Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Production and Operations Management
Production and Operations Management
OBJECTIVES
Introduction to Production Function and Operations Management Mass Production Approach Toyota Production System (TPS)
Approach Supply Chain Management
PRODUCTION
versus
MANUFACTURING
Production is a Broader Term that Spans both Manufacturing and Services Functions
Production is the Application of Resources, People and Machinery, to Convert Inputs into Finished Goods and Services
3
MASS PRODUCTION
Mass Production: Makes Outputs available in Large Quantities at Lower Unit Costs than Individually- Crafted Items
ASSEMBLY LINES
Assembly Line first Introduced by Eli Whitney (Cotton Gin Inventor) to build Muskets for the US Government In 1799 Used Ideas of Specialized Labor and Engineering Standards (Tolerances) to produce Assemblies from Parts in Repeatable Manner
HENRY FORD
Introduced Moving Assembly Line: Dramatically Reduced Manufacturing Costs While Delivering Consistent, Low-Priced Product
Factory based on Chicago Meat Cutting Plants
FORD MODEL T
First Produced: October 1908
Magneto Assembly
9
MASS PRODUCTION
MODEL T Machine that Changed the World
1914: Ford produced 308,162 cars, more than all 299 other auto manufacturers combined 1927: Automobile Produced every 24 seconds Higher volumes Lower cost Lower Prices Increased Sales Higher Volumes
10
MASS PRODUCTION
PUSH Strategy Driven by Inputs and Objectives Control of Raw Materials and Labor plus Profit Goals = Production Rate separate from Customer Demands and Preferences Performance measured by Budget Variances and Quantitative Results (Defects or Unit Costs per Day, Week or Month), not Quality Standards
11
MASS PRODUCTION
Low Product Variety; Small Orders Not Feasible Specialized Machinery and Centralized Manufacturing Economies of Scale High-Speed Sequential
Production Development Costs Spread Over Large Volume: Low Cost per Unit Produced Low-Skill/Low-Wage Work Force Large Advertising and Marketing Budgets
12
MASS PRODUCTION
Flaws of Mass Production Approach
MASS PRODUCTION
Market Orientation Flaw
15
TOYOTAS ORIGINS
Toyoda Automated Loom Works
1902 Modification: Loom Stopped Automatically if Thread Broke or Spool Empty - Signal for Attention Result: No Waste from Defective Work and Lower Production Costs
16
TOYOTAS ORIGINS
During WWII, Toyoda became Toyota and manufactured Motorcycles and Delivery Trucks
TOYOTAS ORIGINS
1956 Taiichi Ohno went to US to study Fords Manufacturing Facilities Found Mass Production Principles not Applicable: Scale of Japanese Markets Desire for Product Variety Unable to Afford Resources and Inventories
18
TOYOTAS ORIGINS
Before returning to Japan, Ohno went to an American Grocery Store
Discovered Production and Operation Methods that Were Linked to Customer Actions: Inventories Replenished by Sales (PULL Strategy) Delivered Product Variety and Scale Minimized Waste
19
TOYOTAS ORIGINS
Toyota Exports
its First Car: The Forgettable Crown Under-powered and Unstable at Freeway speeds, Production is stopped in 1959
20
Resources and Materials Over-Production Time Spent Waiting Unnecessary Movements of Items
21
Waste is anything other than the minimum amount of equipment, materials, parts, space, and workers time which are absolutely essential to add value to the product.
- Shoichiro Toyoda President, Toyota Motor Co.
22
KANBAN - Downstream
Demand drives Upstream Activity (Pull Strategy) Orders flow Up System, not from Top-down Only what is Needed is Ordered and Produced
23
TOYOTA PRODUCTION SYSTEM Result of TPS is Just-in-Time Inventory System Comes from Systems Operation, Not a Requirement of It: Element of Waste Management Philosophy JIT relies on Supplier Relationships that Integrate Inventory Arrivals and Production Needs JIT depends on Mutual Commitment of Toyota Loyalty and Supplier Performance
25
Short Turnover Times (High Variety) combined with High Quality Different Management Paradigm: Empower Assembly Line Workers to Stop Production and Order Processcorrecting Counter-measures
26
Manufacturer of Automobiles About 240,000 Employees Produces a Vehicle about every Six Seconds Consistently Profitable GM: $1.1 Billion Quarter Loss
27
"A supply chain is an integrated process wherein raw materials are manufactured into final products, then delivered to customers (via distribution, retail, or both)."
(Benita, 1999)
28
Supplier Supplier
Supplier
Supplier
Supplier Supplier Supplier
Supplier Supplier
Supply Chain
29
30