REPORT SHEET

Experiment No. 6

The Plant Tissues

I. DATA AND RESULTS

II. OBSERVATIONS

There are a lot of tissues in just a small part of a plant. The leaf of santan is just like the skin of
animals and humans it has upper and lower epidermis. The stems of monocot and dicot are
composed of the same tissues but have different structures as vascular bundles in monocot are
scattered while the vascular bundles in the dicot have a ring-like pattern.

III. CONCLUSION

I therefore conclude that plant tissues have their own different functions and structure that is
responsible for their growth and protection. These are important in studying and understanding
the plants

IV. ANSWERS TO RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What are the specific functions of the following:

ANSWER: A. Parenchyma – responsible for photosynthesis, food storage, sap secretion,

and gas exchange.

B. Collenchyma - provides support and flexibility to the stems for easy bending without
breakage.

C. Sclerenchyma – provides mechanical support and also supports in the transportation

of water and nutrients.

D. Xylem - responsible in the transportation of water and water-soluble nutrients and

provides mechanical support and storage.

E. Cuticle – prevents evaporation of water from the leaf surface, reduces the rate of water
loss.

F. Phloem - responsible for transportation and distribution of sugars, proteins, and other
organic molecules in plants.

G. Trichomes – provides protection to the plant against insects, prevents insect on

approaching and eating the plant.

H. Root hairs – responsible for collection of water and nutrients from the soil and take it to
the roots and to the rest of the plant.

I. Stomatal apparatus – guard cells responsible for the open and close of stomatal pore
during gaseous exchange and transpiration.

2. What are secretory cells?

ANSWER: They are cells responsible for the gathering of metabolism by products which are not
used as reserve substances.

3. Which has more stomata, the upper or lower epidermis? Why?

ANSWER: The lower epidermis, as it is more often hidden from the sun making it cooler, so
evaporation would not take place as often.
OBJECTIVE

- To identify and give the function of plant tissues and types of roots stems and leaves.

INTRODUCTION

Root and shoot basically are similar in structure, only the arrangement of tissues differs. Dicot stems
have their vascular tissues arranged in a more or less complete ring of individual bundles of
vascular tissue ( called vascular bundles). The ground tissue of dicots can be differentiated into two
regions, pith and cortex.

Herbaceous plant, those have no or very little wood. Herbaceous plants have only primary tissues.
Woody plants develop secondary tissues-wood and bark.

RESULT

DICOT ANATOMY
DISCUSSION

Dicot roots of gram shows following distinct region in its Transverse section with following section
with following features: epiblema , cortex, endodermis, pericycle, vascular bundles and pith.
Epiblema or epidermis provides protection to the roots hairs. It also helps in absorption of water
and minerals from soil. Cortex functions as transport of water and salts from the root hairs to the
center of the root. Endodermis allows radial diffusion of water and minerals through the
endodermis. Pericycle, at the second time of secondary growth, it produces secondary cambium
or phellogens. The vascular bundles with consists xylem and phloem.

The epidermis was made up of parenchyma cells in monocot stem, cuticle present. Its hypodermis
is made up of few layers of sclerenchymatous cells which is involves in primary growth. Its
epidermis is a protective outermost single layer of parenchymatous cells without intercellular
spaces. Its cortex is below the epidermis cortex. It is differentiated into few layers of collenchyma
cells that make hypodermis gives mechanical strength to the stem. Its endodermis (starch sheath)
is the cells of this layer are barrel shaped arranged compactly without intercellular spaces. The last
one is stele which consists of pericycle, vascular bundles and pith.

MONOCOT ANATOMY

Monocot Root Magnification 40x

QUESTION

a) Referring the slide of root hairs, do they originate all the way down to the root cap (Yes or No)?

Yes. This is because the outer area of the bottom of the root protects other root tissues as the root
continues to grow into the soil.

b) Examine the root hairs carefully. What happens to their length as you observe them at increasing
distance from the root tip?

They become longer.

c) The youngest root hairs are the shortest. What does this imply regarding their point of origin and
pattern of maturation?

Root hairs or absorbent hairs is a tubular outgrowth of a trychoblast, a hair-forming cell on the
epidermis of a plant roots. They are mainly found in the region of maturation of the root, and not
the zone of elongation because ny root hairs that arise are sheared off as the root elongates and
moves through the soul. Root hair cells vary in between fifteen and seventeen micrometers in their
meter, and eighty to 1,500 micrometers in lengths.
d) Beneath the epidermis find the relatively wide cortex, consisting of parenchyma cells that
contain numerous starch grains. Based on the presence of starch grains, what would you suspect
one function of this root might be?

It is responsible for the transportation of the materials into central cylinder of the root through
diffusion and may also be used for food storage in the form of starch.

e) Do you find any starch grains in the cortex of the corn stem?

Yes, because Starch grains are small granules found in the leaves, roots, stems, fruits and seeds of
plants.

f) Does the spongy mesophyll contain any chloroplasts (Yes or No)?

Yes, spongy mesophyll contains many chloroplast. most photosynthesis takes place,in palisade
cells. Spongy mesophyll also captures light and makes food.

g) What is one function that occurs within the spongy mesophyll?

spongy mesophyll is the air spaces in a plant that allow air to diffuse among the cells which are
producing and releasing both CO2 and O2, the area where gas exchange occurs.

h) Is the lower epidermal layer covered by a cuticle?

Yes, the cuticle covers both the upper and lower parts of the leaf epidermis, made mostly of lipids
and waxes. The cuticle tends to be thicker on the top of the leaf, since that's the part that's most
exposed to the sun. The cuticle protects the leaf's photosynthesizing cells from danger, such as
bacteria, fungal spores, viruses and other disease-causing dangers. The cuticle also protects the
leaf's photosynthesizing cells from environmental toxins, excessive ultraviolet radiation and too
much water loss.

i) Compare the abundance of stomata within the lower epidermis with that in the

upper epidermis. Which epidermal surface has more stomata. All surfaces of the leaf have some
number of stomata for regulating gas exchange for photosynthesis. However, the lower epidermis
which is the underside of the leaf have many of it because it is more often in the shade and when
it is cooler, which means evaporation wants to take place as much.

j) Look at the mesophy11 of the leaf. Draw and label it in Figure 11. Is the mesophy11 divided into
palisade and spongy layers (Yes or No)?

Yes, Mesophyll can then be divided into two layers, the palisade layer and the spongy layer

CONCLUSION

According to our data, there are four different types of plant tissues namely, meristematic,
epidermal, vascular, and ground tissue. These types of plant tissues have different functions. The
cell of each type varies in size, shape, behaviour and composition. Meristematic tissue, it is in this
region where new cells are produced. Dermal tissue provides a protective cover for the entire body
of a plant. Ground tissue is responsible for the plant’s metabolic functions. Vascular tissue
transports materials like water and nutrients between the root and the shoot system. They are
arranged finely in the regions of the plant’s organ. For example, in roots, stem and leaves the
arrangements of these tissues are the same. The dermal tissue is located on the outer part, ground
tissue is between the dermal and vascular tissue and the meristematic tissue has three main types
of the apical meristem that occurs in the tips of stems and roots, intercalary meristem takes
between the tip and base of stems and leaves and lateral meristem occurs at the side of stems and
roots. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is achieved.