[ ‘Niels Bohr, a Danish physicist. explains the fact that each element is capable of emitting its own | Characteristic wavelengths or radiation. The electron is allowed to have only certain orbits comespondi ferent amounts of energy. Bohr labeled each energy level and consequently each ! ssponding to diferent amounts of energy. Bohr labeled esch energy sequently, Saf BP tn tn " ort bya quantum number, n. Forth lowest een ee or rind nats tT ty oy corresponds tothe energy closest othe nucleus, When the electron absorbs the appropiate amount ‘wn Cf energy, it jumps to a level of higher energy, called an excited state. The excited states nave + ‘quantum numbers n= 2, 0= n= 4, and so forth poo dt lover -> high state + Alerby eneagyy bignur — toner state + elences enera, NEILS BOHR MODEL OF THE ATOM - SOLAR SYSTEM MODEL OF THE ATOM 4 ‘Atomic Emission Spectrum (line spectrum) is @ spectrum that contains only a few colors, or ‘extremely useful in identifying elements. Example: yellow light is produced by sodium; hydrogen and ‘neon give off a relight nitrogen emission is orange; mercury emission is blue Electromagnetic Spectrum (increasing energy (frequency), decreasing wavelength) | wavelengths. Anatomie emission specium of an element is @ kind of alomic fingers that is i i [eS T BOHR MODEL: (HYDROGEN ATOM) Qoonte- condtout cneegyy j rested om being telecsed noe absorbs ~ Dedtiorg are “gaat HF “energy constemt end GOEEHK cvsyb, emission oot WES [aa | Ros | Gros | Yotw | Goon [Bue [io | Thos oy IF dey fal into the mes elaaee ton Sue “7 + does taal tere SOY end sont van ach | Ultra < [en vit | tet | cays TB GRE Nee » bowen quanta of energy which enables each photon bo contesin KK lertain emt. of energy. violet IYght ejec's elvtrons Pram metl? of sg Avsorton of eneray Ground State etble) Electron, at excited state won't (lease Colocs Cin the Flame. test, when you buat a malel ard see colors = shun) a WE the color oPPe hyn ebedteons go from higher py To explain hycrogen spectral ines, Bohr proposed that when radiation (energy) is absorbed, My, jun Clectron jumps from the ground state to an excited state. This period of excitation is very brief and the sete ‘electron soon jumps back to a lower energy level, not necessarily the ground state, along with the emission of light of specific wavelength. “This wavelength corresponds to a characteristic color. The definite eneray levels of the atom indicate two properties: 1) the electron can move only a certain stance from the nuctous 2) the electrons can move only at certain speedsBonr's theory states that electron do not give off energy when stay at their levels. The energy is given off hen the elactron goes to a lower energy level. This helps explain why the electrons in an atom do ‘ot lose energy nor fall nte the nucleus and causes the atom to collapse ‘The Bohr model of the atom, however, falled to account for the emission spacta of other olemants. Even for the hydrogen atom it has marked limitations. The idea of quantized (definite) energy isfels for electrons in atoms represents an important initial step in the development of the current model for ‘alectronic structure ‘THE HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE In the macroscopic world, a moving particle has a definite location at any instant, whereas a wave is spread out in space. If an electron has the properties of both wave and a patie, what can we determine about its positon In the atom? In 1927, the German physicist Werner Heisenberg postulated the uncertainty princiole which states that its impossible fo know simultaneously the exact posiionfocation and momentum of a particle. QUANTUM THEORY ‘CLASSICAL THEORY | ‘+ Matteris particulate and massive ‘Energy is continuous wavelike Since mater is discontinuous and particulate, perhaps energy is discontinuous and particulate Observation Interence(s) | Fe oe Eneray is quantized: ony certain values | allowed here ae fundamental restriction on the amount of energy that an object emits or absors (quanta) Blackbody radiation Max Planck | E= hv } Where: | E=enersy | n= Planck's constant (662% 10%'s) | v= frequency of th radiation Protsecrc Etect | AbetEinstein|ighthas parce benavorphoers) | | iHyerogen Photons emitted when electron changes orbit |¥_ Since energy is wavelike perhaps matter is waveliko Observation Person |__ Responsible Electron diffraction by metal | ee Louis de Broglei Diffraction isthe phenomenon in which a wave Inference | ‘All matter Wavels ih waves energy of atom is quantized due to wave motion of electrons (matter waves) striking the edge of an object bends around it. itig'a wave passing through asl 3s wide as its wavelength that forms a crcular wave. Since energy has mass perhaps matter has mass ee Person a eee Potons could code wit an electron (Compton Etech 2 A Light has a dual nature, possessing the | Aspotonwavelengns | Arthur Compton | | properties of oth partes and waves. | ierasos (momenta | | decease) ater colin | = ——} as and eneray are equivalent prices vaenonenywamny | etn! (eewegowstamntee | [ weyritonio | Cogn tuna aisha | momentum. | > Quantum Theory: Energy, same as mater, is particulate, massive and wavelixe > The quantization of energy led to the present model of the atom which Erwin Schrodinger crystaized in a sot of equation. This new model the quantum-mechanical model, considers an atom as composed of a heavy nucleus surrounded by clouds of negative electric charge (the electron),