DSL Physical Layer

Prepared by: peter.macaulay@ZDSL.com 2005 by ZDSL.com

ADSL, HDSL, IDSL, SDSL, VDSL = xDSL

DSL2-1

ADSL

ITU-T Updates G.992.3 = ADSL2 G.992.5 = ADSL2+

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line ANSI T1.413-1998 G.992.1 = G.dmt = 8.1/0.8 Mbps (256 bins) G.992.2 = G.lite = 1.5/0.5 Mbps (128 bins) G.992.1 with S=1/2 line coding yielding 12 Mbps G.992.3 = G.dmt.bis (July2002) aka ADSL2 (256 bins) G.992.3 Annex L = Reach Extended RE-ADSL2 G.992.4 = G.lite.bis G.992.5 = ADSL2+ = 24 Mbps at 5,000 feet (512 bins) G.993.2 = VDSL2 = 100 Mbps (May 2005)
DSL2-2

DMT ADSL
4kHz low pass filter (LPF) for voice sub-carrier spacing for discrete multitones (DMT)

Pilot Tone #64 = 276kHz

DSL2-3

p ow er spe ctrum upstrea m dow nstream

DMT Operation
DMT - Discrete Multi-Tone Modulation Orthogonal Sub-channels Spaced @ 4.3125 kHz SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) Margin signal above the background noise floor (i.e. +8dB) QAM Modulated With 2 - 14 Bits Note: 22 = 4 Constellation Points 214 = 16,384 Constellation Points

PO T S
4 kHz 1.1 MHz 2.2 MHz .

frequency

Energy / tone

frequency

64-QAM

4-QAM

DSL2-4

Three Down Stream (DS) Speeds

1. Theory Possible 256 bins, 12 Mbps max 2. Actual Actual for the copper local access loop Perhaps 188 bins, 9.6 Mbps max Some bins disabled by the copper loop Will depend upon bits-per-bin loading 3. Tariff The service you requested, purchased Perhaps 140 bins, 1.5 Mbps max or less bits-per-bin Some bins disabled by the service provider
DSL2-5

Quad Spectrum Proposal

Extend the DS (Downstream) bins to 3.75 MHz Widen the US (Upstream) from 138kHz to 276 kHz Enhance the bit loading beyond 15 bits per bin
VDSL2 ADSL2+ ADSL1

US
Bins 6-31 Bins 256

DS
Bins 512 Bins 870

26kHz

138kHz

1.1MHz

2.2MHz

3.75MHz
DSL2-6

Bits Per Tone (Annex A: Upstream)

Bits per tone Bits per bin
16 14 Bits Per Tone

Upstream Bits Per Tone

POTS=1-5 Annex A US=6-31 Note: Tone 10 = 11 bits 10*4.3125 (43.125kHz)

12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 Tone Number

DSL2-7

Bits per Tone (Downstream 32-256)

Tone kHz Bits 0 0 3 5 5 7 7 9 9 10 11 11 ADSL2 35 150.937 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 155.250 159.562 163.875 168.187 172.500 176.812 181.125 185.437 189.750 194.062 198.375

0 0 0 3 5 5 7 7 9 9

Tone # 46 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 @ 198.375 1kHz 0 1 3 3 = 11 bits

1 1 1 1 3 3 4 5 5 5

... Tone kHz = tone number x 4.3125

DSL2-8

Bits per Tone (Downstream 32-256)

Tone kHz Bits 15 2 15 15 15 15 15 15 14 14 14 15
DSL2-9

ADSL2 241 1039.312 242 243 244 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 1043.625 1047.937 1052.250 1073.812 1078.125 1082.437 1086.750 1091.062 1095.375 1099.687 1104.00

Tone 242 Ouch!

ADSL2 Tone 256 @ 1.1MHz = 15 bits

...

Bit Swap
If the SNR changes for one tone, the bit swap protocol re-deploys the allocation of bits among the sub-carrier tones with no retrain of the modems or change in the net data rates. Bit swap only works for an equal number of bit (+/-) For testing a tone in the range 70-100 is selected Tone power is increased to 75dBm power Tone power in then increased by 5dBm until a bit swap occurs while recording the bits per tone map Reference: DSL Forum TR-067 ADSL Interoperability
Test Plan
DSL2-10

Seamless Rate Adaptation (SRA)

SRA was introduced with ADSL2 and is included in ADSL2+ SRA dynamically re-assign bits per tone with no modem retrain DSL Forum WT-100 ADSL2/ADSL2plus Interoperability Test
Plan may add this test

DSL2-11

G.992.5 Upstream PSD (ADSL2+)

Power Spectral Density (PSD)
PSDin dBm/Hz 21.5 dB/octave 34.5 dBm/Hz peak PSD -72 dB/octave 100 dBm/Hz peak PSD in 10 kHz window -15 dB/dec peak PSD in 1 MHz window above 3750 kHz

97.5 peak +15 dBrn 0-4 kHz -93.2 dBm/Hz 92.5 dBm/Hz

100 dBm/Hz 110 dBm/Hz

112 dBm/Hz Frequency in kHz

25.875

138 243

686

1411 1630

5275

12000

POTS

Passband 26 138 kHz

DSL2-12

G.992.5 Downstream PSD (ADSL2+)

G.992.5
PSD in dBm/Hz 36 dB/octave 4.63 dB/octave 46.5 dBm/Hz 97.5 peak +15 dBrn 0-4 kHz 47.8 dBm/Hz 44.2 dBm/Hz 72.5 dBm/Hz 92.5 dBm/Hz 59.4 dBm/Hz 80 dBm/Hz 100 dBm/Hz 110 dBm/Hz 112 dBm/Hz Frequency in kHz 18 dB/octave 36.5 dBm/Hz peak PSD 3 dB/octave 65 dB/octave 78 dB/octave 100 dBm/Hz peak PSD in 10 kHz window peak PSD in 1 MHz window above 3750 kHz

80 138

1104

1622

2208

3001.5 3750 4545 2500 3175

7225

12000

Passband 138 2208 kHz

DSL2-13

ANSI and ITU (G.dmt)

ANSI T1.413 - 1998 ITU-T G.992.1-1999 = ADSL (ADSL1) ITU-T G.992.3-2002 = ADSL2 (July 2002) ITU-T ADSL includes localization for different countries; Annex A with POTS Annex B with ISDN Annex C with TCM-ISDN for Japan Annex H for Japan G.992.1 has an enhanced activation compared to ANSI called G.994.1 (G.hs handshake). Instead of a single tone being used to indicate optional features supported by a DSL modem, several tones digitally transmit the same information for a more robust startup. G.997.1 (G.ploam) -- management
DSL2-14

G.992.3 (G.dmt.bis) = ADSL2

ITU-T Study Group 15, Question 4 (SG15-Q4) May 2002 consent, July 2002 approved Technical freeze on ADSL .bis means other or second version Major changes in ADSL2 Improved bit rate in the downstream Mandatory Trellis Code Line Diagnostics Reduced Power All Digital Mode

DSL2-15

G.992.3 (ADSL2) - Bonding

ADSL2 provides support for inverse multiplexing Bonding of multiple copper pairs for transport of a Single ATM stream (ATM Forum Standard af.phy0086.001 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA), Version 1.1) 32 Mbps on 4 bonded pairs 24 Mbps on 3 bonded pairs 16 Mbps on 2 bonded pairs

DSL2-16

G.992.3 (ADSL2) Bonding Rates

Diagram source: www.aware.com

DSL2-17

G.992.3 (ADSL2) Speed Change

Improved bit rate Was 2-15 bits, now also 1-bit signal constellations four-dimensional, 16-state trellis-coded and 1-bit quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellations Results in a 96-192 kbps greater downstream Reduced framing overhead for faster transfers Adaptable pilot tone location (carrier #64 = 276kHz) Will result in better clocking Mandatory Trellis coding and Reed Solomon RS=15 Explicit rate negotiation Will be good for multi-vendor configurations Better tone reordering for RFI robustness
DSL2-18

G.992.3 (ADSL2) Rate & Reach

21.5 kft = 6.5 km

Diagram source: www.aware.com

DSL2-19

G.992.3 (ADSL2) SRA

ADSL2 can dynamically adapt to changes in line conditions: Crosstalk from other DSL in the same cable Narrow band AM (radio) disturbers Temperature changes Water in the cable bundle Uses online reconfiguration (OLR) when SNR changes SRA is important for video to avoid tiling (pixelization) Seamless rate adaptation (SRA) enables the transceiver to monitor line conditions and dynamically adapt the data rate seamlessly, i.e. without bit errors or requiring a service interruption for retraining
DSL2-20

G.992.3 (ADSL2) - Digital Mode

All digital mode (no POTS, could have derived voice) About 256 kbps additional up stream data rate 0-26 kHz used for digital transmission not voice This option is not suitable for line sharing

DSL2-21

G.992.3 (ADSL2) Line Diagnostics

Changes: Line diagnostics and background noise measurement Provides information when line quality is too poor to link Measure of line noise, loss, SNR Built-in to the DSLAM and CPE Includes standard messages to the operator Benefit: Will result in less technicians to the field (less truck rolls) Will be helpful in troubleshooting RFI and bridged taps
DSL2-22

ADSL2 DELT
DELT (Dual-Ended Line Test) Defined by the ADSL2 (G.992.3) Enables the measurement of line conditions at both ends without dispatching maintenance technicians to attach test equipment to the end of the line. The information helps to isolate the location and the sources of impairments caused by crosstalk, radiofrequency interference and bridge taps. Data Collection is "DELT physical-layer technology Data Processing is "Loop Identification SELT (Single-Ended Line Test) future option
DSL2-23

SELT/DELT Comparison

DSL2-24

G.992.3 (ADSL2) Low Power

L0 is ADSL2 full power mode L2 is low power mode at the ATU-C (DSLAM) while idle will result in better power especially for remote DLC (Digital Loop Carrier) configurations L3 is low power mode at the ATU-R (user) and ATU-C enables the modem to sleep when information is not being transmitted (e.g. overnight) it takes 3 seconds to come out of L3 (sleep mode) Ability to disable tones to aid spectral compatibility Extended training intervals Power back off during startup
DSL2-25

SNR Margin
Capacity per tone depends On SNR About 3 dB SNR difference per modulation bit Coding Gain, Noise Margin, Timing Accuracy BER 10-7 There is a direct correlation of the SNR Margin and the modulation bits per tone in each sub-channel Total Rate = Sum of Bits-per-Bins x 4,000

DSL2-26

Power Cut Back

14

Power Cut Back

Power Cut Back [dB]

12

10

Measured Power Cut Back Predicted Cutback for 26 AWG cable

0
0 25 0 50 0 75 0 10 00 12 50 15 00 17 50 20 00 22 50

Distance 26 awg [feet]

Reduces dynamic range required by Modem Reduces overall cable plant crosstalk level but reduces data rate DSLAM measures US power on bins 7 18 DSLAM applies a 0 12 dB reduction to Downstream power
DSL2-27

Fast Path versus Interleaved Path

Dual paths exist within the ADSL standard

DSL2-28

Interleave Depth
The interleave depth is defined by the S and D parameters or the Impulse Noise Protection (INP) INP = 0 (none), , 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 S = 1,2,4,8,16 D = 1,2,4,8,16,32,64 Interleave delay can be from 4.25 to 263.75 msec

DSL2-29

Interleave
S: Interleave DMT symbols per FEC (forward error correction) Reed Solomon (RS) code word S = 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 D: Interleave depth D = 1, 2, 4, 8

DSL2-30

Superframe

DSL2-31

G.992.3 (ADSL2) Ethernet

ADSL2 includes a packet mode transmission convergence layer (PTM-TC) that enables connection of ADSL2 modems to packet services (Ethernet) Extensive configuration capability for PTM-TC with configuration of latency bit error rate minimum/maximum data rate to meet packet protocol requirements

DSL2-32

Reach-Extended ADSL
G.992.3 Annex L Approved November 2003 RE-ADSL2 performance improvements result from new power spectral density (PSD) masks designed to improve data rates on extra-long phone lines For downstream data rate of 384 kbps, results in 20% RE-ADSL2 is expected to operate as an alternative mode of an ADSL2 or ADSL2+ chipset that a carrier can choose to activate for particular customers

DSL2-33

RE-ADSL2 (Down Stream Rate)

ADSL 2 Annex L 256 bins 500 kbps at 18,500 18,500 = 5.6 km 384 kbps at 28,000 28,000 = 8.5 km RE is adding km 1,500 = 0.460 km 26 AWG 12 other ADSL
DSL2-34

G.992.5 (ADSL2+)
January 2003 approved (512 bins up to 2.2 MHz) 24 Mbps @ 3kft (0.9km), 16 Mbps @ 6kft (1.8km) >8kft (2.4km) ADSL1, ADSL2, ADSL2+ similar

DSL2-35

G.992.5 (ADSL2+)
Possible to reduce cross talk by using different bins for different users Possible to mix ADSL2 (1.1 MHz) with ADSL2+ (2.2 MHz)

DSL2-36

Annex Summary
ANNEX A (NA, EU, Asia) B (Germany) C (Japan) I (Japan ADSL) I (Japan ADSL2) I (Japan ADSL2+) J (All Digital) L (RE-ADSL2) M (ADSL2+) More Upstream TYPE POTS ISDN TCMISDN TCMISDN POTS POTS #1 - 5 Bins =0 Hz POTS ISDN POTS POTS UP UP UP POTS POTS #6 - 31 =25.875 kHz UP ISDN UP UP UP UP UP UP UP #32 - 64 =138.0 kHz DOWN UP DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN UP DOWN UP #65 - 255 =280.3 kHz DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN DOWN #256 - 512 =1.104 to 2.208 MHz DOWN DOWN N/A DOWN N/A DOWN DOWN N/A DOWN
DSL2-37

Automode
Loop CO DSLAM CPE

1. ADSL2 would connect at 690 kbps for CPE at 18,000 feet (4.5 km). Instead 2. ADSL2/ADSL2+ CO collects loop data during initialization and training 3. Automode determines RE-ADSL2 is the best configuration based on line conditions 4. DSLAM configures customers port for RE-ADSL2 mode 5. CPE line at 1.1 Mbps (a 160% improvement over ADSL1)
DSL2-38

Summary of Rate/Reach
VDSL2 100Mbps

2.4 km 8 kft

3.0 km 10 kft 4.3 km 14 kft

DSL2-39

DSM (Dynamic Spectrum Mgmt)

DSM level 0 No coordination DSM level 1 Distributed multi-user power allocation Implementation of Iterative Water Filling (IWF) DSM Level 2 Centralized multi-user power allocation Optimal Spectrum Management (OSM) DSL Level 3 Multi-user detection DSL2-40 Also called vectoring

ADSL Line Repeaters

Telrad DataRacer ARU (ADSL Repeater Unit) 2-wire with data + voice Symmetricom GoLong Mid-span ADSL repeater (data only, no voice ) 1.5Mbps/128kbps down/up to 30,000 feet (9100 m)

DSL2-41

SHDSL
Single-Pair High-bit-rate DSL (SHDSL) 16 level TC-PAM line coding Trellis Coded Pulse Amplitude Modulation (TC-PAM) ITU G.991.2 approved April 2001 (was G.shdsl) 2-wire (2.36/2.36) 192 kbps steps 4-wire (4.7/4.7) 384 kbps steps STU-R connects to STU-C Very good spectral compatibility with other services Some vendors are providing SHDSL over POTS
DSL2-42

GoDigital (Pole Mounted RT x8)

Pole mounted Single pair serves x8 CPE 24,000 @ 24 AWG 7.3km 32,000 @ 22 AWG 9.8km Optional midspan pole RT 38,000 @ 24 AWG 11.6km
DSL2-43

VDSL2
Very-High-Data-Rate Digital Subscriber Line ITU-T G.993.2 Downstream rates: 12.96 Mbps (4,500 ft. 1500m) 25.82 Mbps (3,000 ft. 1000m) = FTTN (Fiber-to-the-Node) 51.84 Mbps (1,000 ft. 300m) = FTTC (Fiber-to-the-Curb) 100 Mbps (300 ft. 100m) Upstream rates from 1.6 to 2.3 Mbps Symmetric rate (13 Mbps) possible Simpler than ADSL Shorter lines, fewer transmission constraints Ten times faster Enables multiple video streams HDTV compatible (19 Mbps or 10 Mbps compressed)
DSL2-44

VDSL2 Frequency Plan (NA)

North American Band Plan

0-US0: Upstream start 0-US0: Upstream end 1-DS1: Downstream 1-US1: Upstream 2-DS2: Downstream 2-US2: Upstream

f0L = 4 kHz or 26 kHz f0H = 138 kHz or 276 kHz 138 kHz 3.75 MHz 3.75 MHz 5.8 MHz 5.8 MHz 8.5 MHz 8.5MHz 12.0 MHz
DSL2-45

VTU-R Transmit (Upstream) North America (NA)

25 kHz <PSD1> 138-276 kHz

DSL2-46

VTU-O Transmit PSD (Downstream) NA

30000

DSL2-47

VDSL2 Frequency Plan (Europe)

DSL2-48

VDSL Spectrum
Frequency Plan 998

138kHz

3.75MHz

5.2MHz

8.5MHz

12MHz

DSL2-49

VDSL2 Proposed Rate/Reach

rate

2200 ft = 670m

DSL2-50

DSL Configuration
Design note; 1) DSLAMs can support multiple DSL line cards (xTU-C) For example; DSLAM with G.dmt, G.shdsl, G.vdsl CPE can then choose speed/service required Future cross connects at the DSLAM could provide for customer speed/service increases 2) DSLAMs could be integrated with the POTS line card to provide POTS -or- DSL options to all telephone subscribers this will benefit facilities based exchange carriers
DSL2-51

DSL Deployment Model

1. ILEC/CLEC sends CPE to customer for self install 2. ILEC/CLEC drives to customer site for the install 3. Retail: Customer buys the DSL CPE in a store (Radio Shack, Frys,), customer does self install,ILEC/CLEC activates the DSL line (connects the DSLAM)

DSL2-52

DSL Flavors
ADSL = ITU-T G.dmt = G.992.1 (world standard) SHDSL = ITU-T G.shdsl = G.991.2 (world standard, business focus) VDSL = Standards track with ETSI/ANSI IDSL = longest reach (part of DSL Anywhere) SDSL = multirate DSL (business focus) HDSL = T1 4-wire (most popular DSL to date) HDSL2 = T1 2-wire

MVL = Paradyne proprietary, long reach RADSL = Globespan proprietary (voice, data, video) 1-Meg = Nortel proprietary xDSL = any of the above YDSL = CATV solution (why DSL?)

DSL2-53

EFM
Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) IEEE P802.3ah, copper track 10 Mbps for 750m Ethernet over VDSL Dual mode, EoVDSL + 100Base-Cu http://www.efmalliance.org/
www.t1.org for T1E1.4 Working Group

DSL2-54

PON (Passive Optical Network)

APON Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) PON EPON Ethernet PON BPON Broadband PON Combination of Passive Optical Networking (PON) and Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) GPON Gigabit Capable PON ITU-T G.gpon.gsr
DSL2-55

blank

DSL2-56

DSL2-57