ZIGBEE

TECHNOLOGY
 ABSTRACT
• What is ZigBee?
• ZigBee Overview
• IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN
• ZigBee Networking Basics
• Technology Comparisons
• Applications
• Conclusion
• References
 WHAT IS ZIGBEE?
• ZigBee is a wireless networking technology.
• ZigBee is the set of specifications built around the IEEE 802.15.4 wireless
protocol.
• ZigBee technology is a low data rate, low power consumption, low cost,
wireless networking protocol targeted towards automation and remote control
applications.
• ZigBee is ideal for harsh radio environments in isolated locations
 NEED FOR ZIGBEE
• ZigBee was created to satisfy the market's need of a standards-based
wireless network that is
- cost-effective
- supports low data rates
- low power consumption
- secure and reliable

• ZigBee is the only wireless standards-based technology:

- that addresses the unique needs of remote monitoring & control and sensory network applications.
- enables broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low-cost low-power solutions.
- provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive primary batteries for a typical monitoring
application
 ZIGBEE ALLIANCE
• The ZigBee Alliance is an association of companies working together to
enable reliable, cost-effective, low-power, wirelessly networked, monitoring
and control products based on an open global standard ( IEEE 802.15.4 PAN )
• Open and global
► Anyone can join and participate
► Membership is global
 WHY THE NAME ZIGBEE ?
• The name "ZigBee" is derived from the
erratic zig-zag patterns many bees make
between flowers when collecting pollen. This
is suggestive of the invisible webs of
connections existing in a fully wireless
environment, similar to the way packets
would move through a mesh network.
 IEEE 802.15.4 WPAN
• Wireless personal area networks (WPANs) are used to convey information
over relatively short distances.
• The main features of this standard are network flexibility, low cost, very low
power consumption, and low data rate in an Adhoc self-organizing network
among inexpensive fixed, portable, and moving devices
 ZIGBEE CHARACTERISTICS
ZigBee operates as one of three license-free bands
2.4 GHz, 915 MHz for North America, and 868 MHz for Europe
At 2.4 GHz, there are a total of 16 channels available with a maximum data transfer of
250 kbps
At 915 MHz: 10 channels for a max 40 kbps transfer rate
At 868 MHz: 1 channel for a max 20 kbps transfer rate

ZigBee incorporates a CSMA-CA protocol

This protocol reduces the probability of interfering with other users and automatic
retransmission of data ensures robustness.
Yields high throughput and low latency for low-duty cycle devices like sensors and
control.
CONTINUED
Multiple topologies: star, peer-to-peer, mesh topologies
Low power consumption with battery life ranging from months to years
128-bit AES encryption – Provides secure connections between devices
Addressing space of up to 64-bit IEEE address devices
Up to 65,535 nodes on a network
Optional guaranteed time slot for applications requiring low latency
Fully reliable hand-shake protocol for transfer reliability
Range: 10 to 100m. Typical (Up to 400m max.)
 DEVICE TYPES
• There are three different ZigBee device types
• The ZigBee (PAN) coordinator node
• The Full Function Device (FFD)
• The Reduced Function Device (RFD)
 ZIGBEE TOPOLOGY

• ZigBee Supports 3 Topologies

1. Star topology
2. Peer to Peer topology
3. Cluster Tree or Mesh Topology
COMPARISON OF 3 TOPOLOGIES
COMPARISON BETWEEN TOPOLOGIES
Star Topology Peer-to-Peer Topology Mesh Topology

Star topology is a In peer to peer In a mesh topology, there is

network topology in architecture, every node no central connection point.
which each network Instead, each node is
is connected to another
connected to at least one
component is physically node directly. Every
other node and usually to
connected to a central computer node is more than one. Each node
node such as a router, referred to as a peer. is capable of sending
hub or switch. In a star messages to and receiving
Every peer provides
topology, the central hub messages from other nodes.
services to other peers
acts like a server and the The nodes act as relays,
as well as uses services
connecting nodes act like passing on a message
of them. There is no toward its final destination.
clients.
central server present.
ZIGBEE ARCHITECTURE
 NETWORK LAYER AND
APPLICATION LAYER
• This level in the ZigBee architecture includes
1. The ZigBee Device Object (ZDO)
2. User-Defined Application Profile(s)
3. The Application Support (APS) Sub-layer.
 PHYSICAL LAYER
• The PHY service enables the transmission and reception of PHY protocol data
units (PPDU) across the physical radio channel.
• The features of the IEEE 802.15.4 PHY physical layer are
Activation and deactivation of the radio transceiver,
energy detection (ED),
Link quality indication (LQI),
Clear channel assessment (CCA),
Channel selection.
 MAC LAYER
• The MAC service enables the transmission and reception of MAC protocol
data units (MPDU) across the PHY data service.
• The features of the MAC sublayer are
 Beacon Management,
 CSMA-CA Mechanism,
 GTS management,
 Acknowledged frame delivery,
 DATA TRANSFER
• Information in a ZigBee network is transferred in packets
• Each packet has a maximum size of 128 bytes, allowing for a maximum payload of
104 bytes.
• The ZigBee specification supports a maximum data transfer rate of 250 kbps for a
range of up to 100 meters
• A ZigBee network has an optimal superframe structure with a method for time
synchronization
• For priority messages, a guaranteed time slot mechanism has been incorporated. This
allows high-priority messages to be sent across the network as rapidly as possible.
 DATA TRANSFER
• This data transfer transaction is the mechanism for transferring data from a coordinator to a
device.
• When the coordinator wishes to transfer data to a device in a beacon-enabled network, it indicates
in the network beacon that the data message is pending.
• The device periodically listens to the network beacon and, if a message is pending, transmits a
MAC command requesting the data, using slotted CSMA-CA. The coordinator acknowledges the
successful reception of the data request by transmitting an optional acknowledgment frame.
• The pending data frame is then sent using slotted CSMA-CA. The device acknowledges the
successful reception of the data by transmitting an acknowledgment frame. The transaction is now
complete. Upon receiving the acknowledgment, the message is removed from the list of pending
messages in the beacon.
• When a coordinator wishes to transfer data to a device in a non-beacon-enabled network, it stores
the data for the appropriate device to make contact and request the data. A device may make
contact by transmitting a MAC command requesting the data, using unslotted CSMA-CA, to its
coordinator at an application-defined rate.
• The coordinator acknowledges the successful reception of the data request by transmitting an
acknowledgment frame. If data are pending, the coordinator transmits the data frame, using
unslotted CSMA-CA, to the device. If data are not pending, the coordinator transmits a data frame
with a zero-length
• payload to indicate that no data were pending. The device acknowledges the successful reception
of the data by transmitting an acknowledgment frame.
MODES OF DATA TRANSFER
TECHNOLOGY COMPARISON
 CONCLUSION
• Comparing ZigBee technology with the present Bluetooth technology it is
evident that ZigBee can have a safe future in this effervescent world of
technology.
• There is definitely a place on the market for ZigBee, since no global standard
exists today in the wireless sensor network area.
THANK YOU!!