canh oi th ong qui c) Cac oan noi t nh en trong tam mat oi dien th ong qui d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 4 : Cho t dien ABCD .Tren cac canh AB va AC lan lt lay cac iem M va N sao cho ng thang MN cat ng thang BC tai E .Lay iem O bat ky trong tam giac BCD.Cac ket luan sau ket luan nao ung? (I) mp(OMN) mp(BCD) = OE (II) Giao iem cua mp(OMN) vi ng thang BD la giao iem cua BD vi ng thang OE (III) Giao iem cua mp(OMN) vi ng thang CD la giao iem cua CD vi ng thang ON a) ch (I) b) ch (I) va (II) c) ch (II) d) ca ba (I) (II) (III) Cau 5 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh bnh hanh ABCD tam O.Goi M la trung iem cua SC.Cac ket luan sau ket luan nao ung? (I) Giao iem I cua ng thang AM vi mp(SBD) thuoc SO IA = 2IM (II) (III) Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAB) va mp(SCD) la ng thang qua S va song song vi AB a) ba cau (I),(II),(III) eu ung b) ch (I) c) ch (I) va (III) d) ch (I) va (II) Cau 6 : Cho t dien ABCD .Goi E va F lan lt la trung iem cua AB va CD va G la trong tam tam giac BCD.Giao iem cua ng thang EG va mp(ACD) la : a) iem F b) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang AF c) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang AC d) Giao iem cua ng thang EG va ng thang CD Cau 7 : Cho t dien ABCD .Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua AB va AC.iem P tuy y tren canh AD. Thiet dien cua hnh t dien ABCD vi mp(MNP) la : a) Thng la hnh bnh hanh b) Mot tam giac c) Mot hnh thang d) Mot ngu giac Cau 8 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Lay iem M tren AB vi AM =

mp(BCD) la :

a .Dien tch cua thiet dien cua hnh t dien khi cat bi mat phang qua M va song song vi 3

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a2 3 a) 12

a2 3 b) 18

a2 3 c) 24

a2 3 d) 36

Cau 9 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Goi G1 va G2 lan lt la trong tam cac tam giac BCD va ACD th oan G1G2 bang bao nhieu? a)

a 4

b)

a 3

c)

2a 3

d) ap so khac

Cau 10 : Cho hai tia Ax va By nam tren hai ng thang cheo nhau.iem M di ong tren Ax va iem N di ong tren By sao cho BN = AM.Tren tia Bz // Ax lay iem M sao cho BM = AM Goi I la trung iem cua MN.Cau nao sau ay ung? a) MN song song vi mot ng thang co nh b) MN song song vi mot mat phang co nh c) I chay tren tia Ot vi O la trung iem cua AB d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 11 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay ABCD la hnh thang (AD//BC).Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) la : a) ng thang qua S va trung iem cua AB b) ng thang qua S va song song vi AD c) ng thang qua S va song song vi AB d) ng thang qua S va giao iem O cua AC va BD Cau 12 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua BC va CC.Mat phang (AMN) cat AB tai H th a) 2 b) 3

c)

HA bang : HB

d) t so khac

Cau 13 : Cho lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC.Goi H la trung iem cua AB.Mat phang (BCH) cat AC tai K th t so a) 2

A' K bang : A 'C '

b) c)

1 4

d)

3 4

Cau 14 : Cho hnh lang tru tam giac ABC.ABC .Goi H la trung iem cua AB.Mat phang (BCH) cat AC tai E th t so a)

2 3

AE bang : AC ' 1 1 b) c) 2 4

d)

3 4

Cau 15 : Cho t dien ABCD co cac canh eu bang a.Goi G la trong tam tam giac BCD.Cat t dien bi mat phang (ABG) th dien tch cua thiet dien bang : a)

a2 3 4

b)

a2 2 2

c)

a2 2 4

d)

a2 3 2

Cau 16 : Cho t dien ABCD va M la trung iem cua CD.Lay iem O tren BM vi BO = 3 OM.ng song song vi AB ke t O cat mp(ACD) tai A th t so

OO ' bang : AB

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a)

1 3

b)

1 4

c)

1 2

d)

2 3

Cau 17 : Cho hnh chop SABCD co ay la hnh thang ABCD (AD//BC) .Goi M va N lan lt la trung iem cua SB va SC .Giao tuyen cua hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) la : a) ng thang AD b) ng thang song song vi MN c) ng thang AM d) ng thang BN Cau 18 : Cho hnh chop S.ABCD co ay la hnh bnh hanh .Mot mat phang (P) qua iem M tren canh SA va song song vi AC va SB lan lt cat AB, BC, SC , BD va SD tai N,Q,R,E va F.Cac menh e sau ay menh e nao ung? a) MNPR la hnh bnh hanh b) MN,QR va EF cung song song vi SB c) MQ, NR va EF ong qui d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung Cau 19 : Cho hnh hop ABCD.ABCD.Lay iem M tren AB vi AB = 4AM, iem N tren DD vi ND = 3ND va iem P tren BC vi BC = 4 BP. Cac menh e sau menh e nao ung ? a) mp(MNP) song song vi mp(ABD) b) mp(MNP) song song vi mp(ACD) c) MN song song vi AP d) Ca ba cau tren eu sai Cau 20 : Trong cac menh e sau menh e nao ung? (I) Mot ng thang co the trung vi hnh chieu song song cua no (II) Tam giac ABC co hnh chieu song song la tam giac ABC th trong tam cua tam giac ABC co hnh chieu la trong tam tam giac ABC (III) Mot ng thang luon cat hnh chieu cua no a) Ch (I) b) ch (I) va (II) c) ch (III) d) ca ba (I) (II) (III)
Bang tra li 1d 11b 2c 12a 3d 13b 4b 14a 5a 15c 6b 16b 7c 17b 8d 18d 9b 19a 10d 20b

A
Hng dan giai 1d 2c 3d 4b (I) ung v hai mat phang (OMN) va (BCD) co hai iem chung O va E Vay mp(OMN) mp(BCD) = OE (II) ung v OE va BD nam trong mat phang (BCD) nen cat nhau tai F th F la giao iem cua BD vi mp(OMN) (III) sai v CD va ON khong cat nhau 5a

N C

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M I A D

ung v AM va SO la hai trung tuyen cua tam giac SAC giao nhau tai trong tam I ,ma SO nam trong mp(SBD) nen AM cat mp(SBD)tai I tren SO (II) ung v I la trong tam tam giacSAC (III) ung v hai mat phang (SAB) (SCD) co S chung va AB//CD

O B C

6 b F la trung iem cua CD nen BF la trung tuyen cua tam giac BCD.Do o G thuoc BF.Vay trong tam giac ABF, EG va AF cat nhau tai H th H la giao iem cua EG va mp(ACD) 7c MN // BC ,do o mp(MNP) cat mp(BCD) theo giao tuyen PQ // BC// MN Vay thiet dien MNPQ la hnh thang

a a2 3 .Vay dien tch cua thiet dien la S = 3 36 9b Goi M la trung iem cua CD th G1 BM va G2 AM. MG1 MG2 1 Ta co : = = Do o G1G2 // AB MB MA 3 GG a 1 Vay 1 2 = Suy ra G1G2 = AB 3 3
8d Thiet dien la tam giac eu canh bang 10d Ta co BN = BM = AM .Do o tam giac BNM can nen canh NM // vi phan giac ngoai Bu cua goc yBz. Ta co MM // AB va NM // Bu nen mp(MNM) // mp(ABu) E Vay MN // mp(ABu) co nh A Goi O la trung iem cua AB va J la trung iem cua NM th OI // BJ Vay I thuoc tia Ot // pnan giac trong Bv cua goc yBz M 11b Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co iem S chung va lan lt cha AD va BC song song . Vay giao tuyen cua chung la ng thang qua S va song song vi AD 12a ng thang MN cat ng thang BB tai E ng thang AE cat AB tai H th H la giao iem cua mp(AMN) vi AB. M la
H B N

trung diem cua BC nen BE = CN = Vay

1 CCma BB = CC va AB = AB 2
A

A' B'
C

C'

HB EB 1 = = A ' B ' EB ' 3

Suy ra HA = 2 HB
B

13c Ta co BC // BC . Do o mp(BCH) cat mp(ABC) theo giao tuyen HK // BC.

A' H B'

C'

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H la trung iem cua AB.Vay K la trung iem AC. Suy ra

A'K 1 = A 'C ' 2

14a AC cat CK tai E th E la giao iem cua mp(BCH) vi AC

Vay

AE 2 = AC ' 3 a 3 a 2 ,ng cao MH cua tam giac bang . 2 2

A

15c Mat phang (ABG) cat CD tai trung iem M.Vay thiet dien la tam giac

ABM can tai M vi AB = a va MA= MB = Vay S =

a2 2 4

16b Trong tam giac ABM, ng song song vi AB ke t O cat AM tai A

Ta co :

OA ' MO 1 = = AB MB 4
A' B O C M D

17b Ta co MN // BC (ng trung bnh cua tam giac SBC Hai mat phang (SAD) va (SBC) co S chung va lan lt cha AD // BC //MN Vay giao tuyen cua chung la ng thang qua S va song song vi MN 18d
S

M F R

A N E B Q C

mp(P) qua M va // vi SB va AC nen mp(P) (SAB) = MN //SB. mp(P) mp(ABC) = NQ // AC mp(P) mp(MAC) = MR // AC mp(P) mp(SBC) = QR // SB mp(P) mp(SBD) = EF // SB Vay t giac MNQR la hnh bnh hanh Ta co MN // QR // EF // SB V NQ // AC nen E la trung iem cua NQ va EF // MN .Vay EF qua giao iem cua hai ng cheo MQ va NR

19a. Ta co :

MA ND ' 1 = = MB ND 3
B

A M D

Do o theo nh l Ta-let ao th MN, ADva BD cung song song vi mot mat phang hay MN // mp(ABD) Ta cung co

C N A' D'

mot mat phang hay MP // mp(ABD) Vay mp(MNP) // mp(ABD)

20b (I) va (II) ung

MA PB ' 1 = = nen MP , AB va BC cung song song vi MB PC 3

B'

C'

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