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Zigbee: Jan Dohl Fabian Diehm Patrick Grosa
Zigbee: Jan Dohl Fabian Diehm Patrick Grosa
Dargie
ZigBee
Jan Dohl
Fabian Diehm
Patrick Grosa
Dresden, 14.11.2006
Structure
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Introduction
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Introduction
What is ZigBee?
Specification of protocols for small, low-power radios
History
May 2003: IEEE 802.15.4 completed December 2004: ZigBee specification ratified June 2005: public availability
ZigBee-Alliance
Companies developing and promoting the standard 150+ members
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Concepts
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Production costs
In the beginning of 2005 ZigBee: 1.1 $ <==> BT: 3 $ Development costs Codesize ZB/codesize BT = Bit-error-rate (BER)
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flexibility No. of supported nodes ZigBee: 65536 (in a mesh) <==> BT: 7 (in a star)
Security ZigBee: AES (128bit) <==> BT: SAFER (64/128bit) Latency requirements ZigBee: optional guaranteed time slot Range ZigBee: up to 75 m in LOS condition <==> BT: 10 m
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Usage Scenarios
Industrial & commercial Consumer electronics Toys & games PC & periphals Personal health care home/building automation
Just everything you can imagine for wireless sensor nodes or in general short range communications
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7 6 5 4 3 2 1
7Layer ISO-OSI-Model Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
Simplified 5Layer ISO-OSI-Model User Application Application Profile Network Data Link Physical
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Protocol Stack
ZigBee Profiles
Profiles:
Definition of ZigBee-Profiles describes a common language for exchanging data defines the offered services device interoperatbility across different manufacturers Standard profiles available from the ZigBee Alliance profiles contain device descriptions unique identifier (licensed by the ZigBee Alliance)
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Architecture
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Coordinator (ZBC) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
only one in a network initiates network stores information about the network all devices communicate with the ZBC
routing functionality
bridge to other networks
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee Router (ZBR) (IEEE 802.15.4 FFD)
optional component routes between nodes extends network coverage manages local address allocation/de-allocation
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ZigBee Node-Types
ZigBee End Device (ZBE) (IEEE 802.15.4 RFD)
optimized for low power consumption cheapest device type communicates only with the coordinator sensor would be deployed here
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Device Discovery
unicast (NWK id known), broadcast (NWK id unknown) ZBC-/ZBR-Response: IEEE address + NWK address + all known network addresses
Binding
creating logical links between 2 or more end devices
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Traffic-Types
1. Data is periodic
application dictates rate
2. Data is intermittent
application or stimulus dictates rate (optimun power savings)
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Traffic-Modes
1. Beacon mode:
beacon send periodically Coordinator and end device can go to sleep Lowest energy consumption Pricise timing needed Beacon period (ms-m)
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Beacon-Mode
Traffic-Modes
1. Non-Beacon mode:
coordinator/routers have to stay awake (robust power supply needed) heterogeneous network asymmetric power
picture taken from [1]
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Topologies
Mesh-Topology
Topologies
Tree-Topology
Implementation
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PHY layer
2400MHz Band specs
4 Bits per symbol DSSS with 32 Bit chips
O-QPSK modulation
Sine halfwave impulses Binary Data
Bit to Symbol
PHY layer
868/915 MHz Band specs
1 Bit per symbol Differential encoding
Medium
Binary Data
Diff. Encoder
Bit to Chip
BPSK Mod.
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PHY layer
General specs and services
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) < 35% -3dBm minimum transmit power (500W)
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PHY layer
PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) frame structure
Frame to be sent via radio Preamble for chip and symbol synchronization
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MAC layer
Channel access specification
Beacon/Nonbeacon Define Superframe structure
Slotted/unslotted CSMA-CA
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MAC layer
Managing PANs
Channel scanning (ED, active, passive, orphan) PAN ID conflict detection and resolution
Starting a PAN
Sending beacons Device discovery Device association/disassociation Synchronization (beacon/nonbeacon) Orphaned device realignment
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MAC layer
Transfer handling
Transaction based (indirect transmission) Beacon indication Polling Transmission, Reception, Rejection, Retransmission Acknowleded Not acknowledged GTS management Allocation/deallocation Usage Reallocation Promiscous mode
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MAC layer
Frame security
Provided security features Access control Data encryption Frame integrity Sequential freshness Avaiable security modes Unsecured mode ACL mode Secured mode Avaiable security suites AES-CTR AES-CCM AES-CBC-MAC
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MAC layer
How far have we come?
1 0
4 6 5
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NWK layer
Distributed address assignment
Tree structure or self managed by higher layer 16Bit network space divided among child routers
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NWK layer
Distributed address assignment - Example
Cm=2 ; Rm=2 ; Lm=2
Depth in network d 0 1 2 Offset Value 3 1 0
1
2 ? 6 5
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0 4
NWK layer
Routing cost
Metric to compare goodness of routes Base: Link cost between 2 neighbors
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NWK layer
Route discovery
Find or update route between specific source and destination Started if no active route present in routing table Broadcast routing request (RREQ) packets Generates routing table entries for hops to source Endpoint router responds with Routing response (RREP) packet Routes generated for hops to destination Routing table entry generated in source device
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NWK layer
Route discovery
RREQ RREP
5 1
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NWK layer
Routing
Check if routing table entry exists Initiate route discovery if possible
Route maintenance
Track failed deliveries to neighbors
Initiate route repair when threshold reached Careful with network load! In case of total connectivity loss: Orphaning procedure Re-association with network
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Application Level
Application Level
Application Layer
Application Support Sub-layer (APS):
interface to NWK-layer (offers general set of functions) Data transmission, binding and security management
Application Level
Application Layer
Application Framework:
Specifies Datatypes Devices describe themselves by ZigBee descriptor: frequency band power description application flags application version serial number manufacturer ...
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Application Layer
Supported Data-types
Application Level
Application Layer
ZigBee defined Objects (ZDO):
provides common function for applications Initializes APS, NWK-Layer and Security Service Specification offers services like device-/service-descovery, binding and security management assembles information about the network for ZBC/ZBR -> e.g. binding table
Evaluation
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Cons
Not many end devices available yet Single point of failure (centralized architecture)
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Gadget example
Pantech & Curitel P1 phone
Only a prototype
control electrical appliances Check temperature & humidity Sending messages in case of trespass
picture taken from [9]
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References
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References
[1] ZigBee Specifications v1.0 [2] Designing with 802.15.4 and ZigBee, Presentation Slides, available on ZigBee.org [3] ZigBee Tutorial, http://www.tutorial-reports.com/wireless/zigbee
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