BIOLOGY

2. CELL ORGANISATION IN PLANTS

TISSUES
Tissues have two main types of tissues in plants , the meristematic tissues and permanent tissues.

meristematic tissues consist of small cells which have thin walls,

large nuclei, dense cytoplasm and no vocuoles.There are young , actively dividing cells which have not undergone differentiation and are located at the tips of roots and the buds of shoots. permanent tissues are mature tissues that have undergone differentiation ore are still undergoing differentiation.there are three types of permanent tissues , epidermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular tissues. epidermal tissue : the outmost layer that covers the stems,leaves and roots of young plants.

- most epidermal cells are flat and have large vocuoles. - The walls of epidermal cells which are exposed to air are covered with a waxy waterproof coating called the cuticle.the cuticle minimises water loss through evaporation, protects plant from mechanical injury and prevents invasion of diseases caused by microorganisms. - the root epidermal cells have long projections called root hairs to increase the surface area for water absorption. - specialised epidermal cells containing chloroplasts are found among epidermal cells. - these cells are calld guard cells that control the opening and closing of stomata.