HOMEWORK

Subject 1: Identify and make a classification for numerical methods used in mechanical engineering.

Categories of Numerical Methods and Applications

Linearization Finding Roots of Functions Solving Systems of Equations Optimization Numerical Integration and Differentiation
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Linearization

Nonlinear equations can be much more difficult to solve than linear equations. Taylors series expansion provides a convenient way to approximate a nonlinear equation or function with a linear equation. Accurate only near the expansion point a. f 00 (a) (x a) 2 + . . . f (x) = f (a) + f (a)(x a) + 2! 0 Linear approximation uses first two terms of the expansion.

Finding Roots of Functions

Find the value of x such that f (x) = 0 Frequently cannot be solved analytically in engineering applications. Transcendental equations Black-box functions May have multiple or infinite solutions Example: static equilibrium problems must satisfy X F = 0 X M =0

Solving Systems of Equations

Solve for the value of the vector x that satisfies the given system of equations. Linear Systems: a11 x1 + a12 x2 = b1 a21 x1 + a22 x2 = b2 a11 a12 a21 a2 2 x1 x2 = b1

Ax = b

b2

Non-Linear Systems: f1(x) = b1 f (x) = b f2(x) = b2

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Optimization

Find the values of the input variables to a function such that the function is minimized (or maximized), possibly subject to constraints. Negative Null Form: min x subject to f (x) g(x) 0 h(x) = 0 Applications: Engineering Design Regression Equilibrium in Nature

Numerical Integration and Differentiation

Solve: Z b f (x)dx a df (x) dx where f (x) is an arbitrary continuous function. Numerical approaches may be required when: f (x) is an analytical function that yields the integration unsolvable f (x) is known only through discretely sampled data points

Selected Additional Applications

Numerical solutions to differential equations Finite Difference Method Computational Fluid Dynamics (NavierStokes Equations) Dynamics (Newton-Euler & Lagranges equations) Finite Element Method Solid Mechanics (Elasticity equations) Heat Transfer (Heat equation) Kinematics Simulation Complex System Optimization