Thermochromism Effect on Chromaticity Coordinate Value and Color Difference in Accurate Color Measurement

Xiaozhou Li
ABSTRACT
When we discuss the meaning of chromaticity coordinates and color differences, we always want to avoid or diminish the effects from photology, physics, chemistry, physiology and psychology and we want to match the measurements with human color vision. Then we may discuss the unhomogeneity of the CIELAB color space or other color spaces in theory. This paper discusses that the thermochromism effects on the chromaticity coordinates and color differences in thermo effect . The changes for chromaticity coordinates with temperature variation were discussed in this paper. The aim of this paper is to discuss the effect on chromaticity coordinates and color differences for thermochromism in precise color measurement. We found that the longer wavelength ,especially the yellow color and the red color, is more sensitive to the temperature variation and for a individual color , lightness is more sensitive than chromaticity. So the temperature may cause greater effect on chromaticity coordinates and color differences. But the achromatism, such as gray, white, black, is less sensitive to temperature variation. KeyWords: Chromaticity Coordinate, Color Difference, Thermochromism, Color Measurement

1. INTRODUCTION
Color is a colligated quantum affected by physics, chemistry, vision physiology and psychology. It is not the characteristic of the object but it not only depends on the prismatic nature of the object, the illuminating conditions, the visual characteristic of the observer, viewing conditions and so on. Color science is developed on the research of the studies just talked. Accurately, there are two main ways of color measurements, spectrometry of color measurement and directly recording tristimulys values of color measurements. Spectrophotometere is one of the most essential color measurement instruments. It does not measure the sample surface directly, but it measures the spectral reflectances or transmittances of the samples. Then integrate the tristimulus values and express them quantitatively. Measure the spectral reflectances or transmittances of the samples and select the relative spectral power distributions of the the standard illuminant, the color-matching functions of 2or 10field, proper wavelength intervals(5nm or 10nm). Then use integral formulas to calculate the the tristimulus and chromaticity coordinates. Colorimeter is trichromatic devices, where the light was measured by three photodetectors at the same time. And the spectral sensitivity of the photodetector matches with the sensitivity of the spectral luminous efficiency function of CIE standard observer. However, there are some measurements in other fields, tri-color densitometry, visual observation and so on. Accurate color measurements have become more and more important during the past few decades. It is valid not only in physical research, but also in industrial production including paint, printing, paper, photography, textiles, plastics. People find that there are so many factors that affect color accurate measurements. The researches on these factors are more and more comprehensive, for example, thermal effects, physiology effects, psychology effects. And the research on the spectral thermal effect is continuously growing. In 1982, Wyszecki and Stiles state some general principles of thermochromism in the case of transmitting filters. They conclude that the spectral transmittance at a given wavelength that increases with increasing wavelength usually decreases with increasing temperature. General speaking, the depth from which the spectral transmittance is probably not affected by small changes in temperature, but if absorption changes as a function of temperature in the visible range , it becomes important . This paper mainly discuss the spectral effectthermochromism affects the chromaticity coordinate and color difference in accurate color measurement in visual wavelength qualitatively.

2. THEMERMAL EFFECTS
The absorption in the visible range is caused by low level electron transitions, where an electron from one energy level to another with higher energy. The general case of an undisturbed absorbing unit leads to two general solutions, which are of a Lorentzian and Gaussian shape of absorbance and, hence, also of the absorption band. The Lorentzian band apperas at low temperatures and the Gaussian band appears at high temperatures. The photon energy

= hv

, where

v is the

frequency and h is the Plancks constant. So we may get a very simple relation between energy and wavelength

[eV ] =

1239.8 [nm]

(1)

Properties of energy of the absorption band are usually given in electron volts, absorption coefficient and hence the absorption band is given by

eV . The Gaussian shape of the

4 ln 2( 0 ) 2 ) ( ) = max exp( ( ) 2

(2)

Where 0 is the energy of the absorption peak maximum and is half width (the full width at half maximum absorption ). In figure 1, it shows an example that the Gaussian peak is as a function of energy.

Figure 1 In figure 1, 0 = 2.5eV= 0.4eV . So the left half width point point

1 2

corresponds to the energy 2.3 eV , and the right half width

1 2

corresponds to the energy 2.7 eV .

3. TEMPERATURE AND CHROMATICITY COORDINATE

Generally the color spectrum emitting from one source is not a single spectrum. It is a combination of some spetrums and those spectral power radiations are different. The radiate energy emitting from different sources is different for different temperatures, for example, sunlight and firelight. The individual spectral power distribution always appears to be the corresponding color spectrum. Generally, people demonstrate the color spectrum of sourcelight by comparing the sourcelight with blackbody. The radiation intensity of a

blackbody changes as a function of temperature of the blackbody. According to the rules of Planck, the properties of the spectral power distribution of the absolute blackbody thermal radiation may be given by

E ( ) = C1 5 (eC2 / T 1) 1[W m 3 ]
where,

(3)

C1

and

C2

are radiation constants, and

C1 = 3.7415 1016 [W m 2 ] C2 = 1.4388 102 [m K ]

T is given in Kelvin.
In Eqs. (3), if

T keeps constant at one individual temperature, we can get the spectral energy power distribution of

every band in visible range, 400700nm. And according these spectral power distributions, one can get the chromaticity coordinate of the radiation of the blackbody and ascertain the color appearance of the spectrum. First, calculate the tristimulus values of the blackbody

E ( ) x ( ) d 700 Y = k E ( ) y ( ) d 400 700 Z = k E ( ) z ( ) d 400 X = k

700 400

(4)

So one can directly use Eqs. (3) and (4) , and can get

C1 x( ) C2 / T 5 1) 400 (e 700 C y ( ) Y = k 5 1 C 2 / T 1) 400 (e 700 C z ( ) Z = k 5 1 C2 / T 1) 400 (e X = k

700

(5)

Then, according to Eqs. (5) one can calculate chromaticity coordinates x, y by replacing constant k,

C1 ,

x=

700 x ( ) x ( ) + y ( ) + z ( ) / C 2 / T 5 1) 400 5 (eC2 / T 1) 400 (e 700 700 y ( ) x ( ) + y ( ) + z ( ) y = 5 C 2 / T / 1) 400 5 (eC2 / T 1) 400 (e 700

(6)

4. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 EXPERIMENTAL MATERIALS AND COLOR MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS The sample used in this experiment Jinhua Ink (05-187, Magenta), Jinhua Ink(05-282, Mid-Yellow) Blue Ink and Shanjuan Ink(Colophony Letterpress Ink), Coated Paper Color Measurement Instruments Spectrophotometer(X-Rite500) Electrothermal Constant Temperature Drying Box(HN202-1) 4.2 EXPERIMENTAL PRINCIPLE Spectral chromaticity locus in chromaticity diagram changes as a function of temperature. As temperatures change, different wavelength spectrums show different correspondings. So, one can note the spectral chromaticity locus changes in chromaticity diagram and then analysis the sensitivities for different spectrums corresponding to temperatures. Then one can get the curves which changes as a function of temperature, by fitting the data which we get from the experiments. 4.3 TEMPERATURE AFFECTS THE CHROMATICITY COORDINATE AND THE COLOR DIFFERENCE OF MAGENTA-INK ,FIGURE 2

Figure 2 Temperature affects Color Difference of Magenta Ink and Lightness

4.4 TEMPERATURE AFFECTS THE CHROMATICITY COORDINATE AND THE COLOR DIFFERENCE OF CYAN-INK ,FIGURE 3

Figure 3 Temperature affects Color Difference of Cyan Ink and Lightness

4.5 TEMPERATURE AFFECTS THE CHROMATICITY COORDINATE AND THE COLOR DIFFERENCE OF YELLOW-INK ,FIGURE 4

Figure 4 Temperature affects Color Difference of Yellow Ink and Lightness

4.6 THE COMPARISON OF TRI-COLOR INK CHANGES AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE IN THE SAME DIAGRAM, FIBURE 5

Figure 5 The color differences of Yellow Ink, Magenta Ink, Cyan Ink and Letterpress Ink change as the temperatures change (the black curve is letterpress ink)

5. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

The perceptual color of an object under a given illumination depends on the light. As the light comes to the surface of the object and enters into atomy or molecule, some is absorbed and others is reflected or transimitted by the object. The spectral power distributions of reflectance or transmittance are affected when the factors which affect the absorbance, e.g., thermal effect temperature. It primarily discussed the effects on the color accurate measurements and the calculations of the color differences for temperatures changing. It finds that the color of an object depends on the temperature of the object and circumference by qualitatively analyse.

It shows that chromaticity coordinate and color difference are affected when temperatures change in figure 2, figure 3 and figure 4. But the effect on different ink is not same. The effects on yellow ink and the magenta ink are more distinct than what on the cyan ink. And the letterpress ink is hardly affected. Qualitative analysis indicates that it is necessary to consider the temperature as an important factor in color accurate measurements. However, how much the thermal effect or temperature affects should be researched further in future.

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