Course Title: Advance Research Methods

MBAE-FALL-2012

Date: February 27, 2012

Lecture Incharge: Mr. Ahmed Arif

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Topic Selected:

Role of Private schools in Education Sector

Group Members

MUHAMMAD JAWAD JIBRAN BEG AAMIR ARSHAD

MBAE-12-064 MBAE-12-070 MBAE-12-073

Introduction
Education is broadly viewed as the intellectual and moral training of individuals through which their potentialities are developed, the traits of the Creator are inculcated in them and the culture of the people is transmitted to the coming generations (Khalid, 1998). "Education is a process through which a nation develops its self consciousness by developing the self consciousness of the individuals who compose it. It is a social institution which provides mental, physical, ideological and moral training to the individuals of the society, so as to enable them to have full consciousness of their mission, purpose in life and equip them to achieve that purpose (Ahmad, 1984). Education is main factor for growth of a country thats why education has got more importance. Education is provided by two types of institutions in Pakistan those are private institutions and government institutions. Our main focus is on the role of private schools on the education sector. Participation of the private sector in educational development in Pakistan has a long history. After 1947 till 1971, the private sector contribution expanded considerably through a variety of nongovernment organizations but the process of nationalization by the Peoples Government completely eliminated the private sector from education.. he private sector is coming up to invest in the field of higher education and some really quality institutions have been established. Many colleges and universities are working in the private sector. Using new data, we document the phenomenal rise of the private

sector in Pakistan and show that an increasing segment of children enrolled in private schools are from rural areas and from middle-class and poorer families. We argue that private schools are better able to adapt to local conditions and use local labor markets in a cost-effective manner, allowing the savings to be passed on to parents through very low fees. If replicable in other countries, the results suggest that separating the financing of education (the government) from the provision of education (through the private sector) will have large gains, without necessarily sacrificing equity. In two related papers in 1985 and 1987, Jimenez and Tan examined the role of private education in Pakistan. The limitations of the study could be non-availability of data / information from schools. Non willingness of parents to communicate and delay in getting questionnaires from respondents. Objective of the study The main objective of the study is to know the quality of private schools and overall impact of private schools on education sector and to find out what are the variables that affect quality of education. Significance of the study This study would helpful in evaluating the functioning and performance of the private sector in education sector so as to facilitate the policy makers, planners, educational authorities, decision makers and the various agencies involved in the education for further planning and management and the development of private sector in higher education in the country.

Literature Review
How to achieve quality in education is a topic of increasing concern throughout the world. Many countries have made a wide variety of re- forms and spent an increasing amount of resources to improve the quality of education, but often the results have not lived up to expectations. There have been numerous studies for the United States that examine the relative performance of private and public schools, starting with that by Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore (1982). A second group of U.S. studies reported mixed evidence on the relative performance of each type of school. For example, Hoffer, Greely and Coleman (1985) and Chubb and Moe (1990) found evidence in favor of rivate schools, whereas Willms (1985) and Alexander and Pallas (1985) found no differences between school types. Edelenbosch (1992) states that educational programmes are more likely to be successful when there is significant community involvement and participation. Parental involvement allows the programme to reflect the needs or concerns of the community and gives parents more of a stake in the programmes overall success. Levy (2002) states that there is great diversity even within this growth a diversity that goes beyond the original identification of the third wave (and thus demands fresh research globally). Some of these private institutions play a role of little more than taking in tuition while dishing out poor education and then award degrees to those who do not drop out; thus the role is perhaps one of making profit. More positively, many have roles of providing access for those who could not otherwise

get into higher education. This may be seen as an equity role. Others provide a choice related to access. We examine the quality of inputs in private schools and compare these to public Schools using data from the PIHS 1998 the evidence here is mixed, with private schools performing better in some indicators comparing to others. In itself however, the quality of inputs does not address the question of whether households know what they are getting. Again, answering this important question would require more data (particularly on educational outcomes), but we provide some preliminary Evidence that households are able to judge the quality of educational services, with the prices of such services relating in sensible ways to educational inputs which are correlated to school quality (although the relationship between school inputs and educational outputs is an open debate- see for instance Hanushek (1995), Kremer (1995), Krueger and Lindahl (2001). The access to private education by the rich only is essentially a consequence of high admission and tuition fees that a private provider may be tempted to charge. However, work by Alderman et al (2001) has shown that in some regions of Pakistan (notably Quetta and Lahore) this assumption is not necessarily true. School choice has become one of the most contentious public policy debates in the United States.Voters in Michigan and California rejected statewide voucher programs in 2000. Federal \No Child Left Behind" legislation implemented in Fall 2002 mandates limited school choice. One of the underlying assumptions motivating school choice is that introducing competition into education will increase school

quality as schools face market pressures to attract students and their associated public funding. The idea that empowered parents can \vote with their feet Tiebout, (1956) is the primary tenet behind other current experiments in school choice. For example, while some parents desire vouchers in order to switch their children from the assigned traditional public school to a private school, others are likely interested in vouchers so they can credibly threaten to disenroll the children from the traditional school unless improvements are made. By exploring the degree to which the availability of charter schools affects the quality of competing traditional schools, we add to the debate on school choice. Problem Statement There are many elements which influence the decision of parents to select the private schools for education of their children. These factors are Income level of Parents, Tuition Fee, Enrollment and Priorities of parents. Does the tuition fee, enrollment, priorities and income level of parents affects the quality of education available? Research Questions

a) Priorities of Parents
1. On what basis you make priority for childrens education? 2. Does the quality of education your children get, matches with your priority? 3. Do you prefer private schools for education?

b) Tuition Fee
1. Are you able to afford education at private schools? 2. How many of your children study in private schools? 3. How much fee you can pay for your one child?

c) Quality of Education
1. Do private schools boost the confidence level? 2. Are Private school look like Business Centers? 3. Private Schools tuition fee is reasonable as compare to quality of education?

d) Enrollment
1. How many students got admission in your school last year? 2. How many students per teacher in your school? 3. Do you conduct test for enrollment?

Theoretical Framework
Variables There are five variables in our research. Income Level of Parents Tuition Fee Enrollment Priorities of Parents Quality of Education

Independent Variables

Income Level of Parents

Dependant

Tuition Fee Quality of Education Hypothesis Enrollment

Priorities of Parents

Methodology
Research Design The research methodology for this research will be based on primary data. Nature of research: This research will be quantitative in nature. Population: Data is collected from the Private schools and from the Parents about Private Schools Sampling technique: The sampling technique used for this study is Convenience sampling. Data Collection: Questionnaire method will be used for the purpose of data collection. Sample Size: 10 private schools of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.

References
Khalid, T. 1998. Education: An Introduction to Educational Philosophy and History. National Book Foundation, Islamabad. P. 83 Ahmad, K.1984. Principles of Islamic Education. Islamic Publications Ltd. Lahore. P.2. Hanushek, Eric A., 1995, Interpreting Recent Research on Schooling in Developing Countries, The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 10, Number 2, August Kremer, Michael R., 1995, Research on Schooling: What we know and what we dont. A Comment on Hanushek, The World Bank Research Observer, Volume 10, Number 2, August Krueger, Alan and Mikael Lindahl, 2001, Education for Growth: Why and For Whom? Journal of Economic Literature, Vol. XXXIX, December Jimenez, Emmanuel. and J. P. Tan, 1985, "Educational Development in Pakistan: The Role of User Charges and Private Education, Discussion paper and education training Series, Report no. EDT16, The World Bank, Washington D.C. Jimenez, Emmanuel. and J. P. Tan, 1987, "Decentralized and Private Education: the Case of Pakistan." Comparative Education 23: 173-90. Harold, Peter F. Orazem, and Elizabeth M. Paterno, 2001, School Quality, School Cost, and the Public/Private School Choices of Low-Income Households in Pakistan." Journal of Human Resources 36(2): 304-326. Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures. The Journal Of Political Economy, 64 (5):416-424 Coleman, James S., Thomas Hoffer, and Sally Kilgore. 1982. High School Achievement: Public, Catholic and Private Schools Compared. New York: Basic Books. Hoffer, Thomas, Andrew M. Greely, and J. S. Coleman. 1985. "Achievement Growth in Public and Catholic Schools." Sociology of Education 58:74-97. Chubb, John, and Terry M. Moe. 1990. Politics, Markets, and America's

Schools. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. Willms, J. Douglas. 1985. "Catholic School Effects on Academic Achievement: New Evi- dence from the High School and Beyond Follow-up Study." Sociology of Education 58: 98-114. Alexander, Karl, and Aaron Pallas. 1985. "School Sector and Cognitive Performance: When is a Little a Little?" Sociology of Education 58:115-28.