Mathematics For The College Student. University of Cape Town.

By the time you are done with the subject you should have resolved 25 tutorials, 12 exercise sheets,
4 tests and 2 exams as part of the subjects program. This means that regardless of how intelligent you are, you must dedicate yourself to at least finishing all tutorials in time, so that you can get all your doubts cleared up with time. I also advise you to, after each lecture, spend 20 min revising it. It ends up saving you dozens of hours of study. I was always the intelligent type, never doing much work for subjects and cruising through them. I tried the same approach with MAM2080W and found myself repeating the course twice until I accepted that I had to dedicate myself to work. Most of us learn maths 20% through theory and 80% through resolving exercises. To make it simple just imagine MAM2080W as an old steam powered locomotive. It starts very slowly and slowly picks up speed. You are a passenger of that locomotive, and you do not want to fall off. If you try to board the train slightly after it has departed you can run for a bit and still catch the slowly accelerating train. But after a month or so this train will be cruising at such high speed and accelerating that it will require you to run in a struggle for very long until you can catch the train.
Prologue
MAM 2080W is a demanding subject.
MAM 2080Ws course convener Alan Rynhoud is the most arrogant lecturer I have ever met at UCT. Do not get put off by his claims since the very first day of lectures, that you will fail MAM2080W. Do not give him the pleasure. The course is as pre-historic as he is. All exercise sheets only change when the pre-described book gets updated, and even then only the exercise numbers change. Check it for yourself. The tutorials simply do not change! I found the tests to be repetitive throughout the years, so have a good look at past papers to see if you are prepared for the test ahead. This book is a result of my struggle with the subject, and now I am sharing it with you. With it you will not need to go scavenge for past tests to confirm how well prepared you are, or go hunting for the exercise sheet that was handed in the day you could not make it to the lecture, I have done that for you! So I strongly advise you to take benefit of this book and with it prepare yourself to cruise through the subject! Log on to http://mam2080w.blogspot.com/ to support your fellow students with 2009 past papers, tutorials, exercise sheets. I plan on making this resource book free from 2010 onwards, so it is up to you to keep it updated. Enjoy! Chukas
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS
MAM2080W -INFORMATION SHEET - 2008
EXAMINATIONS The fi nal exam ination for MAM 2080W consists of two papers. The fi rst !s writt~n in June Arc! the ~econd paper !s written in November. Each of th ese papers will be not longer than 2% hours. Four class tests will be held during the year. They wi!! be written as CLASS TESTS follows: 18hOO -19h15 Monday, 31 March Test 1 18hOO -19h15 Monday 12 May Test 2 18hOO -19h15 Monday, 25 August Test 3 18hOO -19h15 Monday 6 October Test 4 Venues will be announced during lectures. Class test re sults and related notices will be cjisplayed on the departmental notice board outside Room 206. Please con sult th is notice board regularly. In both the class tests and the examinations, marks will be allocated to the presentation (logic and clarity) of your solutions as well as to the correctness. CALCULAT ORS Only calculators which have been approved by the Depat1ment of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics may be used in class tests and examinations. A list of the approved calculators is posted on the relevant departmental notice board. This is the same list of calculators which was allowed for MAM1003W in 2007. TEXTBOOK The prescribed textbook for MAM2080W (carried over from rd MAM1003W) is "Calculus: Concepts and Contexts" by James Stewart 3 edition (long version) . It will be assumed that each student registered fo r the course has a copy of the prescribed text. CLASS RECORD, DP, SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATIONS Your class record for MAM2080W is the average of your four class test marks. Students will be awarded a DP if (i) they have a class record of at least 35%, and (ii) they attend at least 80% of the tutorials for the course. The class record (CR) counts 40% towards the final mark for the course. Thus, if you obtain x% for paper 1 in June and y% for paper 2 in November, your final mark will be calculated as follows FINAL MARK
GENERAL MAM2080W is a core course taken by all second year Engineering students. The main topics to be covered in the course are (a) functions of several variables, and the integration and differentiation of such functions; (b) basic matrix methods, including the process of diagonalisation; (c) solutions of differential equations (both ordinary and partial), and an introduction to the method of Laplace transforms . These topics build on the material covered in MAM 1003W and thus it is essential that you start with a good understanding of all the material in the first year mathematics course. LECTURES The course consists of 96 lectures, four lectures per week in the first period on Tuesdays, Wednesdays , Thursdays and Fridays. Students will be divided into three gro ups for lectures. The lecturing team together with their office numbers are listed below: Mr Alan Rynhoud (Convenor) Room 416 Mi Pieter Moster Room 109 Prof John Webb Room 322 Students are encouraged to visit the lecturers in their offices if they have any problems or queries concerning the course. EXERCISE SHEETS Lists of problems (exercise sheets) will be handed out In lectures at the start of each section. In order to understand and master the ideas discussed in the lectures, students need to practice and wrestle with problems. These exercise sheets will provide the necessary problems. Note that the answers to the problems will be given, but worked solutions will NOT be provided. Should you be unable to start a problem, or be uncertain as to whether or not your attempt is correct, take the attempt to one of the lecturers. It is intended that the exercise sheets be completed in your own- time, that is, outside the allocated tutorials times. You should do the problems in parallel with the lectures and not leave them until a section has been completed. TUTORIALS Each student registered for MAM2080W will be required to attend a two-period tutorial per week in 6th and ih periods as follows: Tuesdays Chemical Wednesdays Electrical Thursdays Civil, Mechanical and Geomatics You will be informed of the venues in lectures. Attendance is compulsory and a register will be taken. These tutorials will be run in a similar way to those in MAM1003W last year. Students will be required to work in groups on a set of problems, which will be handed out at the tutorials. Staff and tutors will be available to assist the groups during these sessions. The tutorial questions set will provide a link between the material discussed in lectures and the problems set on the exercise sheets, and thus in our view form a vital part of the course. Ensu re that you have read your lectu re notes before attending a tutorial if you wish to benefit from the tutorial.
4CR + 3x+3v%
10
Please note that NO supplementary examinations will be offered for MAM2080W.
Absence from a class test will mean that the ABSENCE FROM CLASS TESTS student scores 0% for that test. Medical certificates must state that the student is unable to write the class test on that particular day, and must be presented personally to the course convenor, who will then discuss the matter with the student. If a medical certificate is accepted the student's class record will be the average of the remaining three class tests. If more than one medical certificate is presented, the student may be required to sit an alternative test or an oral at a time specified by the course convenor.
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 1 19,20,21 FEBRUARY 2008 (ii) For which value(s) of a and b is f a differentiable function? Explain.
7. Find the equation of the tangent line to y
X=
This tutorial revi.ses those sections of MAMlO03W which will be used and built on in the first semester of MAM2080W. If, after completing this tutorial, you still have difficulty with .ANY of these sections, please consult your first-year notes and get the matter addressed BEFORE it . becomes a problem during this year!
l.
= x cos x + -(x - I + tan(x 2) at --)-3 = x 2 - x3
the point. where
O.
(i) Find a vector equation of the line L which passes through the points P( - 2, 1, 1) and Q(I, 3, -1).
8. Find the maximum and minimum values of f(x) (ii) on the interval [0, 2]. 9. IntegTate each of the following:
(i) on the interval (-00,00), and
(ii) Describe the line segment of L joining F and Q by adding a condition to your answer in (i) . (iii.) Does the point (4,5,3) lie on L?
(iv) Find the angle between
(1) xe x ,
(ii) x 2 ex3 ,
(iii) x
OP and OQ, where 0
is the origin.
x+ 1 '
+1
(iv)
;2 + l'
x +1
(v) Find a non-zero vector perpendicular to both
OP and OQ.
E R.
10. Evaluate eac..h. of t he fo1l0wing:
(vi) Find a cartesian equation for the plane which passes through F,Q and O . (vii) Find the point of intersection of if> and the line x = (1, -1, 3) + t(1 , -1, 3) , t
(Hint: think, don't just hash it out!) 2. (i) Find the distance from the origin to the line y from the origin.
(i)
I:
cos x dx,
. ()13
11
arctan x d .
1 +x
4
X,
-3
(iii)
J~ .J1 2
cos2 x dx.
(Have your answers and reasons checked!)
= I, z = 2.
(ii) Find a cartesian equation of the plane which contains the line in (i) and which is farthest
3.
11. Suppose f(x) 2: 0 for a b f(3:) dx.
b. Give at least three different physieal interpretations for
.la
(i) Obtain a vector equation of the plane which passes through the points A(l , 2, -I), B(3, -1,4) and C(O, 3, 2). (ii) Find a vector equation of a line through the origin, parallel to the plane in (i).
4. Give a rough sketch of the graph of each of the following functions, showing clearly all asymptotes. (Do NOT use the derivatives, nor calculate local maxima or minima.)
(1) Y
5.
= -1-2
+x
.. x... (11) Y = - 1 2 (m) y
+x
= -1+x
x2
(IV) Y = e- xsmx,
x 2: O .
(a) Find a cartesian equation for the curve. in R2 defined parametrically by
x=2sint, y=3cost,
O~t~7r.
Sketch the given curve. Does the given pair of parametric equations define y as a function of x? (b) Find parametric equations for the curve y this curve.
6. Let f(x)
= 1-
4x 2 , 0 ~ x ~ 1. Calculate the length of
= { a ~ bx
if if
x <0
x ~ 0
(i) Sketch the graph of y = f(x ) in the case where a = 0 and b = -1.
2
1
/1411 JIlOg"O y...( -~

I.
/l-/YS4.)pt/1.J
To /pTOIAif1-'6
I 0
rkitt 'l poo,g
(0
xC,,)::= {-~?,
1,1} +- ~ (1,1 ~ -"') ~
If(,
(;Y J.J-Ut><p:
=1-
~~
I.
C:Y
(iii]!
No .
(lv
%.
(fJ
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~J
:- o .
(o,Ojo).
J, (!J
3. (V
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~
~)
-~----:PA. 0
'------
------.r------~
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..,
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(~
Gt:::. 6:./ .
+. .
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Ia
x. +- c7-- -R-"... / :i I- I / -I- C-
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 2 26,27,28 FEBRUARY 2008

6. In each of the following cases sketch the curve given by r(t):
1. For each of the following surfaces, sketch and label the family of level curves (contours). Use your family of level curves to sketch the graphs of the surfaces and where possible "name" the surfaces:
(i) r(t) (ii) r(t)
= (cost,sint), 0 ~ t ~ ~ = (cos2t,sin2t), 0 ~ t ~ ~
(i) z = x 2 + y2 - 1 (iii) z = VI3,- x 2 - y2 (v) z = V 2 + y2 - 1. x

2.
(iv) z
(ii) z = 2X2 - 1 = v''-6---2-x'''-2_-3y-2
(iv) r(t)
(iii) r(t) = (t, v'f=t2) , 0 ~ t ~ 1 = (In t, VI - (In t)2), 1 :::; t ~ e.
(i) Sketch the surfaces z = x 2 + y2 and 2y + z = 0 on the same set of axes.

(ii) Do the surfaces in (i) intersect? If so, describe and sketch the curve of intersection.
vVhat did you observe? Could this curve also 'have been given paral:netrically by r(t)
= (et , VI -
e2t )? Explain.
(iii) What does the set of points {(x, y, z) : x 2 + (y

surfaces in (i))?
+ 1)2 = I}
represent (in relation to the
(iv) Give the equation(s) of the curve of intersection 'found in (ii).
3. The region within the circle x2 o~ r < 1, 0 ~ (} ~ 21!'.
+ y2 = 1 can be described in polar co-ordinates by
(a) Describe the region lying within the circle x 2 + (y - 1)2 (b) Describe the region lying within the circle (x - 1)2 + y2 x = 1, in polar co-ordinates.
= 1 in polar co-ordinates.
= I, and to the right of the line = 1 in polar co-ordinates.
(c) Describe the region lying within the circle (x - 1)2 + (y -1)2
4. (a) A point is given in spherical co-ordinates as (vs,~,~). Express this point in both
rectangular and cylindrical co-ordinates. (b) Express the circle x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 32, z = 4 in
(i) spherical co-ordinates, and (ii) cylindrical co-ordinates.

5. In each of the following cases sketch the region enclosed by the two given surfaces and express the region in terms of spherical co-ordinates:
{n
,.,
(ii)
- -
'" -
.V...., 1::J, /,...2..L 0.2
:; =
y'4
x2
2
:J
Z=VX2+y2,
z=l.
(~)
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,
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/'
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- -
- -
-~
4-. ( q )
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.,.,,-:::
Otf ~~ ~
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~
06 f'~ /~
o~e ~~;;-
o
o
~ ii51 /
S - !E: ~7i-
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~C
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 3

1. Let ret)
4, 5, 6 MARCH 2008 (ii) Does the point
= (2 sin t, 2 cos t, 5t), t ~ O.

= J x2 + y2?
(i, i, i) lie on C? Why/why not?

Z2
(i) Sketch the curve given by r(t). (ii) Does the curve intersect the cylinder x 2 + y2 = 4? IT so, at which points?
(iii) At what time does the particle reach the point B(O, i, i)? (iv) Observe that C lies on the cone (vi) Find
= x 2 + y2. Can you verify this?
(iii) Does this curve intersect the upper half cone z

2. Let rl(t)
If so, at which points?
(v) Use your observation in (iv) to sketch the curve C.
= (cost, -
cost, 2 cost)
2
ret) and hence the speed of the particle at the point B.
r2(t) = (t, -t, t 2 )
(vii) Write down the vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point B. (viii) Calculate the distance (correct to 2 decimal places) that the particle has travelled in moving from A to B. The following formula may be useful:
rs(t) = (cost,-cost,cos t) r4(t) = (cost,sint,cos 2 t).

(i) Sketch and describe each of the given curves. (ii) Is there any difference between r2 and ra? Explain.
!
+ t 3 k.
5. Let C be the curve ret)
Va 2 + u2 du = '2va2 + u2 + 2'ln lu + Va 2 + u2 1 + K.
a2
(iii) Calculate the length of rl.

(iv) Does the point (-2,2,4) lie on r2? (v) Obtain a cartesian equation of a plane containing rl, r2 and ra. Does r4lie on this plane? 3. The position of a moving particle at time t is given by r(t) = ti + t 2j
(ix) Calculate the angle between
ret) and r"(t) at the point where t = o.

= 1r.
(x) Calculate the angle between r'(t) and r"(t) at the point where t (xi) Is r/(t) always orthogonal to r"(t)?
= (sint,cost,sin2 t) where 0 ~ t ~ 27r.
(i) How far from the origin is the particle after 2 seconds?
(ii) Obtain the position of the particle after 2 + 6.t seconds. (iii) Compute r(2 + 6.t) - r(2) . Call this vector a. (iv) What happens to a as 6.t -t O? Was this expected? Draw a picture to illustrate. (v) Compute
(i) Show that P(l, 0, 1) lies on C. (ii) Q is the point on C corresponding to t (iii) (iv) x2
~t (r{2 + .6.t) -
= ~. Find the co-ordinates of Q. Show that C lies on the cylinder + y2 = 1. Show that C also lies on the "parabolic gutter" z = x 2 .
r(2. Call this vector h. Compare the directions of a and b.
(v) Use the results of (iii) and (iv) to sketch C. Plot P and Q on your sketch of C.
(vi} Find r'(t) and r"(t).
~t ..... o (vii) Find the direction of the tangent line to the curve given by ret) at t = 2.
(vi) Find lim h. What does this represent? Draw a picture to illustrate.
(viii) Find the velocity of the particle at t (x)
(ix) What is the speed of the particle at t
= 2. = 27 Find the acceleration of the particle at t = 2.
(vii) Use the fact that r'(t) x r"(t) is a normal to the osculating plane to find the cartesian equation of the osculating plane to C at Q. (viii) The curvature K, is defined by
K,
= ';;glI
K,=
We proved in lectures that the curvature can also be computed using
4. A particle moves along a curve C so that its position at time t is given by ret) = (tcost, tsint, t). (i) Find the co-ordinates of the point A on C which corresponds to t
1
/r'(t) x rl/(t)1 Ir'(t)j3 Find the curvature of C at the point Q.
= o.
2
--sI
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1. Let C be the curve r(t)
11, 12, 13 MARCH 2008
= (cos t, sin t -
1,2 - 2 sin t), 0 ~ t ~ 211".
5. Let f(x,y) = {
l~X
if if
y y
=1=
=0
(i) Find three different surfaces on which C lies.

(ii) Sketch the curve C. (iii) Find a vector equation for the tangent line to C at the point (1, -I, 2). (iv) Find the curvature of C at the point (I, -I, 2). (v) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point (I, -I , 2).
2. Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces, and sketch the curve of intersection:
(i) Sketch the surface z
= f(x , y) .
(ii) Use your sketch in (i) to find 1:1:(0, O}, ly(O, 0) , /:1:(1 ,0) and fy(l, 0).
(iii) Now use the definition to find Ix(O 0), ly(O, 0), Ix(l , 0) and ly(l,O), and compare your , answers with those found in (ii) .
(i)
= x 2 + y2 = x + y2 2
I, I,
z=
Z
V13 -
x2
_ y2
(ii) z
= 2x2-1.
does not exist.
4x 2 y 3 -3--9
3. (a) By finding two different paths along which the function approaches different values, show
y2 _x2
that (b) (i)
(x,y)-t(O ,O)
lim
-2--2
+y
x +y straight lines through the origin.
Show that the function
approaches 0 as (x, y) tends to (0,0) along all
(ii)
Show that
(x,y)-t(O,O)
lim
4X 2 y 3
-3--9
+y
does not exist.

ifx+y=O
(c) Is the fun~tion I(x, y) not? 4. Let I(x, y)
I. sin(x + y2) { x+Y.
otherwise
continuous at (0, O)? Why/why
=8 -
x2 - 2y2.
(i) Sketch the surface z
= I(x, y) .
(ii) Which level curve passes through the point (2, I)? (iii) Sketch and describe the curve of intersection C of the surface z x = 2.
= I(x, y) with the plane
(iv) Use partial differentiation to fin d a vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point
(2, I, 2) .
(v) Find parametric equations for the curve C and hence find a vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point (2, I, 2).
2
~
( V)
Yo ) x ~ '"I/G)
~ (O ; ~)
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/</d)-=
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MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 5 18, 19, 20 MARCH 2008

(xiii) What is the value of fx(O, O)? (xiv) Is (xv) Is
1. In each of the following cases decide whether or not the given statement is true. If the statement is false give an example to illustrate.
(i) If f(x , y) is not continuous at (a, b) then f x(a, b) and fy(a, b) cannot exist.
(ii) If fAa, b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then z x = a, y = b.
f f
differentiable at (O,O)? Why/why not? continuous at (O, O)?
= f(x, y) has a tangent plane at the point where
(xvi) Does
have a tangent plane at (O,O)?
(iii) If f(x, y) is continuous at (a, b) then fx(a, b) and f ll (a, b) both exist.
2. Let g(x, y)
4. Let f(x , y)
{ lim
I -1 x 2 1 .-
+ y'2
x
if 'f
Y ...,L 0 . r
Expl ~in.
Y=0
={
x2
y2
if x = 0 or y = 0 otherwise
(i) Does
(x,1I)--+(O ,O)
f(x , y) exist?
(i) Find g(O, 0) ,9(1, 0) and g(l , 1). (ii) Sketch the surface z
(iii) Find (iv) Does
(x,y)-t(O,O) (x,1/)-t(I,I)
(ii) Find fx(O, 1) and fy(l, 0). (iii) Is (iv) Is
= g(x, V).
lim
g(x, y) if it exists. g(x, y) exist?
f f f
differentiable at (0: O)? Explain. differentiable at (1,0)? Explain. differentiable at (O,l),? Explain.
lim
(v) Find the directional derivative of f at (0, 0) in the direction (1,2) . (vi) Is
(v) Is 9 continuous at (O,O)? Explain. (vi) Find gx(O, 0). (vii) Find gx(1, 0), 9y(1, 0), 9x(1, 1) and gy(2, 0) . (viii) Is 9 differentiable at (O, O)? Explain. (ix) Does 9 have a tangent plane at (O, O)?
3. Let f(x, y)
y =x.
= x 1/ 3 yl/3,
and let C be the curve of intersection of z
= f(x, y)
with the plane
(i) Find f(8,8), f(O , y) and lex, 0). (ii) Sketch the family of level curves of z (iii) Sketch the graph of the curve C. (v) Find parametric equations for C.
= lex, v) .
(iv) Does the curve C have a tangent line at the origin? (vi) Find the vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point (8,8,4) . (vii) Find the curvature of C at the point (8,8,4). (viii) Is y
= x the osculating plane to C at the point (8, 8, 4)?
(ix) Sketch the surface z = f( x, y). (x) Find lx(8 , 8). (xi) Does fx exist at all points (x,y)? Why/why not? (xii) Find f:z;(O, 1) .
1
')
11/j-'' 1 &'e>rc> W ' f
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To
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{I r~'-L
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S~
(V
tty
1 .
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;-
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" x. ~ o-r U , ~ i ~ c)~~k

Ci
ia/,e
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t:VJ '
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ft.A:, 7/: j-}{-1.-;.- . ,. ,{-J.-
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(rv)
f!j
(tI)
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0)
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poe
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(ittj
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j)~
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(l't)
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t I'll)Ul.f.!t-
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MATHEMATICS 2080W T UTORIAL 6 1, 2, 3 April 2008 (v) In what direction is the rate of change of f at P a maximum? What is the greatest rate of change? (vi) In which direction is the rate of change of f at P equal to 7'1 Explain. (a) Express each of P, T , Vasa function of the remaining two variables. (b) Find (vii) Find t he directional derivative of f at P in the direction (0, 0, 1).
1. The ideal gas law PV = nRT involves a constant R, the number n of moles of the gas, the volume V, the Kelvin temperature T, and the pressure P.
av or or' ap
and
ap avo
(c) Calculate ( : )
(~) (~~).
6. Letg(x,y, z )=x+2y+3z.
Did you expect this result? (i) Show that the point Q(3, -1 , 1) lies on the surface g(x, y , z) (ii) Find V g( Q). Did you expect this?
= 4.
2. Let z = feu , v) have continuous second order partial derivatives, and suppose u(x, y) = xy , vex, y) = ~. x
(iii) Find the directional derivative of 9 at Q in the direction of the vector (1,1, -1). Was this result expected?
(i)
Find
-a
x
az
in terms of the partial derivatives of z with respect to u and
V.
Oi) Find an expression for x 2 ~:~ in terms of u , v and the partial derivatives of z with respect to
~
and
'U.
3. Show that the curve ret) at the point (1 , 3, 2) .
= W, 3t, 2d) pierces t he surface 2X2 + y2 + ~z2 = 13 at right angles
4. A rectangular co-ordinate system is chosen so that the height (in meters) at a point (x, y) on a mountain is given by hex, y) = 1400 - x 2- y2. A mountaineer is positioned on the mountain above the point (10,20). Find the direction in which the mountaineer must travel so that his height (i) increases most rapidly, (ii) decre'ases most rapidly, (iii) does not change. Draw these directions on a contour map of the mountain. 5. Let f(x, y, z)
= yz2 + zv'l+X and let P

f at P .
be the point (3,2, 1).
(i) Find the level surface of f on which Plies.
(ii) Find grad
(iii) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent pJane to t he surface f (x, y, z) (iv) What is the rate of change of f at P in the direction (-5,0, I )'?
= 4 at
P.
5:.(i)
(it;
0(jl-+!; J ~ V ( -- (;-.1;. '6 ~

il-A...
.:<
02ffJ
of
J f+ JL ) : -
v yciJ) --
(-{"
I,
r:).
(Ii<) -: (X-J) ~ f(J -.J).H;(j -Ir o (I v:J V( tfJ) ~ If[ {-S"~ 0, I} = 4- ~
l") (j, U .
II
/-rQ,. ~ ~ J!c..~..c. /J:ri/ .

I~ (c'!)! ~ 7 .
{"'J
(vv
A>o
:;g:: (;.
~~ ~~t~ .
" (,j; v(j ((D).;
@:l ,Y
(i;;Y (1,';/,1),
d~
I,
-I) -=-
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 7 8, 9, 10 April 2008
1. Let R be t he region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of the parabolas y Y = 9 - x 2 and the line x = O. (i) Find the points of intersection of the parabolas. (ii) Sketch the region R.
= 2x2 ,
4. Consider the solid bounded by the graphs of x 2 + y2 ::: 9, z correct integral representing the volume of the solid.
0 and z ::: y3 . Choose the
(i)
(iii) Express the area of the region R as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to V, and then with respect to x. (iv) Express the area of the region R as a sum of repeated integrals, integrating first with respect to x, and then with respect to y. (v) Use either (iii) or (iv) to calculate the area of the region R. (vi) Let R' be the region bounded by the parabolas y of the region R'. (vii) Evaluate
(iii)
41 1 21 1~
3 0
-~
y3 dy dx
(ii)
1 1v'9-X!
3 - 3
-V9=X2 y3 dy dx
- 3
Y3 dx dv
(iv) 4
r r~ io io
y elx dy
Evaluate each of the above integrals.
5. Let 1 =
t io ix
rx
f( x ,y)dydx.
= 2x2 and y =
9 - x 2 Find the area
ff
R'
(i) Express I as a sum of repeated integrals, integrating first with respect to x and then with respect to y.
xy2 dA. (Hint: Think carefully about the function xy2!)
(ii) Give two possible physical interpretations of I if f(x, y) is non-negative over the region
under discussion. (iii) Evaluate I if f(x, y)
2. We want to evaluate
Jo
r214cos x2dxdV. Proceed as follows: yZ

y
= )1 -
x2
(i) Realize t~at you cannot integrate cos x 2 with respect to x. (ii) Sketch the region over which you are integrating.
6. Calculate the surface area of that portion of the cylinder y2 + Z2 and cut off by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and y = 2 - x.
= 1, lying in the first octant,
(iii) Change the order of integration and evaluate the given repeated integral.
3. In each of the following cases describe and sketch a solid whose volume is given by the repeated integraL
7. Let S be that portion of the surface y = 1 - 4x2 which lies in the first octant and between the planes z = 0 and z = 3. Find the mass of S if the density at any point is equal to the distance from the yz-plane.
(i)
121~ (5 _~
-2
x - 2y)dxdy.
(ii)
tr~ io It: (2 -
y2)dydx.
I'
'J ilii
'-
4.(-)
((i~
i/~IA;.<-
(i~)
(ill) t/c~~. tZ
f-o
j"
Ck4n::_. L.-tH. t/s.
iL
~~ 6;>0 ~~
(,(2)
Ho IS,
3
ai f2 -i If,.,l
L.o
J~
If~'J):
C..t<""t:;
}
of A =- -.-- = Ii-I ,
+.

l. Let F(x, y, z)
17, 18, 19 APRIL 2007
= (--y, x, 6)
represent the velocity field of a fluid.
(vi) Write down parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the two surfaces described in (i).
(i) If S is that portion of the surface of the hemisphere z = -/4 - x 2 - y2 lying above t he plane z = I, find the volume of fluid passing through S per unit time in the upward
direction.
5. Decide which of the following are linear transformations. Give reasons.
(i) T:
]R2
-+
~2
(ii) If S is the entire surface of the sphere x 2 + y2 + z2 through S per unit time in the outward direction.
= 4,find the volume of fluid
passing
defined by T ( x ) y I
(ii) T IR3
~ R' defined by T (
n(
) = (
= ( x + Y4
. Y -- '
),
~ xx: y ),
ir+y )
2. Sketch a region whose volume is given by the repeated integral
3 jY Jo y
r
~ Y
18-
-l
(6-y)/3
(iii) T R' -> IR3 defined by T (

dz dx dy.
~ ) = ~ ;: 2x
~
,
)
(iv)
Express the volume of the solid as a repeated integral of the form
T:}R2 - t ]R2
satis(ying T (
~ ), T ( ~
1) ( ~1'), T (1\ ( ~ )-
/ JJ
3. integral of the form
dx dy dz.
6. Let A =
(1
1 - 2 3) . 0 1 0
2 3
Find the images, under the linear map represented by A, of each of the planes (a) Find the mass of the solid region in the first octant which is enclosed by z = 0, y = 0, x = 3, Y = x and z = 4 - y2, if the density is given by p(x,y,z) = x 2 . (b) Express the volume of the solid enclosed by z = x 2+ 2y2 and z = 4 - x 2 - y2 as a repeated
(i) x - y + 3t: = 3 (ii) x - y + z
= 3.
III
dz dy dx.
Do not evaluate. 4. (i) Express the volume of the region enclosed by the hemisphere z = x 2 - y2 and the paraboloid 3z = x 2 + y2 as a triple integral with respect to the variables x , y and z. Which order of integration do you think is best?
J4 -
(ii) Express the volume of the region described in (i) as a double integral with respect to the variables x and y.
(iii) Express the surface area of that part of the hemisphere z =~x 2 the paraboloid 3z
y2
that lies within
= x 2 + y'2,
as a rcpeated integral.
(iv) Find the mass of the portion of the hemisphere described in (iii) if the density is given by p(x, y, z) = z. (v) Express the mass of the solid described in (i) as a repeated integral if the density is given by p(x, y, z) = Iyl.
/-?rJ--.;'.f 0)-0 00
I,
\,y J
41\.:t.rAJ~
"
70
7f.,.t",~~L
~~ l,t-
(f:; r~)( .= J~r: !1 ~1.S' ;

LY' " V n4-'\tS
/lS:1 ,~s :: .//J ~ - .I~-y '" .

d
R?t'y
~/ / oil y~
I
/4
~v
-11/ .;
('.
1)"
(!f~ ~
-- IS> / /.
c-?-Co8
fl."
L/)
.L~ ~ ae.e. O'
te L:
,- 0 .
~
tI=
f j /l.oIx1J7 r I j j'.~h7~
oJ
a
1 0
.1
r13,l--
'-JJ-
[i;.~yi..-
:J
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 9 22, 23, 24 APRlL 2008
1. Let A =
0 -1 2 ( 145
2 3) .
= 1 under the linear map represented by A.
and the normal to the plane onto which A maps z
(ii) Use the affine approximation for F about the point (

F ( -0 9 )
~I
) to estimate the value of
0 . Compare your estimate with the actual value of F ( -0 9 ) . ,9 0,9

-~,
10
(i) Find the image of the pJane z
(ii) Find A (
~)
~ 1.
(iii) Find the approximate area of the image under the mapping F of a circle of radius
with centre (
).
(iii) Does the normal t o the plane z (v) Find detA. 2. Let F:
= 1 get mapped to the nornlal of the image plane?
(iv) What would the approximate-area of the image of the circle be if its centre was at (
( ) 'P' d v .. ill
)?
(iv) Does A preserve lengths and angles?
8(x, y) 8{-u,v\ '
~.2 -+ lR? be defined by F ( ~ ) = ( ~ ) where u(x, y) = x+3y and vex, y) = 3x-y,
and let R be the triangular region with vertices at (0,0), (1,0) and (0,2). (i) Find the image R' of R under F.
5. R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of xy y =2x.
= 3, xy = 5, y = x and
= xy,
(ii) Calculate the area of R' . (iii) Calculate
~~~: -~~
and compare it with the ratio of the areas of R' and R.
(i) The region R is transformed into the region R' under the mapping u(x, y) vex, y) = '!!... Sketch the region R'. x oo) (11 F'illd &(u, v) 8(x, y)'
(iv) Find the affine approximation for F about the point ( mation? Why?
~ ).
How good - your approxiis .
(iii) Express the double integral / /

R
(;r (;r
sin
dA as a repeated integral with respect

-
to u and v . (iv) Evaluate the double integral in (iii).
- 3. Let F:
]R2 -1
R2 be defined by F (
~ ) = ( ~ ) ~here u(x, y) = x
y2 and vex, y)
= xy.
6. Express
(i) Find the region into which F maps the square with vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (0, 1) and
(1 , 1).
(ii) Find the approximate area of the image under F of a circle of area 10-3 centered at
evaluate the integral.
141~
2
yeX dxdy as a repeated- integral using polar co-ordinates. Do NOT
-v'4y-y2
(~, ~).
4. Let F :
]R2
-+ R2 be defined by F ( : )
=(~)
where u(x, y)
= x 3 + y3 and
v(x, y) =
x 2 + 2y2.
(i) Find the derivative matrix F' ( : ).
.t<-
(l)
,~
(~J ~ ( ;)<>~ 7)
(ii'tj t?,.."" (~J'" .:
f
(I<A~ /I~e{ ~ (~::):- ~,/,:s)

~fJ)
'.
C ;;
I,J,
i,/
.- (-/)2.
.
/(l
-.L .
D.
:; r
4~"~o
/ f 4-1.,'~6) , "
-< -
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 10 1, 2, 3 MA.Y 2007
1. Let R be the region enclosed by both the sphere x 2 + y 2 + Z2 = 9 and the cone z (i) Sketch the region R and describe it using spherical co-ordinates. (ii) Calculate the volume of the region R. (iii) Find the mass of the region R if the density at the point (x, y, z) is 1
= vix 2 + y2.
---;:.==:::::
vlX2
+ y2'
2. Use cylindrical co-ordinates to evaluate hemisphere z
JJJ
R
y2 dV where R is the region lying below the
vi4 -
x2 -
y2,
inside the cylinder x 2
+ y2 = 1 and
-
above the plane z
= o.
3. Let R be the region lying between the surfaces z = J4~ x 2 x 2 + y2 - 2y = 0.
y2
and z = 0 and within
(i) Sketch the region R. (ii) Find the equation of the circle
x2
+ y2 -
2y
= 0,
=0
in polar co-ordinates.
(iii) Write down the volutne of half of the given hemisphere . (iv) Use cylindrical co-ordinates to find the volume of the region R. Compare your answer with that obtained in (iii) , and decide whether or not your answer is plausible. (v) Find the volume of R correctly if your answers to (iii) and (iv) were the same.
4. Let R be the region in the first octant lying inside the sphere x 2
2
+ y2 + Z2 = 8. +
y2
(i) Find parametric equations for the intersection of the surfaces x 2

2z = x
Z2
8 and
+ y2.
e(x2+y2+z2)3/2.
(ii) Find the mass of the region R if the density is given by

2
(iii) Find the volume of that part of R that lies within the paraboloid 2z = x 2 (iv) Find the surface area of that part of the sphere x and within the cylinder x 2 -+ y2 = 2-Jiy.
+ y2.
+ y2 -+ Z2 = 8 lying in the first octant
5. Let S1 be the paraboloid z
= x 2 -+ (y + 1)2
and S2 the plane z
= 5 + 2y.
(i) Calculate the volume of the region R enclosed by Sl and 52'
(ii) Find the flux of F(x,y, z ) = (y,-x , 3z) through the portion of S1 t hat lies below S2 , in
the downwards direction.
f . (0/
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORlAL 11 6,7,8 May 2008
1.
(a) Evaluate
(x 2 + y2)ds where C is
5. Let C be that part of the helix x = cos 21ft,

Y
(i) the straight line joining (0, 0) to (2,2) , (ii) the portion of the circle x 2 + (y - 2)2 = 4 in the first quadrant joining (0, 0) to (2,2) . (b) Give two possible physical interpretations of each of the line integrals in (a) . 2. Evaluate the line integral (i) Sketch the curve C. (ii) Calculate
I
~
= sin 21ft,
= 4t,
be a given force field .
joining A(l, 0, 0) to B(l, 0, 4), and let F(x, y, z)
= (x, -y, z)
Itty
to,' )
F.dr.
fc
(x 2 + 2)dx + xy dy
c
--;> oX..
(iii) What does the line integral in (ii) represent physically?

(iv) Calculate curl F. What can you conclude from this result? (v) Let D be the closed curve which consists of the path C followed by the straight line joining B to A. Wha.t is the work done in moving a particle through the force field F along D? (vi) Find a potential function f for F, and then calculate feB) - I(A) . Compare your answer with that in (li). Was this expected?
along the closed path C as shown in the sketch. Give a physical interpretation of this line integral.
(0.' J
(:1. d)
3. Let f(x, y) = x 2 y and let S be that part of the cylinder x 2 octant between the surfaces z = a and z = I(x, y).
+ y2 = 9 which
lies in the first
(i) Make a rough sketch of S.

(li) Use a line integral to calculate the area of S.
(iii) A piece of wire has the shape x = 3 cos t, Y = 3 sin t, wire if the density at the point (x, y) is given by x 2y.
a ::; t
::; ~. Find the mass of this
(iv) Calculate the area of the projection of S onto the yz-plane. 4. Let C be the upper half of the ellipse
1( 1 4x-5) 2 +g(y-l) 2 =1.
(i) Sketch the curve C.
(li) Find a parametric representation for C.

(iii) Evaluate [(3X + 4y)dx + (4x + 2y2)dy using your parametric representation from (li) .
(iv) Is there a quicker method that can be used to evaluate the line integral in (iii)? If so, use your quicker method to evaluate this line integral..
'2
To
1/ -
.: /(;{ f
-I) .
3 . (t~
=(!u) PCr-, 1/ ~ J.J.

~~_ ~
t.J]) ~
L
. -, 7
% & (~. 7): 4A '"I-~ ~ I? :: 't-) (til ~ f. q~. ) ().J> ~ 4i /~ ~a{.~--'l~~lttf-.. C~- ~~
+4:
+-0
J ~j
.?~..l~~ :
j(IM-Vd.J..
3
pJ<e-<f,'oo.(
7-
_....
= +-~.
.~
i
t>~;
Q.
lv~o~ ~
Jf..~--- . .1ft) - f(4): -.. - ::.

(Ii.)
o
!-(I\ "J o-f ~
<'r 4-:1:.;;
-1-1 J .
WJ. -' ktHTf(-J-i' 'P<'''~ff6) -Y-:"J-lTt6-i;C",~)f-lf 6. If) dt: --- - ; 8

~
(v)
0 -
MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 12 15, 16, 17 MAY 2007
1. Evaluate / (2X3
efficient method.
2. Evaluate
y3)dx
+ (x 3 + y3)dy
where C is the unit circle. Try to choose the most
6. Let F(x, y, z) = (x +'y2, y2 + Z2, 1 - 2xz - 2yz ) represent the flow of a fluid. Find the flux of F through the surface S, where S is the upper half of the sphere x 2 + y2 + Z2 = 1 orientated upwards.
2
J
e
-y x - - d x + -- dy x2 +y2 x2 + y2
= 8;
7. Let F (x, y , z) = (y , -x, z), and let S b~ the surface of the paraboloid z = x 2 +y 2 1ying between z = 0 and z = 4.
(i) where C is the ellipse x 2 + 2y2
(i) Evaluate
(ii) where C is the ellipse (x - 4)2 + 2(y - 3)2
= 8.
(ii) Evaluate
3. Sketch the curve C' which is given by the parametric equations x = t 2 , Y = t 3 - 3t, t E R Use the result that t he area of a region R bounded by a simple closed curve C is given by
JJ J
s
curl F . n dS ,,,,,here n is a unit outer normal to S.
F . dr where C is the curve of intersection of S with z
= 4.
lf
e
x dy - y dx, to calculate the area enclosed by the loop of the curve C'.
c (iii) Compare your a.nswer to (i) and (ii) .
4. Let 5 be the surface of the sphere x 2 F(x, y , z) = (2x - z, y + 3x, x 2 + z) .
+ y2 + Z2
= 4 lying above the plane z
0, and let
8. Calculate
f!
curl F . nd5 where F(x , y, z)
= (6yz, 5x, yze
X2 )
and 5 is that portion of the
(i) Comment on the following calculation:
JJ
8
F nd5
JJJ
R
s paraboloid z = ~ X2 + y2 for 0 ~ z ~ 4 orientated upwards.
div FdV where n is a
unit outer normal to 5, and R is the region bounded by S. Thus
JJ
S
F . nd5
Jf f
R
4dV
= 4 (Volume of the region R)
(ii) Now evaluate
JJ
S
=4x
H~1f8)
= 6~7f.
F nd5.
5. Let S be the surface of the region R which is bounded by x 2 let F(x , y,z) = (2X+y2,2y ,2z +xy).
+ y2 = 4, z =
0 and z
= 3,
and
(i) Sketch the region R
(ii) Calculate (iii) Calculate
Jf fJ
s
s
F . nd5 directly, where n is a unit outer normal to 5 .
F . nd5 using the Divergence theorem .
/ ' (t' )
l\IIATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 13

1.
23, 24, 25 MAY 2006
(a) Let f(x, y)
= x 3 + y3 + 3x2 -
3y2 - 8.
5.
(i) Sketch the graphs of x 3 + y3
= 1 and x 2 + 2y2 =
~C3
4 on the same set of axes.
(i) Find the Taylor expansion, up to the second degree terms, for (0 , 0). What did you observe?
about the poillt
(ii) Use your sketch in (i) to decide on the number of solutions to the system
+ y3
1
4.
(ii) Write down (without any further calculations) the T aY'.)f expansion, up to the third degree terms, for f about the point (0,0). (iii) Find the Taylor expansion , up to the second degree terms, for (1,2).
(b) Let g(x,y)
x 2 + 2y2
Is (
about the point
~1 )
a rea;'..Jnable approximatlOn to one of these roots?

X2
= -.- 2 - - 2 ' 1 +x +y
(iii) Use the two vari;,bk Newton method t o find a second estimate system of equations in (ii), starting with first estimate (iv) Could you have started with
Xl Xl
to a solution of the
).
= (
(i) Find the second-order partial derivatives of g(x, V).

(ii) Write down the Taylor expansion, up to the second degree terms, for 9 about the point (0,0). (iii) Use the result from (ii) to classify the stationary point (0,0).
=( ~)
as the first estimate? Explain.
(iv) Sketch the surface z = g(x, V).

2. Find and classify the stationary points of f (x, y) 3. Let g(x, y) = 2(x 2 + y2)e-(x2+y2).
= 2x 3 -
x 2 y + y2.
(i) Find all the stationary points of

derivative test.
g.
Do NOT try to classify them using the second
(ii) For which (x, y) is g(x, y) < O?

(iii) What happens to g(x, y) as x and y both tend to infinity? Explain. (iv) Use your results from (ii) and (iii) to classify the stationary points of g. (v) Try to sketch (and describe) the graph of the surface z = g(x, V).
4. Let f(x, y)
= x 3 + y2 - 3xy + y.
(i) .Locate the stationary points of f. (ii) Use the second derivative test to classify the stationary points of f. (iii) Let R be the region {(x,y) : 0 S x S; 2, minimum of f over R.
a S; y S;
2}. Find the (global) maximum and

31 July, 1, 2 August 2007
THIS TUTORIAL IS REVISION OF MATERIAL FROM MAMlO03W (b) Show that (1 ,0, -1) and (1,3, 2) are both solutions to the system of equations
1. Which of the following matrix products are defined, and where possible find the product?
(! ~ !)( ~1 ! (iil) (~l :) (! ; !).

(i)
2.
(~) (! ~
n(T D
x-y+z
x2
+y -
Z2
0.
(c) Decide whether the sum of solutions to each of the systems in (a) and (b) are again solutions to the given systems of equations. . dy x 7. (a) Solve the separable differential equation T - - = O. ux y
(a) Find a vector equation for the plane with cartesian equation 2x - y (b) Obtain a vector equation of a line contained in the plane in (a).
+ 3z = 4.
(b) Solve the linear first-order differential equation dy - y = xe X
dx
3. Let A =
2 3) 0 1 ( 1 3 -1 2
(c) Decide whether the sum of solutions to the differential equations in (b) is again a solution to the given differential equation. (d) Could the function on the right-hand side of the differential equation in (b) be changed, so that the sum of solutions to this new differential equations is now a solution? 8. Find the solut ion to each of the initial-value problems:
(i) Find A- l and check your answer. (ii) Calculate det A.

(iii) Find the image of t he plane 2x - y + 3z = 4 under the linear map represented by A. (Did you expect your answer to be a plane?) - -4. (a) Let T : ]R2 ---+ ]R3 be defined by T ( x ) = ( ,xx: 2; ). y 3y - 4x Is T a linear map? Can T be represented by a matrix? (b) Let S : ]R2 ---+ R.2 be a linear map defined by S (
(ii) yl/(t)
(i) y"(t) + 2y'(t) + y(t) = 0, y(O) = I, y'(O) = 0 + 2y'(t) + 5y(t) = 0, y(O) = 0, y'(O) = 2.
Sketch the graphs of the solutions. 9.
(? 3y (i) Find the imaginary part of ~(- t.) . z1- z

(ii) Find the real part of e(2+3i)x (iii) Given that
=( ~),
+ e(2-3i)X, if x is real.
z lies in the second quadrant, plot a possible position for z
Izi = 2 and that
s ( !1 ) = (
6 1 1 ).
and hence the positions of z and
~
Z
on an Argand diagram.
Find the 2 x 2 matrix that represents S. Find a cartesian equation for the image under S of the line y
= 3x -
4. 10.
(iv) Express ](x) = 3x 3 - llx2 + 16x - 10 as the product of real linear and real irreducible quadratic factors, given that ](1 - i) = O.
5. Let A and B be n x n matrices. Prove the following: If A and B are invertible matrices, then (AB)-l = B-1A-I. 6. (a) Find all solut ions to the system of equations
x
(i) Does ]
1
1
et~' dt converge'!
dt converge?
(HINT, Use a suit.ble comparison.)
+ 2y -
3z +4w
o
O.
(ii) Does
Jet~t
o
o
2x+4y + z+w
(iii) Does]
et~' dt converge?
2
( i//" (1.1.
;. ( Ct;
4~
ttl)
I
(:;~~j
G-
(;18
IS
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t?. .
.3.
f.J
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,4
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-,
3 If.
.r
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(5' f."-)
-,.7.0 X
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t-
S""J- ~.26
+ -76 =
4" Crv /l.J
(~j (: ~;)/
6. (q)
..t..:-
.j
Y::
;<. - t u
~
/}"
r;(.(-~~ ~
0"
0} ~ (:.~ 0')
~ (f G- R
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(e>l)
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MATHEMATICS 2080W
TUTORIAL 15
1.
29,30,31 July 2008
(a) In each of the following cases describe geometrically the set of all linear combinations of the given set of vectors:
4. For which value(s) of k does the following system have (i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution, (iii) infinitely many solutions'! Find all solutions (in terms of k) whenever possible.
(i) {(3, - 1, 1), (4,2,3)},
(ii) {(3, -1,1) , (-6,2,-2)}
(b) Let a, b and c be three vectors in R3. (i) Describe geometrically the set of all linear combinations of a, b and c. (Consider all cases.) (ii) Can we generate the whole or 1R3 by linear combinations of any set of threE vectors in JR3? Explain. (c) Express every point on the plane
X
2Xl
+ 2X2 - X3 + 5X2 + X3 Xl + X2 - k2X3

Xl
3 7 -k
5. Which of the following subsets of JR2 are dosed under (i) addition of vectors, and (ii) scalar multiplication?
+ 2y -
3z
= 0 as a linear combination of vectors. = b has no solution.
(a) {(x,y): x 2: O,y 2: O}
2. (a) Construct a 3 x 3 matrix A and a vector b so that the equation Ax
to) {(x, y) : xy 2: O}
Are either of (a) or (b) linear subspaces of R2? Why/why not?
(b) Either find a 3 x 3 matrix A and a vector b such that Ax = b has exactly three solutions, or provide an argument to show that it is not possible. (c) You are given that (1,3,4) and (2, -1, 5) are both solutions of the same linear system
Ax=b.
6. Let A
(i) Can you find a non-zero solution of Ax = 0 ? Explain. (ii) What can you say about the number of solutions of Ax = O? (iii) How many solutions does the equation Ax = b have? (iv) Write down as many solutions of Ax = b as possible. Are these the only solutions?
3. For each of the following augmented matrices, circle the pivot elements, decide on the num-
1 1 -3 1 2 3 7 -1 3 -;-6
1 2 -1 1 - 1)
(i) Express the solutions of Ax
= 0 as a linear combination of vectors.
(ii) Is the set of all solutions of the matrix equation Ax = 0 closed under addition of vectors and under scalar multiplication? Give reasons for your answer. (iii) Is the set of all solutions of the matrix equation Ax = (
~)
closed under addition of
ber of free variables (parameters), and hence solve the system represented by the augmented matrix. Give your solutions in vector form.
vectors and under scalar multiplication? Give reasons for your answer. 7. Solve the system Ax = 0 where
(i)
0 0 3 ... 1 -1 3 0 (III) (1 0 0 10 0
1 3 2 4 0 0 2 1
IDI ~)
(ii)
( o 0 0 0
132411) 0 0 2 1 3
6
=(
2i 1- i 1 + i -2 1 i-I
-I-i)
1- i i
Write down all the solutions of the homogeneous system associated with the given augmented matrices.
Does the system Ax = 0 have any real solutions? (Reminder: i 2 = -1)
I 'r
I -
~ ({.~)
J (~+-Y)
I)--~
~j-f,e
jLt-lf
S {c..) ~ .M...c4r dtofo.e.th"":' ) hwl (6) ~ .-u-4..,.. 5:~)t,UuI./ 6wt
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MATHEMATICS 2080W
TUTORIAL 16
1.
5, 6, 7 August 2008
(a) Express (0, -3,3) as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 2, ~"!, (2,1, -1) and (1, -1, -2). (b) Express (0,0, 0) as a linear combination of the vect ors (1, -1,1), (3,1,5) and (1,1,2), in at least two different ways. (c) For which value(s) of A is (l,A - 6,>.) a linear combination of the vectors (-1,2,4), (1 , 1,3) and (2, -1, -I)? (d) Are there any vectors in lR3 which cannot be expressed as a linear combination of the vectors (1, 1, -2), (1,0, -1) and (-2,3, -1)':' If so, describe the set geometrically. (e) Let S be a given set of vectors. If one element of S can be expressed as a linear combination of the other elements, does it follow that each element of S can be written as a linear combination of the other elements of S? Give full reasons for your answer.
(ii) Find all solutions of the system you found in (i) and hence balance the chemical equation.
7.
(i) Use Kirchhoff's laws to set up a system of linear equations for the currents in the branches of the network
1
3V
T~
r
tIn
T
20
I.lS
i' ~~
6V
Ut i____ ~~_~___.l1 -
2. Explain geometrically what it means to say that
(i) two non-zero vectors in lR3 are linearly dependent, (ii) three non-zero vectors in lR3 are linearly dependent.
(ii) Solve the system you obtained in (i). How many solutions did you expect?
3. Are the following sets of vectors linearly dependent? Give full reasons for your answers.
~)
{(I ,O,I),(2,O, 0) ,(1, 0, 3), (1, 1, 0)}
(iii) Write down the solution of the associated homogeneous system without solving the system. Did you expect this? 8. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The flow of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on the diagram. Let Xl, X2, X3 and X4 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various branches per hour. 100
(ii) {(I, 0,1), (0, 1,0) , (0,0, O)}
(iii) {(I, 2, 3), (1,0,1), (0, 1, I)}

0v) {(0,0,1,1,0),(0,1,1,0,0),(0,1,0,1,O),(O,2,3,1,2)}.
4. In each of the following cases find (all) the values of k for which the given set is linearly independent.
1S .... - - -
rA ~
1:,
~o
(i) {(I, 3, 4), (2,2 + k, 4 + k), (k, 6 + k, I2)} (ii) {(I, 1, k), (1, k, 1), (k, 1, I)}.
3.'; (
~l :J r~. . ~ ~
_
C
5'0 100
'1S"
5. "rJa) Can you find a linearly dependent subset of]R3 that generates the whole of ]R3? Explain.
\(b1 Which of the sets in question 3(i), (ii), (iii) are generating sets for R3? Explain. If the J set does not generate ]R3 find the linear subspace of R3 generated by the set.
j
(i) Construct a system of linear equations that describes the traffic flow in this road network.
(ii) Solve the system and find the maximum and minimum values of Xl
6.
(i) Write down a system of linear equations in the unknowns

satisfied in order to balance the cbemical equation
Xl! X2, X3, X.!, Is
which must be
x1Cu + X2H N0 3
--7
x3Cu(N03h + X4H20 + xsNO.

1
H~~ ~'v:...,,Oa
I(q
t,.y - . ~S~<f
7b
TZi.. 7ts/4~ / 6
- - ~ @.Ct r:/-' a~g
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(b~
( (! )
~ (I)'-{/ I)- ~(j/t;.
))-!-
e!J ,POT.'~ o?(~- rC/''''- x 7' CJ =-0.

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(e)
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it (~ ~II ~ ~
9
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oL
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. MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 17

1. Find a basis for the set of all solutions of the matrix equation
12,13,14 August 2008
1234) ( 3 4 9 2 x = O
Find the dimension of the subspace which consists of all solutions of the matrix equation. How many solutions are there for the given matri.x equation? Find another basis for the set of all solutions to the matrix equation.
2. Find a basis for and the dimension of the linear subspace
5. Let A =
1 2 -1 3)
4 0 5 3
x
1 4
\ -1 -3 -4 0
(i) Find the cofactor of the entry x in the matrix A.
(ii) Expand det A by cofactors of the second row.

6. Evaluate
{(x, y, z):
X -
3y
+ 5z = O}
of ]R3. Give two other bases for this subspace.
2 2 (i) 0 0 0 0
11 o
Io
1 3 5 1 0 3 -1
0 0
3 4
~ II
.
,! I
(ii) 0 2
538
71
(iii)
I! -; !
12 4
7 61
2
3. Are the following statements true or false? Either give an example to show that the statement is false, or provide a proof if the statement is true.
(a) Every subset of a linearly dependent set is linearly dependent. (b) Every set which contains a linearly dependent subset is linearly dependent, 4. Which of the following sets are bases for ]R3?
7. Let A
Cbed)
a (3 'Y 6 1 2 3 4 7 5 3 1
4 I
8 9 -2
(i) { (
(il) {
(iii) { (
(iv) {
D(D(D(D ' ' ' } 0) ,(n ~1 ,( D0),(: ' UJ '(D }

) }
1 ) } 1
Express the determinant of each of the following matrices in terms of det A. Give reasons for your claims.
n
1
b a (3a"{o
Cd)
(ii)
a bed) (1
:;
2 1 3 4 ( 5 7 3 1
a a: (3 'Y 0 1 2 3 4 ( 8 7 6 5
a a 3
234
... ) (lil
bed) bed) 'Y 6

9 12
a b a {3 'Y 0 (IV) 1 2 3 4 ( 9 9 9 9
Cd)
(v)
{3 '6
') ( Vl
a+a b+/3 c+"{ d+O) + a f3 + b 'Y + C 0 + d

1 7 2 5 3 3 4 1
14 10 6
If the set is not a basis for lR3 , either delete elements from the given set so that the remaining su bset is a basis, or extend the set t o form a basis for lR3 .
I{!) (fJJ. ),~..,.~'-- ~ J-.{ .~ A~ '<..J. 0- --. &l:. <./ ! (-~ ) I tVf . :2. 8~ -'" 1(f)/ t{)J. j)~~<~~ La ~. o~ ~ : !(1)/;;J 0.-< } (t) f-lJJ. . ' J(..) ~-1'." .' J (!)/{!J; (Vf;., LJJ. - 6~ ( (i)j ~ ~.J.
I.
n/9-.I-1 ~ D
?o W - ~~.S' To ~P-c/f!Lr4L
:2.
/7-
~B--u-('r- - cge0.~
8~.ia
(6/ s~~~~" '64.
~&;.
t>
(y
AJ- a - 4......""b
C5J
(fv)
Y-u, Nt. -
~~ Or~. CJ --e~~_J' ~
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( ~ O~"Cs.(~ (~3
(-
(U!
.....at J 'I2~~
(tit)
i<~
ap(~ (
i).
= _1:.7
: C-:/;J+-J
(V ~~ 4 ,.
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/-1
I.: } ! /: _ _ .
-3
vi
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-'I
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t -(i/
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~,
If.; - ~. A
(iV ~ A-
( C; C-J c~ )
('~~ ~
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MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 18 19, 20, 21 AUGUST 2008
1. Let A
=
(
1 I! x
2X)
~
. Find, by inspection, three values of x for which
6. Let A
=I
( 4 1 -2 6 21 3 4)
1 3 0
x
\ 1 1 3
-2 - 1 -3-x det A = O. Give reasons for your answers, but do not evaluate det A. 2. Let A be a 4 x 4 matrix with det A
(i) det AT, (ii) det A- 1 , (iii) det A2, (iv) det(2A), (v) det( -A) . 3. Find all the values of x for which 7. Let B
1 1 1
= 7.
(i) Evaluate det A. Find
(ii) For which value(s) of x is A an invertible matrix? (iii) Find the cofactor of the element a21 in A .
(iv) Put x = 0 in A. Now write down the element in the first row and second column of A -1 . Do NOT use Gauss-reduction.
-1 3 2 4
oX
2) 3 1 4 3 ,b = ( 4) and x = ( Xa 2 5 0 0
2
Xl ) X2
1+x
1 1 1
1 1 5
X4
1+x
1 1
1
1
l+x
1
=0.
(i) Evaluate det B . Record the operations you use. (ii) For which value(s) of oX does the system Bx = b have a unique solution? Use Cramer's rule to find the value of X 4 for these values of oX .
l+x
4. Solve the equation
8. Use a determinant to determine whether the following sets are linearly dependent or linearly
-8- oX
0 -9 1
10
2-oX
-9 1
7 0
8-oX
-1
-9 0 -9
1= O.
2-oX
:~:Inl ( ), ()5) ,( ~1 )} ~) T)(~~ )(~1 )} T

(ii) { ( (
5. Let A
1 2 3)
4 2. 3 -1 -2
(i) Find the value of det A (ii) Show that A-I
=t (
104
-11
7
-7
(iii) Find the adjoint of A. (iv) Evaluate A(adj A )
-7
1~ ).
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'
:,(::'0
~. (f; ~,
3.
r:V
,/
~~
(iii)
* '7
':6rD.
UII).J 'to
(I/J L-!J~ ~
).3(4-1-.x)
':::'0
it . - (~- "')~( of- )t.){/- ,,)

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(:r,)
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'1 (x -=1L)
:l.
IS'- OJ L
rl)
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A-=f' -~ ;
~. I,
7a. (~) -- 6o{ A -(-.:1- )
(i~
~ (~J
/4~
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(hJ 1..... .
0,

1. Consider the differential equations
26,21,28 August 2008

5. One model for the spread of a rumour is that the rate of spread is proportional to the product of the fraction y of the population who have heard the rumour and the fraction who have not heard, the l'umour. In a course of 1000 students, 80 students have heard a rumour by 8 a.m. that the forthcoming class test has been cancelled. By noon, half the class had heard it. At what time will 90% of the students have heard the rumour? 6. A 2500 litre tank initially contains 500 litres of fresh water. Water containing 50% pollutants flows into the tank at the rate of 10 lit res per minute, and the well-stirred mixture leaves at the rate of 5 litres per minute. (i) Find the concentration of pollutants in the tank at the moment it overflows. (Hint: Let A(t) be the amount of pollutants, in litres, in the tank at time t, and let V(t) be the volume of liquid in the tank at time t.)
- y'I(X) + (yl(X))2 ylll(X) - y( x) + x'l
2 +4x
o
2y(x}.
xy'(x)
(i) Which of these differential equations have y(x) = x 2 as a solution?
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
Which of these differential equations are linear? Which of the linear differential equations are homogeneous? Write down the order of each of these differential equations. Try to find, by inspection, other solutions to each of these differential equations.
2. (a) Find a differential equation which has the family of curves y = Ax2 as solutions. (b) If all the curves of one family f(x, y) = Cl intersect orthogonally all the curves of another family g(x, y) = ~, then the families are called orthogonal trajectories of each other. Find the orthogonal trajectories of the family of curves y = ce-~, c E 1R. Sketch a few members .of each family of curves on the same set of axes. 3. (i) For which value(s) of A is e,u a solution of the differential equation
(ii) If the tank 'initially contained 10% pollutants, find the concentration of pollutants in the tank at the moment it overflows.
2xy"(X) + (x + 2)y'(x) + y(x) = O?

(ii) Show that y
= x2 -
4x + 8 is a particular solution of
2xy"(X)
+ (x + 2)y'(x) + y(x)
3x 2.
(iii) 'Write down another two particular solutions of the differential equation in (ii). Explain how you arrived at your answers.
4. (i) Solve the differential equation
y ye~1I + arctan y + (xe:tll + ~ + 1) ddx l+y
O.
(ii) Find the particular solution to the differential equation in (i) which satisfies y(O) = 1.
(iii) Show that F(x, y) = (ye:l:1I + arctan y, xe:l:1l potential function J for' F.
1:
y2
+ 1) is a gTadient field, and find a
- - - -. .
:>-.
p~
f;'A (7 V' )
-""1 -.... (J
,.dO
..1
s()
J( . b
~/ (J';:"~
~~~ 1...
6. (lJ
0/1-).
72. ....
. ""'Co
,- r
A ((;.)
-~
srA~+
,s--(j-
12. . ~-
...r (/0"0 T' 6)

'V
c.
f
~oo+-

1. Which , if any, of the following arguments are correct:
9, 10, 11 SEPTEMBER 2008

5. Let (*) denote the differential equation
X 2
y ll(X)
xy'(x) - 3y(x)
= x3,
(a) Let S
Form the equation ax + /3x 2 + 6x 3 = O (*) . Put x = 1 in (*) to get a + , + Ii = 0 8 This equation has a = 10, (3 = 2, 6 = - 12 as a solution, and since (*) has a non-zero solution, the set S is linearly dependent. Form the equa.tion ax + /3x 2 + b"x 3 = O. (+) Put x = 1 in (+) to get a + ,6 + <5 = O. Put x = -1 in (+) t o get -a + /3 - 0 = O. Put x = 2 in (+) to get 2a + 4/3 + 80 = O. This system of equations has a = (3 = c5 = 0 as the only solution. However, since we have only investigated the values x = 1, x = -1, x = 2, we cannot conclude that S is a linearly independent set of functions.
= {x,x 2 ,X3 }
(i) Show that YI (x )
= x3 and Y2(X) = .!. are both solutions of the homogeneous differential x .
equation associated with (*).
(H) Write down the general solution of the homogeneous differential equation associated with (*) . State t he results you have used.
(b) Let S = {x, x 2 , x 3 }
(iii) Use the method of variation of parameters to find a particular solution of (*) .
(iv) Verify that the particular solution fo und ;n (iii) does satisfy (*). (v) Find another particular solution of (*) and ex;:>lain how you obtain it.
(vi) .Vrite down the general solution of (*). What result have you
USE:d ?
(vIi) What fact gllarar.:. tees that the system of equations you obtained ~n (iii) bas a unique solution? (viii) Find the solution of (*) that satisfies y(l)
6. You are given that Yl(X)
= 1, y'(l) = O.
2. Use the definition to decide whether or not the following sets of functions are linearly dependent on the indicated intervals:
= x-6 and Y2(X) = e- X -5 are both solutions of the linear differential equation T(y(x)) = 5. Find two solutions of the associated homogeneous differential equation T(y(x)) = 0, and another particular solution of T(y(x)) = 5.
(i) {cos x, sinx, sin 2x}, [0, (0) (ii) {cos2 x, sin2 x, I}, (-00,00) (iii) {2 + x, x - x 2 , 3x2 + X + 8} , (-00,00) (iv) {x 2 , xlxl}, [0, 00)' (v) {x2 , xi x !}, (-00,00)
3. Show that y(x)
xyl/(x) + (x - l)y'(x) - Vex)
= x-I
and Vex)
= o.
= e- x are both solutions to the differential equation
Find the general solution to this differential equation, and hence the general solution to the differential equation xY"(x) + (x - l)y'(x) - y(x) = 5. Which results have you used to obtain the general solution?
4. Write down the general real solution to each of the following differential equations:
(i) ylll(X) + 31/'(x ) - 4y(x) = 0 + 4y(x) = 0 (iii) y"(X) + 2y'(x) + 5y(x) = 0 (iv) y(4)(X) + 8y"(X) + 16y(x) = 0 (v) (D3 + 1) Y = 0
(ii) yl/(x)
+ 1)4y = 0 (vii) (D4 + l)y = O.

(vi) (D
1
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MATE~MATICS
2080"'N
:U1 , 17, 18 SEPTE!-.1BPR 2008
rpUTORIAL 21
1.
(i) Find the general real solution of t he differential equat;ion
(D2 + l)y(x) = O. (ii) Use variation of parameters to find a particular solution to the differential equation
(D2 + l)y(x)
(iv) Solve the differential equation
= secx.
(ii) Is it true that any scalar multiple of an eigenvector is also an eigenvector? Verify youi'daim.
(c) (i) Decide whether or not (
(iii) Find another particular solution to the differential equation in (ii).
~)
+(
~)
(D2
Check that your solution is correct!
+ l)y(x) = csc x.
!)
is an eigenvector of A.
(ii) In general, what can you say about the

your claim.
sum of two eigenvectors of a matrix? Prove
2. (a) Find the general solution of (D3 - 8)y(t)
= O.
(b) Find a particular solution in each of the following cases (use undetermined coefficients):
8)y(t) = 4 + lOt 2 8)y(t) = 3cos2t+ 4sin2t 8)y(t) = 7tet 8)y(t) = 4e2t (c) Find the general real solution of (D3 - 8)y(t) = 7tet
(i) (D3 (ii) (D3 (iii) (D3 (iv) (D3 3. Find the general solution of the differential equation
5. A mass m is attached to the lower end of a spring and allowed to reach equilibrium. Suppose that the mass is set in motion so that the differential equation governing the displacement y(t) of the mass, measured positively downwards from the point of equilibrium, is y"(t) + 2y(t) = 0, y(O) = 4, y'(O) = 2.
(i) Explain the physital meaning of the initial conditions y(O) (ii) Determine the position of the mass at any time t.
= 4 and y'(O) = 2.
(iii) What is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position?

(iv) If the motion is damped and is governed by the differential equation
D(D - l )y(x) =
(i) using undetermined coefficients,
(ii) using variations of parameters. Compare your ~nsw'::r5 in (i) and (ii). ( 8 t' 4. I..et A = \ ; ~4
xe z
+ 3x
yl/(t) + 2y'(t) + 2y(t)
= 0,
y(O)
= 4,
y'(O)
= 2,
find the function yo(t) that describes the motion of the mass. What happens to yo(t) as
t -t oo?
(v) If the mass is driven by an external force so that the differential equation governing t he motion of the mass is
yll(t) + 2y'(t) + 2y(t) = 2 sin t + 4 cos t,

find y(t) . What happens to yet) as t -t oo? (vi) If the mass is driven by an external force so that the differential equation governing the motion of the mass is
22 )
-;-i .
(a) (i) Are any of (
n0
2
) (
D0 D
1 ) (
yll(t)
fiu.i !J{t;. ,,vtat happens to yet) a.,S t
+ 2y(t) = sin V2t,

-t
eigenvoctoTh of A!
oo'?
(ii) List the corresponding eigenvalues.

(h) (i) Decide whether or not 3 (
~) ~ ( ~)
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MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL :L~

1. A non-zero vector x is an eigenvector of the matrix A if Ax
. 23, 24, 25 September 2008
= AX for some scalar ,\. Geometrically, this means that Ax lies on the same line through the origin on which x lies, that is, the linear map represented by A does not change the line of action of an eigenvector.
(a) Use the above geometric interpretation to find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of each of the following linear maps: (i) T:]R2 - t ]R2 is the linear map that projects points onto the line y = -x, (ii) S: lR3 - t ]R3 is the linear map that reflects points in the plane 2x - y + 3z = O. (b) How many eigenvectors are there corresponding to each of the eigenvalues of S? ( c) How many linearly independent eigenvectors are there corresponding to each of the eigenvalues of S? (d) Write down the definition of an eigenspace of a linear map. Describe geometrically the eigenspaces of the linear map S.
4. Let A =
312) ( 213 .
2 2 2
(i) Find the characteristic equ~tion for A. (ii) What are the eigenvalues of A? Check that the eigenvalues are correct.
(iii) Find the eigenvectors of A. (iv) Check that the eigenvectors found in (iii) are correct.
(v) Write down the value of det A. (vi) Is A diagonalizable? Why/why not? (vii) Can you find matrices P and D such that P-1AP =;.D? If so, what is D? (viii) How many different matrices P and D can you find satisfying p-l AP
2. Let A =
( 7 -1 -2)
-1 -2 7 2 2 10
= D?
Explain.
(ix) Use your result from (vii) to solve the system of first-order linear differential equations
.
X~ x~
3Xl
(i) Find det(A - AI) and hence the eigenvalues of A.

(ii) Compare the sum of the eigenvalues of A with the sum of the elements on the main diagonal of A.
2Xl
x~
+ X2 + 2X3 + 2X2 + 2X3 2Xl + X2 + 3X3
tiii) Compare the product of the eigenvalues of A with the value of det A.
(iv) Use Gauss-reduction to find the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues found in (i). (v) How many linearly independent eigenvectors are there corresponding to the repeated eigenvalue of A? 1 2 -2 4 -1 1 2 -2 2
1 -1 1
(x) Find the particular solution to the system in (ix) which also satisfies the conditions Xl(O) = 2, X2(0) = I, X3(O) = -10. (xi) Modify your working in (ix) to solve the system
X~ x~ x~
3Xl
2Xl
+ X2 + 2X3 + 5 + 2X2 + 2X3 2Xl + X2 + 3X3
3. Let A
-1
~ ).
5. Let C
= 5"
1(3 -4)
4 3
(i). Find all the eigenvalues of C.

(U) Find the corresponding eigenvectors.
(i) Write down the value of d.e t A, and explain how you obtained the result. (ii) Is A invertible? (iii) Given that A has -1 as an eigenvalue with algebraic multiplicity 2, find all the eigenvalues of A.
(iv) Is the information you found in (iii) sufficient to conclude that A is NOT diagonalizable? Explain.
(iii) What does C represent geometrically? Did you expect C to have any real eigenvalues?
- ; f-
8 .. ,6-_ {C-I Gje ~

e t--
.~ f-I:>t~ 6 f- ~ ~C e t-
. ~ 'f-t ~ (C~+- k
;(
.:
"- ( , ) / "L&a;
.I-:{", -
(~~I
e--(/ ):/(),
..? {~J
\ iiv) ().. n' c4J.,,-,,(~ ~-- ~~) ~O(:...

No~
CU<.-c.<>f

L Let A
9, 10, 11 OCTOBER 2007
(o
20-1)
0 2 -1
(iii) Find a orthogonal matrix P such that p-l AP is a diagonal matrix.

.
(iv) Identify the surface S by reducing the equation to a standard form. (v) Give the directions of your new axes and sketch the surface S.
2 3 1 v'2 1 v'2 0
(i) Find the eigenvalues of A . Is this information sufficient to conclude that A is NOT
diagonalizable? Explain. (ii) Find the eigenvectors of A.
(iii) Describe geometrically the eigenspaces of A.

(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the eigenspace associated with the repeated eigenvalue.
5. Let A =
~3 :3
_-L)
i..:JIB
';;[8
Ji8
(v) Is A diagonalizable? If so, find an invertible matrix P and a diagonal matrix D such that P- 1 AP = D. (vi) Can you find an orthogonal matrix Q such that Q-1 AQ = D? Explain geometrically why this can/cannot be done.
2.
(i) Is A an orthogonal matrix?
(ii) Find det A.

(iii) Show that x
(i) Identify the curve 12xy - 5y2 = 36 by reducing the equation to a standard form. Give the directions of the new axes.
(ii) Sketch the given curve and find the angle through which the x- and y-axes must be rotated to obtain the standard form.
3- 2J2) ' ( J21- 1 =(
is an eigenvector of A. What is the corresponding eigen-
value? Did you expect this eigenvalue? Explain. (iv) Calculate Ax where x (v) Compare the values of
i)-
(iii) Modify your working in (i) to reduce the equation

12xy - 5y
2
+ Ji3 x + vT3 Y = 32
24
16
(vi) Let y = (
to a standard form. Sketch its graph. 3. The curve C has cartesian equation x 2
!).
II Ax II and II x II.
Did you expect this?
Find Ay.
+ 4xy + 4y2 + 4v15x + 3V5Y = 15.
(vii) Calculate the angle between x and y, and also the angle between Ax and Ay . Did you expect this? (viii) What, if anything, can you say about the other two eigenvalues of A?
(i) Identify C by reducing its equation to a standard form with respect to a new set of axes.
(ii) Sketch the graph of C with respect to the x- and y-axes, and show the directions of the new axes.
(iii) Through what angle must the x- and y-axes be rotated so as to reduce the equation of
C to the standard form?
4. A surface S has cartesian equation llx2
+ lly2 + 8z2 -
2xy + 4xz + 4yz - 2V6x - 2V6y + 4V6z
= 18.
(i) Write down a 3 x 3 symmetric matric A associated with the equation of the surface S.
(ti) Show that ( _
~ ), (
-i)
and (
~)
are eigenvectors of the matrix A.
Are these eigenvectors linearly independent? Why/why not?

2
MATHEMATICS 2080W
TUTORIAL 24
6 -3 -2\ 1. Let A = ~ ( -2 -6 3 I , \-3 -2 -6)
16, 17, 18 OCTOBER 2007

5.
(i) Does the improper integral (ii) Does the improper integral
(i) Show that A is an orthogonal matrix . (ii) Find det A. (iii) Use the results from (i) and (ii) to determine what A represents geometrically.
(iv) Show that
J 1
1
1
OO
~ dt converge? t
-st
-st
~ dt converge?
t
(iii) What does (i) and (ii) tell you about the function
~?
(y)
6. Find the Laplace transform of each of the following functions :
(i) t + 3t 4
4 sin 2t
(ii) e2t cos 3t
(v) What additional information can you add to your answer to (iii) as a result of (iv)? (vi) Note that x
= ;
(1)
is orthogonal to
(-5)
~
(iii) lOe 3t cos t sin t (iv) (1
. Find Ax and hence the cosine of the angle
+ e2t )2.
What property of the Laplace transform did you use in (i)?
between x and Ax. 1 (vii) Calculate "2(traceA - 1), and compare your answer with that found in (vi).
2. Let A be the matrix representing a reflection of}R3 in the plane 2x constructing the matrix A, answer the following questions:
+ 4y -
= O.
Without
(i) What are the eigenvalues of A?

(ii) What are the corresponding eigenvectors of A?
(iii) Describe the eigenspaces of A. (iv) What is the value of det A? (v) Use the above information to construct the matrix A.
3. Construct a 3 x 3 matrix A representing a projection of]R3 onto the plane 2x + 4y 4. Do the following improper integrals converge or diverge?
=0
(i)
1
1
00
'2 dt,
(ii)
1
1.
00
Vi dt,
(iii)
00
e-tpn t dt
1'1~ ,J-OJ' () ~{- ~(~J1Qd
Tb-
/Zt.ro/4~4 L
;.
O~ 14dcf
(ly
ft(f)"' 6(f),
A-(_::): /~(-J) ~(t)~/~(/) .
Q .
~ . (Lj
S-l

1. Find C-l{F(8)} where F(s) is :
14, 15, 16 OCTOBER 2008

28 -7
6. We want to solve the initial-value problem
(i) (8
(iv)
~ 1)2
(ii) (8
~ 1)3
8+3
(iii) (s _ 1)2 + 9
y"(t) + yet)
= k(t),
yeO)
= y'(0) =
0,
98 2 - 4s - 4
8 3 _ 82 _ 28
(v) (8 2 + 1)(82 + 38 + 2)
4 ifO<t<2 . where k( t) = { t if t ~ 2 usmg Laplace transforms. Proceed as follows:
2.
(i) Use the Laplace transform to convert the initial-value problem
(D2 + 4D + 4)y(t)
into an algebraic problem.
= t 2e-2t ,
yeO)
= 3,
y'(O) = I,
2)u(t - 2) and k(t). (ii) Express k(t) in terms of the unit step function u(t - a). (iii) Find 1:{k(t)} using your expression in (ii).
(iv) Find the partial fractions decomposition of each of
1
8(S2
(i) Sketch the graphs of get)
= tu(t -
2), h(t)
= (t -
(ii) Simplify the algebraic problem in (i) and hence find the solution yet) to the given initialvalue problem. . (iii) Use the method of undetermined coefficients to solve the initial-value problem in (i). (iv) Use variation of parameters to solve the initial-value problem in (i). (v) Compare your answers in (li), (iii) and (iv).
+ 1)
and
1
8 2 (8 2
+ 1)"
(v) Use the above results to solve the given initial-value problem. (vi) Check that your solution satisfies the conditions y(O) (vii) What is the value of y(2)'?
= 0 and y'(O) = O.
3. Suppose J(t) and get) have Laplace transforms F(s) and G(s) respectively. Is it true that C{J(t)g(t)} = F(s)G(s)? Give reasons.
4. Find '
(viii) What is the value of y(4)? (be) Use the Convolution theorem to find
(i) C{tu(t - I)}
1:- 1
{ I} + 1)
S(S2
and
C-
1 { S2{
8}+ 1) } .
(ii) C{ u( t - 11"/2) cos t} (iii) C{(t - 1)3et u (t - I)}

(iv) C{J(t)} where J(t)
={
~2
if O$t<2 if t 2:: 2
5. Let F(s)
= - 2 - - - (' 1)2 s +1 s+
= J(t) .
e- S
e- 3s
(i) Find C-1{F(s)}
(ii) Express J(t) as a piecewise defined function. (iii) Find the values of J(2), J{3} and J(4) .
1 2
MATHEMATICS 2080W EXERCISE SHEET 1

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (3rd Edition).
1. S: 9.6 Exercises 15, 23. 2 . S: 11. 1 Exercises 15, 17, 19, 21, 23.
11. Describe t he curve of intersection of the surfaces and find parametric equations for the curve.
2008
(i) z=8-x 2 -2 y2, z=x2+2y2,

(ii) z = )9 - x 2 - y2, Z = )(x 2 + y2) cot 2 0:, 0 <
0:
< 2'
'rr
12. S: 1O.2 Exercises 5, 17, 19, 21, 27, 28 , 31, 32, 43, 47. 13. The curves rl(t) = (e t - 1, 2sin t , In(l origin. Find the angle of intersection.
+ t)) and r2(t) = (1 + t , t 2 - 1, t 3 + 1) intersect at the
3. Sketch the family of level curves and hence the graph of each of the following functions:
14. S: 10.3 Exercises 1, 3, 15-17, 18, 21, 22,23,25,27,39,40, 52.

15. Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to r(t)
(i) z = In(x 2 + y2)

(ii) z = arctan(x 2 + y2 ) (iii) z
(cos t, sin t , cos t) at the point
where t =
4'
11'
= (x 2 + y2)e - Cx2+y2) .
16. S: 10.4 Exercises 3, 8, 17.
4. S; 11.1 Exercises 25, 31 - 36.

5. Sketch the solid in the first octant that is bounded by the graphs of the given equations.
SOME ANSWERS
8. (18) II, (20) I, (22) III.
9. The radius is a.
(i) x 2 + Z2
(ii)
= 9, y = 2x, y = 0, z = 0, 2x + y + z = 4 , x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
= x3,
X
(iii) z
= 4y2, 16y =
x 2 , z = O.
6. Sketch the region in 1R 3 bounded by the graphs of the given equations. 0) z = 0, Z = y, x 2 = 1 - y, (ii) y = 2 - Z2, Y = z2, X + z = 4, x = O.
7. S: 9.7 Do a selection from Exercises 3-33.
1 1 10. (i) (-4, -2, -3) , (ii) no intersection, (iii) (1 ,1 ,1) and ( ;;:;,3, -), . v3 3
1 (iv) (1,0, -2) '
(v) r(t) =
(t' 1 - t' "2)'
lIe
8. S: 10.1 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 17-22, 23, 31-:34. 9. Does the curve r(t) = (asintcos2t,asintsin2t,acost),a > 0 lie on a sphere? If so, find the radius of the sphere. 10. In each of the following cases find the intersection (if any) of the curve and surface:
11. (i) (2cost,J2sint,4), (ii) (3sino:cost,3sinasint,3coso:).

o. 7 16 3 12. (28) (1,0,4),55, (32)( -, - , - - ). 3 5 'if
13. ~
2'
+ 3t, t, 1 + 2t), x + 3y - z + 7 = 0; (ii) r(t) = (2 + 3t, t, 1 + 2t), x - y - z + 1 = 0;

(i) ret)
=
(2
14. (16)
(2 + 4t2)3/2' 18 3J3' 2_) (1

3 -
j8
()
v'8 ( ')
.. . +Icos2xl sin X)3/2' (40) oscuiat1l1g plane 1S
3x ~ 3y
+z
1,
(iii) ret) = (0, -, t), x 2

t
(52) 10x
15x
+ y + 2z = 4;
15. x = z.
+ 6x
1 1 t2 (iv) r(t)=( -, I--,-), z= 2 '1; t t 2 l+x + y 2 1 1 t 1 1 (v) r (t ) = C 1 - t ' 2 )' z = '2(x + y -1- ;;2 - 1).
16. (8) At t
= 0, Q =
(1,0, I), ~ = (0, -2,0) , speed
J2.
t,
MATHEMATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 2
S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (3rd Edition).
1. S: 11.2 Exercises 1, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 33, 35.
2008
9. Use the definition of the directional derivative to find the directional derivative of the function in question 5 at the point (0,0) in the direction (i) (1,0), (ii) (0,1), (iii) (1,2), (iv) Do all the directional derivatives of f at (0,0) exist? 10. S: 11.6 Exercises 7, 9, 21, 23, 25, 27, 33, 35, 37, 41,47, 49.
11. Which of the following are true and which are false? For those that are true, provide a proof. For those that are false, give a counterexample.
2. By considering what happens along each of the lines x
= 0 and y = 0, show that the function

(x,y)~,~
(i) If fx(a, b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then
is differentiable at (a, b).
f(x,y)
sin(x2 + y) x+y
1
li
~
(ii) If fAa, b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then f is continuous at (a, b).
(iii) If /z(a, b) and fy{a, b) both exist, then all the directional derivatives exist at (a, b) . (iv) If all the directional derivatives exist at (a, b), then (vi) If all the directional derivatives exist at (a, b), then (vii) If fz(a, b) and /y(a, b) both exist, then (viii) If tx(a, b)
x=y=O
t is differentiable at (a, b). t has a tangent plane at (a, b).
is not continuous at (0, 0).

3. S: 11.3 Exercises 9, 17, 21, 23, 25, 47, 51, 77, 79.
(v) If / is not continuous at (a, b), then fz(a, b) and fy(a, b) do not exist.
4. S: 1l.4 Exercises 1, 3, 9, 13.

X2(X 2
f has a tangent plane at (a, b).

=1=
y)
2
.
If
= fy(a, b), then
f is differentiable at (a, b) . fy(a, b), then / is not differentiable at
(x, y)
if x
=1=
(0, 0)
5. Letf(x,y) =
{
x +y
(ix) If fx(a, b) and fy(a, b) both exist but fx(a, b) (a, b).
= y = O.
(x) If t is differentiable at (a, b), then all the directional derivatives of same value.
t at (a, b) have the
(i) Find J:c;(O, 0) and fu(O, 0). (ii) Is f continuous at (0,0)'1
(xi) If a curve C lies on a surface, then the osculating plane to C at the point P is the same as the tangent plane to the surface at P.
(iii) Is f differentiable at (O,O)? Give full reasons.

x2y
-4--2
.
If
(x,y)
=1=
(0,0)
5. (i) fx(O,O) = 1, fu(O, O)
(0,0) along the x-axis? (0,0) along the y-axis? (0,0) along the parabola y 6. (i) 0, (ii) 0, (iii)
6. Let f(x,y) =
x +y
{
ANSWERS
if x
= y = O.
= 0,
(ii) Yes, (iii) No.
f approach as (x, y) tends to (ii) What value does f approach as (x, y) tends to (iii) What value does f approach as (x, y) tends to (iv) Is f continuous at (O,O)? (v) Is f differentiable at (O,O)?
(i) What value does 7. S: 11.5 Exercises 3, 7, 17, 23, 37, 44, 45.
~,(iV)
No, (v) No.
= x2 ?
8. 0, 8811' cm3 /min; 0,4611' cm 2imino 9. (i), (ii) See answers to question 5; (iii) 11. Get your answers and reasons checked!
5v5
1~,
(iv) Yes.
8. The radius r and altitude h of a right circular cylinder are increasing at rates of 0, 01 cm/min and 0,02 em/min, respectively. Use a chain rule to find the rate at which the volume is increasing at the time when r = 4 em and h = 7 cm. At what rate is the total surface area changing at this time?

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (3rd Edit ion). 1. S: 12.1 Exercises 13, 14, IS. 2. S: 12.2 Exercises 3, 11 , 13, 15, 17, 19, 20, 25 . 3. S: 12.3 Exercises 5, 10, 15, 17, 19, 33, 36, 38, 39, 41, 50. 4. S: 1 2.5 Exercises 1, 3, 9. 5.
(ii) :i:d ( hrmlc t
2008
a
the ellipse in (i) under the t ransfonnation represented by the matrix
b /
(iii) Find det A.

(iv) Use the results of (ii) and (iii) t o find the area inside the ellipse
~: +-
r:
= l.
14. (a) Let F
X) (
y z
=
( X2 + y2 + z2 \
xyz ) . F ind the derivative matrix of F and use the affine l+x+ y+ z
(i) S: 12.6 Exercises 1, 2,3. (ii) Find the area of the surface z
approximation at
= J2Xij for 0 ::; x
::; a, 0 ::; y ::; b.
lOS) "I) ( ; to estimate F ( ;: ~ . Compare your estimate with the exact

3;x ~.; ) . Find the derivative matrix of F and use the affine approx-
value. (b) Let F (
6. S: 13.6 Exercises 9, 12, 19, 27.
=(
7. S: 12.7 Exercises 3, 5, 9, 17, 19, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31.
S. Which of the following transformations from
(i) f ( x )
y
= ( x+3 y-
1)
]R2
to
]R2
are linear transformations?
imation at (
) to estimate F (
~: ~
) . How does this approximation compare with
(ii)
f ( x ) = ( sm y ~2) y
(iii) f ( x )
y
= ( x +- 3y 2x y
).
the exact value?

15 . (a) The region R in the xv-plane is bounded by the graphs of x y =0.
+y
= 6, x - y = 2
and
9. Find the im(age 0f ~he iin)e x(t) = (1,2,3) 1 the matrix 4 0 1 .

-1 1 2
+ t(2, -4, 1) under the linear map represented by
(i) Find the region R' in the uv-plane onto which R is mapped under the transformation x = u + v, y = u - v.
10. Find the image of the plane 2x - 4y+ z

matr(iceSi (i) 4 0 1 -1 0 2 11. Let A =
= 0 under the linear maps represented by the following

.
(ii) Calculate
~~:: ~t
and compare it with t he ratio of the areas of Rand R' .
23)
~l
(ii)
(1 2 3)
-3 10 1 1 2 3
(b) Find the region into which the square with vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (0,1) and (1,1) is 2 _ y2 ) transformed by the mapping F y = xy . Find the approximate area of the image under F of a circle of area 10- 3 centred at (1,3). (c) Find approximately the volume of the image under the mapping u = xyz, v w = x 2 y, of a sphere of volume 10- 6 with centre at (1,2,0). 16. S: 12.4 Exercises 9, 11 , 13, 15, 28, 31. 17.
( x) ( x
(i
). Find the parallelogram to which A takes the square with vertices at
= x + y +z ,
(0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1). Find also its area (i) by using determinants, (ii) directly from the vertices of the parallelogram. 12. Let T be the transformation represented by the matrix ( ; bounded by the lines y = 0 and x = 1 and the curve y under T.
13.
!), and let R be the region

y = bsirli,
(i) Use polar co-ordinates to evaluate

graph of x 2 +- y2 - 2y
/(x+ y ) dA where R is the region bounded by the
= x2.
Find the area of the image of R
= O.
2
(i) Show that the ellipse :: o ::; t ::; 27r.
r:
(ii) Find the volume of the solid that lies inside the graphs of both x x 2 + y2 - 4y = O. (iii) Express
+ y2 + Z2 = 16 and
= 1 can be given parametrically by x = a cos t,
Jo Jo
/ y!2;_y2
dx dy as a repeated integral using polar co-ordinates. Do N OT
evaluate the double integral.

2
18. S: 12.8 Exercises 1, 3, 9, 15, 19, 27, 31, 33. 19. S: 12.9 Exercises 15, 19. 20. The transformation given by x = u 2 vw, y = uv 2 w,
R'. Express
JJJ(xy~)3/4
R
1[,
= uvw 2 maps a region R onto a region
dV in terms of the volume of R'.

ANSWERS
5. (i) (2)
9v'30
6. (12)
~
48
(17V17 -1).
(ii)
2~ Vab(a + b).
8. Only (iii) is a linear transformation. 9. x = (14,7,7) + t( -3,9, -4). 10. (i) 6x - 5y - 8z == 0

11. 10.
(ii) x
= ;\(1,1,1).
12. 2/3 . (iv) nab
13. (ii) x 2
+ y2
== 2,
(iii) -
2/ ab,
14. (a) Estimate is
2,8 ) ( 2~85 ) 0, 9 . The exact value is 0,88 . ( 3,9 3,9 (b) The affine approximation is exact for a linear map.
15. (b) Get your answer checked 1 The approximate area of the image of the circle is 2 x 10- 2 . (c) 6 X 10- 6 . 16. (28) 16. 9 17. (i) 1r,
(ii)
1~8 (31f -
4),
(iii) get your answer checked I
20. 4(volume of R').

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart , (3rd Edition).
1. S: 13.2 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 19, 27, 30, 33, 35.
2008
2. Find the area of one side of the curtain whose base is y above the point (x, y) is xy. 3. S: 13.3 Exercises 5, 9, 17, 19, 21 , 31, 33. 4. S: 13. 5 Exercises 3, 5, 10, 13, 15. 5. S: 13.4 Exercises 7, 8, 9, 11, 19.
= x2 ,
: :;
X :::;
1, and whose height
6. Find t he area of the region bounded by the hypocycloid r(t) = (cos 3 t , sin 3 t), addition, sketch the hypocycloid. 7. S: 13.7 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 17, 19. 8. S: 13. 8 Exercises 3, 5, 7, 13, 18.
: :;
t :::; 27r . In
Answers
1 + 25 V5 2. - , --
120
5. (8) 318 . , 5
31l" 2
6. 37r 8
7. ( 10) 91l".
8. (18)

1.
9. Verify that w 2007
= 2, x = 3, y = 4, z = 5 is a solution of the system of linear equations

w - x +y + 4z 2w - 2x + 3y + 9z -w + x + 4y + z
23 55
(a) Express (-3,0, -3) as a linear combination of (1,1,2) and (3,2,5). Can (-3,0, -3) be written as a linear combination of (1, I, 2), (3,2,5) and (4,3, 7)? In how many different ways is this possible? (b) Is (1, I, 1) a linear combination of (1, 1,2) and (3,2, 5)?
22 .
Use your solution to question 8(iv) to write down the general solution to the above system. 10. In each of the following cases construct a system o(Iinear equations having the given' set as solutions.
1 4 ) and B = ( 2 4 3 ) find AB and BA. 2. (a) If A == 0 1 -1 ( ~ 120

(b) Find two 2 x 2 matrices A and B such that AB = but A =F 0 and B =F O. (c) Give examples to show that the following statements are false: (i) AC = BC, C =F O:::} A = B, (ii) (A + B)(A - B) = A2 - B2.
3.
(i) {A(-2, I, 1): A E lR}

(ii) {A(2, -1,3) (iii)
+ j.L(O, 1,4) : A, j.L E lR} {(I, 4,5) -I- A(2, -1, 3) + j.L(O, 1,4) : A, j.L E JR} .
x + y + (k + 4)z 2x + y + (k + 8)z -3x - 3y + (k 2 - 4k - 12)z
-1
11. For which values of k does the system of linear equations
(a) Find the 2 x 2 matrix that represents a reflection of JR.2 in the line y (i) directly, (ii) using matrix multiplication.
= mx
-6
k2 + k
+3
(b) Write down the 3 x 3 matrix that represents a projection of lR onto the xz-plane.
4.
(a) Can a homogeneous system of linear equations have exactly two solutions? Explain. (b) Decide how many solutions there are to each of the following systems of equations. (i) x 2 + y2 - 1 = 0 (ii) 6xy + 3x2 + 6x = 0 x - y+1=0 3x2 - 3y2 + 1 = o.
have (i) a unique solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions, and (iii) no solution? List all the solutions (in terms of k) to this system. 12. (a) In each of the following cases, set up and solve a system of linear equations to balance the given chemical equation:
5. Can you construct a matrix A so that the system of linear equations Ax Explain.
= 0 is inconsistent?
(i) Cu + HN0 3 -7 Cu(N0 3 h + H 2 0 -I- NO (ii) Ga3(P04h + H3P04 -7 Ca(H2 P04h(b) Set up and solve the system of equations for the currents in the branches of the given network. . C,. . 10 V ~l.. l y. V
6. Given that (3, -1,0) and (-7,1,2) are each solutions of Ax = b where A is a 3 x 3 matrix, find two non-zero solutions of Ax = o. Find also a third solution to Ax = b. 7. Find a condition on a, band c so that the system of linear equations
x - 2y + 3z 2x - 4y + 6z -3x+6y-8z
a b c
3Jlf "
tS'O
:(
'I~l~~
(00
is consistent. What are the solutions in the case when a = -1, b = -2 and c = 17 8. Express the solutions of the equation Ax = 0 as a(li~ea~ cot)bination of vectors where A is
13. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The flow of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on the diagram. Let Xl, X2, X3 and X4 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various branches per hour. ~oo .)SD
XI
(i) ( ;
(iii)
~
2 -1
!3)
2 4 -1 1
(ii)
(iv)
~ ~ ~
( 1 -1 1 4)
(1 -1 14)
2 -2 3 9 -1 4 1
')0
It
12,.
to
~o
(i) Construct a system of linear equations in the unknowns

the traffic flow in this road network. (ii) Solve the system of equations you constructed in (i).
Xll X2, X3
and
X4
that describes
(g) The set of all solutions of the matrix equation (h) The set of all solutions of the matrix equation
(~
;) x ;) x
= O.
=(
(~ ~
~1
) .
(iii) Use your solution to find the maximum and minimum values of 14.
X2'
(a) For which value(s) of k is the vector (1, -2, k) a linear combination of (3,0, -2) and (2, -1, -5)7
(b) Show that one of the vectors (1,4,5)' (1,3,2), (0,1,2) and (1,4,4) is a linear combination of the others. Does that imply that everyone of these vectors is a linear combination of the others?
ANSWERS
1. (a) (-3,0, -3) ;" 6(1,1,2) - 3(3,2,5); Yes, in infinitely many ways . (b) No. 2. (a)
(c) Express the polynomial 12x2 + 8x - 2 as a linear combination of the functions 1 + x, 1 - X2, X - 2x2 .
15. Which of the following subsets of R3 are linearly independent? Give reasons for your answers. (i) {(I, 2, 3), (1 , -3,4), (2, -2, -1), (-1, -5, 14)} (ii) {(2, 0, 1), (0,0,1), (1,0, I)} (iii) {(2,0,1), (0,0, 1), (0, 0, O)} (iv) {(2,0,1),(1,2,3),(2,4,6)} (v) {(2,5,-3),(4,10,6)} (vi) {(1,2,3),(4,-3,2),(1,1,1)} 16. For which value(s) of>- is the set A. = {(1,-1,1,0),(1,-2,1,4),(2,1,2,>-)} a linearly independent subset of ]R4? Where possible, express the third vector in A as a linear combination of the other two vectors in A. 17. (a) vVhich of the sets listed in question 15 are generating sets for (b) Which of the sets listed in question 15 are bases for
]R3? ]R3?
2 17 ( 10 45 16 16
-1) (31 24) 5 , 12 38 . 22
3. (a)
--2
1+ m
(1 _ m2 2
mOO 1
2m) 1
2 _
(b)
(1
0) 0
0
4. (a) No, 7. b === 2a, x
(b) (i) Two,
(ii) Four. 5. No.6. >-(1O, -2, -2).
= (5,0, -2) + >-(2, 1, 0).

(ii) x = (0,0,0), (iii) x == >-( -1,2, -1,1),
8. (i) x =>-(3, -3, I), (iv) x
= >-(1,1,0,0) + J1.( -3,0, -1,1).
9. x=(2,3,4,5)+>-(I,I,0,0)+J1.(-3,O,-I,l).
10. Check your answers by solving your systems of linear equations.
11. (i) Unique solution if k
#- 0, k #- 1.
= _1_(1 k-l
9k, 3k - k2
4, k + 1) (iii) No solution if k == 1.
(ii) Infinitely many solutions if k = O. x = (-5,4,0) 12. (a)(i) 3Cu + 8H N0 3 -+ 3Cu(N03 h + 4H2 0
+ >-(-4, 0, 1).
+ 2NO.
18. Find two different bases for each of the following linear subspaces.
(i) {(x,y,z) E R3: x
(ii) {(x, y, z, w)
= O} E R4 : X + 2y + w = 0,
+ 2y 3z
(ii) Ca3(P04h + 4H3P04 -+ 3Ca(H2 P04 h. . 35. 38. 1 (b) ~1 = 9,'L 2 = 9,23 = 3' 13.
(Xl, X2, X3, X4)
2x - y -
+ w == O}
= (350 -
a, a, 150 - a, a), 0 ::; a ::; 150.
19. Any set on which operations of addition and scalar multiplication are defined, and which is closed under the formation of linear combinations is called a linear subspace. Decide, giving reasons, which of the following are linear subspaces.
(a) The set of all 2 x 2 matrices which are of the form integer. (b) The set of all polynomials of degree 2.
(~
7),
14. (a) k = -S. (b) (1,4,5) is not a linear combination of the other three. 6 (c) 23 (1 + x) - 32 (1 - x 2 ) - ~(x - 2x 2 ). 3 15. (i) Dependent, (ii) Dependent, (iii) Dependent, (iv) Dependent, (v) Independent, 16. >(vi) Independent.
where n is a non-negative
#- -12.
If >- == -12, then (2,1,2, -12) = 5(1, -1, 1,0) - 3(1, -2, 1,4).
(b) Only (vi) is a basis for
]R3.
17. (a) (i) and (vi) are generating sets. IS. Get a tutor to check your answer. 19. (8,) No, (b) No, (c) Yes,
(c) The set of all polynomials with degree not exceeding 2. (d) The set of all real-valued functions of a real variable whose graph passes through the point (0,1). (e) The set of all solutions of the differential equation
(d) No,
(e) No,
(f) Yes,
(g) Yes,
(h) No.
~~ + Y cos t =
t.
(f) The set of all solutions of the differential equation

3
~; -\- Y cos t = O.
4
MATHEMATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 7
2007
9. Let A =
21 4) ( 1 2 -1 .
113
1. Let A
2 1 2 ( -1 3 4) . Find
\ 2 -3 5
M12
(i) Calculate det A and hence show that A is invertible. (ii) Find the adjoint of A and hence A-I.
10. (i) Solve the given system by Cramer's Rule:
Xl Xl
2X2 3X3
(i) the minor determinant
(ii) the cofactor C12

(iii) det A
1 .) . I 2 (1 Fmd 3 -2 1 4 2 -2 -8 2 3 1 3 1 and 2 3 3 5 6 4 7 7
+ X2 - X3 3Xl + 2X2
3 5
-4
(ii) Use Cramer's rule to determine for which values of k the system
kXl
2.
3 -11
1 1
12
1 5 8 20 a+2 b+ 2 c+2
+ X2
4
4
(ii) 'Without expanding, find the value of

x
kXl
+ kX2
y+z x+z
1 1 a a+l z and b b + 1 x+Y, c c+1
has a unique solution. For which value(s) of k is the system inconsistent? Explain.
(iii) Let A be an n x n matrix such that A2
= J.
Find the value of det A.
(iv) Suppose A is a 5 x 5 matrix for which detA
= -3.
~
What is the value of det(2A)?
3. SOlV
1~\A
2 5
1L :ea
1. (i) -9,
rrnT(nT
(ii) 9,
(iii) 53.
(ii) 0, 0,
1
lineMly
d;:;rn ),(!),(i5 )}
4- A
(i)
l
2 - .\ -5
-1 2- A
=0,
(ii)
1
4 2-,\ 6
6 -5 -3- A
1= O.
2. (i) 0, 16,
ANSWERS
a 2 b2 c2 4. Factorise the determinant I be ae ab abe (Hint: Try to extract common factors; don't just bash it out.)
(iii) 1,
(iv) -96.
3. (i) -3 or 4 (repeated),
(ii) 1 Or 1
-133.
x
5. Solve the equation I a
Q.
x
b
a b
b c b c 1= O.
c c
X
4. (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(ab + ae + be) .

5. x=a, b, cor-(a+b+e).
6.
x-3 x+2 x-I 6. Solve the equation I x + 2 x - 4 x x-I x+4 x-5 7. Let A and B be 3 x 3 matrices with detA det(A 3 ) and det(A-l) .
~ 3
7. -6 , -6 , -8 , -2
8. (i) det B
= det A.
adj A.
=0.
9. (i) 6,
(ii) adj A
= -2
and detB
= 3.
Find det(AB), det(BT A),
( -1 -1
X3
7' -4
1 2
-9 ) 6 , so A-I 3
=~
10. (i)
Xl
= -4, X2 = 4,
(ii) Yes.
= -5 ,
(ii) k i= 0, k # 1; k = O.
8.
(i) Express det B in terms of det A, given that B = p- 1 AP.

(ii) Let A be an invertible matrix such that A2
11. (i) No,
= A.
Show that det A
= 1.
2

1.
2008
(iii) Use the Fundamental theorem to write down a further three solutions of the differential equation in (ii). (b) (i) Write down G family of functions which are solutions of the differential equation (yll(X))2 y (x) = O. (ii) Show that y(x) = e2x is a particular solution of the differential equation (yll(X ))2y(x) = 16e6x . (iii) Use the results in (i) and (ii) to show that the Fundamental theorem does not carry over to non-linear differential equations. (c) (i) Verify that y(x) = x 2 + X + 3 and Yl,xj = 2X2 - X + 3 are both solutions of the differential equation X2y"(X) - 2xy'(;::;) + 2y(x) = 6. (ii) 'Write down a non-zero solution to the linear differentia! equation X2y"(X) - 2xy' (x) + 2y(x) = O.
(a) State whether the given differential equations are linear or nonlinear. Give the order of each equation.
(i) (1 - x)y" - 4xy' + 5y = cosx (ii) yy' + 2y = 1 + x 2 (iii) x 3 y(4) - x 2 y" + 4xy' - 3y = O.
(b) Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential equation. (i) 2y' + y= 0; y = e- x/2
(ii)
:~ -
2y
= e3x ; y = e3x + 10e2x

= O,
y
(iii) xy" + 2y'
b = a + -. x
7. Solve the following differential equations: (i) y' + y

(ii)
(c) For which real value(s) of m is y
(d) (i) Show that YI and {3Y2, a, {3 E JR., also solutions? Is YI
= xm a solution of the differential equation x 2 y" _y = O? 2 = x and Y2 = x 3 are both solutions of X2y " - 4xy' + 6y = O. Are aYl
+ Y2
a solution?
= e3x x 2 y' + xy = 1
+ y cos3 X = 1
2y)y' + y y(5)
(iii) y' cos2 x sin x (iv) (x
(ii) Show that YI = 2x + 2 and Y2 = -2' are both solutions of y = xY' + -2-' Are aYI and {3Y2, a, (3 E JR, also solutions? Is YI + Y2 a solution'?
~12
+ 2xy2 y =-,
= 0 (HINT:
Write as
~:
= ... )
(v) y'
2. In each of the following cases find a differential equation for the given family of curves.
V-x
= 2. =0
(i) y
(ii) (iii)
= ce-x
X
8. Solve the following:
cy2
+ 4y = 2X2 y = ae + {3e 2x + oe 3x .
(i) 2y 2 x - 3 + (2yx 2 + 4)y'

(ii) y3 - y2 sin x - x (iii) xy'
3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin with centres on the x-axis.
= 2xex -
+ (3xy2 + 2y cos X)yl = 0 + 6x2
(iv) 4y+2x-5+(6y+4x-l)y'==0, y(-l) =2. 9. Find an integrating factor of the form xOyf3, a, {3 E JR, for the non-exact differential equation (y2 + xy)dx - x 2 dy = O.
10.
4. Solve the following differential equations:
(i) 4y + yx 2 - (2x + xy2)y'

(ii) y'(y+l)2 (iii) (iv)
=0
= x 2 ylnx
yeO)
+ cosec y = 0 Y + 1) = (1 + cosx)y', sin x(e-
if sec
= O.
= x.J'1=Yi.
(a) A large tank is filled with 500 litres of pure water. Brine containing 2 kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 f./min. The well-mixed solution is pumped orit at the same rate. Find the number of kilograms of salt A(t) in the tank at any time. (b) Solve the problem in (a) under the assumption that the solution is pumped out at a faster rate of 10 f./min. When is the tank empty?
(c) A. large tank is partially filled with 100 litres of fluid in which 10 kg of salt is dissol ved.
5. Find a singular solution for the differential equation y'
6.
B (a) (i) Show that the functions y(x) = Ar+-, A,13 E JR., are solutions of the second-order, x homogeneous, linear differential equation J}yll(X) + xY'(x) - y{x) = O.
1 (ii) Verify that y(x) = 2e x (1- -) is a particular solution of x2 2 lI x y (X) + xY'(x) - y(x) = 2x ex
1
Brine containing
~ kg of salt
per litre is pumped into the tank at a rate of 6 f.jmin . The
well-mixed soluti;n is then pumped out at a slow'e r rate of 4 ilmin. Find the D.umber of kilogTams of salt in the t ank after 30 minutes.
ANSWERS
l.(a)(i) linear, 2,
(d) (i) yes, yes,

2. (i) y'
'~ v.
(ii) nonlinear, I, (ii) no, no.

(ii) (x 2
-
(iii) linear, 4.
(c)
~V5
2
= O.
+ y = 0,
'1,2 &
y)y'
==
xV,
(iii) ylll - 6y" + ll y' --- 6y
2xyy' - . -
x2
C
4. (i) 8 In x + x 2 - 41n y - y2 ==
(iii) 4 cos y
5. y = 1.
7.
(ii)
x3
1nx -
9 == 2 + 2y + In Iy l + c
4.
x3
y2
==
2x
+ sin 2x + c
6.
(iv) (1
+ cos x)(l + eY ) ==
Get your answer checked.
(i) (v)
(ii)
xy
(iii) y == sec x + c cosec x

x
(iv) yx
== In x + c == 1 + ce- y2
== ~ + ~
2
y
-
8.
(i)
x 2 y2
3x + 4y
-
==
2x 3
(ii)
C
(iii) x y - 2xe x + 2e x
9.
==
+ y 2 cosx - ~ 2 (iv) 4xy + x 2 - ,sx + 3y2 xy3
x2
Y = 8.
1
xy2 '
10.(a) 1000 - 1000e- 16o ,
(c) 64,38 kg.
l\;lATHElVIATICS 2080W
8XERCISE SHEET 9
2008
6 Find the particular sol uti on of the differential equation y'll y(O) = 0, y' (O):::= 1, yl/(O) = --7.
12:;"
+ 36 y'
0, s3.tis fying
1. Use the definition to dete rmine whe ther the given functions are linearly independent or dependent on ( --;)(1 , 00):
7. Verify that the functions cos 2x, sin2x , sinxcosx and 1 - 2cos2 x arc solutions of th e ho-. mogeneolls differential c4uatioll !/(x ) + 4y (x) = 0, and that :<;(1:) = . 1 is a solut ioIJ of yl!(x) + 4y(x) = 4. F ind the general solution of the non-homogeneous di fferentia! equation.
(i)
X,
x 2 , 4x - 3:Z;2
(ii) 2 + x, 2 +
Ixl
8. (a) Show that the substitution

2
11,
= In .1: redu ces the difFerential equation
(iii) 1 + x,
X,
x2 .
ax y"(:Y;)
+ bx:/(~:' ) +
= 0,
(J"
b, c E lR
2. Show by computing the Wronski a n t hat the given function s a re linearly independent on the indicated interval:
to a differential equa tion with constant coefficients. (b) Use t he result from (a) to solve the following:
(i) x ~ , x 2 ; (0,,00) -
(ii) eX,e- x,e4x ; (-00,00) (iii) 1, X , X2,

_. .
(i) (ii)
X
X
2
2
y" + xy' + 4y = 0 y il + 5J.:y' + 4y = U.
,x n ;
;
(- 00,
9. Solve each di fferential equation by variat ion of parameters:
(i v) eX , u''', x e
2 x
(-00,00 )
(v) cos x ,sinx,xcos :r,xsinx ; (-00,00).

3. Verify that the given fUIlctions fc rm a ba::;is for the set of solu tions of the differential equation on the indicated interval. Write down the general solution , (i) y" - y' - 12y = 0; e-<lx , e4x ; (-c.o,<:::o)
(i) y" + y =
(ii) y"
seCT
+ y = sinx
T
+ 2y' + y = e- x In :E (iv) X 2 ]/'_ .xy' + y = 4:1: In x,

(iii) y"
given that. neous differential equ ation .
and x In x are solutions of the associated homoge-
(ii) x'2 y ll
(iii)
X 3
--
6xy'
2
y lll
+ 6X
+ 12y= 0; x 3 , :r;4; y" + 4xy' -- 4y = 0;
(O,eo)
:1:,
x- 2 ) .:r - "ln x ; (0,00).
10. So] ve the following differential eq uations by undetermined coefficients:
4. Find a second linearly independent solution y,J of each differential eq uation by putting yz (x) = U(X) Yl (x) and reduc ing the order:
(i) y" + 3y' + 2:; = 6
(ii) y"
(iii)
+ 16y = 0; VI = x-1 (ii) (1 + 2.x)y" + 4xy' - 4y = 0; Yl =

(i)
X 2
y" - 7xy'
-+ y' -. 6y = 2x y" - 8y' + 20y = 100:1;2 -
26xe x
e- 2x .
(iv) y" - yl = -3
5. Find the gen eral solution of the given differential equations:
(v) yll - y' +
ly = 3 + d
(i- 4y" + y' )
=0
(vi) yl' + 4y = 3 sin LX

(vii) y"
(ii) y" -- 36y = 0
+ Y = 2x sin:;;
(iii) y" + 9y = 0
(iv) y" _. 4,!/
(viii) y" - 2y' 0
+ 5y = eX cos 2:;:
+ 5y =
(ix) y" + 2y' + y = sinx -+ eos2x
(v) ylll - 4y" - 5y' = () (vi) ylll - 5y"
(x) y'" - 6y"

0
=3-
cosx
+ 3y' + 9y =
(xi) yllf - y" - 4y' (xii)

y(4 ) y"
d5 y dy (vii) - , - 16- = O. dx" dx
+ 4y = 5 - e + e2x = 4x + 2xe - x .
ANSWERS
1. (i) Dependent,
4. (i) Y2=x 4 1nx, 5.
(ii) Independent,
(ii) Y2 =
X.
(iii) Independent.
(i) (iii) (v)

(vii)
x + C2 e-"4 CI cos 3x + C2 sin 3x 5x C1 + C2e-x + C3 e C1 + C2e-2x + C3e2x + C4 cos 2x + C5 sin 2x
Cl
(ii)
(iv) (vi )
+ C2e6x e (cl cosx + C2sinx) cle-:7; + C2 e3x + C3xe3x

CI e - 6x 2x
6. -
36
- _e- 6x +
36
-xe - 6x ,
7. Get your answer checked.
8. (b) (i)
CI
cos(21n x)
C2
+ C2 sin(21n : c)
+ x sin x + cos x In( cos x)
-
9. (i)
.') ( 11
Cl C1
cos x + cos X
sin x
. + C2 SUi X
C2 xe - x
1 2" x cos x
(iii) cle- x +
(iv)
CIX
+ ~x2 e-X ln x -- ~ x2e-X

2 4
J
2 ( + C2X In x + 3"x,ln x ) ')
10, Check your answers by substituting into the differential equation.
MATHEMATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 10
1. Use a geometric approach to find the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of
(.) ( 2
2008
~l
(i) the 2 x 2 matrix that represents a projection on the line y = x,
(v)
U ~ ) 0 D p:
-0
!)
2
0
(ii) (
~1
;)
(in) (
2 -1 0
2 ;_ 3
3
~2 \
8
( 1
)
2
(iv) \ ~
7 0
--1 1 -1
3 -1 ,
-10
-9
(vi)
(vii)
8
-1
~9 )
-9
2
n
~
) and
(ii) the 3 x 3 matrix that represents a reflection in the yz-plane.

2. Determine which of the indicated column vectors are eigenvectors of the giwm matrix A. Give the
7.
(a) Find a 2 x 2 matrix A that has eigenvalues 2 and 3 and corresponding eigenvectors (
corresponding eigenvalue:
(i) A = ( :
1
i)
; Xl
=(
2 )
~2
,X2
= (
~
X2
,X3
= (
~2
) ( - 1 \)
( ~ ).
(b) F )n~
(ii) A = ( --;2
- 2
~ ~2
; Xl =
( 0 \
i) ,
~4
4 ')
,X3
i .
a) x; sj~m~etric at~ix)that has eigenvalues 1, 3, and 5 aud <.:orresponding tjgenvector~ 3 ~ ~1 , ~1 ) and ~ .

ffi( .
3. Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the given matrix:
(.) (-1 2)
1
-7 8
(.)(-8 -1) (.. )(-1 2)

11
(c) If A is an n x n diagonalizable matrix, then D = p-l AP, where D is a diagonal matrix. Show that ifm is a positive integer, then Am = PDmp- l . (d) Use (c) to find A 10 given that A
16
III
-5 1
(iv)
040) ( -1 -4 -2 o 0
(v)
(123) . 0 5 6
0 0 -7
What can you deduce?
( 6 -10)
3 --5
8. The 2 x 2 matrix A has eigenvalues 1 and -1. Show that A 2 = I.
4_
(a) Let X and y be eigenvectors of a square matrix A. Does it follow that x + y is an eigenvector of A? (b) Suppose that x,y and x
9. In each of the foHowing cases use diagonalization techniques to solve the system of linear first-order differential equations.
(i) (ii)
+ yare eigenvectors of a square matrix A.
x'1
X2
(c) Let>. be an eigenvalue of the matrix A and let x be a corresponding eigenvector. In terms of >. and x, find an eigenvalue and eigenvector for each of A + I and kA, where k E 1Ft
12xl - 5X2 ,
-2Xl Xl Xl 3Xl 6Xl -
2Xl -
X2
x'1
X2 X'1
+ X2 -
5.
2 8 -8 -10 -8 14 10 are eigenvalues of A. 1 2 -2 4 -1 1 (b) Let B = 2 _2 2 (

1 -1 1
(a) Let A
17 2 -10)
16e- 5t 2X2 - 16e-5t

3X2 + 3X3 5X2 + 3X3 . 6X2 + 4X3
, Xl(O)
= 7,X2(O) = 3
. Use the trace of A to find all the eigenvalues, given that 1 and
(iii)
x'2
X,
3
-1
:).
10. Let A =
-8 ( -3 2)
5
(i) Find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A.
(i) Calculate det B. (ii) Is B invertible?

(iii) Find all the eigenvalues of B, given that -1 is an eigenvalue of multiplicity 2. (iv) Is B diagonalizable? Give reasons. 6. Determine whether the given matrix A is diagonalizab!e. If so, find a matrix P that diagonalizes A and a diagonal matrix D such that p-l AP = D.
(ii) Is A diagonalizable? Explain.

(iii) Use the substitution x equations x' = Ax. 11. F ind t he eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the matrix ( ; \ 0 U 1 eigenvectors form an orthogonal set arid com m~nt .m t he reason for this.
(~ ~1 )
Y to solve the system of linear first-order
differe~tial
2 0) . Show that these
2 0 \
12.
(a) Determine whether t he given matrix is orthogonal:

(i)
(iii) 1 - 1 -1 . 1 0 0 , (ii) -12/13 5/13 0 ) 1 2 0 0 1 \ 5/13 12/13 0 (b) In each case, construct an orthogonal matrix from the eigenvectors of the given symmetric matrix: 1 9 ) ( 1 0 1 \ (i) ( 9 1 ,(ii) \ ~ ~ ~ ) . (c) Show that. if A and B are n x n orthogonal matrices, then AB is orthogonal.
( 010) o
(0
1)
(1-1 1)
(b) (i) 0,
(ii) no,
(iii) -1 ,- 1, 0, 3,
(iv) nO. (ii) Not diagonalizable.
. 6. (1) P
( -3 1) ) D = (1 0) 1 1 0 5
(iii) P =
(iv) P
COO) C OG) = (I II )
0 2 0 ) ,D 1 1 1 -1
C
l
0 1
0 - 3 1
0 4 0 0 0 5
0 1 0 \ - 1 1 1 2 0
,D =
0 1 0 0 0 2,F
(v) Not diagonalizable
13.
22) are 0 and 9. Find an orthogonal matrix P (a) The eigen values o!the matrix A = ( ~ 5 -4
such that pT AP =
(vi) P
/ 0 1+v'5 1- v'5)
2 0
( 009
-3JIT 0 vTI
0 0 0
9 0 0)
-4
.. (vu) P =
3 C-I0 -I I)
1 00 0 1 0 0 1 ' (b)
,D= \ 0 \ 0
e
,
v'5
0
0)
0
- -/5
' D
COO1 0 . 0 2 0 0) 0 0 0
0 0 0 -1
(d)
(b) Find an orthogonal matrix P such that pT
14. Let A =
r:.-:;-n
v 110
1 (VIO VIO
3VW
( 1) -10, u = ( 2 and v = ( 0) . 1) 1
~
2 1 1) P is a diagonal matrix. i2
9.
7. (a)
( 4 -1)
2
l ( 8 4 -1)
4 -1 11 4 4 8
(63
-10)
-5
(i) Is A an orthogonal matrix?

(ii) What is the angle between u and v? (iii) Find the angle between Au and Av.
= ae- t + be- Zt , X2 = 3ae- t + 4be- 2t {ii} Xl = e- t + 2e- 3t + 4e-5t~ X2 = e- t - 2e- 3t + 4e- 5t (iii) Xl = (a + b)e- 2t + ce 4t , X2 = be- 2t + ce 4t , X3 = -ae2t + 2ce4t .
(i)
Xl
10. (i) ( ; ) is an eigenvector corresponding to 1.

(iii)
Xl
(ii) No.
= (b + 2a -
lOat)e t ,
X2
= (2b -
a - 20at)et .
ANSWERS
1.

12. (a) (i) orthogonal,
(i) (1,1) is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue 1; (1, -1) is an eigenvector corresponding to O.
(ii) orthogonal,
(iii) not orthogonal.
(b) Get your answers checked.
(ii) (1, 0, 0) is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue -1; any non-zero vector of the form (0, a, b) is an eigenvector corresponding to 1.
2. (i) X3, ). = -1.
1 3 13. (a) P = 3..15 ( 0
-V5 2V5
2..15
~4 )
is. possible solutioo.
(ii)
X2,
A = 3;
X3,).
= 1.
j
(b) p=
3. (i) 6, (
); 1, (
~)
(ii) -4, (
(iv)-2, (
4.
~I ),
+y
(n
~4)
(iii) 3i, ( 1 ~ 3i )
-3i, ( 1 ~ 3i )
J2 -V3 1 J2 J6 ( J2 V3 1 o -2
1) givesD = (400) . 0 1 0
0 0 1
(v) I,
(D; 0);
5,
-7, (
~~ ).
(a) No (why not?)
(b) x , y, x
all belong to the same eigenspace.
(c) x is an eigenvector corresponding to A + 1; x is an eigenvector corresponding to k)" . 5. (a) T he other eigenvalue is 28.
3
"
MA'I'HEMATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 11
2007
1. Reduce the equation x 2 + y2 - 4xy = 3 to a standard form. \Vhat sort of curve does it represent? Sketch the curve and find the angle through which the x and y axes must be rotated to obtain the standard form.
2. In each of the following cases, reduce the given equation to a standard form, identify the curve and give the directions of the new axes. Sketch also the graphs of the given equations in the xy-plane.
(i) 29x 2 - 24xy + 36y2

(ii) x 2 + 3xy
(iii) (iv)
(v)
2
= 180
+ y2 = 1 75x - 360xy + 432y 2 = 156x + 65y 16x 2 + 24xy + 9y2 + 4x + 3y = 0 x 2 - 2xy + y2 + 3v'2x + 3V2y = 6.
3. Let R be the region within the circle x 2
t e rnatnx
. ( -2V3 02) . v'3
+ y2
= 4,
and let T be the transformation represented by
(i) Find the area of T(R), the image of R under the transformation T.
(ii) Let C be the curve that bounds the region T(R) . Find the equation of C. (iii) Use Lagrange multipliers to find the points on C which are nearest to and furthest from the origin. (iv) Use diagonalization to convert the equation C to a standard form. Use this result to check your answer to (iii). (v) Recallthat the area of an ellipse is nab. Use this to check your answer to (i).
4. In each of the following cases, reduce the given give the directions of thQ nkliW axes. (i) x 2 + 2y2
Sl1rf~r.!c
to a standard form .
idQn.t ~fy
n-U:l
surface, and
+ 2z2 + 2xy + 2xz = 1 (ii) 8x 2 + 5y2 + 5z 2 + 4xy + 4xz - 8yz - 3x + 6y + 6z = 0 (iii) lOx 2 + 8y2 + 9z 2 - 4yz - 4xz = 6 (iv) z2 + 4yz + 4xz - 2xy - 3!2x + 3!2Y + 8 = O.
5.
Let A =
~ (:8~~6 =!~). 81 44 -23 64
(i) Show that A is an orthogonal matrix. (ii) What does A represent geometrically?
(iii) From (ii), we know that A has a certain eigenvalue. What is it? (iv) Find an eigenvector x corresponding to the eigenvalue in (iii). How does this add to the inforlllation you had in (ii)? (v) Choose a vector y at right angles to x. By considering y and Ay, add further information to your answer in (ii).
1
(vi) Obtain the same information that you have just found in (v) by using the trace of A. (vii) What does the matrix B
~ (68 ~~6 =~~)

1
81 -44 23 -64
represent?
6. One of the matrices A = ;3 (~2 -2 ~2) , ~ 1

}R3 .
represents a rotation in 2 1 -2 Which one? Find the axis of this rotation , and the angle through which the rotation takes place.
B =
~ (~ !2 ~)
7.
(a) Show that the matrix 7
1(6 -2 -3)
-2 -3 3 -6 -6 -2
represents a reflection in t he plane x
+ 2y + 3z =
O.
(b) Construct a matrix which represents a projection onto the plane x
+ 2y + 3z = O.
ANSWERS
1. Hyperbola; 3y2 - X2
= 3 with axes
in the directions (1 , 1) and (- 1,1) .
2. (i) Ellipse;
(ii) (iii) (iv) (v)
~2
~2
= 1 with axes in the directions (4, 3) and (-3, 4) .
Hyperbola; 5X 2 - y2 = 2 with axes in the directions (1,1) and (- 1,1). Parabola; 3y2 = X with axes in the directions (12,5) and (-5, 12). Pair of lines; Y = 0, 5Y + 1 = 0 with axes in the directions (3, -4) and (4,3). Parabola; y2 = 3 (1 - X) with axes in the directions (1, 1) and (- 1, 1) . (ii) 12X2
8
3. (i) 16V37r
2
+ 12XY + 7y2
= 192
(iii) ~(3, 2) nearest; /1f}( -2,3) furthest. y13 y13
'3
(iv) If (
~)
vb (~
~2) ( ~ ) we get ~~ + ~: = l.
4. (i) Elliptic cylinder; 2X2 + 3y2 = 1 with axes in the directions (0 , 1, -1), (1,1, 1) and (-2,1 , 1). (ii) Paraboloid; y2 + Z2 + X = 0 with axes in the directions (-1 , 2,2), (2,1,0) and (2, - - 4, 5). (iii) Ellipsoid; 2X2 + 3y2 + 4Z 2 = 2 with axe.:; in the direr.tions (1,2,2), (2, -2, 1) and (2, 1, -2}. (iv) Elliptic hyperboloid; (X - 3)2 + 3y2 - 3Z 2 = 1 with axes in the directions (1, -1,0), (1, 1,2)
and (1, 1, -1). 5. (ii) A rotation. (iv) (1, -4,8). The rotation is about the line r = t(l, -4,8). (v) The rotation is through a right angle. (vii) B represents the rotation given by A followed by a reflection in the plane z = O. 6. B represents a rotation about the line r = t(2 , 1, I), through an angle of 7r radians.
7. (b)
-t"4
(~~ ~~ =~). -3 -6 5
2
MATHEMATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 12
1. Which of the following improper integrals converge? 2007
7. Write each of the following functions in terms of the unit step function and hence obtain its Laplace transfonn.
n J(t) = {2, 0 ~ 3 < 3 t -2, t;::::

1
(ii) J(t) = { 0, 0 ~ t < 1 t 2 , t;:::: 1

I :52 e s2
(iii) J(t) = { t, ()
0,
~ t<2 t;:::: 2
(I)
2.
.1
o
00
-dx 2' 1
+X
.. (11)
1
2
00
-dx-, I
X
nx
... (Ill)
1
0
00
e -x dx.
8. Sketch the graph of the function J(t) = -1 { 9.
-s}
(a) Find the Laplace transform of each of the following:
(a) Use the definition to find the Laplace transform of each of the following:
(i) J(t)
= { ~1, ~ :
= 2t4
l1t
<1
(ii) J{t) =
{~~nt, ~ ~ ~ < 1r
3
(iii) J(t)
= te4t
(i)
lot
Te -
dT
(ii) 1 * t 3
(iii) . t 2
* t4
(iv) e- t
* et cos t.
(b ) Use the result that -1 {F (8) G (5)}
= 1* 9 to find the inverse Laplace transform of the following:

s (iii) (82 + 4)2'
(b) Use the table of Laplace transforms to find {f(t)} where
(i) J(t)
(ii) J(t)
= t 2 + 6t -
(iii) J(t)
= (t + 1)3
1 (i) 8(s+1)
(ii) . _
.1.
(iv) J(t) = 4t 2 - 5sin3t
(v) J(t) = sin 2t cos 2t
(vi) J(t) == sin t cos 2t.
10. Use the Laplace transfonn to solve the following initial-value problems:
3. Use the result that {e J(t)}== F(s - a) if {J(t)}== F(s), to write down the Laplace transform of each of the following functions.
(i) t 3 e2t
(ti) e3t sin 2t
(iii) e- t cos 3t
4. Show that the function J(t) =
~ does not possess a Laplace transform.

(11 ) - - 48 .. 1 s2
85
(i) 1/' - 6t/ + 9v = tj v(O) = 0, y'(O) = 1 (ii) V'" - 4V' + 4y = t 3 e2t ; v(O) = 0, y'(O) = 0 (iii) V" + V = sint; V(O) = 1, y'(O) = -1 (iv) 2y'" + 3y" - 3y' - 2y = e- t ; y(O) = 0, y'(O) == 0, y"(O) = 1 (v) V(4) - y == 1; y(O) = 1, y'(O) = 0, yl/(O) = -1, y'''(0) = 0
(vi) y'
5. Find the inverse Laplace transform of each of the following:
+ V = J(t)
where J(t)
= { ~: ~ ~ ~,<:(O) = 0
{
.) 1 (1 -$3
111 (iv) - 2 - - + --2
8 8 8-
("') - (.8 + 1)3 III

54
(vii) y' + 2y
= J(t) where J(t) =

where I(t)
~, ~ ~ ~,< ~(O) = 0
0, 0 ~ t < 1r 1, 11" ~ t < 21r, v(O) == 0, y'(O)
()
v
1
48
5
+1
1
-
(.)
VI
82
+ 49
(viii) V"
+ y = J(t)
48
(vii)
482
+1
... (Vlll )
( .)
~16
8
(. ) 28 - 6
IX
-r-g 8 +
0, t? 21r fix) y" + 2y' + V = OJ yl(O) = 2, V(l) = 2.

8
=1
(x)
82
+ 3s
XI
82 + 28 _ 3
(82
( .. )
11. Use Laplace transforms to solve the given systems:
xu (8 - 2)(8 - 3)(8 - 6)
(xiii)
6.
(xiv)
+ 4}(s + 2)
(xv)~, ~
. (1)
x'(t) = x - 2y y'(t) = 5x _ y
x(O)
= -1,
= 8,
y(O) = 2
(a) Find the inverse Laplace transform of
.. x"(t) + V"(t) = t 2 (11) x"(t) _ y"(t) = 4t ; x{O)

8
x (0) == 0, v(O) = 0, v'(O) == o.

A.NSWERS
(i)
(8:
2)3
8
(ii)
;2~
28-1
(iii) 82 +45 +1. (i) converges to
(IV) (S+1)2
(i) (t -l)u(t - 1)
. e- 2s (I) - 3
8
(v) -~-,--,~.
(ii) tu(t - 2) (iii) cos 2tu(t - 1r) (iv) (t -1)3 et-l u (t -1).
2'
1r
(ii) diverges,
(iii) converges to 1.
(b) Find the Laplace transform of (c) Find the inverse Laplace transfonn of
2.(a) (i)
(b) (i)
~e-s 8
! 8
15
52
1 + e(ii)~
S7r
(iii)
6 _ ~
5
1 (s - 4)2
... ) (111 (vi) 6 6 3 1 -+-+-+54 83 82 8
5
5
48
(ii)
+9
:sa + if82
(n)
e-7rS
-2-
s+1
(lll) -(--)'
88+1
e-S
(iv) ~ -
(v)
2
+ 16
~(82: 9 5+1
s2
~ 1)'
6 3. (i) (5 _ 2)4'
(ii) (8 _ 3)2 + 4'
(iii) (s + 1)2 + 9
2
5. (i)
(iv) (vii) (x)
t2
2
t - 1 + e2t
cos 2" ! _ ~e-3t
t
(ii)
(v) (viii) (xi)
t - 2t4 1 _1 4e 4
3 t3 (iii) 1 + 3t + _t2 +2 6 5 . sm7t (vi) "7

e4t )
MAM2080W - MATHEMATICS 2080W

Table of Laplace Transforms
~
8
(e4t _
(ix) (xii)
2 cos 3t - 2 sin 3t
3 ( ...) t
XUl
3
1. 8 sm2t
~e-3t +
4
!et
~e2t
2
_ e 3t
+ ~e6t
2
42
(xiv) -
~e-2t + ~ cos 2t + ~ sin 2t
j(t)
{J(t)}
1
= F (s)
(xv ) "3 sm t - 6" sm 2t. 1 . 1.

(iii) e- 2t cos t - 2e- 2t sin t
eat
6.(a) (i)
~t2e-2t
t -
(ii) e3t sin t
(iv) e-
te- t
(v) 5 - t - 5e- t - 4te- t - _t 2 e- t

2
82
s-a
tn
cos at
(b) (i) ~
1
e- S
e- 2s (ii) ~_~_
+ 2e.-s
2s
se -'/fS
(iii)
82
+4
6e- s (iv) (s _ 1)4

(iii) u(t - 1) - e-(t-l)u(t - 1).
n! sn+l
8 8 2
(c) (i) 2" (t - 2)2u(t - 2)

7. (i)
(ii) - sin tu(t - 11")
+ a2
a
2 4 2 - 4u{t - 3); - - _e- 3s s s
. 2 2e-& (11) t u(t - 1); - 3
+ -82 + -8
2e- s
e- s
sin at
8 8
2 2
+ a2
-
(iii) t _ tu(t _ 2);

1
~
82
_ e-
2s _
82
-8-
2e-
2s
tcosat
(iv) ,
8
a2 (S2 + a2)2
2
9.
(a) (i)
82(8 _
1)
(ii) (ii)
~ 5
8
(iii)
~~ 8
8
-1
tsin at
(8
(b) (i) 1 - e -t 10.
_~e-t + ~e2t
3 3
2as + a2)2
... t . (ill ) 4 sm 2t.
eat j(t)
(Ul ... ) 1. t cos t - 2" sm t - 2" cos t
F(s - a) e-asF(s)
sn F(8) - sn-l j(O) - sn-21'(0) - . . . - sj(n-2)(0) - j(n-l)(o)
---- - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
(i)
10te3t "9 + 27 - 27 + -9t

2
2e3t
(ii)
e- t
t 5 e2t
20
u(t - a)j(t - a) j(n)(t)
(iv) --e-2
8 9
+ - + - +9 18
1
e- 2t
5et
1 tIt v () - e + - e1
442
3 + - cost - 2(t- i)
(vi) [5 - 5e- (t-l)]u(t - 1)
(vii) -- + -
4 2 4 4 2 4 (viii) sint + (1- cos(t - 1I")]u(t - 11") - (1 - cos{t - 211"}Ju(t - 211")
+ _e__ -u(t _ 1) + (e -1)e- t .
-2t
-(t - l)u(t - 1) + _e--u(t -1)
(ix) (e + l)te- t
11. (i) x = - 'cos3t -
~ sin3t,
t
4
y = 2 cos 3t -
~ sin3t
(11) x = 8 +"3 + 41'
..
y=
-"3 + 41
t4
MATHEMATICS 2080W . ":)J:1BET 1

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by St ewart, (2nd Edition).
1. S: 9.6 Exercises 15, 23.
11. Describ e the curve of intersection of the surfaces and find parametric equations for the curve .
2006
(i) z=8--x 2 -2 y 2, z =x2+2y2,

(ii) z
= J9- X 2 ':"" y'l. , z = ~2 + 1pfrot2

+ t))
Q ,
0 < ex < ~.
+ t , t2 -1, t 3 + 1) intersect a t the
12. S: J.O.2 Exercises 5, 17, 19, 21 , 27, 28. 31 , 43, 47. 13. The curves 1') (t ) = (ei -- 1,2 sin t, In O origin. Find the angl e of intersection . amI r2(t) ::-.:. (1
2. S: 11.1 Exercises 15, 17, 19, 21, 23. 3. Sketch the family of level curves and hence the graph of each of the following functions :
14. S: 10.3 Exercises 1,3, 15-17, 19,21,22,23,25,27, 37 , ;18.
(i) z = In(x 2 + y2 )
(ii) z = arctan(:r 2 (iii) z
+ y2)
15. Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to r(t) where I.
(cos t, sin t, cost) at t he point
= (x 2 + y2)C _( x2+y2).
= 4-'
7f
4. S: 1l.1 Exercises 25, 31 - 36. 5. Sketch the solid in the first octant that is bounded by the graphs of the given equations .
16. S: 10.4 Exercises 3, 7, 17.
SOME ANSWERS 8. (6) II , (8) I, (10) III.

9. The rad ius is a.
(i) x 2 + z2
(ii)
(iii)
= 0, Z = 0, 2x + y + z = 4, x = 0, y = 0, Z = 0, z = x 3 , X = 11y2, 16y = x 2 , z = O.
y
= 9, Y = 2x,
6. Sketch the region in jR3 bounded by the graphs of the given equations. (i) z= O, z=y, x 2 =1-- y, (ii) y c-= 2-- z 2 , Y=Z2, x+ z =4, x=O. 7. S: 9.7 Do a selection from Exercises 3-31 . 8. S: 10.1 Exercises 1, 3, 5- 10, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 27-30.
1 1 10. (i) ( - 4,-- 2, -3), (1i) no intersedion, (iii) (1,1 , 1) and ( (:., 3, 3")' y3 ,. , 1. 1 t2 I v) r(tl = ( -- . 1 - .- ). \ / l' t 2
1
(iv) (I, 0 , 2) '
11. (i) (2cost , V2sint,4) , (ii) (3sinQcost,3sinasint,3cosa).

12. (28) (1,0,4),55.
7f
9. Does the curve r (t) = (asi ntcos2t,asintsin2t, acost),a > 0 lie on a sphere? If so, find the radius of the sphere.
10. I n each of the following cases find the intersection (if any) of the curve and surface :
13. 2
(i) ret)
= (2 + 3t, t, 1 + 2t), = (0,}, t),

.1
x + 3y - z + 7 = 0;
y- z
(ii) r(t) = (2
(iii) r(t) (iv) r(t)
+ 3t , t, 1 + 2t), x 1 t2 1 t2
.l4.
+1=
.j8, I cos ~c I ' (16) -('--2)3/2' (22)~ '--~'-,~, (38) osculatmg plane .
2 + 4t
J
0;
(1 -I-
SlIl X)1/
."3x IS
.3y + z = l.
x 2 + y + 2z := 4;
z=
15. x = z .
= (t' 1 - i ' "2)'

1
1+ x 2 -t--?;;
1 1
(v) r(t )=(t, 1 - i'2) ' z=2(x+ y +;} --I).
MATHEMATICS 2080VV EXERCISE SHEET 2

S refers to Calculus: Concepts and Contexts by Stewart, (2nd Edition).
1. S: 11.2 Exercises 1,5,7,9, 11, 13,15 ,33,35 .
2006
9. Use the definition of the directional derivative to find the direct iona.l derivative of the functio n in question 5 at the point (0,0) in the directiun (i) (1,0), (ii) (0,1), (iii) (1,2), (iv) Do ill the directional d erivatives of f at (0,0) exist? 10. S: 11.6 Exercises 7, 9 ,21 ,23,25,27,33, 35 , 37 , 41 , 47,49. 11. Which of the followi ng are t rue and which are false? For those that are true, provide a proof. For those t h a t are false, give a co unterexample.
2. By considering what happens along each of the lines x =

sin(x2 + y) if if
and y
= 0, show
that the function
(i) If fx (a, b) and fy(a , b) bot h exist, then f is differentiable at (a , b) .

(ii) If f x(a , b) and fy(a, b) both exist, then
f(x,y )
~fY-
(x, y)
t (0,0)
is continuous at (a, b).
(iii) If fx (a, b) and fy(a, b) both exist , then all the directional derivatives exist at. (a , b).
(iv) If a ll the directional de rivatives exist at (a, b), then (v) If
=y =0
is differentiable at (a, b).
is not continuous at (0,0). 3. S: 1l.3 E xercises 9, 17, 2 ] , 23, 25, 47 , 49 , 73 , 75. 4. S: lL4 Exerci se!: > 1, 3, 9, 13. 5. uet J (x, y) ~ f x: y'
r _
2
is not continuous at (a, b), th en fx(a, b) and fy(a, b) do not exist.
(vi) If all the directional derivatives exist. at (a ,b), then
J has
a tangent plane at (a , b) .
(v ii ) If Jx(a, b) and fy (a, b) both exist, t hen f has a ta ngent plane at (a, b).
(v iii) If fAa, b)
if (.1:, y)
= f y(a, 0),
then
is differentiable at. (a, b).
X2(X -
y)
(0 , 0)
(ix) If f x(a, b) and fy(a, b) bot.h ex.ist but fx (a, b)
fy(a, b), then f is not differentiable at
(a, b).
(x) If f is differentiable at (a, b), then all th e directional deri vati yes of sam e va lue .
if x = y = -= (i) Find fx(O , O) and fy(O, 0).
o.
at (a, 0) have the
(ii) Is f continuous at (O,O)?

(iii) Is f difrerentiable at (O , O)? Give full reasons,
x'2y + y2
0 if (x, y) if
(xi) If a curve C lies OIl a surface, then the osculating plan e to C at the point P is th e same a..'-l the tangent plane to the surface at P. (xi i) If fxy(a , b)
= fyx(a, 0) , then f
is different ia ble at (a , b).
6. Let
h x, y) =
x4
::J
(0 , 0) ANSWERS
O. 5. (i) fx(O ,O) = 1, fy( O, 0) = 0, (ii) Yes, (iii) No. 6. (i) 0, (ii) 0, (i ii )
J;
=Y=
(i ) What value does f approach as (x , y) tends to (0,0) along the x-axis?

(ii) Wh at value does (iii) What value does (iv) Is (v) Is
f f
approach as (x, y) tends to (0, 0) along the y-axis? approach as

y) Lends to (0,0) along t he parabola y
= ];2,?
2'
(iv) No , (v ) No.
f cont inuous at (O,O)? J differentiable at (0, O)?
8. 0, 881f cm 3 /rni n ; 0, 461f cm 2 / min .
7. S: l L'i Exercises 3, 7, 17, 21, :i5, 42 , 43 . 8. Th r adius r and alti tude h of a right circular cylin d er are increasing at rates of 0, 01 em/min alld 0,02 em/min , respectively Use a chain ru le to find t he r ate a t which th e volume is increasing at the time when T = 4 em and h == 7 em. At what rate is the total surface area changing at. this time?
9. 0), (ii) See answers to qll est iol1 5; (iii) -- ~ , (iv ) Yes . oy 5
1]. Get your answers a nd reasons checked'

(ii) Find the image of the ellipse in (i) under the transformation represented by the matrix
2006
A~ (i
I
Yd
:2 + ~ = 1.
2 2
)
(iii) Find det A.
1. S: 12.1 Exercises 13, 14, 18.

2. S: 12.2 Exercises 3, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 18,23. 3. S: 12.3 Exercises 5, 10, 15, 17, 19, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 46 . 14.
(iv) Use the results of (ij) and (iii) to find the area inside the ellipse
(a) Let F
(
4. S: 12.5 Exercises 1, 3, 7. 5.
(i) S: 12.6 Exercises 1, 2, 3. (ii) Find the area of the surface z =
X) (X2 + y2 -+- z2 y = xyz z l+x+y+ z
. Find the derivative matrix of F and use the affine
appcoximation at (
.J2XY for 0 ~
x ~ a, 0 ~ y ~ b.
l)
to estimate F ( ::
~ ) . Comp.,e your estimate with the exact
value. (b) Let F (
6. S: 13.6 Exercises 9, 11, 19, 27.

7. S: 12.7 Exercises 3, 5, 9, 15, 17,23, 24, 25, 27, 29. 8. Which of the following transformations from ]R2 to ]R2 are linear transformations?
x)
y
(3"X -- 4y ). Find the derivative matrix of F and use the affine approxa+y
. . at ( 3 ) to estunate F ( 2, 9 ' H ow does t h'IS approxuna t'IOn compare Wit h 2 . 1, 9) . . ImatlOn

(iii)
(i) f ( x )
Y
= ( x +3 Y --
1)
(ii)
f (
x )
= ( sm y ) ~2
+ t(2, -4, 1)
f (
x )
=(
the exact value? 15. (a) The region R in the xv-plane is bounded by the graphs of x y = O.
2x - Y ). x + 3y
+y
= 6, x - y
=2
and
9. Find the iID(agc 1of ~he ;in)e x(t) = (1,2,3)

the matrix
under the linear map represented by
4 0 1 --1 2
(i) Find the region R' in the uv -plane onto which R is mapped under the transformation x = U + v, y = u - v.
(ii) Calculate
~i:: ~.
and compare it with the ratio of the areas of Rand R'.
10. Find the image of the plane 2x - 4y+ z = 0 under the linear maps represented by the following
matr(icesi
2 3)
0 1 (ii)
(i)
-1
0 2
] 2 3) -3 10 1
1 2 3
(b) Find the region into which the square with vertices at (0,0), (1,0), (0,1) and (1,1) is
transformed by the mapping F
. ( x) y
:.=
(X2 _ y2 )
'
xy
Find the approximate area of the image under F of a circle of area 10- 3 centred at (1,3). (c) Find approximately the volume of the image under the mapping u = xyz, v 2 6 'W = x y, of a sphere of volume 10- with centre at (1,2,0). 16. S: 12.4 Exercises 9, 11, 13, 11, 15, 31. 17. and let R be the region graph of x 2 (i) Use polar co-ordinates to evaluate
11.
Let A.
= (~
-;1).
= x + Y -I- z,
Find the parallelogram to which A. takes the square with vertices at
(0,0), (1,0), (1,1), (0,1) . Find also its area (i) by using determinants, (ii) directly from the vertices of the parallelogram. 12. Let T be the transformation represented by the matrix bounded by the lines y UDder T .
(~ ~),
I/
R
(x + y) dA where R is t he region bounded by the
= 0 and x
2 2
= 1 and the curve y
= x2 .
Find the area of the image of R
+ y2
2y
= O.
(ii) Find the volume of the solid that lies inside the graphs of both x 2 x 2 + y2 - 4y = O. be given parametrically by x
+ y2 + z2 = 16
and
13
(i) Show t.hat the ellipse
:'2" + lLb2 = 1 can

a
= a cos t, y = b sin t,
(iii) Express
o~ t
2Jr.
t r.. l v'2Y--;2 dx
.0 0
dy as a repeated integral using polar co-ordinates. Do NOT
evaluate the dou ble integral.

,)
L.
18. S: 12.8 Exercises 1, 3, 9, 13, 17, 25 , 29, 30. 19. S: 12 .9 Exercises 15, 19. 20 . The transformation given by x = u 2 vw, y
RI. Express
JJJ
R
= uv 2 w ,
= uvw 2 maps a region R onto a region
(Xy!)3 i4 dV in terms of the volume of RI .
ANSWERS
5, (i) (2) (ii) 9v'30
1T.
2~Vab(a+b).
+ t( -3,9, -4).
8. Only (iii) is a linear transforn1ation .
9, x = (14,7,7)
10. (i) 6x - 5y - 8z
=0
(ii) x=).(1 , l , l ).
12. 2/3.
11. 10.
13. (ii) x 2
+ y2 =
2,
(iii) -2/ab,
(iv) flab
14. (a) Estimate is
2, 8 ) ( 2; 85 ) 0,9 . The exact value is 0,88 '
3,9
3, 9
(b) The affine approxiInation is exact for a linear map . 15. (b) Get your answer checked! The approxin1ate area of the image of the circle is 2 x 10- 2 . (c) 6 X 10- 6 . 16. (14) 17. (i)
1T,
3 - 2'
(11) 9(311" - 4),
.. 128
1T
(iii) get your answer checked!

20. 4(volume of It).
18. (30) (1 -
v!2) 10
1 1T18 5 / 2
lVIATHEMATICS 2080\V EXERCISE SHEET 4

1. S: 13.2 Exercises 1, 3, 5, 7, 9,17,2.5 ) 28) 31, 33.
2006
2. Find the area of one side of the curtain whose base is y = x 2 , 0 above the point (x, y) is x y. 3. S: 13.3 Exercises 5, 9, 17, 19, 21, 31, 33. 4. S: 13.5 Exercises 1, 5, 10, 13, 15. 5. S: 13.4 Exercises 7, 8, 9, 11 , 19 (Sketch the hypocycloid.) . 6. S: 13.7 Exercises 1, 3, 5,
7~
:s: x :s:
1, and whose height
9, 17, 19.
7. S: 13.8 Exercises 5, 7, 13, 18.

Answers
2.
1 + 25V5 120
5. (8) 318 . 5
7. (18)
37r
MATHElVIATICS 2080\V EXERCISE S HEET 6

1.
9. VerifY that 1JJ
2, x= 3, y = 4,
= 5 is a solution of t he system of linear equations 1JJ X
2006
+ 'J + 4z
23 55
(a) Express (-3,0, - 3) as a linea r comb in ation of (1 , 1,2) and (:3,2,5). Can (-3, 0, -3) be writtJ'n as a linear co mbination of (I , 1, 2), (3 , 2, 5) an, ~ (4, :3, 7)7 In how many different way:" I;' this possible?
21JJ -- 2x
-11)
+ 39 + 9z
+ i + 4y + z
W'
22 .
(b ) Is (1 , J, 1) a linear combination of (1 , 1, 2) and (3, 2, 5)?
Use your solution to question 8(iv) to
; ,e down the general solution to t he above system.
2.
(a) If A =
( 14)
~ 10 , and B = 2
( 213\
0 4
_.J ) fi nd AB and 13A

i= 0 an d B f:- O.
10. In each of the following cases construct ,', s ' em of linear equations having the given set as solutions.
(b) Find t wo 2 x 2 matrices A and B such that 1113 = 0 but A
(i) {,\( -2 , I , 1) : ;, E IR}

(ii) {A(2, -1,3) (iii)
(c) Give examples to show that the followin g statement.s are false : (ii) (A
3.
(i) AC = BC , ' i= 0 A = B, + B)(A - B) = A2 - B2.
'*
+ j.t(O, 1,4) : ;" j.t E lR} {(1 , 4, 5) + ;'(2, -1 , 3) + j.t(O, 1,4) : ;"
fJ E lR.}.
11. For which values of k does t he system of linear equations
(a) Find the 2 x 2 matri.>:: that represents a reflection of lR.2 in the line y (i) direc tly,
= mx
(ii) using matrix multiplication .

(b) Write down the 3 x 3 matrix that, represents a pr0jection of 1~3 onto t he xz-plane. 4.
1': -+ y + (k + 4) ,,: 2x + y + (k + 8)z -3x - :3y + (k 2 - 4k - 12)z
-1
-6 2 k +k+3
(a) Can a homogeneous system of linear equati ons have exact,ly two solut ions? Explai n.
(b) Decide how many solutions t here are t o each of t he following systems of equations.
have 0) a unique solution, (ii) infinitely many so lutions, and (iii) no solution? List all the solu tions (in terms of k) to t h is system. 12. (a) In each of t he following cases, set u p and solve a system of linear equations to balance t he given chemical equation: (ii) CU:3(POl\h network.
(i) x 2 + y2 - 1 = 0
1': -- Y + 1 = 0
Explain .
(ii) 6xy + 31-,2 + 61': = 0 3x 2 - ,3y2 + 1 = O.
5. Can you construct a matrix A so that the system of linear equations Ax = 0 is inconsistent? 6. Given that (3 , -1,0) and (-7, 1,2) are each solutions of Ax = b where A is a 3 x 3 matrix, find two non-zero soluti.ons of Ax = O. Find also a third solution to Ax = b.
7. Find a condition on a, band c so that the system of linear equations
(i) C'u + HN0 3 -+ CUU'103h + H 2 0 + NO + H 3 P0 4 -+ Ca(H2 P0 4 )z.
(b) Set up and solve the system of equations for the currents in the branches of the given
i, <
IOV,
I~a
. "3
~
6..I'L
.t..1 II
+ 3z 2x - 4y + 6z - 3x + 6y - 8z
x - 2y is consistent. What are the solutions in the case when a
3Jl~
b
c
5.JL
= -1, b = -
2 and c = 1?
8. Express the solutions of the equation Ax = 0 as a(lin2ea~ COln)bination of vectors whe re A is
13. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The flow of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on the diagram. Let Xl , X2, X3 and X4 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various branches per hour. f'%oo ~ 2.S0 .
15'0
], (00
(i) ( 2
(iii)
1 2
3 ) -3
(ii)
1 2 0
04 2
1 -1 1
~ -1 -1 ) 2 4 " , - 1 4
i
(iv)
2 -2 3 ( -1 1 4
x.,3
5'0
.fOO
' 0 :::
')
(i) Construct a system of linear equationti in the unknowns

the traffic flow ill this road netwo : k.
Xl, :1,'2 , :[;;3
and
X4
that describes
(g) The set of all solu t ions of the matrix equation
(ii) Solve the system of equations you constructed in (1).

(iii) Use your solution to find t.he maximum and minimum value~ of
:1:2 .
(h)\ The set of all so I' utlOns

, ) (-3, 0, - 3)
2.
f t h \~
4; 7 .) x = O. 3 . - . 1 \ matrIX equatiOn (1 5 3 ) 4 2 7 x = (. -6)'

1
14. (a) For which value(s) of k is t he vector (I , -2, k) (2, - I , -5)?
it
linear comb ination of (3, 0, - 2) and
ANSvVERS
(b) Show that one of the vectors (: , . 'i), (1,3,2), (0,1 , 2) and (1,4,4) is a linear combination of the others. Does that imply tha t e very one of these vectors is a linear combination of the others? (c) Express the polynomial 12x2 1 - x 2 , x- 2x 2 .
= 6( 1,1,2) ,
3(3,2, 5); Yes, in infini tely many ways. (b ) l'~

1 3. (a) - - . -2 . 1 + Tn
5. No.6.
~a)
I
+ 8x
- 2 as a linear co mbination of t he fu nctions 1 + x,
( 2 -1)
17 10 45 5 16 16 22
X=
31 24 (~) . 12 38
2m ( 1 - m2 '
,)
~m
2 _ '. )
(b)
4. (a) No,
7. b = 2a, x
(b) (i) Two,
(ii) Four.
A(10, - 2, -2) .
1 0) (o
0
1/
15. Which of the foll owing subsets of]R3 are linearly independent? Give reasons for your answers.
= (5, 0, -2) + A(2, 1,0).

(ii)
X=
(i) {(1 , 2,3),(1 ,-3,4) ,(2,-2,- I ),( --1,-5, 14)} (iii) {(2, 0,1) , (0,0,1) , (0, 0, O)} (v) {(2, 5,-3),(4, 10,6)}
16. For which value(s) of 1 is the set A. \
(ii) {(2,0,1) ,(0,0, 1),(I,O, 1)} (iv) {(2, 0,1), (1, 2,3), (2,4, 6)}
(vi) {(1,2,,3),(4, -3,2),( 1, 1, 1)}
8. (i) x =/\(3 , -3, 1),

(iv)
(0 , 0,0) ,
(iii) x=A(-1 , 2, -1 , 1) ,
A(l,l, O,O) +{l(-3,O,-1 , 1).
= {(1 , -1, I , 0) , (1, -2, 1,4), (2 , 1,2, A)} a linearly independent s ubset of ]R4 ? \Vhere possible, express the third vector in A. as a linear combination of the other two vect.ors in A.
(a) Which of the sets listed in qnestion 15 are generating sets for R J? (b) Which of the sets listed in question 15 are bases for
]R3?
9. x
= (2,3,4,5 ) + .-\(1,1,0,0) + {l( -3,0, -1,1). =/: 0,

k
10. Check yo ur answers by solving your systems of linea~J equations.

11. (i) Unique sol ution if k
1=
L x
17.
= - k-( 1 1 - 1
X
9k,3k - k 2
--
4, k
+ 1)
(iii) No solution if k = 1.
(ii) Infinitely many solu t ions if k = 0:
= (-5,4, 0) + A( + 2NO.
4, 0,1).
12. (a)(i) 3Cu + 8HN0 3 --+ 3Cu(N0 3 h + 4H 1 0
18. Find two different bases for each of the following linear subspaces.
(ii) COdP04h
+ 4H3 P0 4 --+
=
3Ca( H 2 POJh.
(i) {( x,y,z) E]R3 : x + 2y - 3z

(ii) {(x , y , z, w)
E ]R4
= O} : x + 2y + 10 = 0,
2x - Y - z + w
(b)
= O}
13.
9' ~2 = 9' Z3 (Xl, X2, X3, X4) = (350 t]
35 .
38 .
3'
ct, ct, 150 - ct, ct),
19. Any set on which o perations of addition and scalar m ultiplication a re defined, and which is closed under the formation of linear combinations is called a linear subspace. Decide, giving reasons, which of the following are linear subspaces .
(a) The set of all 2 x 2 matrices which are of the form integer. (b) The set of all p olynomials of degree 2.
S; a S; 150.
14. (a) k = - 8. ( c) 26 ( 1 + X )
'3
32 '3 ( 1 -
(b) (1,4 , 5) is not. a linear co mbination of the other three. 2 2 2) x ) - 3(x - 2x .
(~ ~),
where n is a non-negative
15. (i) Dependent , (v) Independ ent,
(ii) Dependent,
(vi) Independent. then (2,1,2 , - 12)
(iii) Dependent,
(iv) D ep endent ,
16. A 1= -12 . If)

I'
= -12,
= 5(1, -1 , 1,0) -
3(1, -2, 1,4) .
(c) The set of all polynomials with degree not exceeding 2.
17. (a) (i) and (vi) are generating sets.
(b) Only (vi) is a basis for JR.3 .
(d) The set of all real-valued fun ctions of a real variable whose graph passes through the point (0 , I). (e) The set of all solutions of the differenti al equation dy dt
18. Get a tutor to check your answer.
19. (a) No,
(b) No,
(c) Yes ,
(d) No,
(e) No,
(f) Yes,
(g) Yes,
(h) No.
+ Y cos t = t.
(f) The set of all so lutions of the differenti a l equatio:l illY + 71 cos t = 0. ct
~~
MATHErvlATICS 2080W
EXERCISE SHEET 7
2006
1. Let A =
(~1 ~ ~). Find

2 -3 5
M12
(i) the minor deterrninant
(ii) the cofactor C 12

(iii) det A .
2.
(i)
11 Find ~
-2
3-11
2 -2 -8 12
1 3 and 1 2
1 1 2 1
2 3 3 5
3 5 6 8
4 7 7 20
a+2 b+2 r:.: + 2
(ii) \Vithout expanding, find the 1 1 1 y x z and y+z x+z x+y
value of a a+1 b b+ l c c+l
(iii) Let A be an n x n matrix such that A2 = I. Find the value of det A.

(iv) Suppose A is a 5 x 5 matrix for which det A = -3. What is the value of det(2A)?
3. Solve for
(i)
I-A
2
A
3 2 --
-5
1 -1 2 - ).,
4 -A
= 0 )
(ii)
b2
2 7
2-A
6
-5
-3 -
=--= 0 .
a2 4. Factorise the determinant be
ac abc (Hint: Try to extract common factors; don't just bash it out.) x a a a a x b b b b x c c
c2 ab
c
c x
O.
x-3 x+2 x-I
x-+-2 x - 4 x+4
x-I
x :r -5
=0
7. Let A and B be 3 x 3 matrices with det A = -2 and det B det(A 3 ) and det(A- 1 ). 8.
= 3.
Find det(AB ), det(BTA) ,
(i) Express det B in terms of det A, given that B = p-l AP. (ii) Let A be an invertible matrix such that A 2 = A. Sho\v that det A = 1.
1
9. Let A =
(f ~ ~l
).
(i) Calculate det A and hence show that A is invertible. (ii) Find the adjoint of A and hence A -I.
10.
(i) Solve th e given system by Cramer 's Rule:

Xl 2X2 3X3 X3 3
~r l
-+ '];2
3X l
5
-4
-+ 2X2
(ii) Use Cramer's rule to determine for which values of k the system
kXl kXl
-+ X2
-+ kX2
4 4
has a unique solution. For which value(s) of k is the system inconsistent? Explain.
ANSWERS
1. (i) -9,
(ii) 9,
(iii) 53.
2. (i) 0, 16,
(ii) 0, 0,
(iii) 1,
(iv) -96 .
3. (i) -3 or 4 (repeated),
(ii) 1 or 1
v'33.
4. (a - b)(b - c)(c - a)(ab -+ ac -+ be). 5. x==a, b, cor --(a-+b+c).

6.
3'
7. -6 , -6 , -8 , -2'
8. (i) det B == det A.
9. (i) 6, 10. (i)
(ii) adj A ==
== -4,
X2
71 -4 2 ( -1
X3
-9 )
, so A -1 =
adj A.
-1
Xl
== 4,
== - 5,
(ii) k
0, k
1; k == O.
11. (i) No,
(ii) Yes.
MATHEMATICS 2080VV
EXERCISE SHEET 8
1.
(iii) Use the Fundamental theorem to write down a further three solutions of t he differential equation in (ii).
2006
(b) (i) Write down a family of functions which are solutions of the differential equation (y"(X))2y(X) = O. (ii) Show that y(x) = e2x is a particular solution of the ditIerential equation (y"(~r;))2y(x) = 16eox . (iii) Use the results in (i) and (ii) to show that the Fundamental theorem does not carry over to non-linear differential equations. (c) (i) Verify that y(x) = x 2 + J; + 3 and y(x) = 2.1:2 - X + 3 are both solutions of the differential equation x 2y"(x) - 2xy ' (X) + 2y(x) = 6. (ii) Write down a non-zero solution to t he lincar differential equation x 2 yl/(x) - 2:ty'(x) + 2y (x) = O.
(a) State whether the given differential equations are linear or nonlinear. Give the order of each equation.
(i) (1 - X)y" - 4:.cy' + 5y = cos x (i i) yy' + 2y = 1 + x 2 (iii) X37/ (4) - X2y" + 4xy' - 3y = O.
(b) Verify that the indicated function is a solution of the given differential equation.
(i) 27/'
(ii) ~. ax
I
+y =
0; y
= e--
x/2
-- 2'U = '-
e3x .
3x 2x , y = e + 10e
(iii) l:Y"
+ 2y' = 0;
y = a
+ -.
x
7. SDlve the following differential equations:
(i) yl + y = c3x
il
(c) For which value(s) of m is y (d)
= xm
solution of the differentiai equation
y" - Y
= O?
(i) Show that Yl = x 2 ilnd Y2 = x 3 are both solutions of X 2 y" - 4xy' + 6y = O. Are OiYJ and ,BY2 , 0:, ,13 E I~, also solutions? Is YI +)j2 a solution? x2 (yl)2 (ii) Show that YI == 2x + 2 and Y2 = -"2 are both solutions of y = :cy' -+ -~ 2' . Are aYI and JiY2, Oi , {3 E JR:., also solutions? Is YI + Y2 a solution?
(ii)
y' + xy
=1
+ y cos 3 X = 1
(HiNT: \Vrite as riT dli
0.: . . )
(iii) y' cos 2 x sin x (iv) (x
+ 2xy2 - 2y)y' + y = 0
(v) y'
= 2_,
y -x
y(5) = 2.
2. In each of the followin g cases find a differen tial equation for the given family of curves.
8. Solve the following:
(1) y = ce- x (ii) cy2 + 4y = 2X2

(iii) y=.o ae x
(i) 2y 2 x - 3 + (2yx 2 + 4)y'
= I]
+ !3e 2x + 6e 3x .
3. Find the differential equation of the family of circles passing through the origin with centres on the x-axis .
4. Solve the following differential equations:
- (2x + xy2)y! = 0 + 1)2 = x 2 y In x (iii) y' sec 2 x + cosec y = 0 + 1) =: (1 + cOS:C)y', (i v) sin
+ (3xy2 + 2ycOS :C)Y' = 0 x (iii) x'll = 2xe - y + 6x 2 (iv) 4y + 2:1; -- 5 + (6y + 4x -. l)y' = 0, !ie-i) ,=
Oi)
y;~ .- y 2 sin :r
- x
2..
9. Find an integrating factor of the form 17('1/, a, {J E JR:., for the non-exact differential equation (y2 + xy)dx - x 2dy = O.
10.
(i) 4y -+- yx 2
(ii) y' (y
(a) A large tank is filled with 500 litres of pure water . Brine containing 2 kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 Clmin . The well-mixed solution is pumped out at the same rate . Find the number of kilograms of salt A(t) in the tank at any time. (b) Solve the problem in (a) under the assumption that the solution is pumped out at a faster rate of 10 ejmin. When is the tank empty? (e) A large tank is partially filled with 100 litres of fluid in which 10 kg of salt is dissolved. Brine containing
y(O)
O.
S. Find a singular soluti on for the differentiai equation y'

6.
= XVI
_.
1/ 2
(a) (i) Show that the functions y(x)
= A.x+ ~, A, B E JR, are solutions of the second-order,

+ xy!(x)
-
kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at a rate of 6 P./min. The
homogeneous, linear different.ial equation X2y"(X)

( ii) Verify that y(x)
y(x) = O.
= 2e
(1 --
~)
X
is a particular solution of
well-mixed solution is then pumped out at a slower rate of 4 f./min. Find the number of kilograms of salt in the tank after 30 minutes ,
x'2. Y"(:r;)
+ X7/'(x)
- y(x)
= 2x 2ex .
2
ANSWERS
l.(a)(i) linear, 2,
(ii) nonlinear, 1)
(ii) no , no. (ii) (x 2
--
(iii) linear, 4.
(c)
I -+.- Vi) ----' r-
(d) (i) yes, yes,

2. (i) y'
+ y = 0,
y)y' =
xv ,
(iii) y'" -- 6Z/'
+ 11y' -
6y = O.
3. 2xyy' = y2 - . : 2 . 1
4. (i) 8In x
+ x 2 - 4ln y- y2 = c (iii) 4 cos y = 2x + sin 2.1: + c

6.
y
.. ' x 3 x3 (11) --- In :r - 3 9

(iv)
= -2 -+ 2t'j + In Iyl + c . . (1 + cos.1:) (1 + eY ) = 4.
y2
5. y = 1.
Get your answer checked.
7.
(i)
(ii)
xy = In x
+c
.)
(iii) y = sec x + c cosec x y 8 (v) x = 2 +
(iv) yx = 1 + ce- Y -
8.
(i) x 2y2 - 3x + 4y = c (iii) xy - 2xe X + 2e x -- 2x 3 =
(ii)
C
(iv)
t
+ y2 cos X - 2 = c 4xy + x 2 - - 5x: + 3y2 - Y = 8,

xy3
x2
1 9. xy2 '
lO.(a) 1000 -lOOOe- Ioo ,
(c) 64, :38 kg .
l\;lATHElVIATICS 2080W
8XERCISE SHEET 9
200fj
6 Find the particular solution of the differential equation y'll y(O) = 0, y'(O):::= 1, yl/(O) = --7.
12:;"
36y'
0, s3.tisfying
1. Use the definition to dete rmine whether the given functions are linearly independent or dependent on (--00 , 00):
7. Verify that the functions cos2x, sin2x , sinxcosx and 1 - 2cos2 x arc solution s of the ho-. mogeneolls differential c4uatioll !/(x) + 4y (x) = 0, and that :<;(1:) = . 1 is a solutioIJ of yl!(x) + 4y(x) = 4. Fi nd the general solution of the non-homogeneous differentia! equation.
(i)
X,
x 2 , 4x - 3:Z;2
(ii) 2 + x, 2 + (iii) 1 + x,
X,
Ixl
8.
(a) Show that the subs titution

2
11,
= In .1: reduces the difFerential equation
x2 .
ax y"(:Y;)
+ bx:/(~:' ) +
= 0,
(J"
b, c E lR
2. Show by computing the Wronskian that the given functions are linearly independent on the indicated interval:
to a differential equation with constant coefficients. (b) Use the result from (a) to solve the following:
(i) x ~ , x 2 ; (0,,00) -
(i)
(ii)
X
X
2
2
y"
y il
(ii) eX,e- x,e4x ; (-00,00) (iii) I , X, x 2 , _ .. ,xn ; ( -00 ,

(iv) eX, u''', x 2 ex ; (-00,00)
+ XV i + 4y = 0 + 5::r;y' + 4y = U.
9. Solve each differential equation by variation of parameters:
(v) cosx,sinx,xcos:r,xsinx; (-00,00).

3. Verify that the given fUIlctions form a ba::;is for the set of solu tions of the differential equation on the indicated interval. Write down the general solution,
(i) y" + y =
(ii) y" + y
(iii) y" (iv)
seCT
= sinx
T
(i) y" - y' - 12y = 0; e-<lx , e4x ; (-c.o,<:::o)
given that. neous differential equation .
+ 2y' + y = e- x In:E 2 X ]/' _ .xy' + y = 4:1: In x,
and x In x are solutions of the associated homoge-
(ii) x'2 y ll
(iii)
X 3
--
y lll
6xy' + 12y = 0; X3,:[4; + 6X 2 y" + 4xy' -- 4y = 0;
(O,eo)
:1:,
x- 2 ) .:r - "ln x; (0,00).
10. So] ve the following differential equations by und etermined coefficients:
4. Find a second linearly independent solution y,J of each differential equation by putting yz(x) = U(X)Yl (x) and reducing the order:
(i) y" + 3y' + 2:; = 6
(ii) y"
(iii)
+ 16y = 0; YI = x-1 (ii) (1 + 2.x)y" + 4xy' - 4y = 0; Yl =

(i)
X 2
y" - 7xy'
-+ y' -. 6y = 2x y" - 8y' + 20y = 100:1;2 =
26xe x
e- 2x .
(iv) y" - yl
-3
5. Find the general solution of the given differential equations:
(v) yll - y' +
ly = 3 + d
(i- 4y" + y' )

(iii) y" + 9y
(iv )
=0
(vi) yl' + 4y = 3 sin LX

(vii) y"
(ii) y" -- 36y = 0
+ Y = 2x sin:;;
=0 y" _. 4,!/ + 5y =
(viii) y" - 2y' 0
+ 5y = eX cos 2:;;
(ix) y" + 2y' + y = sinx -+ eos2x
(v) ylll - 4y" - 5y' = ()

(vi) ylll - 5y"
d5y
(x) y'" - 6y"

0
=3-
cosx
+ 3y' + 9y =
dy
(xi) yllf - y" - 4y' (xii)

y(4) y"
(vii) - , - 16- = O.
dx" dx
+ 4y = 5 - e + e 2x = 4x + 2xe- x .
ANSWERS
1. (i) Dependent,
4. (i) Y2=x 4 1nx, 5.
(ii) Independent,
(ii) Y2 =
X.
(iii) Independent.
(i) (iii) (v)

(vii)
x + C2 e-"4 CI cos 3x + C2 sin 3x 5x C1 + C2e-x + C3 e C1 + C2e-2x + C3e2x + C4 cos 2x + C5 sin 2x
Cl
(ii)
(iv) (vi )
+ C2e6x e (cl cosx + C2sinx) cle-:7; + C2 e3x + C3xe3x

CI e - 6x 2x
6. -
36
- _e- 6x +
36
-xe - 6x ,
8. (b) (i)
CI
cos(21n x)
C2
+ C2 sin(21n : c)
+ x sin x + cos x In( cos x)
-
9. (i)
.') ( 11
Cl C1
cos x + cos X
sin x
. + C2 SUi X
C2 xe - x
1 2" x cos x
(iii) cle- x +
(iv)
CIX
+ ~x2 e-X ln x -- ~ x2e-X

2 4
J
2 ( + C2X In x + 3"x,ln x ) ')
10, Check your answers by substituting into the differential equation.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 1 - MONDAY, 27 IVIARCH 2006 Time: 1 ~ hours Notes: Full Marks: 50
(i) Only approved calculators may be used. (ii) Full answers are expected.
1.
(a) Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces z = 12 - x 2 - 2y2 and z = 2X2 + y2. (b) Does the curve T..(t) = (v't, t , -4t) intersect the surface z = 2X2 + y 27 If so, at which point(s ). (c) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to z and y = -1.
= 2X2 + y2 at the point where x
= - 2
[12]
2. Let C be the curve
r(t) = (t, 2t, i), t > 0.
(i) Find two surfaces on which C lies and sketch theln and C on the same set of axes. (ii) Obtain a vector equation for the tangent line to C at the point corresponding to t
= 1.
(iii) Calculate the curvature of C at the point corresponding to t = 1. (iv) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point (1, 2, 1).
(v) Express the length of the portion of C frorn (2, 4, ~) to (3, 6, ~) as a definite integral. Do not evaluate the definite integral.
[16)
3. Express the region within the sphere x 2
terms of spherical co-ordinates.
X3
+ y2 + (z -
1)2
=:-.:
1 and above the plane z
= 1 in
[5]
4. Let f(x, y)
=
{
2 x : y2
if ( x, y)
= (0, 0)
(i) Is
continuous at (0 , 0)7 Verify your clairn.
(ii) Find fx(O, 0) and fy(O,O). Show your working. (iii) Calculate fx(1, 2).
(iv) Is
differentiable at (0, O)? Give full answers.
(v) Find a vector equation of the tangent line to the curve of intersection of z the plane y = 0, at the point where x = and y = o.
= f(x, y) and
[15]
5. Is the following statement true or false. Verify your claim. "If gx (a , b) and gy (a, b) both exist and are equal, then g is differentiable at (a , b)." [3]
/lI}H ;108C5'v-/ I
SO'-uTiC)lcJS' /D a~ ~T/- c2~#4,12c~c2oo6'
IIC/.)
~ k....r-. C5 x-J..."l-ff ~
fl;; ~ C<-S ...

4..
/2; ~
~ f!~
"'t-
~ ::(.) -~(f >--;- .;L '---+ {j c....J .. ~e. ..&I.';-c./ 4-<-/~~ ~ -f2oL'..de ~
"01
cg~f~cr/l~ q/ft>~~J'.
4- .x::.2- C04 -C/ "11 == .:J ,J-. ~ f . /Z.IA>.-?;? ceo 2..(- -+- 4. kA-Lt/ 0:5 V c? (.6) h 6~~ 2r ~1.d-: -4< c- ; .;-t- r- (;- as> 6{6+~) o.
J:0
t5 S-C:;;;-:
7Zwr
--
6-;0
or- 6::.-6.
~~ 6-'4
de>
/~~(tf~~aI'7~
(0) 0)
0).
C7Z:.....;; /f;;O,uLY
,oCX;r-() A-T~'ct-.tj
(C)
6,tL ,'j) =- *-.x. J btl ('~'v)= .1"(/ . ~-<:-~~-- ~ ~ -d~:
J =-
~..
J.J-.1./ -/); -.g/ 5-yl-~ -I)$- -~ . 9 ~ -.1. (1/ -N).
$"&; )
,j.(tj 7Z..-~. ..~'..u """- .-d:; ~~
~c..
CilL.ff!.
~i=
~.
(J
(ii)
A'
:::-.,2;1....
~~ ~ ~:::. ~
1V.A-...t4t-
x ")o) .j <io)
ttcc:lo.'-i~J.o..... t' ~"S-.. ~~,,;/ 3:-0'): (~)'/)-I->'{i,~-/) (ik) -:: %) =- (0) 0, -/i). S'o ~ '(I) ~ (~0.1.,;I).
~ '(,) 1< A' '(I);:' ....."
C~roY-~
(11:1/ , ,(0 0.;2.)';:' ('4:- ) --' 0). -I) ) ) --:> 1<; 1(1f./-~6)/.= ~
>Co
(i- ) :: (/) ~ - c . 7~) -J
J- > ~ . r) / 4'"-
I=-(. ~ ~
-/
/(,1,
2;_)/3
r6
eV )
.-?1~ ~ G!>SC.....(~tr ~'-<- <Ur ~/)';"

~'(i)
y
t:;"-~-
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~,
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(II)
3.
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J
~
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to
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r( A.
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.. -'>
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'5y (0)0)
(i'tj F~ / V
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(II)
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..
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 1 - TUESDAY, 27 MARCH 2007 Time: 1 Notes:
hours
Full Marks: 50
(i) Only approved calculators may be used, (ii) Full answers are expected,
1. Let rl(t)
= (t, t 2, t 2) and r2(s) =
(cos s, 1 - sin 2 s, cos 2 s), s, t E IR.
(i) Obtain two surfaces on which rl (t) lies, and sketch th ese two surfaces and rl (t) on the same set of axes. (ii) At which point(s) do rl(t) and r2(s) intersect? (iii) Find , if any, the points of intersection of rl (t) and the surface z = 1 - 2X2 (iv) Find the curvature of rl (t) at the point (-3, 9, 9). greatest? Explain.
+- 2y.
At which point is the curvature
(v) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to rl(t) at the point (-3,9,9) .
[19]
2. Find liIn
(x,y)-+(l,O)
h(x, y) where h(x, y)
= { Y
if
l
'f
y # 0 . Give full reasons, y == 0
[3]
3. The function g(x, y) satisfies the conditions

g(3, -2) = 11 , gx(3, -2)
= 4 and
gy(3 , -2)
= -9.
Find a vector equation for the tangent line to the curve of intersection of z = g( x, y) with the plane x = 3 at the point where :,; = 3 a.nd y = -2 . [3] 4. Let f(x,y )
= {Yx
if if
y#0 y= 0
(i) Use the definition to find fx(O, 0), jy(O, 0) and fy(l, 0).
(ii) Do all the directional derivatives of f exist at (0 , O)? Explain .

(iii) Is
differentiable at (0, OJ? Prove your claim.
(12]
5. Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces z x 2 +-(y-l)2+ z2= 1. 6.
J x +- y2
2
and
[6)
(i) Express the region lying within X2+y2 = 4 and X2+y2+Z2 = 9 in cylindrical co-ordinates. (ii) Express the region inside x 2 + (y - 1)2 + Z2 = 1, and above the plane z = 0, in spherical
co-ordinates.
(9]
1
, /rc.N!J ~ 'J
~~ C~C.
-r; 6) L'-e t" ~1!
~ ~ .1.. o.-</? : :- (J) 6tcJ
~dG7 ~ f~t't- ~.
ctj
(i'')
d fl.).)
I -
J-f. c9
t;: L
00
~ /, ( CVJ .d M ""- ~/' arZ'=-I
Cod S
GL ='~ I(~ )::
:(6j).-IC/
.J f: 1.-
6)
I.
~.:...-;{
X./:
01"!-II
[..-I,
(.
1/ / ) .
(l1;l
:J- 6)
('.
-y
if ,
:~ It) _ I -
1&) ;: (D
16-) ~
I< ({., J..<?
t+- ft:t)1f;...
0..
~_,Jg _
J; ;.. ) J
,
-' 'It):::
))
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~.
/%J'
k.t-J)
=-
('?
v. ;
U<(A.......
{ct Ii/-.,1",,-
(V) k~~- ~ (1:,) ~; ~ r~ M~ C--'-U/V( / ~

;K~~
J..
O ) ~C7KO ~ ~ == I ~ Af/.-y} "= -~ 0 t tJ -~ o at Af4 ! .-K(,/:;)= L 7~~ feed (7""0~,!-X>, ./V'I'ST, - ) I CV3 x-- /, Sl L{:t,"/) l _~J) -) (I~ (J) :(
frJ-t
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::':
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J q. ---r >-A
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\
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(il)
~J
9c.
x~ ::JI--_.;V+- ~ ~ f' ~- "l ~f.A..-t, e

0
,) ,.J....-'-I/J..,.. . . e
If
~f~
L--
1!:..e~ I/.
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 1 - MONDAY, 31 MARCH 2008
Time: 1 ~ hOllrs FUll Marks: 50
6. Let fllx,y) Does
- -
x2y X4 +y2
. if fX~ ' =I (0 , 0) \ ,y) if x =y =0
(x ,y) ...... (0,0)
lim
g(x, y) exist? Explain.
[4]
Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used. (ii) Full answers are expected,
1. Obtain parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces z z = 2x + 4y - 1.
x2
+ y2
and
[5]
2. Express the region that lies ~ the hemisphere z x 2 + Ii = a2 , a> 0 in spherical co-ordinates.
=J
4a 2 -
x2 -
y2
and outside the cylinder --
[5]
3. The curve C is given by
r(t) = (3 + cos t, 2 sin t, cos2 t), 0 :S t :S 21f.
(i) Find two surfaces on which C lies. (ii) Sketch C and the surfaces you found in (i) on the same set of axes. (iii) At which point(s) does C intersect the surface 5z
the point (1,5,5),
=
(x - 3)2 + y2 - 4?
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to the surface 5z
= (x -
3)2 + y2 - 4 at
[3,3,5,3J
4, Let C be the curve defined by ret)
= (t , e - , In t), t > 0, and let P be the point (1,1,0). (i) Give a vector equation for the tangent line to C at P. (ii) Find the curvature of C at p,
2
t
l
(iii) Give a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at P.

[3,5,2]
u. Let f(x, y) r: _
{y2 if y 'f
X
1
Y = x
of
(i) Use the definition of the partial derivatives to calculate fx(1, 1) and j~(l , 1) .
(ii) Do all the directional derivatives of f exist at the point (1,1) ? Give reasons.
(iii) Is
f differentiable at the
pOi~lt (1,
1)? Give fill! reasons.
[4,4,4]
1'0<-< ~ Jf~1:.4..,......
7)
~~- - ~C ;. ~;~/~~"
<-~~~ r~
S-Cc,:;.)C . ",
..
e,y l (?~'/~c~ '~CL.-W-LL --;;

fl4'" ' -
CctJ.)f-l-4 h;':~/-tf
/'
.f'17
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~ ~
(IV) /--<--{- ;:- 6, 'f / 6 ) = (: -}/ -I- :/- 4. -sJ ~

" F{x/ 1/ <5 );- (
.,1 (.x
-J~
dflj -s). _
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7:;",) ~;v(-ra~;
't< (..x -I)
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--S' )
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4 , (.y .",
'H)
c:-
(J- ~
e ~ -;
t) .
~-
L-J
C =
I ,
;;;"(j ~~~. ,~{f.,J "" (f, ~ oJ -I- A(~ 1/ (it) ::: ''(f:) '" (.!)..> e 6 -I - :.--) ). ..-- i~ f.r) ", ,4" J
):
1)./
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---
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L-=--.J
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- .;.. (j -I)
X~
(j -/) f- 0(5 - 0) -==~

0
(I +
I;..
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-{({,I):: A'~ (I-f.-{r}-i(~ /J.,. ~"- .!.J._1 .= 11 ~~O ~ ~~ O ~

v
~-)U
(y{f, I): ~~ .(/;'II'..{I-({(/) ""A:..... tI' AiJ-I:::I ,

A. 't..
A -7
.i ,
(it; ~( (41) .~ ~~ - tf -/- AfA,; ( A -Ju

~ -"0 h '-'
-
1+
t AV;J) r
-
--
t!.('~r/I
.
~ I..,.e.. ~ ~ -t I\U~):l._1 ~ ~ q
~-'O
l.,:..
niI/- ,-1 l' .A
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lI,
1=
t.t t1-
...~ /
~I
'cr;
",="'''' /
Ac
u",~,/ d~ 04~cylr'~cv( ~ :,~ Jbl-I s 't cd"- C/~ I)

r~J-+~2.i,
(,J ~(f!f -:'!. I-ul) -f [1,1/~
r: {i,tj - ~6/i,1! "'j(:-f.-'J~/ - 0- .21

l.Lg-I.-o~~A.
~ Lf-h-).-'
.r;-~~
}
.1i'.l.
-4~1, -
"
1)
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!S<-Qs6-
--4
li-A..
r-
Q,a .
.J2 -;) oj. ,

I
40-/ ~
;ooT'
~jI~~~(~
a)/'
(i,l)~
OJ< ': ,7-<.-: ~ f~ ,'0-CI.4-(
CO'"'
c J . 0)/ (t> / I) .;J) cY~ vir L/'"~ I) / ) .rf<-Y"" S'~ " ~-t'cJ~ ~ ~ .It~., ~ Lo>~a.~~-I.0 lUor~tlh~t/~(e c:u'- C /, /),
(
'/
aL;~d-,'Cfl".l' 5LL60J'~~A:"n fz:,d C~s ( *{'6 ~ (.%,7 )~.uL jWo-~f' ' , ~/) u J __
'1' ';:::-/)
. JL .
t;
0)
Department of Mathematics & Applied Mathematic MATHEMATICS 280W CLASS TEST 2 MONDAY, 7 MAY 2001
Time: 1
t hours
0)
Only approved calculators may be used. solutions.
Full Marks: 5C
Marks Available: 50
Notes:
(ii) Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete
, 1. (a) Find and classify the stationary points of the function f( x, y) = ' x4 + y4 - 2x2 (b) Classify the stationary point (0,0) of the function g(x, y) = x 2y + xy2 - x 3.
2.
+ 4y.
[11]
Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the points on the curve x 2 y , 6 that are nearest to and furthest from the origin.
[8J [5]
4.
Find the volume of the surfaces z
~ll~ . _that
lies in the first octant and is bounded by the
=4 -
x2 , Y
= x and y = 5.
[5]
5.
The repeated integral
represents the volume of a solid region R. Sketch and describe the region R.
[5]
6.(a) Find the mass of that portion of the surface x = 4 - y2 which lies in the first octant, between z
= 0 and z = 4,
1
if the density is given by p(x, y, z) =y.
(~) Calculate the mass of the region that lies between the surfaces z
= 0 and z = x 2 + y2
[10]
and between the cylinders x 2

p(x , y,z) ==
2
X
+ y2
= 4, x 2
+ y2 = 9,
if the density is given by
+
x3
Y
7.
Let f(x , y) == (2, 1) .
+ 2xy.
(i) Find the Taylor expansion of f (x, y), up to the second degree terms, about the point
(ii ) Obtain the tangent plane to the surface f(x,y)
== 12 at the point (2,1).
(6]
A-H
d-5'o'vJ -
SOl- u l i 0 I\J I
ro
C L"f\.:t
/k--r7 .J -
1-,J1A- Y
cJ-OO /
I.
r... ) {"L
./ -= rt'
4X...!-lf-x. 4- J - f ' f ' :
o
0
(H -{,.'1'::=-
(o,-I}Ot-<'"
I.) ... J. 0
(0 I
-I)
~
r
.A
(:t-'.~)o-e~ ~~.c...~I/t1T:';t . U U d C IJ"--+e G..-~:-..

0
Ij,
*'''
fyy: ~u
(r,,-I)
l.-
I.J.
-"
4~JMe'A'A4I.A-"'.
"'-_' ""'-~l'"
e6)
~:L -- .JfJ+iJ ~-J~~

16 . . A--c
'/]'1:' .rJ-frJ.(J.
-- .;1-J(.. +-01 ~>
J /
N~-L J.~JO)4)~O .a..(Jy ~o, oJ.

~ry ~ ~-t- .
~~0+t v-4.
{x ~ : 02 U- 6 ~ .1
.,.I:!
~ ~"1
~
U ~ (0 CI ~
I 41- ~
_
f...)V-~
.4
q f/
(OJ O)"::'CJ.
'
(J
~(Jt:.); cJ~
, .
1:>o~C~O fOl..:::: 0
. I
. 0
So ('O.Jo)~~Ja~d~l'r:
,. , r
(6)
:l
(j "I)~ /~
) ./ ~ I} ~ 'y,
-~
f 'f: Y
(.;1
'*
I)~
IwJ
J
r zV .,
./
I)::: -ID . /
'" ty y~.,,),;:
I,
16 ,'1) =:
("; n;.
~\
1.2
+ .';,.(x. -~) -It.(!/ -I) ~~~
(~(x-1.) ..-,106 .... )(,J --')"" 16t;, -//).

;; t.t.. or;- ('.).,') ~
~(;5 ->I- ~~ 10
:!!
f.f'F, 'f )
I.).
+-
Iv
(:t -~ ) - It- (d
-() .
~L '\ 6 (./ I~,D... rl~E'S'T , ~ . .
Thne: 1+ hours ...
scJutians-.
', L ~t ,
(. ".
,f-,") ., . - ~ =: u::;:'" ~ ;f: 4 " ;$.

"' . I ...
,",1n(J T:
v; ',"
.~ ~
/ ..
that.
[l1.J
4.
F>;~ll.l.a k:
.In
".1
,:>::.,
I ;}~ <:o~
"J .
(yt.) d!J d;.: .
f51
P ,'l ' .O.
')
.:.
.;,..- -
('ll /1J dzdydz.

- V.l 0 - :t: - y."t,
/ ..::...-"_ ..
'-)---.-
[10]
(ii) The <IGll.ble
int~~gnd
Jv I"
Il
l/
f( ~i~, }!)dA ITprcsen.ts

:t :.:; ;
t.he::Y<~:Y:W.i~:5)f~th:(i ;~,:~lt(1 O'<;t:~X
the
region R~ 1y.!ng bd:'.:~~~cn ,;. :::; 0 arid

/".,
f(;c :y)..
,lH}
\l
({"X,p J) = (~~ ("-;; J,
I,
'-7-) } vf{s, ~
v (..-
0) ;: (D) I, 3).
=- o .
r~~jYto,,-<- ~
(iC)
("')
v' .A41a-,)(.,v<U.u-L
A.A..)QA..r
0 (1:-J) -fl(!i -~) +-J(2
f
-f
~d-'/~~~Uc. ~
..
-0)
1'V({S;~O) i =- . J',
L L- ~ /.
~~
rc../
~ 13'' ("J 6) /0 / /
3
c.. :::-
c) =:L
&!l' '- -I-
Ct~
'-+
.6 ~
c===-)
Ej
b = .;1-
3c.
Qo~ . .
~ ~
a- ....,('
q'"
~
,)
~ L.'f- t:- 1/c l '

.
.:::... /
~-t-fi Vc - ~--..R; L lo~ . ID~

~)
/
/0 .
fo
;!. ./ ot
Ok'L
I'~ 'bk. ~ '"",-""'; ( 0

~
0 - - -
.:z -J
/0
a
)(
_ I_ .J
2J
fx~
Zr-. =
;:
-V J -l! .: . -J:t'/ - ..tXJ ~o

~
x.
7i<J-l'
J".
~ ~'~ &JJ;oeJ>:
't'J
' .
--_.<ffi
~J
-=- c>
cry
(J
.=... 0
or
/J:-
(9 o~ (0) -)/
(f -1).
/:;".1.
{xJ ; -31 ~-,)J f'lY': - {, x(j - .)..J(
.'
Ctt-(i ,-l} ) ((xJ)"'-{(v~)(?Y)=

cu~ {oJ
-t};
~)('1)J..-~)<)rlrr)::
-f
I)
. 0)
aJ- (0, d) )
{(xv ~ ~vfYj/=
-">L
,10,,",,0
C:O-~O-.
;> 0
N'ct-~ .z4r- '"""
O//'''' ~ ('o~ d)
a>\.
t! =- () ) f
fjsw--.1. ~ 0)
x....:c/
01'O"c.-l~ c,?o) ~
~= , IO'\.-~ (0) d) ~ '\.
1/=.1.:.;
1:=-x...J.L..e>
(;?-
,Jd~
/S-ooU>lk
/~~ ~ . ~
:,
5".
b.
1.. 11
~\C>(~~ ~e>l..rf ,;~
' - . --~--- - ~.
0If
( " 1(1
J. ... _ :-11.1 '''~ - .

.4 _. - ~
~:::-1l
"4 ____ . _ ,/
t.I (f'"
'J-
~::;;7J..~o "'~1'7aA.,4 (~ ~~_ *-. S . (J . 0 - , ., ' ,
.-' . .. ...
4-'J.-
./
""
"cc:r
-,h.
<\:~)
f-C~ '1}:- -/ ~4.&:.c...a.. - -XLf-,.L.:=. /.
1[-fo(4-.::.. ;e
-Ii
) 6...d //~<"k
A
C/.." , \.
-/-71.
(ttl)
hx-t~-e.'
~r.
. ,.
'V
:f(J(o.y,)
~ ~ ~ ..d~""f; t'~
iJ-( -" Vi
.,
9Y
(';""L,
/ V /
-'''if.-
'~ ' ,'
oj '
~" . ~
>:)/.
'fl/:J.;
-1/
~ ~ ,M~
,-b ~ 4-u.rOC _~
=- p4'''I<,
Department of Mathelnatics and Applied Mathelnatics MATHEMATICS 280W CLASS TEST 2 - MONDAY, 3 MAY 2004
Tilne: 1 ~ hours Notes:
Full Marks: 50
(i) Only approved calculators may be used. Oi) Full answers are expected. tvlarks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
1. Find the points, if any, on the surface z = 4x 2 + y2 at which the tangent plane is parallel to the p lane x + 2 Y + z = 6. l.) ;
2. Locate and classify the stationary points of f(x, y)
= X4 + y3 + 32x -
27y.
~3. Use Lagrange multipliers to find the points on the paraboloid z = x 2 ' furthest from the point (0, O. ~).
+ y2 that are nearest
to and
r9 ~
4. Evaluate
JJ
ow
l+x
dx dy.
;"). Let S be that part of the surface z = y2 which lies over the triangular region having 'vertices at (0, 0) , (3, 0) an d (3, 3). 1 Calculate the mass of S lfthe density is given by p (x,y,z) = ----;:===
J1 + 4y2
6. Let I =
Sketch the region of integration for the integral I , and express I as a sum of repeated integrals of
the form
JJ J JJJ
o
0
y
1 v'1-z2 2-y
d.l' dy dz.
z dz dy dx.
l'.
7. Let T : R,2 -+ R,2 be defined by T (
!(1:, y) ) where f( x, y) ( 9 (', ' Y ) ,r~

G~~.Jif((\{j
g(;L', y)
=x
- 2y.
COY\.-J'11,\I\
(1) Is T a linear rnap?
0th''4
(01 (V1- .
(i1) Find the Taylor expZlllSioll~ up to the second degree tenns, for f( x, y) about the point
(1.
:2'1 .
(iii) Find the approxin13te ,H(,(\ of the inlage under T of a s111all circle, centered at (1, 2 ). of (',rea 10- 2 crn 2 . (iv) l ise t
T }
le
ft' allnc
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(X: (1,:;); /()

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::= -
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..i;. 4.
~;; lx'J)~~" 1r J'(:('~); 68 . :x. ,"1 = 5 - 3 (. If- cJt" t~, 3) "....to U Z S' 6, If. aJr C-.}.,1 --3J
/UAIA( 'UA.CLU.
(470) ; (-J. -.1) ;,
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-tf-
._ ".L..... / '"7
~~~~-I---~~ :.,
.J
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHElVIATICS 280W CLASS TEST 2 - MONDAY, 9 MAY 2005
Tin1e: 1 ~ hours Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used. (ii) Full answers are expected.
1. Find and classify the stationary points of the function f( x, y)'~ ;c2y
Full Marks : 50
+ xy2.
[7J
2. C'se Lagrange IVlultipliers to find the points on the curve of intersection of the surfaces x 2 + y2 = 16 and 2y + z = -2, that are nearest to and furthest ' from; the origin. Explain why there is a maximum and a minimum,value in 'this case.
[9 J
3 Evaluate
j jg - x 3 o.,;y
Jf ,
4 2
- dxdy.
[6J
4 The surface S (':onsists of that part of x 2 + y2 = 4 which, lies in ,t he first octant." between z = 0 and z = 3, Find the mass of S if the densit y IS given by p(x, y~ z) = x 2 yz.
~ 7)
5. Sketch and describe the region whose volume is given by
JJ J
-2 0
2 V4-x2 y'S-x 2 _ y 2
dzdydx.
x:t+ y 2_2
[5 J
6', 0 btai ~-l the Taylor expansion, up to the second degree terms, for f( x, iJ; ::? ---:-)
?f
.:r
abou t the point (2,1).
[6]
I.
Let T
-r R be defined by T (
~)
"" ( : :
3~ )
(i ) Find a cartesian equa.tion for the in1age under T of the line y
= 1 + 2~r.
;61 L J
(ii) Is T a linear transforrnation? Explain.
S. Let F:
}R3
]R3
be defined by F (
~ J\ =
z
x+x:~ +
x
Z2 )
yz
Use the affine approximation to F at the point (
~)
to approximate F (
~:; )
2, 1
(5J
(x x()(, y} = oZ.;;!
/J ~
/~
A-c
::=-
1/
=- x. :
4-
/fees>
/jr(x, Y,J)d S
s
"-
Jf ~ :V}; oIS
s
U
j.
~ {(4-J~ J'l,} ) l~oLi-ft#t)1- d4

=
JIJ~ rJ- ~-Y'-1?

0
X:=~-J
Xj =0
1-
g ,
.;J-
0) // -* u
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080\V CLASS TEST 2 Time: 1 ~ hours Notes: Tuesday, 9 MAY 2006 Full Marks: 50
g(x, y) = 5 - x + eX y2 and let P be the point (0, -2).
1. Let
(i) Find the directional derivative of g at P in the direction (5, -1). (ii) In which direction is the directional derivative of g at P a n1inimum? What is this minimum value?
[5]
2. Express
JJe~?
2
2x
dy dx as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to x and then [6]
o 2x-4 with respect to y. Do NOT evaluate the repeated integral.

3. A solid is enclosed by the surfaces 2z = 2 - y, y = 2 - x 2 , Y =
and z = 0.
(i) Sketch the solid and express the volume as a repeated integral of the fonn
JJJ
(ii) Calculate the volume of the solid.
Idx dz dy.
[7]
4. Find the surface area of the portion of the paraboloid z z = 0 and z = h. 5. Use a suitable transformation to evaluate
= h(l - x 2 - y2), h > 0, lying between

[6]
where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the curves xy y = 2x 3 .
1, xy
= 3, y =
x 3 and
[7]
6. Express the mass of the solid lying within the sphere x 2 + y2 + (z - 1) 2 = 3 and below the plane z = 0 as a repeated integral using spherical co-ordinates, if the density function is p(x, y , z) = y'x 2 + y2 + (z - 1)2. Do NOT evaluate your repeated integral. [8]
1
7. The transformation T : ]R2
-t ]R2
is defined by T (
(i) Is T a linear transformation? Give reasons. (ii) Find the image under T of the portion of the line y = :C, x :::; -1 (iii) Use the affine approximation to T at (
) to find an approximate value for T (
~: ~~
).
(iv) Find the approximate area of the irnage under T of a small circle with centre (2, -1), radius r.
[12]
Ii\.
:2
i
()
1'I11f/ R'
I
~~ ~
"Jo
b.
~i- J ).. r () -J ~ 3~) 1.~J )..-t-J'--= :l~.JJ~ ~ (J.-:;. 2 +~~C-DOr
$"'0 j> '"
:Zc""l :t f If. CG'JYT 3 ;;

;J..
Cot)
I ;!J='/
:~,
/1~ss
'1
~~ ~
111(r, & d-I/

L(
:=
II/J ~
I<
'l
'9 ;>--cill
d&
~
(~c/k ~
"r
J J j ) /1~-.2?C';t'';-1 'I<-M~ ott ~I

o
17f~
0
~ iT
1/
C'VJ;I 1- Jc:.c:?f + ~
COIfJ? -
)c;xr',t-i' ~
0)
., (::J '
[it; .-4.",:r.v-;..
x. . .,.
'1 J: .
50
(:x.1/ ) ~ .(~ ':-~ l-) ~ (,';) . . " ':':/~

v
.Jf-
~e
A.:=-
1J;'~) X .~ - I M .~ "Ir~L ck,;t4, /crt-+,'~

0)
,;~ ?o/.)~;,cc
1...---
~ ~>-<--
z< -/~
x.;t~.J.)
';/0 .
/71~~~
-'
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&.
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-I
/.M~ /
M;
pc.,.
lL~o.r. )
1(; ) ~(~L -;:) ~ (.2 ~-) aY;de /~'~(,I) r (J 0:[1 ) :; (7 '(/J]0' (;J I-{' -.lt
T () .
I
% : )
'-O>~~)J-~o~.oo{):i;~:;.
0/ ) ;
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.;.
iT~~ IITe-VI/ ; T/ /~ 1/;
-; 1/
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 2 - MONDAY, 14 MAY 2007
Time: 1 ~ hours Notes:
Full Marks: 50
1. Let I =
~o
r jv'4-X r +
1
2 y2
vf:3x
~o
Idz dy dx.
(i) Sketch the region whose volume is given by I.
(ii) Express I as a repeated integral using cylindrical co-ordinates.

(iii) Express I as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to x, then z, and lastly y.
[12]
2. Express the mass of the solid lying within x 2 + (y - 1)2 spherical co-ordinates, if the density is given by f(x, y, z) Do NOT evaluate your integral.
+ z2 =
=
Z2.
1 as a triple integral using
(6]
3. Let F(x, y , z) = (z, x 2 y , 3) represent the velocity field of a fluid. Let S be that part of the surface Z2 = 4x lying in t he first octant , bounded by x: = 0, y = x and x + y = 2. Find the flux of F through S in the upwards direction. [8] 4. Use the transformation u = ax, v = by, with suitable values of a and b, to calculate where R is the region lying within the curve 4x 2 + 9y2 = 36.
JR J 1 dA,
[5]
5. Find the work done in moving a particle along the lower half of the circle (x - 3) 2 + (y - 1) 2 == 1
y2 from the point (2, 1) to the point (4, 1) , through the force field F(X 1Y) = (2xy, x 2 + e ). [5]
6. Obtain the area of that part of the cylilidQr y = 4 - x 2 lying in the first octant, between z == 0 and z = x. c.,u"tlE l1.. [5]
7. Let F : ]R2 ---+
]R2 be
defined by F (
) = (
X:x-1 __3~~
). Use the affine approximation to F
2 . . at t he pOInt ( - 1 ) to fi n-d an approxunate vaI f0F ( -1, 9 ) . ue 1, 2
[4]
8. Find the norrnal of the plane onto which A =
0 maps the plane x = 3. ( 22 _Ill 43)
(5)
I.
(~)
II
:0 /
I I /'cO:j. /"-~'''I 01/ 0I;!

(:;>
11
. ~ ~.:~~~8
c-/L9
y
Ii\
-Ul(~,I)
(It-, f )
c..
0-
Jl
C';
D
:1-:>- (;t-
J:;-4-6
t6:!:.l
DEPARTMENT OF MATHElVIATICS AND A PPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 2 - TUESDAY, 12 May 2008
Time: 1 Notes:
hours
Full Marks: 50
(i) Only approved calc ulators m ay be used. (ii) Full answers are expected.
1. Let T: ]R2 -+ ]R2 be defined by T ( x ) 'Y 1
=(
y-x )
x -2 Y2 \ .
6. Let EJ~c, y) = (x2 + y, Y + :z: ). Find t he work done in moving a particle alol1g the curve C t hrough the force field E. where
(i) Is 'T a lineae u antiform",tion ': Explai n

(ii) Use the aftlne approximat ion t o T at the point (
T ( 1,1 \ 0, 9 ). (iii) Find the approximate area or the image under T of a circle center ( radius
(i) C is the circle x 2 + y2 = I , and

) to find the approximate value of
(ii) C is the upper half of the circle x 2
+ y'2
= 1 traversed iIl an anti-clockwise direction.
[6]
), having
to.
= x 2 and y = o.
[2,4,3,4]
(iv) Find the images under T of the curves y
2. Let R be the region in the second quadrant bounded by x 2 + y2
= 4, y = -x and the y-axis.
(i) Express the area of n. as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to y and then with retipect to x.
(ii) Express the area of R as a repeated integral, integrating first with respect to x and then with respect to y. (iii) Evaluate
II
R
J2 +x
, 2
+ y2
dA using polar co-ordinates.
[2 ,4,5]
3. Calculate the surface area of that part of the surface z
= 4 and y2 = x.
= y'X cut
off by the surfaces y
=0
[7J
4. Use spherical co-ordinates to evaluate
J J J(x2 + y2 R
;1; 2
z2) dV
4 wit h
y
where R is t he region lyi ng with in t he sphe re
+- y2 + Z2 =
2 O.
[7]
5. T he region R is bounded by the graphs of .c +- 3p . .:: 0, X -t-- 3y Use a. sui table transformat ion t o evaluate J )'( 5,l; + 2y)dA.
R
= 2,
4:r - y
= 0 and 4:t -- )) :.-::. 5.

[7]
2
)11J H C) o 00 \t/- &"~'-u'77oAI:S

. _ - _ . _ -- - - -- - -
/0
~
~~
- - -,-
MT QJ
/~/f4Y;tao~
So
..-.-------..... - - . - - -
- ---""' ..........- ' - ' - - = "........-.--~-' '''--~~.~ ...--...--.,.. .... ~ .. .,;<,' ., .. ,-.., ~ .......~.~ .. ~-,. .... - ,.-,....." ..............
/ , (0 ;/~{/J):; 7(t)=.h
POf~~~.
r- V
=I
:2-
T0J ~;1
{-v ~C-'i~
-.2 -
s.
?..r tI. ;
)C-i
1
,CT
y;: 4- l'
-"'L
( , j
t= ('x'(f) ~ ~:l.;J) (f I-~) ~ (~q) _ /~ .::! I = 9.1'- J .40;= ~ CC~S eH)~ . I1J b ~ J f ' cl,.. D (C"';' q o.-t~o<.....-(. /'~)
f- ,, i.-f ". /
2-
iJ 1,,- .
MAM 2080w
Paper 1 revision
A. Coordinate systems:
1. 2. 3. 4. Polar Rectangular Spherical Cylindrical
B. Functions of 2 or 3 variables
1. 2. 3. 4. Level curves Limits Continuity (squeeze theorem) Partial derivatives a) Directional derivatives b) Gradient c) Tangent plane d) Slope of tangent line 5. Linear approximation 6. Differentiability
C. Vector functions & Space curves

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Limits (continuity) Derivatives integrals Arc length Curvature Normal vector/plane Osculating plane Osculating circle Chain rule
A2D
CooQ.D\ NPt"T12
S,/S-'EMS
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X:
:=:
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0.s. ~.$ ?:rr
i
1,
----- -
(XI~ YI)
e. Co::, e
e -: : J x1.
t7 =
~y7...
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t~- (
(J *
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2)
c r LI rJ DQIC"L.
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UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN

University Examinations - May/June 2004 Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics MAM280W - Mathematics 280W (Paper I) Time: 2
t hours
Full Marks: 100 Marks available: 100
,--------------------------------------------------------------------------1. The curve C is given by
This paper consists of 2 pages. Only approved calculators may be used. Full answers are expected. !vlarks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
r(t) = (In t, 21n t, (In t)2), t > O.
(i) Find two surfaces on which C lies, and use them to sketch the curve C. (ii) Express the length of that part of C which lies between the points (0,0,0) and (2,4,4) as
a definite integral. Do not evaluate your integral. (iii) Find the curvature of C at the point (0,0,0). (iv) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point (0,0,0).
[14}
. . 2. Let f(x, y)
={
lim
x + 2y x 2 + y2
if x = 0 or y otherwise.
(i) Does
(ii) Is (iv) Is
(x,y)-+(O,l)
f(x, y) exist?
f f
differentiable at (0, 1)? differentiable at (O,O)?
(iii) Does fx(O, 1) exist?
[10]
3. Let f(x, y)
= x 3y2 + ..,
x
and let P be the point (1,2).
(i) Obtain the Taylor expansion of f, up to the second degree terms, about the point P. (ii) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to the surface z
(iii) Find all directions in which the directional derivative of
= f(x, y)
at the point P.
at the point P is equal to 11.
[13]
1
4. Find and classify the stationary points of f( x, y) == 2x 3 .-; x 2y + y2.
[8]
5. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of x 2 y subject to the constraint y = x 2 - 8. [8]
6. Let F : ]R2 -+ ]R2 be defined by F (
(i) Is F a linear transformation?
(ii) Find the approximate area of the

10 cm.
1
irnage~ under
F, of a circle centered at (1,1) with radius
(iii) Use the two-variable Newton's Method, with

X2
Xl
= (
), to find a second approximation
to the equation F (
) =
o.
[9]
7'l -v9-x2
7. Let I = J o
J
x
(9 - x
y2) dy dx.
(i) Sketch the solid which has the integral I as its volume. (ii) Express I as a sum of repeated integrals, integrating first with respect to x and then with respect to y.
(iii) Use polar co-ordinates to evaluate I.

[11 ] 8. Use spherical co-ordinates to find the volume of the solid lying within the sphere x 2 + y2 + (z - 1)2 == 1 and below the cone V3z = Jx 2 + y2. 9. Calculate the surface area of that part of the surface z bounded by the planes z = 0, x == 0 and y = x.
(7] [6]
= 12 -
3y2 lying in the first octa.nt,
10. Let S be that part of the sphere x 2 + y2 + (z - 4)2 = 9 which lies above the plane z = 2, and let F(x, y, z) == (-y, x, 1). Use the Divergence theorem to calculate the flux of F passing through
S.
11. Use Stokes' theorem to evaluate
J(y2 Z 2 + z) dx
[7)
+ 2xyz 2dy + 2xlz dz

[71
c
where C is the curve r( t) == (cos t; sin t, sin t), 0 ~ t ~ 27T'.
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TO\VN University Examinations-May/June 2006 DEPARTMENT OF MATHElVIATICS A.ND .APPLIED MATHElVIA:TICS
IvlAl'vI2080\V - J\l1.A.THEMA.TICS 2080\V
,.ime :
2 hours
Full l\1'arks: 67 IVlarks Available: 70
1his paper consists of 2 pages .Vnly approved calculators rnay bev.sed answers are e.rr;pected. ivf ark.s will be
ttl
deduct ~d
for -incorrtplete solutiorlts:

. .. - .'
-_._ . ..._ - - .
,1. Let. f(x, y). = {/x+y x

2
if if
Y =1= 0 y =0
(i) Find /x(O, 0) and /y (0 10) if they exist, (--;ive reasons for your clainls.
(ii ) Do all the directional derivatives of
exist at (0: O)?
(iii) Find the directional derivati'Ve of
at (0: 0) in the direction (2: 1) .
(iv) Is f differentiable at (0, O)? Explain.
(v) If g\x,Y) =
C
x'
x2
+ 71
+CJc
if if
Y =f.. 0 y= 0 '
ii~ . 9 (:;.
E JR., give with reasons, a valLie of r. such that
y) does not exist.
(;r.Y ;'--)-\,IJ ,O)
2. The curve C is defined by r (t) = (s in 2 t , cos 2 t, cos tJ: t E JR,
(i) Is C a planar curve? E.'<:plain .
(ii) Find two surfaces on which C lies] and hence sketch the cu rve
'1'. (1 1"/
J
0 btain a vector equation of the t angent line
\:.0
G at the point (L 0 ; (i').
(iv) Calculate the curvature of C at the point
(LO, '0),
~. Express 1'4~ /Y f(x,

~~hen
. 2
".
y)
d1.;
dy asa rep ented integra,l, integrati ng firST \'\-'it h espcct to

. .
7 )
aud
\vith
res~'ect
li.
to x.
4. Let S1 be the paraboloid z -= x 2 F(x, y, z) = (y, -x, 3z).
+ (y + 1) 2 , 52
the plane z= 5
+ 2y,
and let
(i) Find the projection of the solid region enclosed by S1 and S2, onto the xy-plane. (ii) Obtain parametric equations for the curve of intersection of 51 and 8 2 ,
(iii) Calculate the volume of the region
R enclosed by 51
and 52.
(iv) Use the Divergence theorem to obtain the flux of F, through the portion of Sl that lies below 52, in the downwards direction.
(v) Find curl F. Is F a conservative force fieid?

(vi) Find the work done in moving a parti cle t hrough the field F ) aiong the curve of inter.section of S1 and 52 in an anti-clo ckwise direction .
5. Find the surface area of that part of the surface x z = 0 and z = 1 + y2 + x 3 . 6. Find and classify the stationary points of
= 1-
y that lies in the first octant, bet'ween

.
[j]
[4]
f (x, 11) = xy + ~ x 2 .
Xl
7. Use the two-variable Newton's tvlethod, with

X2
= (
--
~. ), to obtain a second approximation

:=:
to the soh~tion of the systern of equations x 3
~/'
1, xy2
=:
2.
[6]
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University Examinations-June 2007 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W - MAM2080W - Paper 1 Time: 2~ hours
Full Marks: 100 Marks Available: 103
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in t he lVIathematics Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.mth.uct.ac.za
This paper consists of 2 pages. Only approved calculators may be used. Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
----------------------~~------
1. Let C be the curve r(t) = (t, t 2, t4), t E lR, and let P be the point corresponding to t
!.
(i) Does the point Q (2, 4, 8) lie on C? Explain.
(ii) Obtain a vector equation of the tangent line to C at the point P.

(iii) Find the point(s) of intersection of C with the surface x 2 y + ~
= 3.
(iv) Find a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to the surface in (iii) at the point (2, 1, -~). (v) Obtain a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at the point P:
[2, 3, 4, 4, 4]
2. Let f(x, y)
={
2 - x - 2y if y
f. 1 if y = 1 .
j~(O,
(i) Use the definition to calculate ix(O, 1) and

(iii) Decide whether or not
1).
(ii) Show that all the directional derivatives exist at (0, 1).
f is differentiable at (0, 1).

[2, 4, 4, 5]
(iv) Find the direction(s) in which the directional derivative of f at (3, 5) has value 1.
3. Find parametric equations for the curve of intersection of the surfaces 2z + x 2 + y2 == 5 and Z2 = 3 + x 2 - 2y2. [5] 4. Locate and classify the stationary points of f(x, y) == X4
+ 5xy 3 + 3x 2y2.
[7]
5. Use Lagrange multipliers to find the points on x + y2 == that are nearest to and furthest [7] from the point (0, 3). Explain why these are the nearest and furthest points. 6. Evaluate
r r Jo J2X
x 2 sin(y4)dy dx.
[5J
7. Calculate the surface area of that part of z = y2, lying above the triangular region in the first quadrant which is bounded by the lines y = x, y = 1 and x = O. [6]
8. Let S be the sphere with equation x 2 + y2
+ (z - 2)2 = 4 and let F(x, y , .z) == (2x, y, x 2 + z)
be the velocity field of a fluid. (i) Express S in spherical co-ordinates.
(ii) Find the volume of the solid lying within the sphere S and inside the cone z = J3(X2
+ y2).
(iii) Use the Divergence theorem to calculate the flux of F' through the upper half of the sphere S in the upwards direction. [4,5,11] 9. Let P(x, y)
_y3
(2 x+y 2)2 and Q(x, y) .
= '(
xy2 2 x+y 2)2'
(i) Show that Py(x, y)

(ii) Evaluate
Qx(x, V) .
P(x, y) dx
+ Q(x, y)
dy where C is the ellipse 9x 2 + 4y2
36.
[2, 4]
10. Let F(x, y, z)
= (5z + ex2 , x, yz ).
(i) Find curlF. (ii) Use Stokes' theorem to find the work done in moving a particle through the force field F (x, y, z), along the curve of intersection of the surfaces x 2 + y2 = 6 and x + 2y + 3z = 1,
in a clockwise direction when viewed from above .
[2, 7]
11. Use the two variable Newton method to find a second approximation system of equations y3 X
;2
to t he solution of the [6]
= 0, x 2 -
2y
= 0, starting with ::r:l = ( \
) .
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University Examinations-May / June 2008 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATI-IEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W - MAM2080W - Paper 1
'rime: 2~ hours
Full Marks: 100 Marks Available: 102
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in the Mathematics Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.mth .uct.ac.za
This paper consists of 2 pages. Only approved calculators may be used. !,ull answers are expected. Marks will be deducted fc:r incomplete soltdi ons.
1. Let C be the curve r.(t) = (2t2, -1, 4t - 4), t E IR, and let S be the surface x 2 - 4 - 4yz = 0.
(1) Obtain a cartesian equation for the tangent plane to S at 1,he point P(2, -1,0).
(E) How many points of intersection are there of C and S?
(iii ) At what angle do C and S intersect at the point P(2, -l ,U ).
[3, 5, 3]
2. A particle moves along the curve C with its position at time t given by
'[ (t )::::: (cos t, sin t, t 2 ), t
2: 0.
(i) \tYrite down a vector equation for the tangent line to C at the point corresponding to )
t - 2' 'IT (ii) Find the curvature of C at the point where t = ~.
(iii) Find a cartesian equation for the osculating plane to C at.
t = ~.
(iv) Express the distance that the particle travels in moving :?tlong C, from the point (1,0,0) to the point (-1,0, 1f2), as a definite integral. Do not evaluate the integral.
[3,5 ,2,3]
. 3. Let
f (x, y) =
In(x2 + y2) 2 2' X +y
(i) Find all the stationary points of .f. Do not classify them.
(ii) Obtain the level curve on which the point (1,0) lies.
(iii) Use the above information to give a rough sketch of z =-=
f (x, y) .
[4,2,3]
4 " .
. 1 '1le t"unctIon 9
2x - 3y if y f. 2 . Use the definition of differ2 'f x 1 y = entiability to decide whether 9 is differentiable at the point (0,2). [6]
IS
d efi ne d by 9 (x, Y)
= {6 -
5. Find and classify all the stationary points of f (x, y) =
2X2
+ 3xy + y3 .
[7]
6. Use Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of (x - 1)2 - 3y2 , subject to the constraint x 2 + 4y2 = 36. Justify your claims. [8]
7. U'se the two variable Newton method to find a second approxirnation ~2 t o the solution of the 5 system of equations x 2 + 2y2 = 4 , x 2 - Y - 1 = 0 starting with l = ( \ ). [6]
8. Express the area of the region enclosed by the parabola y2 repeated integral, integrating
x and the line y = x - 2, as a
(i) first with respect to y, and then with respect to x,

(ii) fi rst with respect to x, and then with respect to y . Do not evaluate these integrals.
[7]
9. Let 8 1 be the surface x 2
+ y2 + Z2 =
25, and let 8 2 be the surface z
= 3. C
is the curve of
intersection of 8 1 and 8 2 .
(i) Obt ain a third surface on which the curve C lies. (U) Give a set of parametric equations for C.
(iii) vVrit e down a triple integral, using spherical co-ordinates, which gives the volume of the solid lying wit hin 8 1 and above 3 2 . Do not evaluate your integral. (iv) Calculate the mass of that par t of 8 1 that lies above 8 2 , if t he densit y function is given by p(x, y, z) = z.
[1,3,4,6]
10. Let F(x, y, z)

Z
x2
+ y2,
= (2z, y, x)
be the velocity field of a fluid, and let 8 be t he curved surface lying below z = 2. Use the Divergence theoreln t o find the flux of F through
S.
[8J
11. Use the transformation u
=y-
x2, V
= Y + x2,
to evaluate
J J x (y R
x 2 )dA,
where R is the region in the first quadrant , bounded by y = x 2 , Y .= x 2 y = 3 - x2.

12. Lt~t F(x , y, z)
+ 2, y = 2 - x 2 and
[7]
= (z, y, x).
(i) F ind curl F. (ii) Calculate the work done in moving a particle through t he field E along that part of the curve r(t) = (cost,sin2t, (7)3) from the point (0,0,8) t o tI1e p oint (-1,0,1).
[2,4]
2
Department of Mathematics & Applied Mathematics MATHEMATICS 280W CLASS TEST 3 - Monday, 4 June 2001
Time: 1- hours 2
1
Full Marks: 50
Marks Available: 51
Notes:
(i)
Only approved calculators may be used.
(ii) Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutior.
1. Let T :
~3 ~ ~3 be defined by T G) = G ~
n
+ y - z = 0 under T.
[5]
(i) Find the image of a normal to the plane 2x + y - z = 0 under the mapping T.
(ii) Find and describe the image of the plane 2x 2. Let
X :
F: ~2 ~ ~2 be defined by F(:) = C4 yy4).

value of F
(i) Is F a linear map? Explain. (ii) Use the affine approximation to F at the point
1,9) (0, '). ....
( 20)
to find an approximate
[6)
3. Find the mass of a piece of wire in the shape of the parabola y = x 2 , the density is given by p(x, y) == xy.
~ x ~ 1, if
[5]
4. Calculate the work done in moving a particle along the curve r{t) == (cos 3 t,.sin 3 t),
-2
7r
t:::; 2' through the force field F(x,y) == (x..y2
7r
+ arctanx,y2 + x 2y).
[4)
T.O
5. Use a sui table transformation to evaluate

2
/ / ysin(x y)dA
R
where R is the region in the first quadrant bounded by the graphs of y
= x, y = 2x ,
[6]
6. Find the mass of the solid lying between the plane z = 0 and the paraboloid
z
= x 2 + y2
and within the cylinder x 2 + y2
= 2y,
if the density is given by
p(x,y,z) = Jx 2 +y2.
[8]
7. Use the Divergence theorem to find the volume of fluid flowing through the upper h_:l.L of the hemisphere x 2 9
+ y2 + z2
= 4, z ~ 0, in the upwards direction, if the
velocity of the fluid is given by F(x,y,z)
= (x 3 ,y3,l +z3).
[10]
8. Use Stokes' theorem to evaluate / F.dr. where C is the curve of intersection of the
surfaces x 2
+ y2 = 4, x + y + 2z = 4,
positively orientated, and
[7]
. . I.
-....)
, _" ,
~ __
f;/ u~
d-C1O
,I
(tj
J . (tj
( ii)
.3.
"""-rS
J~("X.'1)o(.r ::.
Co.
t.l/' j,L 1(!6r .H
"t,
~r~-4'- c, ~ ,d4:r/Q,t f1 ,..

'I "'0 'III J'de..,. 7r
-I) ~ (0,1)
(o~
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics
NIATHEMATICS 280W CLASS TEST 3 - TUESDAY, 19 AUGUST 2003

Time: 1 ~ hours
Full Marks: 50
Notes: (i) Only approved calculators rnaJr be used. (ii) Full answers are expected. IVfarks ~vil1 be deducted for incomplete solutions.
1 For ,vhich value(s) of A does the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix
. 1 0 0 A-I ( 0
A(A 1 1) (,\ - 1)('\ - 2)
have _(i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution, (iii) infinitely many solu[7J tions? Find all solutions \vhenever possible.
2. Let X =
r 1('i
0 1
2
\ 1
y==
3 1 -1
and
~o ),
I
2 -1
4
~l
1 ) ),
I ~.
J
1 /
1)
(i) Is X a linearly independent subset of ]R1? Explain.

(ii) Find a cartgSiaD eqJ1a.tiQp for the linear subspace of 1I{1 generated
by Y.
(iii) Find the dimensioIl of, and give a basis for the linear subspace of mr 'generated by Y.
(iv) Is X a generating set for the linear subspace of JR4 generated by Y? Explain [11 J
0
3. Which of the following sets are closed under scalar multiplication, and which are closed under addition? Are either of the given sets linear subspaces? Give full reasons.
(i) {x E (ii) {(
R,5 : 2Xl -
X2
X4
!) :
+ X5 = 0, Xl
X3
+ Xs
. l}
a, b, e, d E R, ad - be
> o}.
{7]
4. Which of the follo,\ving statemeIlts are true and \vhich are false? Prove those that are true aIld provide an example to sho\v those that are false.
(i) Let A be a given 3 x
3 matrix such that the homogeneous system
Ax = 0 has infinitely many solutions. Then Ax = Q has infinitely many solutions for all Q E R3.
(ii) If B is a linearly dependent subset of R 3 , then B cannot generate

JR3 .
(iii) If det A == . 0, then the system
~4.x
= 12 has no solution for all
QE
]R3.
(iv) If A is a 3 x 3 matrix having det A -
= 10, ,then
det (2A)
= 20.
(v) If the square matrix B is obtained from A by repla~ing the first row of A by adding the second row to three times the first ro\v, t hen det A = det B. [10J
,1 1
5. Let A =
-3 \ 1 -1 - A 3J\ , AD a 1 0 4
0
2 -1 )
= O.
(i) Solve the equation del A
(ii) Does _4- 1 exist when ,.\ == 4 ? Explain.

(iii) F ind the element in the fourth TO'V and first column of A -1 in the caBe where A == o. rlol
l.
.J
6. Consider the differential equation
x 2 y !l(x)
+ xY' (x) + y(x) == 5
(i) Show that y (x )
sin (In x )is a solution of the associated homogeneous differential equation.
(ii) G iven that y (x ) == 5 is a particular solution t o the given differential eauation . find t \VO furt her solutions. r51
....
~
...
.,J.
s- (i.~j / ; I -i~/\ ~:i::/ -~~\ !} J ~ = I:/~ ,:l~).>' =/~J X 1 c I 0 ~ jJ 0 II-,/- 4--1~ -/ I-I-'/- 1t-.lA 0 J+~).. 1-3~ : ~ .P.-~~ -INA 1:= I,-JA )j:;'-r\ 1 -II = (I_J~IJ.3.j.J./\-~'!- o/::0- 3 "A )/3.-AV;+~) I H }. , -1 (\ l' ".//' +d-}.. r~" A~ ~
/:
i:
\. .
I/
) /'
\.'
S~'~
~ d.u:- 4-:=-0
~;:- - /
S--
./
A;::-..J
/l
::a-
'3 .
( "j
Y4!s.
('~{'r
~- A =9- ) ~11 =to.J

o.
A--1 ~/(-~.
(/~ }JJ A.::-
7Z~ ~~:3,
:: (-j
I~
J;
~
I
J
-D
f !:
~.
$'0
01J =
;;.,
-L. dd If
C:f-:= ~.
3
;. "i; ~:::-~~(~:t) -;:j

~
,.~~;. 11 JJ~'f-e>-~) ~ ~ /J~~ 1_d ~5~QM d~. '.:, ~-0<"<-- ~ ~_-e. . ....;; k-"-o.../'} IJfj Lk r,-<-""/=-..~~ ~ 4, ,( X) '=:' S- + ~~ (~:t) Ckrc{ 4 C:t).::= S- -J-.3 ~( J?;.../ ) ~ 6Jt J VaAfvL,u~\' Cv-J
X -.:t'+:1 'tf+X
1
~/=V
=.
X-
J.
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-God(--&~) -~'JA~). + Ccd(~X.)-f~~~.i) .=--0..;
~-: /J't.~
~C5lJ ~~_( ~e .
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 280W CLASS TEST 3 - THURSDAY, 25 AUGUST 2005
Full Marks: 50
3. 1 A is a. 4 x 4 matrix with detA = 3, write down the value of det( - 2.4 3 ).
[3]
4. Let B
1o 7 1 -1) A
1
1
3- A 2 0 1- A
0
-2 -1
-1 - A
Time: 1 Notes:
hours
(i) Solve the equation det B

(i) Only approved ca.lculators may be used. (ii) Full answers are expected.
= O.
X3
(ii) Use Cramer's Rule to find the value of
if
L X { (. =
Let
il ),(]1 ) ,( 1J ,( ;2 ) ,(n }
]R"
B ( :: ) x;}
X4
=(
~2
-2 ) -4
in the case where A = 2.
[71
5. Let A
(i) Is X a linear subspace of Itt~?Fxplain .

(ii) Is X a basis for R"? Eh--plain.
1 3 0) 2 1 ( -1 1 4 . 0
(iii) tor each value of A, find a cartesian equation for the linear subspace of}R4 generated by the set X. (iv) Find a subset Y of X that is a basis for in the case where).
(i) Find the elements in the second row of the adjoint of A . (ii) Find the elements in the second row of the matrix product (adj rl)A. (iii) Deduce from (ii) the value of det A .
= -3.
(v) Express each of the element (s) of X that are not in Y, as a linear combination of the elements of Y (in the case A = -3).
[6]
6. Solve the initial-value problem
[13]
2. The following diagram shows a road network where all the streets are one-way. The Bow of traffic in and out of the network is measured in vehicles per hour, and is indicated on the diagram. Let Xl, X2 and X3 denote the number of vehicles flowing along the various branches per hour.
in y
+2 -
Y cos x ==
(sin x -
I - y
x) - , dy
dx
y( - )
IT
= 1.
[6]
7. Consider the differential equa.tion
t3Y"'(t)
(i) Show that Yl(t) =
+ 2t 2 yl/(t) + tyl(t) -
y(t) = t ....... (*)
t tin t is a solution to (*).
(ii) Is Yo(t) = t a solution of the associated homogeneous differential equation? Explain. (iii) Is the set of all solutions to (*) a linear subspace? Explain.
(i) Construct a. system of linear equations in the unknowns

flow in this road network.
Xl, x2
and
Xl
that describes the traffic
(iv) Find two further solutioIlB to (*). Which results have you used?
(ii) Solve the system you constructed in (i) and deduce the maximum and minimum values of x~.
[91
[7]
1
<.J
Not-,"" --L.~Q.-.. ,.-'~yo,~~
~-co-(g,r ~~'Jf-r.;:rt c..O--; ~

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= ol.d'4
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(ii )
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 3 Time: 1 hour Notes: (i) Only approved calculators may be used. (ii) Full answers are expected. Tuesday, 5 SEPTEMBER 2006 Full Marks: 40 5 Let X
={(
-!). (-D' (-D' (-D }

~~)
belong to the linear subspace generated by X? Explain.
(i) Find a cartesian equation for the linear subspace of]R4 generated by X . (ii) Is X a linearly independent subset of ]R4? Explain.
(lli) Does (
1. Given that A is an n x n matrix, express each of the following in terms of detA:
(iv) Write down a subset of X that is a basis for the linear subspace generated by X .
(i) det( -2A)
[8]
1 2 - /\ : 2-,\ 1 2-,\ -1 -1 1
(ii) det(A-l) (iii) det(adj A ).

6. Let B
=(
~ 1\ )
1 1 .
[6]
2. Which of the following are closed under scalar multiplication? For those that are linear subspaces give a basis and the dimension.
(i) Calculate detB.

(ii) For which value(s) of >. is detE
(i) The set of all vectors (x, y , z , tv) E 1R4 such that y = 0 and x =
= w; = o.
[6]
(iii) If B
(ii) The set of all solutions to the differential equation 1J(x )y"{x) - x + y(x)
Xl) ~: = 1 ~ )
= O?
, use Cramer's rule to find x, in the case where A = O.
3. The vectors (
b #0.
~)
and (
i)
[9]
7. Find all solutions to the differential equation
y eX
are both solutions of a matrix equation Ax = b, bE 11.',
= (1 _ 2y _ eX)
dy dx '
(i) Find two solutions of Ax
= o.
[4]
(ii) Give as many solutions of Ax = b as possible.
[5]
4. Prove or disprove the following statements:
(i) Let A be an n x n matrix, b E ]Rn, b # O. If Ax = 0 has a non-zero solution then Ax = b has infinitely many solutions. (ii) If X is a linearly dependent subset of ]Rn, then each element of X can be written as a linear combination of the other elements of X.
[4]
2
1
M/-}/1 d-O ~o 'y. .(- SOa-/7(j~
TD
eL~ ~T-~
-:-s./oy~~'
1'(0 01- (-J4) = (-~) ~dlf

(;i<) J;;'<t- A- ("'..1;',4. ) ~ (old-~.:z;.,. )
~ o-IJ-(a,lI ,4):: {!d-A)M~~
(y oId41;:.
(o.td- A)
"'/;'+'
~~ ~
' I
old-(acI;'A) ;
t-d-I
J.
J,(iJ 'P<
-"J
X:
loL ( f)) ,LGJ?/

;"
0
0
Fcr-au.;",;
If(,f))= y(,j/r;X.
X kI ~~v.L. _~ S'ccv(QrA4'C.eeL-~v/t/'co~'~
.
[X k ~ ~('I~ ~/Q1:--\ x ~<- ~ .d:~X' ~~'O<.<r C ,A ~J .'

o
D I
0
,-I
()
a ~ lor x..;,
(it)
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Alo 7:
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS J\;IATHEMATICS 2080W CLASS TEST 3 - TUESDAY, <1 SEPTEMBER 2007
Time: 1 ~ hours
Notes: :Bull l\1arks: 50
4. Express 3 -:r + 4x 2 as a linear combinn.tion of the fUIlctions 1 + :r, 2 -- :r2 and 3:1: + 2 );2 .
5. You are given that Yl (x) = 2 + x + 2:r 3 and Y2(X) = x + 3x In x linear, third order, non-homogeneous differential equation.
[4]
+ 2);3
are both solutions to a
(i) Give three solutions to the associated homogeneous differential eqll;),tion .

Oi) How many soluti ons are there t o the non-homogeneous differential (~q uatjon?
(i)
Only appro1/ed calcula tors rnay be used. (ii) Full answers aTe expected.
(iii) Vlrite down as many
solmion~'
as you can to the non-hl)illogeneous differenti al equation.
1.
_ 1 Let A - I
(11 (1\ (1\I: oil 3)' 'f' f( l \0 /

l)
;
[8]
ylny+y./e+v+(x+ =:0
2 3
3151 ( 0 \)
I
'
I 0
\4}
\7)
(i) Is A a linear subspace of ]R4? Explai n.

(ii) Find a cartesian equation for the linear subspace X of JR.'1 generated by A .
(i) Show that (t) is not an exact differential equation.

(ii) Show that (x, y)
= tis an
integrating factor for (t).
(iii) Is A a basis for the linear subspace X generated by A? Explain .

(iv) Give a subset B or A that is a basis for the linear subspace X generated by /1(v) What is the dimension of X? (vi) Extend the subset B that you found in (t v) to a basis for
]R4.
(iii) Find the solution to (t) which sa.tisfies y(l)
= 2.
[9]
[1.3]
2. Let A
= ( - . x 1x
x -;) 0 \
x 0
.3
3 :c . 3)
3
(i) Calculate der.A. (ii) For which value(s ) of x, if any, is detA (iv) For the case x
= O?
(iii) For which value(s) of x, if any, is A an invertible matrix?
= 4, find
det2A , d etA 2 and detA -1 .
(v) Find the element in the first row an d fourth column of A- 1 in t he case 'where x
= 4.
[13]
3. For wh ich vaIue(s ) of k does the system of linear equations represented by the augmented matrix 10 ok
0
k -16 k 2 - 16
I 3- k
1
k - <1
have (i) no solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions, and (iii) a unique solution? Give reasons for your claims
[4]
2
/1/9-/1 ~o8'o
'V.; -
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Tn
C?~:5
~T/J c..-t'cI>-<.,.(
4- ~, ~~
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"yO '-
:2
(J)"' (V f. A
x,)
I
50
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<-e
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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEl\!IATICS A ND A P P LIED MATHEMATICS MAM2080\V - CLASS TEST 3 - MONDAY, 25 August, 2008 MAM2084S - CLASS TEST 1 - MONDAY, 25 AUGUST 2008 T ime: 1 ~ hours Full Marks: 50
Notes : (i)
Only approved calc ulat ors may be used.
~
0
i
4. Let A=
3 02
~~
50 7 1 -2 o 4
!)
.
(ii) Full ans wers are ex pected.

l. 'F'or which values of k does the system of linear equations
(i) Evaluate det A . Show your working.
l kk-l\ Ok k !x = k - l j ( Ok 1 / \ 0 / have (i) no solution, (ii) a unique solution, or (iii) infinitely many solutions 9 Find all solutions, in terms of k, whenever possible.
( k\
(ii) Use Cramer's Rule to fi nd the valUe of x) sat isfy:np; Ax
rH
\~ )
[11]
(iii) V ':rite down t h,;; ";J.i ..ws of det (2A ) and det (A2).
[8]
2. Let A =
{(
)1 ) , (
~: ~ ~~
) ,( ) ,(
) }, B = { (
~ ~
) ,(
5. Let B
2 x 1 -2 4 -1 4 0 x (
603
~3 )\ 1
9
) }
c= {
UUUJ }, ). ).
[14J
Find , by inspection, two vaiues of x for which B - 1 does not exist. Give reasons for your claims.
[5J
6. Find the solution to the differential equation
(x
2
and let X be the linear subspace of ]R4 generated by the set A.
+ eY + - ) ~ = 1 y dx
x dv
2x y- In y
(i) Obtain a cartesian equation for X.

(ii) Find a subset D of A that is a basis for X . Give reasons for your claims. (iii) Extend the set D found in (ii) to a basis for Ri. (iv) Decide whether or not Band C are bases for X. Give full reasons.
which satisfies y(O)
= l.
[6]
3. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Prove those that are true and provide a counter-example for those that are false. (i) Every subset of R3 which does not contain the zero vector is linearly independent. (ii) The sum of two solutions to a homogeneous system of linear equations is again a solution. (iii) T he set of a.ll solutions to the differential equation y' (t) subspa.ce ,
+ y(t)
t2
forms a linear
[6)
e'J
J.)
I
/
j f 3 ,I
()
.r
0
>0
6J '/
~
::=-
( -1 J
>j" o'03,.l :; J I
I I
o~
';l.
'f!
;_ 0
t,..
~ '/I...
C<..
t?!d4
36
(Ii)
01.:-
(j! A.)
I
~ ~ r. (3
V
~. C J
oI.u-( 4 ~)
c-t..f
(y i)',
sO'. ~
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-it
ft-
~
Cf
.,. - Pt;: ,
SO
g=
0
<
.,f'
b.
1:::.
;) ( d~
>-0 o&r- tf.:1 c)
S~'...-<-
,8 -( ..t-t:,.--..,If
. c:::~~ oed
/,~ 0)
g -t-l ea .4fc!?-~ If ~ .1 ~ O
)
l';.
~ (.'-:;f-~JJ-I):::,,!) [ ..;;,.., M
~L
it (r.+ef/+~)-d-:t+-d,
X
oc:51
+ ~"<
+,,)1]
~ ~ /J,l- ,
f(r','!}:: J~"J
-I};U":-
~',..<-<-
1 ) 5' ~'c-... ,.;,

-. ':::-0)
-( :;. AJ
~ .~ ~ t;)::: e '1)
20 $.1:>
X-
-,l
1ft}
r
)(...t:...-.J
+-).
PcdI'J-
J'::: /
AAK
2-!/ - ~ f- e 1;=- c / C ~ K....-. ~ A ~"'-J(J..,/ /tJ~ ,...."

-
)( -IZ"'-J
+-): ( ;
y- + -e
11;:: e
DEPARTIvIENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080"\V CLASS TEST 4 - MONDAY, 15 OCTOBER 2007
Time: 1 ~ hours
Fun Marks: 50
(iii) Decide whether your transformation represents a rotation or a reflection combined with
it
rotation. Give the equation of the line in which the reflection ta.kes place and also the angle th rough which the axes are rotated .
(iv) Use your results from (i) and (ii) to sketch the conic
7x+ 2y
,'2 ,
I
12::r;y -
Vf3 .r + Vi3 11 = 24.
12
Notes: (i)
Only approved ca,jcuia t oTs may be used. (ii) Full answers are expected.

I'() lj' X \
- 11 2' '"
5. Let A
I'
lx) - -:32
x
'Ij
"
() x
4 = -
x'
x > O.
I1 \ :3
( 2 1 1 3 2 2 _~
'1004)
.
0 0 -3
(* )
(i) Without doing any calculations, "vrite down the value of detA. Give a reason for your
answer .
(i) ShoVl that Yl(X) = x 3 and Y2(X)
~ arc linearly independent solutions of t he homoge-
neous differential equation associated with (*) . (ii) Use the method of variation of paramet.ers to constr\!~t a pair of equations which can be solved to find, a particular solution to (*). (iii) Solve the system you found in (ii) to obtain a particular solution, and hence write down all the solutions to (*).
(ii) Civf'n that. ,\
= :-3
and A = -5 are eigenvalues of A, find all th e eigenvalues of A .
(iii) Is A a diagonalizable matrix'? Explain.
(iv) Give a basis for t he eigenspace E:; .
[7]
[101
2. Use the met hod of undetermined coefficients to find two particular solutions to t.he differential equation
(D2 - 3D)y(x) = 12xe 3x .
[7]
3.
'. -'h (I) ::" ow t hat (1) \ 1
allCI \
, (
2) aIf~ eIgenvectors 7 \.
f t h e matnx .
(3 7
_22 ) .
Oi) Use diagonalization to solve the system of linear first-order differential equations
xi (t) = 3Xl (t) + 2X2(t) + 2

x; (t) = 7Xl(t)- 2X2(t) - 7
[12]
4. (i) Use the diagonaiization p ro cess to identify the conic
7x
2
+ 2.1/ + 12xy =
22,
by reduci ng it to a standard form.

(ii) Sketch the conic in (i) with respect to the x - and y-axes. Shov,r also th e directions of the new axes that you introd uced in (i).
2
( ;i~)
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MAM2080W' - CLASS 'rES,!' 4 - l\rl0NDAY, 06 October, 2008 MAM2084S - CLASS TEST 2 - MOND_AY, 06 October, 2008
Time: 1. 1. hours 4 Notes: Full Marks: 51
(i)
Only approved calcu.lators 111ay be used. (ii) Full a.nswers are expected.
1. Given that Yl(:r)
= xandY2(x) = ~~ a.re solutions of the homogeneous differential equation

x
associated \vith
x 2 y" (x ) + xy' (x) - y (x ) = x In x ..... ..... (*)

use Variation of ParaIl1eters to obtain a system of equations that can be used to find a particular solution to (*). Hence find the general solution to (*). [9)
2. Use the definition to shov t hat the set of functions {:r, /
~}
x
is linearly independent on the
interval (0, (0).
(3]
3. Use the method of undetennined coefficients to find a particular solution to the ditIerential equation (D2 - 9)y( x) = (24x + 20) e- 3x .
[6J
4. Let P be the 3 x 3 matrix which represents a reflection of )R3 in the plane x - 2y + 3z = O. \rVrite do\vn all the eigenvalues and the corresponding eigenvectors of P. [4] 5. The ~3 x 3 ITlatrix A is such that det A :::: O. If A has a repeated eigenvalue and the sum of the diagonal elernents of A are 6; \vhat are t he possible eigenvalues of A? Give full reasons. 6. lTse the diagonalization process to reduce the conic \vith equation
[3]
2X2
+ 2y2
- 4xy -t- J2x
V2y = 2
[11]
to a standard forrn yvith respect to a. new set of axes. Sketch the conic \vith respect to the x - and y-- axes, sho'iving the directions of the nC'w axes .
7. Use t he diagonalization process to solve the systen1 of linear firstoorder differential equations
x~(t)
= 21;1(t) - X2(t) + 2X3(t) + et . x~( t) = Xl(t) + 2X3(t) + et x~(t) = -2 Xl (t ) + 2X2(t) - 3x;~(t)
[15]
1
/Y/l-I'( cJ-O?~
-S
CL~ /e'TT~
6 ()c~ /CJ<f&7t., ~ eo ? -_.'- ----_. -------------------I.
l
(/
::
.- .J.,t),
-- J../J\..
5"0 ~(J[}:>-
/
7
(!!... Y.).2..
: Lbv ~ +
A
1)L J(
a,-p(
1/ it)
~
)
x1- A
'L
x2. .S'
/Z.! - f> -" 1

..;?
_ -:
..R."-A
c,,. /
.-d.. J..R~ --,o1..J. '"",A IfG-- R ,

~~,
0.-..
'1} ex I ;
!J
I-
_if -t 2)L
Ci-t
I.e:t
J/;I-- -
3:c .JZ.cX_,
~
.)
k
/?:.Jf
~ l-4. f:J-_
.L.r ouw
&
( -0 oOJ.
PJ~~(
.t ..=-:;"
cL-/-;1=o J- t( f- %-= <>

j?
5
e_ 1
-=)c/ ~,&
/
.
-!-o
OAli-Y'
4~~)
.-d" l'
3_
l' ;L,.i. j
..L.. ~? ~~-o-...u...:f-x
A. , '
(?>-.J)tfl+ J) [(A.~f ~j.~) e _1j

.4tu~ ~
i,2
11 6 F (4 -r- 8.-
'"
r
e- 3 A.(JJ - (.)2> [' A:>Lf t.l 'j

f-.J-Il)
.: e-J"(J-()[A--j-~/Jf..-]::- e-J~/_6A-I.J-Il.A
AA.)'Q -
8 _ ~ lr-
~~
-- t; 4
t4-.;l .
=...2-0
- J. -
6,
f .
!-/~/; ~/
-~-+---::>
.x...
\-.z
.2
-~-'0/ ~l:: ;~ -/-~ :(i -}')I:~ _sO_ r/;=--(t-(l(j+-~)

'"' .. ? .j.
..<"d-
1~ (0I IeJ .1
I
-.2
d-
-/
- -I )
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University Examinations- November 2007 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W - MAIV12080W - Paper 2 Time: 2~ hours Full Marks: 100 Marks Available: 103
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in the Mathematics Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.rnth.uct.ac.za
This paper con8i8ts of 2 pages. A table of Laplace transforms is attached. Only approved calculator8 rnay be used. Full answers are expected. Marks will be deducted for incomplete solutions.
----------------
(i) Is ~X a linear subspace of R4 in the case where c
I ? Explain.
(ii) In the case where c = 0, find a basis for, and give the dimension of the linear subspace X . Give reasons for your claims.
(iii) Is { (
1,(J )
1 ) , (
1 ) , (
I )}
a basis for
~4?
Explain.
[2 , 5, 3]
2. Let A
(~ =~ ~~ ~).
0 4 (i) Evaluate the cofactor of the element in the third row and second column of A.
(ii) Calculate det A.

(iii) Is A an invertible matrix? Explain. (iv) Vlithout further calculations, write down the sum of, and the product of the eigenvalues of A. Explain how you arrived at these results. (v) Find all the eigenvalues of A in the case where x (vi) Is A a diagonalizable matrix in the case where x
-5. Why/why not?
= -5?
(vii) Obtain a basis for each eigenspace of A in the case where x
-5.
[2, 4, 1, 3, 5, 3: 7J
1
3. The surface S has cartesian equation 2X2
+ y2 + Z2 + 2yz + V"iy -
V2z
= 2.
(i) Use the diagonalization process to reduce S to a standard fonn with respect to a new
set of axes. (ii) Identify the surface S, and sketch it with respect to the the directions of the new axes.
X -,
y- and z-axes. Show also
(iii) Does the orthogonal nlatrix that you introduced in (i) represent a pure rotation or a rotation cOlubined with a reflection? Give reasons to support your clairns .
[9, 4, 2]
4. Which of the following statements are true and which are false? Prove those that are true, otherwise provide a counterexample.
(i) T he sum of two n x n orthogonal matrices is an ort hogonal lllatrix.
(ii) Eigenvectors corresponding to distinct eigenvalues of a square rnatrix are linearly independent.
[6]
y"(t)
+ 2y' (t) + y(t) = (2 -- t) e- t
(t)
(i) \iVrite down the general solution to the horIlogeneous differential equation associated with (t) . (ii) Use the method of undetermined coefficients to find a particular solution to (t) (iii) Use variation of paralueters to find a particular solution to (t) . Show your working. (iv ) Use the Laplace transform to find the solution to (t) which satisfies the initial conditions y(O) = 1, y'(O) = O.
[2, 6, 8, 5]
6. Find the general real solution to each of the following:
(i) (D 3 + 8)y(t) = 0, (ii) (D4 - D2)y(t) = 0,
Y (iii) v 2 + l+x 2
v
+ (1 + 2xy + arctan x). dx = O. ~

[3, 3, 5]
82 8 -"
dy
'7
,. (i)
Obtain -1
(8 2 + 23 + 5)(3 _ 1) .
(ii) Find {l'(t-u)3COS2udu}.

(iii) Express f(t)
I { t
if if
0 < t < 2 in tenns of the unit-step fun ction, and hence find ?::: 2
{ f(t)}.
[8, 3, 4]
2
UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN University Examinations- October 2008 DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMArrICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS MATHEMATICS 2080W - lVIJ\M2080W - Paper 2 MATHEMATICS 2084S - MAM2084S - Paper 1 Time: 2~ hours Full Marks: 100 Marks Available: 103
If you would like to access your examination script(s) please see the noticeboard in the Mathematics Building for application details or alternatively go to http://www.mth.uct.ac.za
This paper consists of 3 pages.A table of Laplace tTansjorms is attached. Only approved calculators may be used. Full answers are expected. !vIarks will be deducted fOT incornplete soZ,utions.
a
1. Let A
------------------------
+1
=
(
~
a
c c b: 1 ) , a, b, c, d E JR. c+l b c d+4
(i) Evaluate det A. (ii) Use your result from (i) to decide if A is invertible when a = b = c = 1 and d = -16.
Explain.
(iii) Use Cranler's Rule to find the value of X2 if A

(
~ '4231
3;2 )
and a
= b = c = 1 and d = O.
[5,2,3]
(i) Find a cartesian equation(s) for the linear subspace A of JR4 generated by X.
(ii) Write down a basis for, and give the dimension of A. Justify your claims.
(iii) Extend the basis you find in (ii) to a basis for
]R4 .
[5,3,2]
3. Find bases for the eigenspaces of the matrix

2 -1 2 0
A=(l
4. Let A =
3 0
1)
[8]
and decide whether A is diagonalizable. Explain .
( 204
322) . 2 2 0
(i) Show that (
!)
is an eigenvector of A. What is the corresponding eigenvalue?
(ii) Use the fact that det A
= 0 to find
all the eigenvalues of A.
(iii) Use the above results to reduce the surface with equation
3x 2 + 2y2
+ 4Z2 + 4x y + 4x Z + 2y -
Z= 6
to a standard form with respect to a new set of axes. Sketch this surface with respect to the
X- ,
y - and z- axes , and show the directions of the new axes.
[2,3,9]
5. Show that the transforrnation represented by the rnatrix
-;2 3 2 1 2 represents a rotation. Find also the axis of rotation, and the angle through which this rotation takes place. [7]
(i
=~)
6. Which of the following statements are true and which are false ? Prove those that are true, otherwise give a counter-example. (i) The set X
= {~ E ]R3
: .1:1
+ X3 = :c~} is a linear subspace of ]R3.

J.L of a matrix
(ii) If ;r and yare eigenvectors corresponding to the distinct eigenvalues ,,\ and A, then {;r,1{} is a linearly independent set .
(iii) The eigenvalues of a real syrnmetric rnatrix are real.
(i v) Let
~v be the Wronskian of the functions Y1 (x) and Y2 (x) . If VV then {Yl(X) , Y2(X)} is linearly independent on t he int erval 1.
f-
0 for some Xo E I,
[12]
7. Find the general solution to each of the following differential equations:
+ sin y + (1 + 3x 2 + X cos y)y'{x) = 0, (ii) (D2 - 4D)y(x) = 2 + 48x 2,

(i) 6xy
(iii) (D - 3)2y(x ) = 10e 3x ,

(iv) x 3 y"(x) - 2x y( x) = 1, given that Yl(X )
= x2
and Y2(X) =
-~
x
are both solutions of the
associated homogeneous differential equation.

8.
[5,7,5,7]
(i) Use the Laplace transform to solve the initial-value probleIl1 y"(t) (11) Express j(t)
+- 2y'(t) + y(t)
e- t , y(O) = -3, y'(O) = 2.
..
{O t
if if
0t ~t < 2 < 2
in terrrlS of the unit-step function, and hence find .c{f (t)}.
(iii) Find {f; u~~ cos(t - u)du}.

(iv) Find -1 {' ___ _ } . s 2 3 + 48 + 20 (v) If y(t) = -1
{e:;},
)
sketch the graph of y(t) and find y(5).
l'v1Al'v12080W - MATHEMATICS 2080W

Table of Laplace Transforms
~_f_(t_)__
. {f(t)}
--+-
= F(s)
s-a
tn
cos at
sin at
8 2
t cos at
(8 2 +-
a2 a 2)2
t sin at
2as
F(s - a)
u(t - a)f(t - a)
sn F(s) 8 n - 1 f(O)
e- as F(s)
8,,-2 f'(O)
Lf(n)~
- . .. - 8f(n-2)(0) - f(n-I)(oJ
Department of Mathematics and Applied M a thematics
MAMI03W and ENDI07W

Exercise Sheet on First Order Linear Differential Equations
L Solve
(i) - +- 2y
dy dx
= e
-x
(Answer: y = e- X (Answer: y = ~eX/2 cos x
+- Ce- 2x ). +- Ce X/ 2).
cos 1 .
dy (ii) 2---- -y= e x/2 dx dy (iii) x---dx
+- 3y = - 2
+ Y = Slnx
.
sin x x '
y(l)
(A nswer: y
= - - 3 - +- -3-) ' x x
x x
dy (iv) x--
dx
c cosx (Answer: y = - - - - ) .
y(5)
dy (v) (y-x)d-=y,
:
=2
y (Answer: x = 2
+- -).
8 y
dy (vi) (:.c - l)L? d -,x (vii) x ~.~ -
+- 4 (r~ y = x+: - 1
2
(Answer: y -
+ (x - 1) 4 ). . - (x - . 1)
3
4
lx 3
if = x
sec x t.an x,
J;
> 0, y( IT /3) = 2 (Answer: y = x 2 sec x +
(~~ -
2):c2 ) ,
2.
(a) A large tank is filled with 500 litres of pure water. Brine containing 2 kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at the rate of 5 l/min. The well-stirred solution is pUlllped out at the sanle rate. Find the nun1ber of kilograms of salt y(t) in the tank any time t. Hence deduce the amount of salt (in kg) in the tank after 25 minutes (Answer: y(t) = 1000 -- lOOOe- t / 100 kg and y(25) ~ 221.20 kg)
(b) A large tank is partially filled with 100 litres of fluid in which 10 kg of salt is dissolved. Brine containing 1/2 kg of salt per litre is pumped into the tank at the rate of 6 l/min. The well-stirred solution is pumped out at the same rate. Find the nU111ber of kilograllls of salt y(t) in the tank after 30 minutes. (Answer: About 64.38 kg)
Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics MAMI03W and ENDI07W Exercise Sheet on Second Order Linear Differential Equations
Find the general solution of each of the following differential equations. If initial conditions are given, find the solution that satisfies the stated conditions.
I. y" -- y' - 2y
=0
=0
(Ans\ver: y(x)
(Answer: y(x)
CI e-
x + c2e 2x ).
2. y" + 6y' + 25y
= e- 3x (cI cos( 4x) + C2 sin( 4x)]).

CI e- xvi2 (CI
3. y" - 2y
=0 =0
(Answer: y(x) =
+ c2exv'2). + xC2)e X ).
4. y" - 2y' + y
5. y"
(Answer: y(x) = (Answer: y(x)
+ 2y' + 2y = 0
e-X(cI cosx
+ c2sinx]).
~1
x 2 / ).
d2 y dy 6. 4 dx 2 + 4 dx + y
7. 4y"
= 0, y(O) = 1,
y'(O)
=1
(Answer: y(x) (Answer : y(x) =

Cl
h+ -x1e2 J
L
+y=0
OX) cos C2
. '2 + C2 SIn (X),).
8. y" - y' - 12y = 0, y(O) = ;3, y'(O) = 5

d2 y dy 9. -d + 2-d 2
x x
(Ans\ver: y(x)
= e- 3x + 2e 4X ).
+ 5y =
0) y (0)
2, y' (0)
(Answer: y(x)
= e-x [2 cos(2x) + 4sin( 4x) J).
10. y" + 4y' + 5y

II. y" + 2y = 0
= 0,
y(O) :::: 1, y'(O) = 0
(Answer: y(:;;) = (Answer: y(x )
e-
2x
[cos
x+ 2 sin x] ).
0
= Cl cos(.~\/2) + C2 sin (:r}2) )

=
2x Cl e-
12. (D2
+ 5.D +
6)y(x) = 0
(Answer: y(x)
+ C2e-3x).
d2 y dy - 2 - 4- + 4y(t) = 0 13. dt dt .
14. (D2 + 2D + 4)y(x) = 0

d2 y dy 15. 15- + 13-- - 44y(t) = 0 dt 2 dt
<
(Answer: y(x) =
e- .3x [CI
cos( v'3 x)
+ C2 sin(}3 x)]).
16. (D2 + 16)y(t) = 0

17. y"(x) -- 6y'(x)
(Answer: y(t) =
Cl
cos(4t)
+ C2 sin(4t)).
= 4e 3 ;r; sinx).
+ 3t)).
\
+ 10y(x) = 0,
y(O)
y(O)
= 0, y'(O) =5
=--::
(Answer: y(x)
18. (D - 1)2y(t)
= 0,
= 2,
y'(O)
r.--
(Answer: y(t) = e t (2 _,
r;:; ;;:;
d2 y dy 19. dx 2 +6 dx + 12y
= 0, y(O) = 2y3, y'(O):::: 0 (Ans.: y(x)
= e 3X[2 \/3 cos( y3x) +6s1n(y3x)]).
.;;:;

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By the time you are done with the subject you should have resolved 25 tutorials, 12 exercise sheets,

MAM 2080W is a demanding subject.

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS

MAM2080W -INFORMATION SHEET - 2008

Please note that NO supplementary examinations will be offered for MAM2080W.

= x cos x + -(x - I + tan(x 2) at --)-3 = x 2 - x3

the point. where

(i) on the interval (-00,00), and

OP and OQ, where 0

(v) Find a non-zero vector perpendicular to both

10. Evaluate eac..h. of t he fo1l0wing:

(Have your answers and reasons checked!)

11. Suppose f(x) 2: 0 for a b f(3:) dx.

b. Give at least three different physieal interpretations for

.. x... (11) Y = - 1 2 (m) y

(a) Find a cartesian equation for the curve. in R2 defined parametrically by

4x 2 , 0 ~ x ~ 1. Calculate the length of

/1411 JIlOg"O y...( -~

rkitt 'l poo,g

1,1} +- ~ (1,1 ~ -"') ~

(4/ ';:;1/ (II!.J

-)'1f ~-e '

x. +- c7-- -R-"... / :i I- I / -I- C-

MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 2 26,27,28 FEBRUARY 2008

(i) r(t) (ii) r(t)

(i) z = x 2 + y2 - 1 (iii) z = VI3,- x 2 - y2 (v) z = V 2 + y2 - 1. x

(ii) z = 2X2 - 1 = v''-6---2-x'''-2_-3y-2

(iii) r(t) = (t, v'f=t2) , 0 ~ t ~ 1 = (In t, VI - (In t)2), 1 :::; t ~ e.

(i) Sketch the surfaces z = x 2 + y2 and 2y + z = 0 on the same set of axes.

(iii) What does the set of points {(x, y, z) : x 2 + (y

represent (in relation to the

(iv) Give the equation(s) of the curve of intersection 'found in (ii).

3. The region within the circle x2 o~ r < 1, 0 ~ (} ~ 21!'.

+ y2 = 1 can be described in polar co-ordinates by

(i) spherical co-ordinates, and (ii) cylindrical co-ordinates.

.V...., 1::J, /,...2..L 0.2

,/'- --- - -! - ----"j

P..JGY-Zt~'<A... : (// I~ ;2)

;6 . ( 'JI - r; I.lj \'

MATHEMATICS 2080W TUTORIAL 3

4, 5, 6 MARCH 2008 (ii) Does the point

= (2 sin t, 2 cos t, 5t), t ~ O.

(i, i, i) lie on C? Why/why not?

(iii) Does this curve intersect the upper half cone z

If so, at which points?

(v) Use your observation in (iv) to sketch the curve C.

ret) and hence the speed of the particle at the point B.

r2(t) = (t, -t, t 2 )

rs(t) = (cost,-cost,cos t) r4(t) = (cost,sint,cos 2 t).

(iii) Calculate the length of rl.

(ix) Calculate the angle between

ret) and r"(t) at the point where t = o.

= (sint,cost,sin2 t) where 0 ~ t ~ 27r.

r(2. Call this vector h. Compare the directions of a and b.

(viii) Find the velocity of the particle at t (x)

(ix) What is the speed of the particle at t

= 2. = 27 Find the acceleration of the particle at t = 2.

We proved in lectures that the curvature can also be computed using

/r'(t) x rl/(t)1 Ir'(t)j3 Find the curvature of C at the point Q.

~ -I <I (../""/.J--4 f. ..,

(~d"l +-. I- -I- ~ '.J~

("a. &;"--I(! lj')

~/ 'Z) ~ ~(- 7/"~