TOPIC 13: THERMOCHEMISTRY

1 Which of the following reactions absorbs heat from the surroundings?

Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah menyerap haba daripada persekitaran?
A Adding zinc to nitric acid

Menambahkan zink pada asid nitrik

B Dissolving ammonium nitrate in water

Melarutkan ammonium nitrat dalam air

C Dissolving copper(II) sulphate in water

Melarutkan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam air

D Adding sodium hydroxide solution to sulfuric acid

Menambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida pada asid sulfurik

2 Which of the following chemicals when dissolved in water will reduce the temperature?

Antara bahan berikut, yang manakah menurunkan suhu apabila dilarutkan dalam air?
A Sodium oxide

Natrium oksida
B Ammonium nitrate

Ammonium nitrat
C Copper(II) sulphate

Kuprum(II) sulfat
D Potassium hydroxide

Kalium hidroksida

TOPIC 13: THERMOCHEMISTRY Figure 11 shows the energy level diagram that represents the reaction between A 3 and B. Rajah 11 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga mewakili tindak balas antara A dan B.

Figure 11 What is the heat of the reaction between A and B? Apakah haba tindak balas antara A dan B? A B C D 4 T2 T2 T1 T3 - T1 T3 T2 The heat of neutralisation between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide is higher than the heat of neutralisation between ethanoic acid and potassium hydroxide because Haba peneutralan antara asid hidroklorik dan kalium hidroksida adalah lebih tinggi daripada haba peneutralan antara asid etanoik dan kalium hidroksida kerana A hydrochloric acid is a mineral acid whereas ethanoic acid is an organic acid asid hidroklorik adalah asid mineral sementara asid etanoik adalah asid organik the reaction between ethanoic acid and potassium hydroxide is incomplete tindak balas antara asid etanoik dan kalium hidroksida adalah tidak lengkap hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid have different pH values asid hidroklorik dan asid etanoik mempunyai nilai pH yang berlainan energy is needed to ionise the ethanoic acid tenaga diperlukan untuk mengion asid etanoik

C D

Trial kedah 2009 5 Figure 14 shows the energy level diagram for a reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulphate solution. Rajah 14 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas antara zink dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.

Figure 14 Calculate the temperature change when excess zinc is added to 100 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution . Kira perubahan suhu apabila zink berlebihan ditambah kepada 100 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.1mol dm 3. [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1] A B C D 6 2oC 4oC 6oC 8oC

The following is a thermochemical equation. Berikut ialah suatu persamaan termokimia. HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O H = -57 kJ/mol

Calculate the quantity of heat energy released when 200 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 300 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. Hitung kuantiti haba yang dibebaskan apabila 200 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 asid hidroklorik ditambah kepada 300 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 larutan natrium hidroksida. A B C D
7

5.70 kJ 11.4 kJ 17.1 kJ 22.8 kJ

Which of the following reactions releases heat to the surroundings?

Antara tindak balas berikut, yang manakah membebaskan haba ke persekitaran?

A B C D

Dissolving potassium nitrate in water

Melarutkan kalium nitrat dalam air

Disssolving ammonium sulphate in water

Melarutkan ammonium sulfat dalam air

Adding calcium carbonate to nitric acid

Menambahkan kalsium karbonat kepada asid nitrik

Adding potassium hydrogen carbonate to hydrochloric acid

Menambah kalium hidrogen karbonat kepada asid hidroklorik

The following equation shows the reaction between potassium hydroxide solution and nitric acid.
Persamaan berikut menunjukkan tindak balas antara larutan kalium hidroksida dan asid nitrik

KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq)

KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

H = - 57kJ mol-1

Which of the following statements is true?

Antara pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar?

A B C D 9

The reaction is endothermic

Tindak balas ini adalah endotermik

The heat is absorbed from the surroundings

Haba diserap dari persekitaran

The temperature of the solution mixtures rises

Suhu larutan campuran meningkat

57 kJ of heat energy is absorbed to form 1 mole of water

57 J tenaga haba diserap untuk membentuk 1 mol air

Diagram 14 shows the energy level diagram for the reaction between zinc and copper(II) sulphate solution .

Rajah 14 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas antara zink dan larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.

Energy Tenaga

Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq)

H = - 217 kJmol-1 ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s)

Diagram 14
Rajah 14

What is the change in temperature when 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution is reacted with excess zinc? [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg-1C-1]
Berapakah perubahan suhu jika 50 cm larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.1 mol dm ditindakbalaskan dengan zink berlebihan? -1 -1 [Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 Jg C ]
3 -3

A B C D

2.1C 2.6C 5.2C 8.2C

10 When 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is mixed with 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution the temperature increases 14C. What is the heat change for this reaction? [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2J g C-1]
Apabila 25 cm asid hidroklorik 1.0 mol dm dicampurkan dengan 25 cm larutan kalium -3 hidroksida 1.0 mol dm suhu meningkat sebanyak 14C. Berapakah perubahan haba bagi tindak balas ini? -1 [Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2J g C ]
3 -3 3

A B C D

1470 J 2352 J 2940 J 3280J

11 The following equation shows the reaction between Ag+ and Cl- ions. 1. Berikut adalah persamaan bagi tindakbalas antara ion Ag+ dan ion Cl- . Ag+ + Cl AgCl H = - 65 kJmol-1

Which of the following is true about the above equation ? Antara berikut yang manakah benar tentang persamaan diatas ? A B C D Endothermic reaction occurs Tindakbalaas endotermik berlaku Heat is released to the surroundings Haba dibebaskan ke persekitaran The temperature of the product decreases Suhu hasil tindakbalas berkurang .

65 kJ of heat absorbed when 1 mole of silver chloride is formed . 65 kJ haba diserap apabila 1 mol argentum klorida terbentuk . 12 Table 6 shows the heat of combustion of three alcohols . Jadual 6 menunjukkan haba pembakaran bagi tiga alkohol. Alcohol Alkohol CH3OH C2H5OH C4H9OH Heat of combustion / kJmol-1 Haba pembakaran /kJmol-1 -710 -1370 -2670

Which of the following factors increases the heat of cobustion of alcohols ? Antara faktor berikut , yang manakah menambahkan haba pembakaran alkohol ? A B C D Size of molecules decreases Saiz molekul berkurang Number of carbon atoms per molecule increases Bilangan atom karbon per molekul bertambah Number of oxygen atoms per molecule increases Bilangan atom oksigen per molekul bertambah Number of hydrogen atoms per molecule decreases Bilangan atom hidrogen per molekul berkurang

13

Diagram 15 shows energy level diagrams for the reaction between hydrochloric acid and potassium hydroxide . Rajah 15 menunjukkan gambarajah aras tenaga untuk tindakbalas antara asid hidroklorik dan kalium hidroksida . Energy Tenaga H+ + OH-

- 54 kJ mol-1

H2 O

Diagram 15 Rajah 15 Calculate the amount of heat released when 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid reacts with 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide solution. Hitungkan jumlah haba yang dibebaskan apabila 50 cm3 asid hidroklorik 2 mol dm-3 bertindak balas dengan 50 cm3 larutan kalium hidroksida 2 mol dm-3 A 5.40 kJ B 10.8 kJ C 27.0 kJ D 54.0 kJ The following equation shows the combustion of heptane, C7H16 in excess oxygen. Persamaan berikut menunjukkan pembakaran heptana, C7H16 dalam oksigen berlebihan. C7H16 + 11O2 7CO2 + 8H2O H = - 5512 kJ mol-1

14

In an experiment the combustion of heptane in excess oxygen releases 1378 kJ energy. What is the mass of heptane used? Dalam satu eksperimen pembakaran heptana dalam oksigen berlebihan membebaskan 1378 kJ tenaga. Berapakah jisim heptana yang digunakan? [Relative atomic mass : H = 1; C = 12] [Jisim atom relatif: H = 1 ; C = 12 ] A B C D 25.0 g 36.0 g 77.0 g 88.0g

15 The following is the energy level diagram for the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solution. Energy
HCl + NaOH

H = - 57 kJ mol-1
NaCl + H2O

Which of the following statements is true? A The reaction is endothermic B The heat energy absorbed is 57 kJ C The temperature of the product increases D The products contain more energy than the reactants 16 Table 3 shows the heat of neutralization between acids and alkalis for experiment I and experiment II. Heat of neutralization/kJmol-1 -55.0 -57.0

Experiment I II

Acid Ethanoic acid Nitric acid

Alkali Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide TABLE 3

Why is the heat of neutralization of experiment I is lower than experiment II? A B C D Ethanoic acid is a weak acid Ethanoic acid ionizes partially in the water Ethanoic acid released more energy to the surroundings Ethanoic acid absorb parts of the energy released to ionized in water

17

The thermochemical equation represents the precipitation of lead(II) sulphate : Persamaan termokimia mewakili tindak balas bagi pemendakan plumbum(II) sulfat: Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) PbSO4(s) H = 42 kJ mol-1

Which energy level diagram is correct ? Gambar rajah aras tenaga manakah yang betul ?

A PbSO4(s) Energy Tenaga Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) B PbSO4(s) Energy Tenaga Pb (aq) + SO4 (aq)
2+ 2-

H = 42 kJ mol-1

H = + 42 kJ mol-1

C Energy Tenaga

Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) H = 42 kJ mol-1 PbSO4(s)

D Energy Tenaga

Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) H = + 42 kJ mol-1 PbSO4(s)

18 Diagram 8 shows the set up of apparatus to determine the heat of combustion of propanol.

Thermometer Glass beaker Water

XXXXXXXX XX

Spirit lamp Ethanol

DIAGRAM 8

The value of the heat of combustion obtained is less than the theoretical value. Which of the following can improve the accuracy of the value obtained? Nilai haba pembakaran yang diperolehi adalah lebih rendah daripada nilai teori. Antara berikut, yang manakah dapat meningktkan ketepatan nilai yang diperolehi?

I II III IV A B C D

Remove the wire gauze Touch the thermometer to the base of the beaker A copper can is used to replaced the glass beaker The flame from the spirit lamp must touch the bottom of the beaker I, II and IV only I, III and IV only II, III and IV only I, II, III and IV

19 The following is the chemical equation for a reaction. Pb(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 PbSO4 + 2NaNO3

2.52 kJ of heat energy is released when 0.05 mol of lead(II) sulphate precipitate is formed. Calculate the heat of precipitation of lead(II) sulphate. A B C D 0.02 kJmol-1 0.13 kJmol-1 5.04 kJmol-1 50.40 kJmol-1

20 The following is the energy level diagram. Energy

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

H = + 176 kJ mol-1
CaCO3(s)

What is the mass of calcium carbonate decomposed if 8.8 kJ of heat energy is absorbed? [Relative atomic mass: C=12, O=16, Ca=40] A B 2.5 g 5.0 g C D 7.5 g 10.0 g

21

The diagram shows the energy level diagram for the decomposition of calcium carbonate.

Rajah menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi penguraian kalsium karbonat.
Energy

Tenaga

CaO(s) + CO2(g)

H = + y kJmol-1 CaCO3 (s)

Based on the energy level diagram, which of the following is true?

Berdasarkan gambar rajah aras tenaga, manakah betul?

A The reaction is exothermic

Tindak balas adalah eksotermik

B The heat energy released is y kJ

Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan ialah y kJ

C CaO(s) and CO2(g) contain more energy than the CaCO3(s)

Kandungan tenaga CaO(s) and CO2(g) lebih daripada kandungan tenaga CaCO3(s)
D Heat absorbed during the breaking of bond in CaCO3 is less than the heat released during the formation of bond.

Haba yang diserap semasa pemecahan ikatan dalam CaCO3 adalah rendah daripada haba yang dibebaskan semasa pembentukan ikatan

22

The diagram shows the set-up of the apparatus to determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride.

Rajah menunjukkan gambar rajah susunan radas untuk menentukan haba pemendakan bagi argentum klorida.
Thermometer

Termometer 28.0oC
Polystyrene cup

28.0oC

Cawan Polistirena

+
25 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 of silver nitrate solution 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 of sodium chloride solution

25 cm3 larutan argentum nitrat 1.0 moldm-3

50 cm3 larutan natrium klorida 1.0 moldm-3

Thermometer

Termometer
Stir

31.0oC

Kaca u
Mixture of the solution

Campuran larutan
White precipitate

Mendakan putih
What is the heat of precipitation of silver chloride?

Berapakah haba pemendakan bagi argentum klorida?

[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1, density of solution = 1 gcm-3] 18.9 kJmol-1 37.8 kJmol-1 18900 kJmol-1 37800 kJmol-1

[Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1, ketumpatan larutan = 1 gcm-3]

A B C D

23

The following is the thermochemical equation for a reaction.

Berikut adalah persamaan termokimia bagi satu tindak balas

Zn + CuSO4

ZnSO4 + Cu

H = -210 kJmol-1

Calculate the heat change when 50 cm3 of 1.0 moldm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution reacts with excess zinc.

Hitung perubahan haba apabila 50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 1.0 moldm-3 bertindak balas dengan zink yang berlebihan.
A B C D 10.5 kJ 105 kJ 420 kJ 4200 kJ

24

The thermochemical equation for the precipitation of lead(II) chloride , PbCl2 is given below. Persamaan termokimia bagi pemendakan plumbum(II) klorida , PbCl2 diberikan seperti di bawah. Pb2+(aq) + 2 Cl(aq) PbCl2(s) Pb2+(ak) + Cl(ak) PbCl2(p) Which statement is true ? Pernyataan manakah yang benar ? A B C The reaction is endothermic. Tindak balas adalah endotermik. The temperature of the reaction mixture increases. Suhu campuran bahan tindak balas meningkat. The energy content of the PbCl2 is higher than that of Pb2+ and Cl ions. Kandungan tenaga PbCl2 adalah lebih tinggi dari jumlah tenaga ion Pb2+dan ion Cl Energy is absorbed when 1 mole of PbCl2 is formed. Tenaga diserap apabila 1 mol PbCl2 terbentuk H = 50 kJ mol-1 H = 50 kJ mol-1

25

The thermochemical equation for displacement of copper by zinc is given below. Persamaan termokimia bagi penyesaran kuprum oleh zink diberikan seperti dibawah. Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + Cu(s) Zn(p) + CuSO4 (ak) ZnSO4 (ak) + Cu(p) H = 210 kJ mol-1 H = 210 kJ mol-1

What is the mass of copper, Cu when 84 kJ of heat is released? [Relative atomic mass: Cu = 64] Berapakah jisim kuprum, Cu yang terbentuk apabila 84 kJ haba dibebaskan? [Jisim atom relatif: Cu = 64] A B C D 26 0.4 g 3.3 g 25.6 g 160.0 g

The heat of neutralisation between a strong acid and a strong alkali is 57.6 kJmol -1 .Which reactions release less than 57.6 kJmol -1? Haba peneutralan antara asid kuat dan alkali kuat adalah 57.6 kJ mol -1 Tindak balas manakah yang membebaskan tenaga haba kurang dari 57.6 kJmol -1 ? I 1 mol of ammonia solution with 1 mol of hydrochloric acid 1 mol larutan ammonia dengan 1 mol asid hidroklorik 1 mol of potassium hydroxide solution with 1 mol of nitric acid. 1 mol larutan kalium hidroksida dengan 1 mol asid nitrik

II

III 1 mol of potassium hydroxide solution with 1 mol of ethanoic acid. 1 mol larutan kalium hidroksida dengan 1 mol asid etanoik IV 1 mol of sodium hydroxide solution and 0.5 mol of sulphuric acid. 1 mol larutan natrium hidroksida dengan 0.5 mol asid sulfurik I and III I dan III I and IV I dan IV II and III II dan III II and IV II dan IV

A B C D

27

The particulars below are obtained from an experiment to determine the heat of combustion of butanol . Volume of water Mass of butanol burnt Increase in water temperature = = = 250 cm3 0.37 g 12.8 oC

What is the heat of combustion of butanol? [Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1, Relative molecular mass of butanol = 74 ] Butiran berikut diperolehi dari satu eksperimen bagi menentukan haba pembakaran butanol. Isipadu air = 250 cm3 Jisim butanol = 0.37 g Kenaikan suhu air = 12.8 C Berapakah haba pembakaran butanol? [Muatan haba tentu air = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1,Jisim molekul relatif butanol = 74] A B C D
28

- 1630 kJ mol-1 - 2688 kJ mol-1 - 4973 kJ mol-1 - 6070 kJ mol-1

Diagram 13 shows the energy profile diagram of the following chemical reaction. Rajah 13 menunjukkan gambar rajah profil tenaga bagi tindak balas kimia berikut. L+M R + S

Energy Tenaga 200 kJ

70kJ R+ S

L+M Diagram 13 Rajah 13 Which of the following statements is true? Antara pernyataan-pernyataan berikut, yang manakah benar? A The heat of reaction is 70 kJ Haba tindak balas bagi tindak balas ialah 70 kJ. The activation energy is 200 kJ. Tenaga pengaktifan bagi tindak balas adalah 200 kJ.

R and S are more stabil than L and M. R dan S adalah lebih stabil daripada L dan M. Heat is released when L reacts with M to produce R and S. Haba terbebas apabila L bertindak balas dengan M untuk menghasilkan R dan S.

PAPER 2 SECTION A
1. Diagram 6 shows the energy level diagram for the combustion of methanol.
Rajah 6 menunjukkan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi pembakaran metanol.

Energy
Tenaga

CH3OH + 3 O2
2

H = -728 kJ mol-1 CO2 + 2H2O

Diagram 6
Rajah 6

(a)

State one information that can be obtained from the energy level diagram in Diagram 6.

Nyatakan satu maklumat yang boleh diperolehi daripada gambar rajah aras tenaga dalam Rajah 6.

.. [1 mark]

(b)

Draw a labelled diagram of the set up of apparatus to determine the heat of combustion of methanol.
Lukis gambar rajah susunan radas yang berlabel bagi menentukan haba pembakaran metanol.

[2 marks]

(b)

Heat energy released from the complete combustion of 1.6 g methanol is used to heat 200 cm3 of water.
Haba yang terbebas daripada pembakaran lengkap 1.6 g metanol digunakan untuk 3 memanaskan 200 cm air.

(i)

Calculate the heat energy released in the reaction.

Hitung tenaga haba yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas ini.

[ Molar mass of methanol, CH3OH = 32 gmol-1 ]

[ Jisim molar metanol CH3OH = 32 gmol
-1

[2 marks]

(ii)

Calculate the temperature change in the reaction.

Hitung perubahan suhu dalam tindak balas ini.

[ Specific heat capacity of water: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ]

[ Muatan haba tentu air: 4.2 J g
-1 o

C ]

-1

[2 marks]

(c)

The value of the heat of combustion of methanol obtained from the experiment always less than the theoretical value. Suggest one precaution step that should be taken in order to get a more accurate result.
Nilai haba pembakaran metanol yang diperolehi daripada eksperimen biasanya lebih rendah daripada nilai teori. Cadangkan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil untuk memperolehi keputusan yang lebih tepat.

..........................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (d) Table 6 shows the molecular formula and heat of combustion of ethanol and propanol.
Jadual 6 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran etanol dan propanol.

Name of alcohol
Nama alkohol

Molecular formula
Formula molekul

Heat of combustion/ kJmol-1

Haba pembakaran/ kJmol
-1

Ethanol
Etanol

C2H5OH C3H7OH Table 6

Jadual 6

-1376 - 2015

Propanol
Propanol

Based on the information in Table 6, explain why there is a difference in the value of heat of combustion between ethanol and propanol.
Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 6, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan nilai Haba pembakaran antara etanol dan propanol.

......................................

........................................................................................................................................ ..

........................................................................................................................................ .. [3 marks]

2.
berikut.

The equation for combustion of propanol in excess oxygen is given below.

Persamaan tindakbalas pembakaran propanol dalam oksigen berlebihan diberikan seperti

C3H7OH

+ 9 O2 2

3CO2 + 4H2O H= -2015 kJ mol-1

(a)

State one information that can be obtained from the given equation. Nyatakan satu maklumat yang boleh diperolehi daripada persamaan yang diberikan.

........................................... .. [1 mark]

(b)

Heat given out from the complete combustion of 1.2 g propanol is used to heat 200 cm3 of water.
Haba yang terbebas daripada pembakaran lengkap 1.2 g propanol digunakan untuk 3 memanaskan 200 cm air.

Calculate:
Hitung:

(i)

The heat energy given out in the reaction.

Tenaga haba yang dibebaskan dalam tindak balas ini.

[Molar mass of propanol, C3H7OH = 60 gmol-1] [Jisim molar bagi propanol, C3H7OH = 60 gmol-1]

[2 marks]

(ii)

The temperature change in the reaction.

Perubahan suhu dalam tindak balas ini.

[ Spesific heat capacity of water

[ Muatan haba tentu bagi air = 4.2 Jg

= 4.2 Jg-1 oC-1 ; Density of water = 1 gcm-3 ]

-1 o

C-1 ; Ketumpatan air = 1 gcm-3 ]

[2 marks]

(c)

Draw the energy level diagram for this reaction.

Lukis gambarajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas ini.

[3 marks]

(d)The value of the heat of combustion of propanol obtained from the experiment is less than the theoretical value. Suggest one precaution step that should be taken in order to get a more accurate result.
Nilai haba pembakaran propanol yang diperolehi daripada eksperimen ini lebih rendah daripada nilai teori. Cadangkan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil untuk memperolehi keputusan yang lebih tepat.

.......................................................................................................................................... [1 mark]

(e)

Table 6 shows the molecular formula and the heat of combustion for methanol and ethanol.

Jadual 6 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran bagi methanol dan etanol.

Alcohol
Alkohol

Molecular formula
Formula molekul

Heat of combustion/kJmol-1
Haba pembakaran/kJmol
-1

Methanol
Methanol

CH3OH C2H5OH Table 6

Jadual 6

-728 -1376

Ethanol
Etanol

Based on the information in Table 6, explain why there is a difference in the value of heat of combustion between methanol and ethanol.
Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 6, terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan nilai haba pembakaran antara metanol dan etanol.

........................................................................................................................................ ..

........................................................................................................................................ ..

........................................................................................................................................ ..

........................................................................................................................................ .. [3 marks]

The thermochemical equation below represents the combustion reaction of an alcohol in the air. Persamaan termokimia dibawah mewakili tindak balas pembakaran suatu alkohol di udara. C4H9OH + 6O2 4CO2 + 5H2O H = -2679 kJ mol-1

(a) (i) State the name of the alcohol in the above equation. Nyatakan nama alkohol di dalam persamaan di atas.

[1 mark] [1markah] (ii) What is meant by H = -2679 kJ mol-1 in the above equation? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan H = -2679 kJ mol-1\ dalam persamaan di atas?

[1 mark] [1markah] (b) 0.37g of the alcohol that is named in (a), used to heat 500 g of water. 0.37g alkohol yang dinamakan di (a), digunakan untuk memanaskan 500 g air. Calculate, Hitungkan, (i) the heat released by the alcohol in the reaction. [Molar mass of the alcohol = 74 g mol-1] haba yang dibebaskan oleh alkohol itu dalam tindak balas [Jisim molar alkohol = 74 gmol-1]

[1 mark] [1markah] (ii) the temperature change of water expected in the experiment in (b) [Specific heat capacity of water: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1] perubahan suhu air yang dijangkakan dalam eksperimen ini. [Haba tentu air: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1]

[2 marks] [2markah]

(c) Draw the energy level diagram for the combustion of the alcohol. Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga untuk pembakaran alkohol tersebut.

[2 marks] [2markah] (d) Table 6 shows the heat of combustion of various alcohols. Jadual 6 menunjukkan haba pembakaran pelbagai alkohol. Number of carbon atoms Bilangan atom karbon 1 2 3 4 5 Molecular formula Formula molekul Name of alcohol Nama alkohol Heat of combustion Haba pembakaran (kJ mol-1) -726 -1376 . -2679 -3332

CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C4H9OH C5H11OH Table 6 Jadual 6

Methanol Ethanol Propanol Pentanol

(i)

Predict the heat of combustion of propanol. Ramalkan haba pembakaran bagi propanol.

[1 mark] [1markah]

(ii)

Based on Table 6, explain why as the number of carbon atoms increases so does the value of heat of combustion. Berdasarkan Rajah 6, terangkan mengapa apabila bilangan atom karbon bertambah nilai haba pembakaran juga bertambah.

[2 marks] [2markah]

Diagram 6 shows the apparatus set-up to determine heat of displacement of copper by using zinc powder. The temperature changes is recorded in the Table 6.

Rajah 6 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan haba penyesaran bagi kuprum dengan menggunakan serbuk zink. Perubahan suhu dicatat dalam Jadual 6.

5 g of zinc powder

5 g sebuk zink

Plastic cup

Cawan plastik
50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution

50 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.2 mol dm-3

Diagram 6

Rajah 6
Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate solution (oC)

Suhu awal larutan kuprum(II) sulfat (oC)

Highest temperature of the mixture (oC)

30.0

Suhu tertinggi campuran (oC)

38.0

Table 6

Rajah 6
(a) What is the meaning of heat of displacement?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan haba penyesaran?

... ... [1 mark] (b) State the type of reaction that occurs based on the temperature change.

Nyatakan jenis tindak balas yang berlaku berdasarkan perubahan suhu.

... [1 mark]

(c)

Calculate : Kira : (i) the heat change for the reaction [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1; Density of solution = 1 g cm-3]

perubahan haba bagi tindak balas. [Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1; Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm3 ]

[1 marks] (ii) the heat of displacement for the reaction.

haba penyesaran bagi tindak balas.

[2 marks] (d) Draw energy level diagram for the reaction.

Lukiskan gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas tersebut.

[3 marks]

(e)

Experiment I is repeated by using 100 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 of copper(II) sulphate solution.

Eksperimen I diulangi dengan menggunakan 100 cm3 larutan kuprum(II) sulfat 0.2 mol dm-3.
(i) Based on Experiment I, predict the heat change for the reaction.

Berdasarkan Eksperimen I, ramalkan perubahan haba bagi tindak balas tersebut.

... [1 mark] (ii) Explain your answer in (e) (i). Terangkan jawapan dalam (e) (i). ... ... ... [2 marks] 4 (a)Chemical reactions involve the breaking of bonds of the reactants and the formation of bonds of the products. By using a suitable example, explain the concept of endothermic reaction in term of the breaking and the formation of bonds in a reaction. [3 marks] (b) 50.0 cm3 of silver nitrate solution 1.0 mol dm-3 is reacted with 50.0 cm3 of sodium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3 . The data obtained is shown in Table 6. Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution/oC Initial temperature of sodium chloride solution/ oC Maximum temperature of the mixture/ oC TABLE 6_ (i)Write the chemical equation for the reaction. [2 marks] (ii)Calculate the number of moles of the silver ions that react with the chloride ions. 29.0 29.0 36.5

[1 mark]

(iii)

Calculate the heat change in this reaction. [Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2 Jg-1oC-1, Density of solution = 1 gcm-3]

[2 marks] (iv) Calculate the heat of precipitation for this reaction. [2 marks] (c) Diagrams 3 shows the energy level of Reactions I and II. Energy Zn + CuSO4 H = -210 kJ mol-1 ZnSO4 + Cu CaCO3 H = +178 kJ mol-1 Energy CaO + CO2

Reaction I DIAGRAM 3

Reaction II

Based on the energy level diagrams above, compare Reaction I and Reaction II.

(d) acid and

[3 marks] The information shows two equations which represent the reactions between alkali with their respective heat of neutralization .

Experiment I HCl(aq) + KOH(aq) Experiment II CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) H= -55 kJ mol-1 NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H= -57 kJ mol-1

Based on the information of H above, compare and contrast Reaction I and Reaction II. Include in your answer the ionic equations for both reactions. [4 marks]

(e) Table 7 shows the molecular formula and heat of combustion for methanol and ethanol. Alkohol Metanol Etanol Formula molekul CH3OH C2H5OH TABLE 7 Based on the information in Table 7, explain why there is a difference in the values of the heat of combustion between methanol and ethanol. [3 marks] Haba Pembakaran/ kJ mol-1 -725 -1376

10 (a) What is meant by the heat of combustion of alcohol ? Apakah maksud haba pembakaran alkohol ? [2 marks] (b) Table 10 shows the molecular formula and the heat of combustion for alcohol X and alcohol Y. Jadual 10 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran bagi alkohol X dan alkohol Y. Alcohol Alkohol X Y Molecular Formula Formula molekul C3H7OH C4 H9OH Table 10 Based on the information in Table 10, compare the heat of combustion between alcohol X and alcohol Y. Explain why there is a difference in the values of the heat of combustion between alcohol X and alcohol Y. Berdasarkan maklumat dalam Jadual 10, bandingkan haba pembakaran antara alkohol X dan alkohol Y. Terangkan mengapa nilai haba pembakaran bagi alkohol X dan alkohol Y berbeza. [3 marks] (c) Name one example of an alcohol and describe a laboratory experiment to determine the heat of combustion of that alcohol. In your description, include a labelled diagram and the calculation involved. [ Relative atomic mass : C=12, O=16 , H=1] [ Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.2.J g-1 oC-1 ;Density of solution =1gcm-3 ] Dengan menggunakan satu contoh alkohol yang dinamakan, huraikan satu eksperimen makmal untuk menentukan haba pembakaran alkohol itu. Dalam penerangan anda, Heat of Combustion/ kJ mol-1 Haba Pembakaran/ kJ mol-1 -2100 -2877

sertakan gambar rajah berlabel dan langkah pengiraan yang terlibat. [Jisim atom relatif : C=12, O= 16, H=1] [ Muatan haba tentu larutan = 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 ; Ketumpatan larutan = 1 g cm-3 ] [12 marks] (d) In an experiment to determine the heat of displacement, excess zinc is added to 100 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution. Calculate the temperature change if the heat of displacement is -105 kJ mol-1 [Specific heat capacity of the solution = 4.2Jg-1 oC-1; Density of solution=1gcm-3] Dalam satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba penyesaran, zink berlebihan ditambahkan kepada 100 cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 larutan argentum nitrat. Hitungkan perubahan suhu jika haba penyesaran dalam eksperimen itu ialah -105 kJ mol-1 . [ Muatan haba tentu larutan =4.2 Jg-1 oC-1; Ketumpatan larutan = 1gcm-3 ] [ 3 marks]
8 (a) Combustion of alcohols is an exothermic reaction. (i) Write the equations for the combustion of methanol and ethanol. Using these two equations, explain why the heat of combustion of methanol and ethanol differs. Pembakaran alkohol merupakan suatu tindak balas eksotermik. (i) Tuliskan persamaan untuk pembakaran methanol dan etanol. Dengan menggunakan kedua-dua persamaan ini, terangkan mengapa haba pembakaran metanol dan etanol adalah berbeza. [5 marks] Sketch a graph to show the relationship between the heat of combustion of the first five alcohols against the number of carbon atoms per molecule. Lakarkan satu graf untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara haba pembakaran lima alkohol pertama dengan bilangan atom karbon per molekul. [ 2 marks] Explain what is meant by the heat of precipitation using the formation of silver chloride as an example. Terangkan maksud haba pemendakan dengan menggunakan tindak balas pembentukan argentum klorida sebagai contoh. [2 marks] (ii) Describe an experiment to determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride. Include a labelled diagram, the experimental procedure and the calculation in your description. Terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menentukan haba pemendakan bagi argentum klorida . Penerangan anda mesti mengandungi gambarajah berlabel, prosedur eksperimen dan pengiraan.

(ii)

(b)

(i)

10.

Diagram 10 shows the energy diagram for two reactions. Rajah 10 menunjukkan gambarajah aras tenaga bagi dua tindak balas.
Energy Tenaga Reactants Bahan tindak balas Energy Tenaga Products Hasil tindak balas

Products Hasil tindak balas

Reactants Bahan tindak balas

Reaction I Tindak balas I

Reaction II Tindak balas II

Diagram 10 Rajah 10 (a) Compare and contrast between the energy level diagrams for reaction I and reaction II. Banding bezakan di antara gambar rajah aras tenaga bagi tindak balas dan tindak balas II. [4 marks] [4 markah] Table 10 shows the molecular formula and the heat of combustion for ethanol and propanol. Jadual 10 menunjukkan formula molekul dan haba pembakaran bagi etanol dan propanol. Alcohol Alkohol Ethanol Etanol Propanol Propanol Molecular formula Formula molekul C2H5OH C3H7OH Table 10 Jadual 10 Based on the information in table 10, compare the heat of combustion between ethanol and propanol. Explain why there is a difference in the values of the heat of combustion between ethanol and propanol. Berdasarkan maklumat dalam jadual 10, bandingkan haba pembakaran di antara etanol dan propanol. Terangkan mengapa terdapat perbezaan nilai haba pembakaran bagi etanol dan propanol. [4 marks] [4 markah] (c) The heat of combustion of ethanol can be determined in the laboratory. Describe how to determine the heat of combustion of ethanol. Haba pembakaran etanol boleh ditentukan di makmal. Huraikan bagaimana untuk menentukan haba pembakaran etanol. Heat of combustion/kJ mol-1 Haba pembakaran/kJ mol-1 -1376 -2026

(b)

Your answer should include the following: Jawapan anda perlu mengandungi perkara-perkara berikut: Diagram of apparatus set-up Gambar rajah susunan radas Procedure of the experiment Prosedur eksperimen Three precautionary steps to get better results Tiga langkah berjaga-jaga untuk mendapat keputusan lebih baik [12 marks]