Keith Waterhouse's 12 Ground Rules for Writers By Richard Nordquist, About.

com Guide ENGLISH novelist and newspaper columnist Keith Waterhouse (1929-2009) was a prolific writer: 16 novels (including Billy Liar), countless plays and film scripts, and for almost 40 years a twice-weekly newspaper column. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature and a recipient of the Edgar Wallace Award, which recognizes writing and reporting of "the highest quality." Waterhouse made writing look easy. In his popular guide for journalists, first published in 1989, he said that writing "consists simply of choosing a handful of words from the half a million or so samples available, and arranging them in the best order." For some sound advice on "simply" choosing and arranging words, take a look at Waterhouse on Newspaper Style, now back in print in both the U.S. and the U.K. At the end of the book, Waterhouse summarizes a number of his key points with these "ground rules" for writers. 1. Use specific words (red and blue) not general ones (brightly coloured). 2. Use concrete words (rain, fog) rather than abstract ones (bad weather). 3. Use plain words (began, said, end) not college-educated ones (commenced, stated, termination). 4. Use positive words (he was poor) not negative ones (he was not rich--the reader at once wants to know, how not rich was he?). 5. Don't overstate: fell is starker than plunged. 6. Don't lard the story with emotive or "dramatic" words (astonishing, staggering, sensational, shock). 7. Avoid non-working words that cluster together like derelicts (but for the fact that, the question as to whether, there is no doubt that). 8. Don't use words thoughtlessly. (Waiting ambulances don't rush victims to hospital. Waiting ambulances wait. Meteors fall, so there can be no meteoric rise.) 9. Don't use unknown quantities (very, really, truly, quite. How much is very?). 10. Never qualify absolutes. A thing cannot be quite impossible, glaringly obvious or most essential, any more than it can be absolutely absolute. 11. Don't use jargon, clichs, puns, elegant or inelegant variations, or inexact synonyms (BRAVE WIFE DIED SAVING HER SON is wrong; wife is not a synonym for mother). 12. Words are facts. Check them (spelling and meaning) as you would any other. Waterhouse on Newspaper Style by Keith Waterhouse (1989); revised edition edited by Stella Bingham (Revel Barker Publishing, 2010).