Esc. Ing. Jorge L.

Tamayo

TEHUACAN AND 5 REGIONS

LUNA MENDEZ ANA MARIA GRADO: 3 GRUPO: A T.M.

BRENDA YAMEL ZENTENO BUITRON

INGLES 3

TEHUACAN

Tehuacn is the second largest city in the Mexican state of Puebla, nestled in the Southeast Valley of Tehuacn, bordering the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz. The 2010 census reported a population of 248,716 in the city and 274,906 in its surrounding municipality of the same name, of which it serves as municipal seat. The municipality has an area of 390.36 km (150.72 sq mi).

Originally a Native American settlement, it became officially a city in the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1660. According to the archaeologist Richard Stockton MacNeish, the Valley of Tehuacn is the first place maize was ever cultivated by humankind. He arrived at this conclusion when he found over 10,000 teoscintle cobs in what is now known as the Cave of Coxcatlan.

In the late nineteenth century, the city was well known for its mineral springs. In fact, Peafiel (now owned by Cadbury Schweppes), a well known soft drinks manufacturer, extracts water from these wells for use in their products. Tehuacn also has an important cluster of poultry producers, making the city and its surroundings one of the most important egg producing regions in Mexico.

After the NAFTA agreement had been signed, Tehuacn saw a flood of textile maquiladoras established in the city and surrounding areas. These textile factories principally put together blue jeans for export to companies such as The Gap, Guess, Old Navy, and JC Penney. At the height of the maquila (short for maquiladora) boom, there were an estimated number of more than 700 maquilas in town, including those that were operating from homes, often in secret. While this situation created a negative unemployment (zero unemployment) and the maquilas sought workers as far away as Orizaba and Crdoba in the neighboring state of Veracruz, it also created an urban and

environmental nightmare. In one decade, Tehuacn went from being a town of 150,000 inhabitants to a city of 360,000. Although many maquilas have closed today, in 2007 there were still over 700 of them found in Tehuacn. Due to the poverty of the families living in Tehuacn, child labour in the maquilas is common, and worker's rights are often exploited there. Additionally, chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, peroxide, oxalic acid, sodium bisulphate, potassium permanganate, and sodium hexametaphosphate are being discharged into the freshwater supplies by the jean laundries. Despite having new purifying technologies available at certain large facilities, they are still not being used the majority of the time. The water, which contains heavy metals such as mercury, lead, copper, zinc, chrome, cadmium and selenium is then used by the farmers to irrigate their land. The cost of environmental deterioration in 2002 was estimated to be $63 billion per year. Historically, the Valley of Tehuacn is important to the whole of Mexico, as the most ancient forms of cultivated maize known were found here by archeologists. Tehuacn: The meaning of the name Tehuacan comes from the words: TEO = god; HUA = possessive; CAN = place; which means "Place of gods". The shield of Tehuacn is made up of four parts (more about the Shield). Tehuacan was notable for being the site where the remains were found of the oldest domesticated corn in the world, (up to 5,000 years B.C.). In addition to the Town Hall, the Temple of Carmen and the Temple of San Francisco, the Museum of Minerals in Tehuacan has some of the most important mineralogical finds in Latin America. (more about the Museum of Minerals)

GLYPH OF TEHUACAN

This is the currently accepted glyph city of Tehuacn. It is based on the work of Felipe Franco's 1946 Geographic Indonimia Puebla State, same as inferred fromthe word Teohuacan, ie instead of gods

or the sun.The glyph is interpreted as follows: At the bottom you can see a gum with teeth,which means "place". The album is a solar symbol, or sacred. Hence, to be knownas Tehuacn "City of Gods", "Place of those gods", "Place of those with God" or more currently "Sun City"ir leyenda Tehuacn "Place of Gods history tehuacanTehuacn is the second largest city in the Mexican state of Puebla, nestled in the Southeast Valley of Tehuacn, bordering the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz. The 2010 census reported a population of 248,716 in the city and 274,906 in its surrounding municipality of the same name, of which it serves as municipal seat. The municipality has an area of 390.36 km (150.72 sq mi).

Originally a Native American settlement, it became officially a city in the Viceroyalty of New Spain in 1660. According to the archaeologist Richard Stockton MacNeish, the Valley of Tehuacn is the first place maize was ever cultivated by humankind. He arrived at this conclusion when he found over 10,000 teoscintle cobs in what is now known as the Cave of Coxcatlan. In the late nineteenth century, the city was well known for its mineral springs. In fact, Peafiel (now owned by Cadbury Schweppes), a well known soft drinks manufacturer, extracts water from these wells for use in their products. Tehuacn also has an important cluster of poultry producers, making the city and its surroundings one of the most important egg producing regions in Mexico. After the NAFTA agreement had been signed, Tehuacn saw a flood of textile maquiladoras established in the city and surrounding areas. These textile factories principally put together blue jeans for export to companies such as The Gap, Guess, Old Navy, and JC Penney. At the height of the maquila (short for maquiladora) boom, there were an estimated number of more than 700 maquilas

in town, including those that were operating from homes, often in secret. While this situation created a negative unemployment (zero unemployment) and the maquilas sought workers as far away as Orizaba and Crdoba in the neighboring state of Veracruz, it also created an urban and environmental nightmare. In one decade, Tehuacn went from being a town of 150,000 inhabitants to a city of 360,000. Although many maquilas have closed today, in 2007 there were still over 700 of them found in Tehuacn.[3] Due to the poverty

of the families living in Tehuacn, child labour in the maquilas is common, and worker's rights are often exploited there. Additionally, chemicals such as caustic soda, chlorine, peroxide, oxalic acid, sodium bisulphate, potassium permanganate, and sodium hexametaphosphate are being discharged into the freshwater supplies by the jean laundries. Despite having new purifying technologies available at certain large facilities, they are still not being used the majority of the time. The water, which contains heavy metals such as mercury, lead, copper, zinc, chrome, cadmium and selenium is then used by the farmers to irrigate their land. The cost of environmental deterioration in 2002 was estimated to be $63 billion per year

TEHUACAN HISTORY

Tehuacn (from the Nahuatl "theo" = God, "hua" = possessive, "can" = place, ie "place of the gods") is a city, town and municipality located in the southeastern Mexican state of Puebla, located 130 km of the city of Puebla, 257 km from Mexico City and 321 km fromOaxaca City, at an altitude of 1,676 meters, semi-warm and semi-dry climate.

Thepopulation according to the census of 2010 is 274.907 inhabitantsIts significance as Fray Juan de Torquemada's "Place of the Gods", "Land of Gods " or "place of those who have God" and comes from the Nahuatl teo: God hua: his or her andcan: place. Also known as "Tehuacn of Pomegranates" or the "First Latin AmericanHydromineral Center, also known as" Tehuacn, city health. "Tehuacan was part of the Camino Real that connected the port of Veracruz to Tenochtitlan,which influences for the construction of the Temple Carmelita has been assigned to thepresent location.During the independence of Mexico was not as conocidoy Tehuacan avita where a fewpeople via trade and some people almost not interested in the area that today isTehuacan.At the time of Independence the city was used as military barracks by

theillustrious leader Varelio Trujano.Over time people were populating it, because it was used as a route and also could beproduced maize and thus became time in a city where ce traded products.

Tehuacn was part of the royal road to the port of Veracruz reported in Tenochtitlan. Her historical past dates back to 8500 BC. It mentions that the tribe from choco-popolocas Coapan, settled in what was known for years as Tehuacan Viejo. A conqueror Nonoalca Xelhua name, Tehuacn was positioned mid-fifteenth century and when he's defeat the Aztecs to the Spanish, the latter remained ahead in Tehuacan on August 13, 1521. Years later, in 1660 the Indians bought the royal crown title Indian city. Note that when the war gave the Independence of Mexico, Tehuacan was refuge headquarters and several Mexican leaders like Nicolas Bravo, Jose Maria Morelos y Pavon and Manuel Mier y Tern. That city was also home to the famous Congress of Anahuac. The fertile lands of Tehuacn helped to occur red pomegranate and because of that the city is known as "Tehuacn of grenades." The name of the place changed the August 31, 1884 by a decree issued by the H. State Legislature and in memory of Don Juan Crisostomo Bonilla, the city was called "John Chrysostom Bonilla Tehuacn". The economic life of Tehuacan has been active for many years. There were many rich families living in that place and many of them related to Spanish, managed to develop a good economic and trade system. The people of Tehuacn worked primarily in agriculture, trade and industry.

In the fossil was discovered Tehuacn corn oldest in the world, as well as other archaeological finds occurred.

TIMELINE OF TEHUACAN
1724 In 1724 began the construction of the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception.

1804 In 1804 was built the "Palacio Municipal.

1860

The March 16, 1860 born Joaquin Paredes Coln, founder of the "Public Library" and published "Historical Sketches of Tehuacn"

1864 On November 24 , 1864, born Jos Garci Crespo Founder of Garci-Crespo bottling.

1905 The "Rastro Municipal" was opened on 1 February 1905

1909 On November 17, 1909 arrived in this city Mr. Francisco I. Madero who came to oversee the actions taken by the leaders and supporters of"Antirreeleccionista Party". Madero stayed at the "Hotel Mexico."

1957 In 1957 was inaugurated the "Mercado Municipal 16 de Marzo de 1660

SAW
COYOMEAPAN Se palm and originatesfrom the Nahuatl voices "cayome", pluralof Coyotl, Coyote, "atl" water and "bread"in, on, forming compound "Coyome-a-pan, which means "water of coyotes." Architectural Landmarks: Temple parish dedicated to the BlessedVirgin Mary and the City Hall with a life of 100 years, located in the county seat. works of art: the literary genre "Criticncriticized "," give advice "," Money is the only happiness factor ","

Anchorman ","In dwelling "," children's theater comedy, "Don Ambrosio NietoChzares.Artesanas: are made wool textile work, (and Nahua cotonsembroidered) palm tissues and Nahua Vocablo carrizo.

TLACOTEPEC DIAZ
, from "tlahco" half and half, "tepetl" hill and "c" for co: in;mean "in the middle or the middle of the hill." Architectural Historic Landmark:Parish Church dedicated to St. Sebastian Martyr XVI.Artesanas century:fabrics are made of bamboo and palm. Much of its territory is covered byforests of oak and grasslands and deciduous forest associated with secondaryshrub vegetation, as desert scrub, where there are species like Tepehuaje, palomulato, chacha, brazilwood and seiva.Fauna. bobcats, snakes, deer, skunks,badgers, rabbits , iguanas, many of them endangered.

MIXTECA:
This region is distinguished as semi-desert, is located south-west of the town of Tehuacan and where the populations:

SAN JOSE MIAHUATLAN:

Proviene this name from the words miahuatl Azteca, ear of corn, and tlan between or alongside, which means "between theears of corn stalk." It is made of bread or bread round donkey whose specific feature is the name that is assigned by the peculiar form of consumption. Architectural Historical Monument: St. Joseph's Church, dating from the XVIcentury, located in the county seat. Crafts: reed baskets are manufactured.

ZAPOTITLAN:
is a place for a year to feed the goats that will be slaughteredfor the traditional slaughter season, which starts in mid-October and ends inmid-November. Another feature of one of the populations of this region is SanJuan Raya where thousands of years ago was an arm of the sea, and in it youcan admire countless marine fossils. Crafts: In San Antonio Texcala (PopulationZapotitln), are made of different pieces of marble and onyx stones in zona.

SAN GABRIEL CHILAC:

Es a community located near the city of Tehuacn.This population was popoloca home and was later conquered by the Spanish.Its name means Place of chile. The Day of the Dead are armed colorful flower arrangements to decorate the candles that people put in the offering and thetomb of

the tenates difuntos.Encontramos full of fruits, flowers, bread donkeyand confetti adorning offerings Nahua Chilac.

CALTEPEC:
De voices of "calli" house "tepetl" hill and "c" in, from which isobtained Cal-tepec meaning "house on the hill". Architectural Landmarks: thechurch of Santa Maria Assunta dates from the sixteenth century sculpturalimage representing Santa Maria Assunta and the parish of murals depictingscenes from the life of Christ, located in the county seat. Crafts: straw hats aremanufactured and synthetic fiber mats, bottles are lined handbags. Natural Attractions. The relief of the region is hilly, is located between mountains andthe Mixteca Baja, which is part of the Sierra de Acatln, Excel also saw Tenzo,some parts are formed by folding mountains with deep ravines. In the regionthere intermountain valleys such as Matamoros, Chiautla and Acatln. Somemunicipalities reach heights of over 2500 meters between hills highlight thetemecate, with 1800 meters, the Wolf, The Long, The Tavern, The Tlacuachito,The Cuyun, The Pelillar, Drum, and others. In the valleys acientan major communities. Most of its territory is covered with oak forests and grasslandsand deciduous forest associated with secondary shrub vegetation, as desertscrub, where there are species like Tepehuaje, palo mulato, chacha, brazilwoodand Seiva.His original fauna compose chameleons, rabbits, coyotes, scorpions, snakes,deer, quail and wild cats. Some of these species are endangered.

EL VALLE:
located at the ends of the north andsoutheast of the city of Tehuacn, whichhighlights the following stocks:

TEHUACN

Su meaning according Fray Juande Torquemada's "City of Gods", "Land of Gods" or "place of those who have God "andis derived from the Nahuatl teo: God hua: hisor her and can: place. Also known as"Tehuacn of Pomegranates" or as the "FirstLatin American Hydromineral Center", also known as "Tehuacn, city health."Village communities was inhabited 8500 years BC. Popolocas Tribes. The1660, Indians bought the crown and the title of city was given the name "City of Indians under the name of Our Lady of Conception and Cave." During the war of independence was the headquarters of several leaders: Jos Mara Morelos,Nicols Bravo, Manuel Mier y Teran, also hosted the Congress of Anhuac.decree, on August 31, 1884, was designated "John Chrysostom BonillaTehuacn". Among its architectural attractions are the convent and church of ElCarmen, Tehuacn Cathedral, San Francisco Church, Calvary Temple, theHouse of Culture and the Museum of Anthropology and History. Celebrations,dances and traditions: January 6 Comparsa of Santos Reyes, is a simulation of the Adoration of the Child Jesus; 1 to September 15 traditional fair, October andNovember "The Killing" is to kill goats primed and prepare meat. Easter in Aprilrepresentation of life, crucifixion and death of Jesus, in March festival in town(anniversary of the title of the city). Municipal Palace dating from the nineteenthcentury known as "the house of the High" for being the first two-story building inthe city. And in 1855 it was converted into premises of municipal powers andwhich currently contains murals depicting the history, daily life and landscapesof the Nahua root regin.

AJALPAN
Proviene "atl" water "xalli" sand and bread prompts on or in, so thatthe original name of Axalpan, become Ajalpan, means "water on the sand or river sand." Architectural Landmarks: XVI century parish church dedicated tolord Caculco, the parish of San Juan

Bautista, the Hacienda Buenavista andRancho La Trinidad, located in the county seat. In regard to literature highlightsbrochure "Land and Freedom" by Miguel Barbosa. Crafts: tissues are made of bamboo and palm, also practiced pottery and Aztec jarciera.

COXCATLN
.Nombre formed "cuzcatl" string of gems, stones or beadschoker; "tln" close together (place); Cuscatln means "City of (those using)necklaces or chokers. Architectural Historic Landmark: Parish Churchdedicated to St. John the Evangelist XVI century, located in the county seat.Crafts: Woven palm and the voices carrizo.

ALTEPEXI
Proviene Nahua comes from "atl" water "tepexitl", rock, and "c" in;forms Tepexi Atl-C, which means "water on therock." Architectural Historic

REGION MANANTIAL:
Irrigation is located at the foot of the plateau. In the mid-17TH centurypossessed a great deal, since it supplied the extensive land of the estate of thesame name, which joined with the Board Assistant of Santa Maria eventos.Halfway through the 19th century, this property was gained by the Mont family.This spring is considered as the cradle of the bottler in Tehuacn industry sinceMr Joaqun Pita was installed in 1901 first same factory that produced twothousand boxes annually in mineral water brand diamond with the help of asteam engine with 15 horsepower engine. A year later Mr Pita partnered with AnacharsisPeralta Requena to produce the red cross brand.This company was sold in 1903 to Mr Lucindolanes who joined efforts with Joaqun Crdoba toproduce the Covadonga brand from 1924. In1933 this spring would return to industrialize itswaters under the signature of Andrs Zaplanaand Arturo de la Llave, later step Tehuacnwatering Springs power enterprise.

PAN DE BURRO:

ingredients: * 3 cups white flour for bread* 2 1/2 (0.25 ounce) packages dryyeast* 1 teaspoon

salt* 1 cup warm water

Preparation: 1. Dissolve yeast in warm water. Mix flour and salt. Add yeast and mix with aspatula until well blended. Cover with flour a clean surface. Amasa least tenminutes, until smooth and elastic (the consistency and texture of the dough).2. Wrap in plastic foil and leave in a warm place until doubled (about an hour).Put the dough on lightly floured surface flattens to remove bubbles. Cut into 8pieces. Form rolls make a slit lengthwise with a knife. Put on a greased plateand let double in size.3. Bake for 15 to 20 minutes or until golden.

PULQUE:
It is not known who inventedpulque; its origins go back atleast 1,000 years. Variousstories and myths havedeveloped as to its origins.Most involve Mayahuel, thegoddess of the maguey. It wasthought that the aguamielcollecting in the center of theplant was her blood.Other deities, such as the Centzon Totochtin (400 rabbits) are associated withit, by representing the drink's effects, and are the children of Mayahuel. Another version involving Mayahuel has her as a mortal woman whodiscovered how to collect aguamiel but someone named Pantecatl discoveredhow to make pulque.Another story states that pulque was

discovered by theTlacuache who used his human-like hands to dig into the maguey and extractthe naturally fermenting juice.

TORTILLAS DE COAPAN:
Santa Maria Coapan, auxiliaryboard is deeper cultural roots thatdistinguish it from the 12 towns of this county subaltern,

indigenousinhabitants mostly not easilyinfluenced easily by trendsemerge daily to replace traditionsgive identity to the people.The town is located 5 minutessouth of the city, for years it hasbecome the main supplier of handmade tortillas in markets,restaurants, hotels and coloniesof the urban area, texture and size set it apart from the rest, that are still ingreat demand."The coapeitas" as popularly told,

are women who are responsible for feedingsupplement tehuacaneros hundred, that from 10 in the morning can enjoytaking tortillas that distribute heat even clay griddle using for cooking; this isachieved by the traditional way as the van saved since doing, the multiplewrapped in cloth napkins placed inside containers and palm fabrics are knownas "tenates" have a height of about 45 to 50 centimeters, these thermo make itretains heat for more than one hour.Like everything in life changes, to transportthe tables above that population to Tehuacan, made long and arduous treks,with the advent of urban transport that changed, what has remained is how totake these containers from home to POS, load holding them with her shawl onher back, there are women who make their journey by an hour or more lugging20 or 30 kilos of tortillas that distribute in different homes, in several of thesehave direct access, ie come even if the homeowner is not because there is trustand honesty by So behave.

MEMELAS:
Fried or toasted memelascakes are made of doughtopped with different freshingredients eaten as appetizersor snacks in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico has its originsin Which Prehispanic food.They are similar

to fresh corntortillas, but are somewhatfatter. Memelas are Oaxacanlocal name for the almost identical sopes and huaraches That are served inother parts of Mexico, just Made with different toppings.Described as memelas are best toasted Oaxacan little pizzas made of corn.The dough is flattened corn tortillas with a press then pinched to createindentations along its borders, then Placed over a hot comal or griddle. Whenthe omelet is cooked like basis and charred where the dough hits the hot metalof the grill, chewy medium-well as a steak, is then topped with black beans,salsa, shredded cabbage, black mole, guacamole and cheese. Although the traditional Memela is supposed to be topped with no other additional ingredients, toppings may vary Those today from recipe to recipe.Modern incarnations include other vegetables and the option of a layer of tinga(shredded chicken with tomatoes, onions and peppers) or potatoes andsausage.Memelas Have Been served at Oaxacan / Mexican restaurants in the UnitedStates since the 1990s.

LA FAUNA:
Wildlife is all the animal species that inhabit a geographic region, which are characteristic of a geological period or that can be found in a given ecosystem. Zoogeography addresses the spatial distribution of the animals. This depends on both abiotic and biotic factors. Among these possible relationships stand competition or predation between species. The animals are usually very sensitive to disturbances alter their habitat, hence, a change in an ecosystem fauna indicates an alteration in one or more of the factors thereof.

LA FLORA:

The set of plant species that can be found in a geographic region, which are characteristic of a geological period or living in a particular ecosystem. The number of plant species serves the vegetation while referring to the distribution of the species and the relative importance for individuals number and size of each of them. Therefore, the flora, according to climate and other environmental factors, determines the vegetation. The geobotnica or phytogeography deals with the study of the geographical distribution of plant species, the study referred to the systematic phytogeographical plant formations known as floristry. Since prehistoric times the flora has been in use by people increasingly serving for human sustenance and maintenance of a favorable ecosystem. Forests cover about 25% of the land surface. Among the products of the plant are: raw materials, such as wood, seeds, leaves, bark, rubber, fruits and foods Flora is also the written work that is used to classify a region plant lineages, such as Flora lapponica Linnaeus.