LRC VRC (parity check)

In LRC a block of bits is divided in to rows and
a redundant row of bits is added to the whole
block.
LRC is called as Longitudinal Redundancy
Check
Double and Triple errors can be detected
It is complex as compared to VRC
One extra bit is sent along with the original bits
to make number of 1s either even in case of
even parity, or odd in case of odd parity.
VRC is called as Vertical Redundancy Check
Can not
No complex

Parameter Circuit switching Packet switching

Orientation It is connection oriented It is connection less
Flexibility Inflexible, because once a path is set all Flexible, because a route is created for
parts of a transmission follows the same each packet to travel to the
path. destination.
Technology Circuit switching can be achieved using Packet Switching has two approaches
two technologies, either Space Division Datagram Approach and Virtual
Switching or Time-Division Switching. Circuit Approach.
Layer Circuit Switching is implemented at Packet Switching is implemented at
Physical Layer. Network Layer.
Order Message is received in the order, sent Packets of a message are received out
from the source. of order and assembled at the
destination.
Purpose Initially designed for Voice Initially designed for Data
communication. Transmission.

PPP is a data link protocol

Describe the process of DHCP server configuration / Describe process of DHCP assigning IP
address
1) DHCP client initiate communication with servers when they boot for the first time as
shown in the figure.
2) This process can involve more than one server but only one server is selected by the
clinent
3) In the Fig., the selected server is marked as ‘Selected’ and other ‘not selected’ stands
for all the possible not selected servers.
 Process: -
1) The client generates a series of DHCPDISCOVER messages, which it transmits as
broadcasts. At this point, the client has no IP address and is in the init state.
2) The DHCP server responds with DHCPOFFER msg. Containing an IP address and
optional parameters.
3) The client receives one or more DHCPOFFER msgs. From one or more servers and
chooses one server from which to request configuration parameters. Client generates a
DHCPREQUEST msg. As a Multicast.
4) Those servers not selected by the DHCPREQUEST msg. use the msg. As notification
that the client has rejected those servers offer.
5) The selected server responds with a DHCPACK msg. containing the configuration
parameters for the requesting client. If the client receives a DHCPNAK msg., the client
restarts the configuration process.
6) The client choose to give up its lease on a n/w address by sending a DHCPRELEASE
msg.
7) The server receives the DHCPRELEASE msg. and makes the lease as Free.

Identify network topology and network connecting devices……….

First draw the sketch as per the given description
Tree topology is appropriate ( give advantages of same)
Devices:- Hub/ switch , router ( write two points for each device from notes)
 BASIS FOR
UTP STP
COMPARISON

Basic UTP (Unshielded twisted pair) is a STP (Shielded twisted pair) is a twisted
cable with wires that are twisted pair cable enclosed in foil or mesh
together. shield.

Noise and crosstalk High comparatively. Less susceptible to noise and crosstalk.
generation

Grounding cable Not required Necessarily required

Ease of handling Easily installed as cables are smaller, Installation of cables is difficult
lighter, and flexible. comparatively.

Cost Cheaper and does not require much Moderately expensive.

maintenance.

Data Rates Slow comparatively. Provides high data rates

Advantages of using subnetting:

1. It is useful to control and to reduce the network traffic by limiting number of broadcasts.
2. Improve network performance and speed
3. Reduce network congestion
4. Ease administration
5. It is allowed any organization to subnet its network without needed to have a new
network IP through an internet service provider (ISP).
6. Subnetting was so helpful to solve the problem of lacking IP addresses on the Internet.
7. Allowing to use two or more LAN technologies together in the same network.
8. Subnets also helpful to minimize the size of the routing tables on the internet since
additional network numbers will not being added to the table.
9. When you want to isolate segments for security reasons such as accounting and sales
segment.